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Rasmussen BB, Erner KE, Bentzon‐Tilia M, Gram L. Effect of TDA-producing Phaeobacter inhibens on the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum in non-axenic algae and copepod systems. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:1070-1079. [PMID: 29732685 PMCID: PMC6196398 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanding aquaculture industry plays an important role in feeding the growing human population and with the expansion, sustainable bacterial disease control, such as probiotics, becomes increasingly important. Tropodithietic acid (TDA)-producing Phaeobacter spp. can protect live feed, for example rotifers and Artemia as well as larvae of turbot and cod against pathogenic vibrios. Here, we show that the emerging live feed, copepods, is unaffected by colonization of the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum, making them potential infection vectors. However, TDA-producing Phaeobacter inhibens was able to significantly inhibit V. anguillarum in non-axenic cultures of copepod Acartia tonsa and the copepod feed Rhodomonas salina. Vibrio grew to 106 CFU ml-1 and 107 CFU ml-1 in copepod and R. salina cultures, respectively. However, vibrio counts remained at the inoculum level (104 CFU ml-1 ) when P. inhibens was also added. We further developed a semi-strain-specific qPCR for V. anguillarum to detect and quantify the pathogen in non-axenic systems. In conclusion, P. inhibens efficiently inhibits the fish larval pathogen V. anguillarum in the emerging live feed, copepods, supporting its use as a probiotic in aquaculture. Furthermore, qPCR provides an effective method for detecting vibrio pathogens in complex non-axenic live feed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Barker Rasmussen
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkAnker Engelundsvej bldg. 301DK‐2800Kgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Katrine Ege Erner
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkAnker Engelundsvej bldg. 301DK‐2800Kgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Mikkel Bentzon‐Tilia
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkAnker Engelundsvej bldg. 301DK‐2800Kgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkAnker Engelundsvej bldg. 301DK‐2800Kgs. LyngbyDenmark
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Shalabai VV, Taranchenko VF, Rybal’chenko IV, Aksenov AV, Antokhin AM, Semchenko FM, Krymchak MS. Use of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry for the identification and quantitative determination of tetrodotoxin in pharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817060144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tetrodotoxin-Producing Bacteria: Detection, Distribution and Migration of the Toxin in Aquatic Systems. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9050166. [PMID: 28513564 PMCID: PMC5450714 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9050166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to the marine bacterial producers of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent non-protein neuroparalytic toxin. In addition to the issues of the ecology and distribution of TTX-producing bacteria, this review examines issues relating to toxin migration from bacteria to TTX-bearing animals. It is shown that the mechanism of TTX extraction from toxin-producing bacteria to the environment occur through cell death, passive/active toxin excretion, or spore germination of spore-forming bacteria. Data on TTX microdistribution in toxic organs of TTX-bearing animals indicate toxin migration from the digestive system to target organs through the transport system of the organism. The role of symbiotic microflora in animal toxicity is also discussed: despite low toxin production by bacterial strains in laboratory conditions, even minimal amounts of TTX produced by intestinal microflora of an animal can contribute to its toxicity. Special attention is paid to methods of TTX detection applicable to bacteria. Due to the complexity of toxin detection in TTX-producing bacteria, it is necessary to use several methods based on different methodological approaches. Issues crucial for further progress in detecting natural sources of TTX investigation are also considered.
