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Cunha LC, Barreto LP, Valadares VS, Oliveira CFB, Vuitika L, Vilela MP, Cino EA, Silva AHDM, Nagem RAP, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Dias-Lopes C, Molina F, Felicori L. The C-terminal mutation beyond the catalytic site of brown spider phospholipase D significantly impacts its biological activities. Biochimie 2023; 211:122-130. [PMID: 36963559 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Loxosceles spider envenomation results in dermonecrosis, principally due to phospholipases D (PLDs) present in the venom. These enzymes have a strongly conserved sequence, 273ATXXDNPW280, in the C-terminal region (SMD-tail) that make contact with β-sheets of the TIM barrel, in which the amino acids Asp277 and Trp280 establish the energetically strongest contacts. The SMD-tail is conserved in PLDs from different species but absent in the non-toxic PLD ancestral glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GDPDs). This work aims to understand the role of the C-terminal region in the structural stability and/or function of phospholipases D. Through site-directed mutagenesis of the rLiD1 protein (recombinant Loxosceles intermedia dermonecrotic protein 1), we produced two mutants: rLiD1D277A and rLiD1W280A (both with sphingomyelinase activity), in which Asp277 and Trp280 were replaced by alanine. rLiD1D277A showed similar sphingomyelinase activity but at least 2 times more dermonecrotic activity than rLiD1 (wild-type protein). Conversely, while the rLiD1W280A displayed a slight increase in sphingomyelinase activity, its biological activity was similar or lower compared to rLiD1, potentially due to its decreased thermostability and formation of amyloid aggregates. In conclusion, these new findings provide evidence that SMD-tail mutants impact the structure and function of these proteins and point out that residues outside the active site can even increase the function of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Cardoso Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas Passos Barreto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Veronica Silva Valadares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila Franco Batista Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Larissa Vuitika
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (ICB-IV/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maura Páscoa Vilela
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elio A Cino
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo A P Nagem
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila Dias-Lopes
- Colégio Técnico, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Franck Molina
- CNRS, SYS2DIAG-ALCEDIAG, Cap Delta, 1682 Rue de La Valsière, 34184, Montpellier, France
| | - Liza Felicori
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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2
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Medina-Santos R, Fernandes Costa TG, Silva de Assis TC, Kalapothakis Y, de Almeida Lima S, do Carmo AO, Gonzalez-Kozlova EE, Kalapothakis E, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Guerra-Duarte C. Analysis of NGS data from Peruvian Loxosceles laeta spider venom gland reveals toxin diversity. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 43:101017. [PMID: 35932519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accidents involving spiders from the genus Loxosceles cause medical emergencies in several countries of South America. The species Loxosceles laeta is ubiquitously present in Peru and is responsible for severe accidents in this country. To further characterize L. laeta venom components and to unveil possible variations in the Peruvian population, we provide an overview of the toxins-related transcripts present in the venom gland of Peruvian L. laeta. A dataset from a cDNA library previously sequenced by MiSeq sequencer (Illumina) was re-analyzed and the obtained data was compared with available sequences from Loxosceles toxins. Phospholipase-D represent the majority (69,28 %) of the transcripts related to venom toxins, followed by metalloproteases (20,72 %), sicaritoxins (6,03 %), serine-proteases (2,28 %), hyaluronidases (1,80 %) and Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) (0,56 %). New sequences of phospholipases D,sicaritoxins, hyaluronidase, TCTP and serine proteinases were described. Differences between the here-described toxin sequences and others, previously identified in venom glands from other spiders, were visualized upon sequence alignments. In addition, an in vitro hyaluronidase activity assay was also performed to complement comparisons between Peruvian and Brazilian L. laeta venom enzymatic activities, revealing a superior activity in the venom from Brazilian specimens. These new data provide a molecular basis that can help to explain the difference in toxicity among L. laeta venoms from different countries in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Medina-Santos
- Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil; Genetic, Ecology and Evolution Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Yan Kalapothakis
- Genetic, Ecology and Evolution Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edgar E Gonzalez-Kozlova
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York, United States of America
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3
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Rajendran KV, Neelakanta G, Sultana H. Sphingomyelinases in a journey to combat arthropod-borne pathogen transmission. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1622-1638. [PMID: 33960414 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ixodes scapularis ticks feed on humans and other vertebrate hosts and transmit several pathogens of public health concern. Tick saliva is a complex mixture of bioactive proteins, lipids and immunomodulators, such as I. scapularis sphingomyelinase (IsSMase)-like protein, an ortholog of dermonecrotoxin SMase D found in the venom of Loxosceles spp. of spiders. IsSMase modulates the host immune response towards Th2, which suppresses Th1-mediated cytokines to facilitate pathogen transmission. Arboviruses utilize exosomes for their transmission from tick to the vertebrate host, and exosomes derived from tick saliva/salivary glands suppress C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 and interleukin-8 immune response(s) in human skin to delay wound healing and repair processes. IsSMase affects also viral replication and exosome biogenesis, thereby inhibiting tick-to-vertebrate host transmission of pathogenic exosomes. In this review, we elaborate on exosomes and their biogenesis as potential candidates for developing novel control measure(s) to combat tick-borne diseases. Such targets could help with the development of an efficient anti-tick vaccine for preventing the transmission of tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundave V Rajendran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Girish Neelakanta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Hameeda Sultana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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4
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Molecular cloning and functional characterization of recombinant Loxtox from Loxosceles similis venom. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1112-1123. [PMID: 32702423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Loxoscelism is a recognized public health problem in Brazil, but the venom from Loxosceles similis, which is widespread in Brazil due to its adaptability to the urban environment, remains poorly characterized. Loxtox is a family of phospholipase D enzymes (PLDs), which are the major components of Loxosceles venom and are responsible for the clinical effects of loxoscelism. Loxtox toxins correspond to 15% of L. similis venom gland transcripts, but the Loxtox family of L. similis has yet to be fully described. In this study, we cloned and functionally characterized recLoxtox s1A and recLoxtox s11A. These recombinant toxins exhibited different in vitro activities depending on pH, and recLoxtox s1A had more intense effects on rabbit skin than did recLoxtox s11A in vivo. Both recombinant toxins were used in immunization protocols, and mapping of their epitopes revealed different immunological reactions for the produced immune serums. Additionally, polyclonal antibodies raised against recLoxtox s1A had greater capacity to significantly reduce the in vitro and in vivo effects of L. similis venom. In summary, we obtained and characterized two novel Loxtox isoforms from L. similis venom, which may be valuable biotechnological and immunological tools against loxoscelism.
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Arán-Sekul T, Perčić-Sarmiento I, Valencia V, Olivero N, Rojas JM, Araya JE, Taucare-Ríos A, Catalán A. Toxicological Characterization and Phospholipase D Activity of the Venom of the Spider Sicarius thomisoides. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E702. [PMID: 33171968 PMCID: PMC7694614 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Envenomation by Loxosceles spiders (Sicariidae family) has been thoroughly documented. However, little is known about the potential toxicity of members from the Sicarius genus. Only the venom of the Brazilian Sicarius ornatus spider has been toxicologically characterized. In Chile, the Sicarius thomisoides species is widely distributed in desert and semidesert environments, and it is not considered a dangerous spider for humans. This study aimed to characterize the potential toxicity of the Chilean S. thomisoides spider. To do so, specimens of S. thomisoides were captured in the Atacama Desert, the venom was extracted, and the protein concentration was determined. Additionally, the venoms were analyzed by electrophoresis and Western blotting using anti-recombinant L. laeta PLD1 serum. Phospholipase D enzymatic activity was assessed, and the hemolytic and cytotoxic effects were evaluated and compared with those of the L. laeta venom. The S. thomisoides venom was able to hydrolyze sphingomyelin as well as induce complement-dependent hemolysis and the loss of viability of skin fibroblasts with a dermonecrotic effect of the venom in rabbits. The venom of S. thomisoides showed intraspecific variations, with a similar protein pattern as that of L. laeta venom at 32-35 kDa, recognized by serum anti-LlPLD1. In this context, we can conclude that the venom of Sicarius thomisoides is similar to Loxosceles laeta in many aspects, and the dermonecrotic toxin present in their venom could cause severe harm to humans; thus, precautions are necessary to avoid exposure to their bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Arán-Sekul
