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Coelho KF, Neves JCF, Ibiapina HNS, Magalhães-Gama F, Barbosa FBA, Silva FS, Wellmann IAM, Sachett JAG, Tarragô AM, Ferreira LCL, Malheiro A, Monteiro WM, Costa AG. Exploring the Profile of Cell Populations and Soluble Immunological Mediators in Bothrops atrox Envenomations. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:196. [PMID: 36977086 PMCID: PMC10051854 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bothrops atrox envenomations are common in the Brazilian Amazon. The venom of B. atrox is highly inflammatory, which results in severe local complications, including the formation of blisters. Moreover, there is little information on the immune mechanisms associated with this condition. Thus, a longitudinal study was carried out to characterize the profile of the cell populations and soluble immunological mediators in the peripheral blood and blisters in B. atrox patients s according to their clinical manifestations (mild and severe). A similar response in both B. atrox patient groups (MILD and SEV) was observed, with an increase in inflammatory monocytes, NKT, and T and B cells, as well as CCL2, CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, IL-1β and IL-10, when compared with the group of healthy blood donors. After the administration of antivenom, the participation of patrolling monocytes and IL-10 in the MILD group was observed. In the SEV group, the participation of B cells was observed, with high levels of CCL2 and IL-6. In the blister exudate, a hyperinflammatory profile was observed. In conclusion, we revealed the involvement of cell populations and soluble mediators in the immune response to B. atrox envenomation at the local and peripheral level, which is related to the onset and extent of the inflammation/clinical manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerolaine Fonseca Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Juliana Costa Ferreira Neves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Hiochelson Najibe Santos Ibiapina
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Fábio Magalhães-Gama
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ Minas), Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Bianca Albuquerque Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Flavio Souza Silva
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69067-005, AM, Brazil
| | - Irmgardt Alicia María Wellmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Almeida Gonçalves Sachett
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Alfredo da Matta (FUAM), Manaus 69065-130, AM, Brazil
| | - Andréa Monteiro Tarragô
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69067-005, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Lima Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Adriana Malheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69067-005, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimarães Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69067-005, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69050-001, AM, Brazil
- Escola de Enfermagem de Manaus, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69057-070, AM, Brazil
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op den Brouw B, Coimbra FCP, Casewell NR, Ali SA, Vonk FJ, Fry BG. A Genus-Wide Bioactivity Analysis of Daboia (Viperinae: Viperidae) Viper Venoms Reveals Widespread Variation in Haemotoxic Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13486. [PMID: 34948283 PMCID: PMC8706385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The snake genus Daboia (Viperidae: Viperinae; Oppel, 1811) contains five species: D. deserti, D. mauritanica, and D. palaestinae, found in Afro-Arabia, and the Russell's vipers D. russelii and D. siamensis, found in Asia. Russell's vipers are responsible for a major proportion of the medically important snakebites that occur in the regions they inhabit, and their venoms are notorious for their coagulopathic effects. While widely documented, the extent of venom variation within the Russell's vipers is poorly characterised, as is the venom activity of other species within the genus. In this study we investigated variation in the haemotoxic activity of Daboia using twelve venoms from all five species, including multiple variants of D. russelii, D. siamensis, and D. palaestinae. We tested the venoms on human plasma using thromboelastography, dose-response coagulometry analyses, and calibrated automated thrombography, and on human fibrinogen by thromboelastography and fibrinogen gels. We assessed activation of blood factors X and prothrombin by the venoms using fluorometry. Variation in venom activity was evident in all experiments. The Asian species D. russelii and D. siamensis and the African species D. mauritanica possessed procoagulant venom, while D. deserti and D. palaestinae were net-anticoagulant. Of the Russell's vipers, the venom of D. siamensis from Myanmar was most toxic and D. russelli of Sri Lanka the least. Activation of both factor X and prothrombin was evident by all venoms, though at differential levels. Fibrinogenolytic activity varied extensively throughout the genus and followed no phylogenetic trends. This venom variability underpins one of the many challenges facing treatment of Daboia snakebite envenoming. Comprehensive analyses of available antivenoms in neutralising these variable venom activities are therefore of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca op den Brouw
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia;
| | - Francisco C. P. Coimbra