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The association of bacterial C 9-based TTX-like compounds with Prorocentrum minimum opens new uncertainties about shellfish seafood safety. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40880. [PMID: 28106083 PMCID: PMC5247728 DOI: 10.1038/srep40880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was identified in mussels and linked to the presence of Prorocentrum minimum (P. minimum) in Greece. The connexion between TTX and P. minimum was further studied in this paper. First, the presence of TTX-producer bacteria, Vibrio and Pseudomonas spp, was confirmed in Greek mussels. In addition these samples showed high activity as inhibitors of sodium currents (INa). P. minimum was before associated with neurotoxic symptoms, however, the nature and structure of toxins produced by this dinoflagellate remains unknown. Three P. minimum strains, ccmp1529, ccmp2811 and ccmp2956, growing in different conditions of temperature, salinity and light were used to study the production of toxic compounds. Electrophysiological assays showed no effect of ccmp2811 strain on INa, while ccmp1529 and ccmp2956 strains were able to significantly reduce INa in the same way as TTX. In these samples two new compounds, m/z 265 and m/z 308, were identified and characterized by liquid chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry. Besides, two TTX-related bacteria, Roseobacter and Vibrio sp, were observed. These results show for the first time that P. minimum produce TTX-like compounds with a similar ion pattern and C9-base to TTX analogues and with the same effect on INa.
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Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6384-406. [PMID: 26492253 PMCID: PMC4626696 DOI: 10.3390/md13106384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin responsible for many human intoxications and fatalities each year. The origin of TTX is unknown, but in the pufferfish, it seems to be produced by endosymbiotic bacteria that often seem to be passed down the food chain. The ingestion of contaminated pufferfish, considered the most delicious fish in Japan, is the usual route of toxicity. This neurotoxin, reported as a threat to human health in Asian countries, has spread to the Pacific and Mediterranean, due to the increase of temperature waters worldwide. TTX, for which there is no known antidote, inhibits sodium channel producing heart failure in many cases and consequently death. In Japan, a regulatory limit of 2 mg eq TTX/kg was established, although the restaurant preparation of “fugu” is strictly controlled by law and only chefs qualified are allowed to prepare the fish. Due to its paralysis effect, this neurotoxin could be used in the medical field as an analgesic to treat some cancer pains.
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Jal S, Khora SS. An overview on the origin and production of tetrodotoxin, a potent neurotoxin. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:907-16. [PMID: 26178523 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a deadly neurotoxin which selectively inhibits Na(+) activation mechanism of nerve impulse, without affecting the permeability of K(+) ions. Because of this sodium channel blocking action, it is majorly being studied for biomedical applications. TTX is present in taxonomically diverse groups of animals inhabiting terrestrial, marine, fresh water and brackish water environments, still its origin remains unclear. The extensive study of the toxin has revealed a few possibilities of its origin. This review reports on the aspects of the origin of TTX, where the primary focus is on its exogenous origin. The significance of bacterial, cellular and environmental factors in its biogenesis and accumulation is also discussed. The possible facets for engineering the bacterial genomics to modulate the gene expression for TTX production are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jal
- Medical Biotechnology Lab, School of Biosciences & Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - S S Khora
- Medical Biotechnology Lab, School of Biosciences & Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
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No evidence for a culturable bacterial tetrodotoxin producer in Pleurobranchaea maculata (Gastropoda: Pleurobranchidae) and Stylochoplana sp. (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida). Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:255-73. [PMID: 25635464 PMCID: PMC4344623 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin found in the tissues of many taxonomically diverse organisms. Its origin has been the topic of much debate, with suggestions including endogenous production, acquisition through diet, and symbiotic bacterial synthesis. Bacterial production of TTX has been reported in isolates from marine biota, but at lower than expected concentrations. In this study, 102 strains were isolated from Pleurobranchaea maculata (Opisthobranchia) and Stylochoplana sp. (Platyhelminthes). Tetrodotoxin production was tested utilizing a recently developed sensitive method to detect the C9 base of TTX via liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry. Bacterial strains were characterized by sequencing a region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. To account for the possibility that TTX is produced by a consortium of bacteria, a series of experiments using marine broth spiked with various P. maculata tissues were undertaken. Sixteen unique strains from P. maculata and one from Stylochoplana sp. were isolated, representing eight different genera; Pseudomonadales, Actinomycetales, Oceanospirillales, Thiotrichales, Rhodobacterales, Sphingomonadales, Bacillales, and Vibrionales. Molecular fingerprinting of bacterial communities from broth experiments showed little change over the first four days. No C9 base or TTX was detected in isolates or broth experiments (past day 0), suggesting a culturable microbial source of TTX in P. maculata and Stylochoplana sp. is unlikely.