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Ivanka Perčić-Sarmiento
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Verónica Valencia
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Nelly Olivero
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - José M. Rojas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Jorge E. Araya
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Andrés Taucare-Ríos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1110939, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación en Medio Ambiente (CENIMA), Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1110939, Chile
| | - Alejandro Catalán
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
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6
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Ben Yekhlef R, Felicori L, Santos LH, F. B. Oliveira C, Fadhloun R, Torabi E, Shahbazzadeh D, Pooshang Bagheri K, Salgado Ferreira R, Borchani L. Antigenic and Substrate Preference Differences between Scorpion and Spider Dermonecrotic Toxins, a Comparative Investigation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E631. [PMID: 33019554 PMCID: PMC7601583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion and brown spider Loxosceles intermedia represent a public health problem in Asia and America, respectively. Although distinct, these organisms contain similar toxins responsible for the principal clinical signs of envenomation. To better understand the properties of these toxins, we designed a study to compare recombinant Heminecrolysin (rHNC) and rLiD1, the major phospholipase D toxins of scorpion and spider venom, respectively. Using a competitive ELISA and a hemolytic inhibition test, we come to spot a cross reaction between scorpion and spider venoms along with an epitopic similarity between rHNC and rLiD1 associated with neutralizing antibodies. Results show that the ability of the rHNC to hydrolyze lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is equivalent to that of rLiD1 to hydrolyze sphingomyelin and vice-versa. rHNC exclusively catalyze transphosphatidylation of LPC producing cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA). The in-silico analysis of hydrogen bonds between LPC and toxins provides a possible explanation for the higher transphosphatidylase activity of rHNC. Interestingly, for the first time, we reveal that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) can be a substrate for both enzymes using cellular and enzymatic assays. The finding of the usage of LPA as a substrate as well as the formation of cPA as an end product could shed more light on the molecular basis of Hemiscorpius lepturus envenomation as well as on loxoscelism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramla Ben Yekhlef
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR16IPT08, Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (R.B.Y.); (R.F.)
| | - Liza Felicori
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universida de Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (L.H.S.); (C.F.B.O.); (R.S.F.)
| | - Lucianna Helene Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universida de Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (L.H.S.); (C.F.B.O.); (R.S.F.)
| | - Camila F. B. Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universida de Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (L.H.S.); (C.F.B.O.); (R.S.F.)
| | - Raoudha Fadhloun
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR16IPT08, Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (R.B.Y.); (R.F.)
| | - Elham Torabi
- Venom and Biotherapeutic Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran; (E.T.); (D.S.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Delavar Shahbazzadeh
- Venom and Biotherapeutic Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran; (E.T.); (D.S.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Kamran Pooshang Bagheri
- Venom and Biotherapeutic Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran; (E.T.); (D.S.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Rafaela Salgado Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universida de Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (L.F.); (L.H.S.); (C.F.B.O.); (R.S.F.)
| | - Lamia Borchani
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR16IPT08, Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (R.B.Y.); (R.F.)