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia;
| | - Nicholas R. Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;
| | - Syed Abid Ali
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;
| | - Freek J. Vonk
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bryan G. Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia;
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Chaiyabutr N, Chanhome L, Vasaruchapong T, Laoungbua P, Khow O, Rungsipipat A, Sitprija V. The pathophysiological effects of Russell's viper ( Daboia siamensis) venom and its fractions in the isolated perfused rabbit kidney model: A potential role for platelet activating factor. Toxicon X 2020; 7:100046. [PMID: 32875291 PMCID: PMC7452022 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological effects of Russell's viper venom (RVV) and its fractions, including phospholipase A2 (RvPLA2), metalloprotease (RvMP), L-amino acid oxidase (RvLAAO), and phosphodiesterase (RvPDE) on renal functions were investigated using the isolated perfused rabbit kidney (IPK) model. Moreover, whether their effects on renal alterations were promoted by platelet activating factor (PAF) was tested using the PAF receptor antagonist, WEB 2086. There was a marked reduction in the perfusion pressure (PP) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) 10 min after RVV administration (1.0 mg/100 ml of perfusate), thereafter both PP and RVR gradually increased and approached the control level within 90 min. These effects were abolished by pretreatment with WEB2086 (2 μg/μl). Administration with RvPLA2 (280 μg/ml), RvMP (280 μg/ml), or RvLAAO (135 μg/ml) alone increased both the PP and RVR, whereas RvPDE (100 μg/ml) reduced both the PP and RVR. Pretreatment with WEB 2086 completely abolished the effects induced by RvMP, but not the other fractions. The RVV also caused a marked decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary flow rate (UF), and osmolar clearance (Cosm), and these effects were not inhibited by pretreatment with WEB2086. Each RVV fraction also increased, to varying extents, the GFR, UF, and Cosm, and these effects induced by RvPLA2 or RvMP, but not the other fractions, were completely blocked by WEB 2086. Changes in percent filtered Na+ and K+ excreted in the IPK by RVV, RvPDE, and RvMP were abolished by pretreatment with WEB 2086. Histological evaluation profiled mainly tubulonephrosis in the treated kidney. These results reveal that the alterations in renal functions induced by RVV and its fractions are due to the synergistic action of the different components of snake venom, instead of the action of a single component. The effects of RVV and its fractions in rabbit IPK are mediated at least in part by PAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narongsak Chaiyabutr
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Lawan Chanhome
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Taksa Vasaruchapong
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Panithi Laoungbua
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Orawan Khow
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Anudep Rungsipipat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Visith Sitprija
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Williams HF, Layfield HJ, Vallance T, Patel K, Bicknell AB, Trim SA, Vaiyapuri S. The Urgent Need to Develop Novel Strategies for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Snakebites. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E363. [PMID: 31226842 PMCID: PMC6628419 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming (SBE) is a priority neglected tropical disease, which kills in excess of 100,000 people per year. Additionally, many millions of survivors also suffer through disabilities and long-term health consequences. The only treatment for SBE, antivenom, has a number of major associated problems, not least, adverse reactions and limited availability. This emphasises the necessity for urgent improvements to the management of this disease. Administration of antivenom is too frequently based on symptomatology, which results in wasting crucial time. The majority of SBE-affected regions rely on broad-spectrum polyvalent antivenoms that have a low content of case-specific efficacious immunoglobulins. Research into small molecular therapeutics such as varespladib/methyl-varespladib (PLA2 inhibitors) and batimastat/marimastat (metalloprotease inhibitors) suggest that such adjunctive treatments could be hugely beneficial to victims. Progress into toxin-specific monoclonal antibodies as well as alternative binding scaffolds such as aptamers hold much promise for future treatment strategies. SBE is not implicit during snakebite, due to venom metering. Thus, the delay between bite and symptom presentation is critical and when symptoms appear it may often already be too late to effectively treat SBE. The development of reliable diagnostical tools could therefore initiate a paradigm shift in the treatment of SBE. While the complete eradication of SBE is an impossibility, mitigation is in the pipeline, with new treatments and diagnostics rapidly emerging. Here we critically review the urgent necessity for the development of diagnostic tools and improved therapeutics to mitigate the deaths and disabilities caused by SBE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Vallance
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK.
| | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK.
| | - Andrew B Bicknell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK.