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Bane V, Lehane M, Dikshit M, O'Riordan A, Furey A. Tetrodotoxin: chemistry, toxicity, source, distribution and detection. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:693-755. [PMID: 24566728 PMCID: PMC3942760 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6020693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a naturally occurring toxin that has been responsible for human intoxications and fatalities. Its usual route of toxicity is via the ingestion of contaminated puffer fish which are a culinary delicacy, especially in Japan. TTX was believed to be confined to regions of South East Asia, but recent studies have demonstrated that the toxin has spread to regions in the Pacific and the Mediterranean. There is no known antidote to TTX which is a powerful sodium channel inhibitor. This review aims to collect pertinent information available to date on TTX and its analogues with a special emphasis on the structure, aetiology, distribution, effects and the analytical methods employed for its detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Bane
- Mass Spectrometry Research Centre (MSRC) and PROTEOBIO Research Groups, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Mary Lehane
- Mass Spectrometry Research Centre (MSRC) and PROTEOBIO Research Groups, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
| | | | - Alan O'Riordan
- Nanotechnology Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Centre (MSRC) and PROTEOBIO Research Groups, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
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Pratheepa V, Vasconcelos V. Microbial diversity associated with tetrodotoxin production in marine organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:1046-1054. [PMID: 24121556 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), is a potent neurotoxin found in genetically diversed organisms. Many TTX producing microorganism have also been isolated from TTX bearing animals. The TTX producing microbes found in four different phylum (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes), the Proteobacteria are the dominating one. In most of the cases, TTX producing microbes are found in the intestine of the TTX producing vector indicating the origin of TTX through food chain. This paper reviews the TTX and its analogs and the geographic distribution of TTX in symbiotic microorganism and its production.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pratheepa
- CIIMAR, Marine and Environmental Research Center, Porto University, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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Ersoy Omeroglu E, Karaboz I, Sudagidan M. Characteristics and genetic diversity of bioluminescent Shewanella woodyi strains isolated from the Gulf of Izmir, Turkey. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2013; 59:79-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Venmathi Maran BA, Oh SY, Moon SY, Soh HY, Kim CK, Myoung JG. Monogeneans (Platyhelminthes) from marine fishes of Tongyeong, Korea. J Parasit Dis 2013; 38:277-85. [PMID: 25035585 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-012-0232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monogeneans (Platyhelminthes) mostly parasitize on fins, skin and gills of fishes. In Korea, the study on monogeneans is limited, although, fishes are frequently encountered with severe infection of monogeneans. Hence, some of ranched and wild fishes were collected from Tongyeong marine living resources research and conservation center, southern part of Korea to screen and understand the infection of monogeneans. All three fish hosts were found with the infection of monogeneans including five species from four different families. They are: (1) Anoplodiscus spari Yamaguti (Publ Seto Mar Biol Lab Kyoto Univ 7:53-88, 1958) (Anoplodiscidae) from the fins and body surface of blackhead seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii schlegelii (Bleeker); (2) A. tai Ogawa (Fish Pathol 29:5-10, 1994) from the fins of red seabream Pagrus major (Temminck and Schlegel); (3) Benedenia sekii Yamaguti (Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Part 19. Fourteen new ectoparasitic trematodes of fishes. Published by the author, Kyoto, 1937), Meserve (Rep Allan Hancock Paci Exped (1932-1937) 2:31-89, 1938) (Capsalidae) from the body surface of P. major; (4) Choricotyle elongata Goto (J Coll Sci Imp Univ Tokyo 8:1-273, 1894) (Diclidophoridae) from the gills of P. major; (5) Udonella fugu Freeman and Ogawa (Int J Parasitol 40:255-264, 2010) (Udonellidae) hyperparasitized on the body of parasitic copepod Pseudocaligus fugu (Yamaguti 1936) (Caligidae) infecting the wild grass puffer Takifugu niphobles (Jordan and Snyder). Capsalids are commonly reported in Korea, except B. sekii, however, other reported genera are uncommon. Hence, all reported monogeneans are considered as a first record from Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Venmathi Maran