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Wijewickrama ES, Kurukulasooriya I, Gunatilake M, Priyani AA, Gnanathasan A, Gawarammana I, Isbister GK. Determination of the sub-lethal nephrotoxic dose of Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) venom in Wistar rats. Toxicon 2018; 152:43-45. [PMID: 30055257 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Wistar rats were administered increasing doses of Russell's viper venom (RVV; 0.025-0.4 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to investigate acute kidney injury (AKI) by measuring creatinine (1.5-fold increase in serum creatinine above baseline) and examining kidney histology. Approximately 50% of rats receiving 0.25-0.4 mg/kg venom died within 72 h. An increase in serum creatinine only occurred at a venom dose of 0.4 mg/kg, except in two rats. Acute tubular necrosis, glomerular necrosis, cortical necrosis and interstitial inflammation were observed at venom doses of ≥0.25 mg/kg in 12/36 rats. However, of those 12 rats only four survived to 48 h compared to the 24 rats not developing nephrotoxicity, in which 18 were alive at 48 h. There was poor correlation between histological nephrotoxicity and AKI based on creatinine measurement. The early death in rats with AKI makes this a poor model for studying RVV-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eranga S Wijewickrama
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Ishani Kurukulasooriya
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Mangala Gunatilake
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Amarathunga Ah Priyani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Ariaranee Gnanathasan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Indika Gawarammana
- Department of Medicine and South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Galaha Road, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Geoffrey K Isbister
- Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Galaha Road, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Yee KT, Tongsima S, Vasieva O, Ngamphiw C, Wilantho A, Wilkinson MC, Somparn P, Pisitkun T, Rojnuckarin P. Analysis of snake venom metalloproteinases from Myanmar Russell's viper transcriptome. Toxicon 2018; 146:31-41. [PMID: 29567103 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are the key enzymes in Russell's viper (RV) venom which target all important components of haemostasis, such as clotting factors, platelets, endothelial cells and basement membrane. The structural diversity of SVMPs contributes to the broad spectrum of biological activities. The aim of the study was to investigate the SVMP transcript profile to gain better insights into the characteristic clinical manifestations of the Myanmar Russell's viper (MRV) bites that distinguish it from the RVs of other habitats. Next generation sequencing (RNA-Seq) of mRNA from MRV venom glands (2 males and 1 female) was performed on an Illumina HiSeq2000 platform and then de novo assembled using Trinity software. A total of 59 SVMP contigs were annotated through a Blastn search against the serpent nucleotide database from NCBI. Among them, disintegrins were the most abundant transcripts (75%) followed by the P-III class SVMPs (25%). The P-II SVMPs were scarce (0.002%), while no P-I SVMPs were detectable in the transcriptome. For detailed structural analysis, contigs were conceptually translated and compared with amino acid sequences from other RVs and other vipers using Clustal Omega. The RTS-disintegrin (jerdostatin homolog) was the most abundant among transcripts corresponding to 5 disintegrin isoforms. From 10 isoforms of SVMPs, RVV-X, and Vipera lebetina apoptosis-inducing protease (VLAIP) homolog, hereby termed Daboia siamensis AIP (DSAIP), were found to be highly expressed. Venom protein analysis using SDS-PAGE followed by mass spectrometry revealed that the disintegrin was scarce, while the latter two SVMPs were abundant. These two proteins can contribute to severe clinical manifestations caused by MRV envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Than Yee
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Biochemistry Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- Genome Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Olga Vasieva
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Ingenet Limited, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chumpol Ngamphiw
- Genome Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Alisa Wilantho
- Genome Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Mark C Wilkinson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ratnayake I, Shihana F, Dissanayake DM, Buckley NA, Maduwage K, Isbister GK. Performance of the 20-minute whole blood clotting test in detecting venom induced consumption coagulopathy from Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) bites. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:500-507. [PMID: 28150853 DOI: 10.1160/th16-10-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The 20-minute whole blood clotting test (WBCT20) is used as a bedside diagnostic test for coagulopathic snake envenoming. We aimed to assess the performance of the WBCT20 in diagnosis of venom induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC) in Russell's viper envenoming. Adult patients admitted with suspected snake bites were recruited from two hospitals. WBCT20 and prothrombin time (PT) test were performed on admission. WBCT20 was done by trained clinical research assistants using 1 ml whole blood in a 5 ml borosilicate glass tube with a 10 mm internal diameter. The PT was measured by a semi-automated coagulation system and international normalised ratio (INR) calculated. VICC was defined as present if the INR was >1.4. The diagnostic utility of WBCT20 was determined by calculating the sensitivity and specificity of the WBCT20 on admission for detecting VICC. There were 987 snake bites where both WBCT20 and PT were done on admission samples. This included 79 patients (8 %) with VICC. The WBCT20 was positive in 65/79 patients with VICC (sensitivity 82 %; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 72-90 %) and was falsely positive in 13/908 with no coagulopathy. The WBCT20 was negative in 895/908 snake bites with no coagulopathy (specificity: 98 % 95 % CI: 97-99 %) and was falsely negative in 14/79 with VICC. Using trained clinical staff, the WBCT20 test had a relatively good sensitivity for the detection of VICC, but still missed almost one fifth of cases where antivenom was potentially indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Geoffrey K Isbister
- Geoffrey K. Isbister, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, c/o Calvary Mater Newcastle, Edith Street, Waratah NSW 2298, Australia, Tel.: +612 4921 1211, Fax: +612 4921 1870, E-mail:
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Mitra J, Bhattacharyya D. Phosphodiesterase from Daboia russelli russelli venom: purification, partial characterization and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Toxicon 2014; 88:1-10. [PMID: 24932740 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) belong to a super-family of enzymes that have multiple roles in the metabolism of extracellular nucleotides and regulation of nucleotide-based intercellular signalling. A PDE from Russell's viper (Daboia russelli russelli) venom (DR-PDE) was purified by gel filtration, ion exchange and affinity chromatographies. Homogeneity of the preparation was verified by SDS-PAGE, SE-HPLC and mass spectrometry. It was free from 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase and protease activities. Identity of the enzyme was ensured from partial sequence homology with other PDEs. DR-PDE was inactivated by polyvalent anti-venom serum and metal chelators. The enzyme was partially inhibited by the root extracts of four medicinal plants but remained unaffected by inhibitors of intracellular PDEs. DR-PDE hydrolyses ADP and thus, strongly inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in human platelet rich plasma. This study leads to better understanding of a component of Russell's viper venom that affects homoeostatic system of the victim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Mitra
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Debasish Bhattacharyya
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India.
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Mitrmoonpitak C, Chulasugandha P, Khow O, Noiprom J, Chaiyabutr N, Sitprija V. Effects of phospholipase A2 and metalloprotease fractions of Russell's viper venom on cytokines and renal hemodynamics in dogs. Toxicon 2013; 61:47-53. [PMID: 23142505 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several enzymes in Russell's viper (Daboia siamensis) venom are involved in the venom effects and renal injury. The effects of fractional components of Russell's viper venom, phospholipase A(2) and metalloprotease fractions, were examined in two groups of four experimental dogs each. Animals received an intravenous injection of 140 μg/kg of each venom fraction. The inflammatory effects and renal hemodynamic changes were assessed. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and PGE2 were elevated by both phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) and metalloprotease (MP) fractions. The plasma level of nitric oxide was increased after PLA(2) fraction injection but not with MP fraction injection. Leukocytosis with increase in lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes was observed after both PLA(2) and MP injections. Results from this study suggested that both PLA(2) and MP were inflammatory. Increased red blood cell count, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration were observed in animals injected with PLA(2) fraction, but not with MP fraction. Hemodynamically, PLA(2) fraction induced marked decrease in mean arterial pressure with decreased renal vascular resistance initially followed later by increased renal vascular resistance. MP fraction caused less decrease of mean arterial pressure but increased renal vascular resistance throughout the experiment. Both enzymes decreased renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate and urine flow. The findings indicate vasodilating effect of PLA(2) fraction and vasoconstricting effect and decreased cardiac function of MP fraction.