- Marine Ecosystem Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, P.O. Box 29, Ansan, Seoul 425-600 South Korea
| | - Sung-Yong Oh
- Marine Ecosystem Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, P.O. Box 29, Ansan, Seoul 425-600 South Korea
| | - Seong Yong Moon
- Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Jeollanam-do 550-749 South Korea
| | - Ho Young Soh
- Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Jeollanam-do 550-749 South Korea
| | - Chong-Kwan Kim
- Marine Ecosystem Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, P.O. Box 29, Ansan, Seoul 425-600 South Korea
| | - Jung-Goo Myoung
- Marine Ecosystem Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, P.O. Box 29, Ansan, Seoul 425-600 South Korea
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Campbell S, Harada R, DeFelice S, Bienfang P, Li Q. Bacterial production of tetrodotoxin in the pufferfishArothron hispidus. Nat Prod Res 2010; 23:1630-40. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410903003780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Campbell
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , HI , USA
| | - R.M. Harada
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , HI , USA
| | - S.V. DeFelice
- b Department of Oceanography , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , HI , USA
| | - P.K. Bienfang
- b Department of Oceanography , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , HI , USA
| | - Q.X. Li
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , HI , USA
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Behavioral and chemical ecology of marine organisms with respect to tetrodotoxin. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:381-98. [PMID: 20411104 PMCID: PMC2857358 DOI: 10.3390/md8030381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavioral and chemical ecology of marine organisms that possess tetrodotoxin (TTX) has not been comprehensively reviewed in one work to date. The evidence for TTX as an antipredator defense, as venom, as a sex pheromone, and as an attractant for TTX-sequestering organisms is discussed. Little is known about the adaptive value of TTX in microbial producers; thus, I focus on what is known about metazoans that are purported to accumulate TTX through diet or symbioses. Much of what has been proposed is inferred based on the anatomical distribution of TTX. Direct empirical tests of these hypotheses are absent in most cases.
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Wang J, Fan Y. Isolation and characterization of a Bacillus species capable of producing tetrodotoxin from the puffer fish Fugu obscurus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tang K, Dziallas C, Hutalle-Schmelzer K, Grossart HP. Effects of food on bacterial community composition associated with the copepod Acartia tonsa Dana. Biol Lett 2009; 5:549-53. [PMID: 19364715 PMCID: PMC2781906 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The estuarine copepod Acartia tonsa naturally carried diverse strains of bacteria on its body. The bacterial community composition (BCC) remained very conservative even when the copepod was fed different axenic algal species, indicating that the food per se did not much affect BCC associated with the copepod. In xenic algal treatments, however, copepod-associated BCC differed with each alga fed, even though the same bacterial source was used to inoculate the algae. In addition, starved copepods taken at the same location but at different times significantly differed in their BCC. Algal species composition and copepod life history therefore serve to regulate BCC associated with copepods, and spatial and temporal variations in algal species composition and copepod origin would alter bacteria-copepod interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam Tang
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346, USA.
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Ohtsuka S, Takami I, Venmathi Maran BA, Ogawa K, Shimono T, Fujita Y, Asakawa M, Boxshall GA. Developmental stages and growth ofPseudocaligus fuguYamaguti, 1936 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae) host-specific to Puffer. J NAT HIST 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00222930902993757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
This review describes secondary metabolites that have been shown to be synthesized by symbiotic bacteria, or for which this possibility has been discussed. It includes 365 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Piel
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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