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Suntravat M, Yusuksawad M, Sereemaspun A, Pérez JC, Nuchprayoon I. Effect of purified Russell's viper venom-factor X activator (RVV-X) on renal hemodynamics, renal functions, and coagulopathy in rats. Toxicon 2011; 58:230-8. [PMID: 21704055 PMCID: PMC3304456 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) is the most frequent and a serious complication in victims of Russell's viper snakebites. Russell's viper venom-factor X activator (RVV-X) has been identified as a main procoagulant enzyme involving coagulopathy, which might be responsible for changes in renal hemodynamics and renal functions. Here, we purified RVV-X from crude Russell's viper venom to study renal hemodynamics, renal functions, intravascular clot, and histopathological changes in Sprague-Dawley rats. Changes in renal hemodynamics and renal functions were evaluated by measuring the mean arterial pressure, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), effective renal blood flow (ERBF), renal vascular resistance (RVR), and fractional excretion of electrolytes. After 10 min, rats receiving both crude venom and purified RVV-X decreased GFR, ERPF, and ERBF and increased RVR. These changes correlated to renal lesions. Along with the determination of intravascular clot, rats injected with purified RVV-X increased the average D-dimer level and reached a peak at 10 min, declined temporarily, and then reached another peak at 30 min. The temporal association between clots and renal dysfunction was observed in rats within 10 min after the injection of purified RVV-X. These findings suggested RVV-X as a major cause of renal failure through intravascular clotting in the renal microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montamas Suntravat
- Snake bite and Venom Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biology Department, National Natural Toxins Research Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 158, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Mariem Yusuksawad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Amornpun Sereemaspun
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - John C. Pérez
- Biology Department, National Natural Toxins Research Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 158, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Issarang Nuchprayoon
- Snake bite and Venom Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Santoro ML, Vaquero TS, Paes Leme AF, Serrano SMT. NPP-BJ, a nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase from Bothrops jararaca snake venom, inhibits platelet aggregation. Toxicon 2009; 54:499-512. [PMID: 19481561 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes of the pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family have multiple roles in extracellular nucleotide metabolism and in the regulation of nucleotide-based intercellular signaling. Snake venoms contain enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids and nucleotides, but their function is poorly understood. Here we describe for the first time the isolation and functional characterization of a soluble phosphodiesterase from Bothrops jararaca venom, which shows amino acid sequence similarity to mammalian nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3 (NPP3), and inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation. The enzyme, named NPP-BJ, showed an apparent molecular mass of 228 kDa by size exclusion chromatography. NPP-BJ exhibited nuclease activity as well as pyrophosphatase and phosphatase activities, preferentially hydrolyzing nucleoside 5'-triphosphates over nucleoside 5'-diphosphates, but was not active upon nucleoside 5'-monophosphates. Depending on the substrate used, dithiothreitol and EDTA differently inhibited the catalytic activity of NPP-BJ. Platelet aggregation induced by ADP was also abrogated by NPP-BJ, whereas thrombin-induced platelet aggregation was only slightly attenuated. However, polyclonal antibodies raised against NPP-BJ could not abolish the lethal activity of B. jararaca venom. Altogether, these results show that NPP-BJ has a minor contribution to the lethal activity of this venom, but interferes with mechanisms of ADP-induced platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Santoro
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
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Sitprija V. Animal toxins and the kidney. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:616-27. [DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph0941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Feng L, Gao R, Gopalakrishnakone P. Isolation and characterization of a hyaluronidase from the venom of Chinese red scorpion Buthus martensi. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 148:250-7. [PMID: 18611448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A hyaluronidase, named BmHYA1, was purified from the venom of Chinese red scorpion (Buthus martensi), using successive chromatography. The homogeneity of BmHYA1 was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The molecular mass of BmHYA1 was 48,696 Da determined by MALDI-TOF MS. The optimal temperature and pH of BmHYA1 were 50 degrees C and pH 4.5, respectively. It could be inhibited by DTT, Cu(2+), Fe(3+) or heparin, but not Mg(2+), Ca(2+), reduced glutathione, l-cysteine or EDTA. The sequence of thirty N-terminal amino acids of BmHYA1 was obtained by Edman degradation, as TSADF KVVWE VPSIM CSKKF KICVT DLLTS; but no similarity was found to other venom hyaluronidases. Further, BmHYA1 can hydrolyze hyaluronan into relatively smaller oligosaccharides and modulate the expression of CD44 variant in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Feng
- Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
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