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7
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Fingermann M, de Roodt AR, Cascone O, Miranda MV. Biotechnological potential of Phospholipase D for Loxosceles antivenom development. Toxicon X 2020; 6:100036. [PMID: 32550591 PMCID: PMC7286061 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Loxoscelism is one of the most important forms of araneism in South America. The Health Authorities from countries with the highest incidence and longer history in registering loxoscelism cases indicate that specific antivenom should be administered during the first hours after the accident, especially in the presence or at risk of the most severe clinical outcome. Current antivenoms are based on immunoglobulins or their fragments, obtained from plasma of hyperimmunized horses. Antivenom has been produced using the same traditional techniques for more than 120 years. Although the whole composition of the spider venom remains unknown, the discovery and biotechnological production of the phospholipase D enzymes represented a milestone for the knowledge of the physiopathology of envenomation and for the introduction of new innovative tools in antivenom production. The fact that this protein is a principal toxin of the venom opens the possibility of replacing the use of whole venom as an immunogen, an attractive alternative considering the laborious techniques and low yields associated with venom extraction. This challenge warrants technological innovation to facilitate production and obtain more effective antidotes. In this review, we compile the reported studies, examining the advances in the expression and application of phospholipase D as a new immunogen and how the new biotechnological tools have introduced some degree of innovation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Fingermann
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Vélez Sársfield 563, (1282) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, (1425) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adolfo Rafael de Roodt
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Vélez Sársfield 563, (1282) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Área de Zootoxicología, Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay, 2155, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Cascone
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Vélez Sársfield 563, (1282) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, (1425) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Biotecnología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Miranda
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, (1425) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Biotecnología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Novel Mutant Phospholipase D from Hemiscorpius lepturus Acts as A Highly Immunogen in BALB/c Mice Against the Lethality of Scorpion Venom. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071673. [PMID: 32260428 PMCID: PMC7180795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemiscorpius lepturus (H. lepturus) which belongs to the Scorpionidae family, is the deadliest scorpion in Iran. It causes pathological manifestations like dermonecrosis, hemolysis, renal failure, necrotic ulcers, and in some cases, even death. The venom of this scorpion is well-known for its cytotoxic effects in comparison with the other venomous scorpions which show significant neurotoxic effects. Due to the painless nature of the sting of this scorpion, the clinical symptoms occur in victims 24 to 72 h post-sting. In our previous studies during the last decade, we demonstrated that the medical complications are attributable to the presence of phospholipase D (PLD) as a major toxin in the venom. With the purpose of designing and constructing a vaccine against H. lepturus for humans, animal model experiments were performed. To achieve this goal, non-toxic PLD was developed by mutation of two critical catalytic residues-His12 and His48-into alanines and the product was then denominated mut-rPLD1. The in-vivo tests showed that the mice immunized with interval doses of 10 µg of mut-rPLD1, were completely protected against 10× the LD100 of the venom. In conclusion, this mutant may be an effective vaccine candidate against scorpion envenomation by H. lepturus in future clinical studies.
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9
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Gremski LH, da Justa HC, da Silva TP, Polli NLC, Antunes BC, Minozzo JC, Wille ACM, Senff-Ribeiro A, Arni RK, Veiga SS. Forty Years of the Description of Brown Spider Venom Phospholipases-D. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030164. [PMID: 32155765 PMCID: PMC7150852 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiders of the genus Loxosceles, popularly known as Brown spiders, are considered a serious public health issue, especially in regions of hot or temperate climates, such as parts of North and South America. Although the venoms of these arachnids are complex in molecular composition, often containing proteins with distinct biochemical characteristics, the literature has primarily described a family of toxins, the Phospholipases-D (PLDs), which are highly conserved in all Loxosceles species. PLDs trigger most of the major clinical symptoms of loxoscelism i.e., dermonecrosis, thrombocytopenia, hemolysis, and acute renal failure. The key role played by PLDs in the symptomatology of loxoscelism was first described 40 years ago, when researches purified a hemolytic toxin that cleaved sphingomyelin and generated choline, and was referred to as a Sphingomyelinase-D, which was subsequently changed to Phospholipase-D when it was demonstrated that the enzyme also cleaved other cellular phospholipids. In this review, we present the information gleaned over the last 40 years about PLDs from Loxosceles venoms especially with regard to the production and characterization of recombinant isoforms. The history of obtaining these toxins is discussed, as well as their molecular organization and mechanisms of interaction with their substrates. We will address cellular biology aspects of these toxins and how they can be used in the development of drugs to address inflammatory processes and loxoscelism. Present and future aspects of loxoscelism diagnosis will be discussed, as well as their biotechnological applications and actions expected for the future in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Helena Gremski
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Hanna Câmara da Justa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Thaís Pereira da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Nayanne Louise Costacurta Polli
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Bruno César Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
- Centro de Produção e Pesquisa de Imunobiológicos (CPPI), Piraquara 83302-200, PR, Brazil;
| | - João Carlos Minozzo
- Centro de Produção e Pesquisa de Imunobiológicos (CPPI), Piraquara 83302-200, PR, Brazil;
| | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil;
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Raghuvir Krishnaswamy Arni
- Centro Multiusuário de Inovação Biomolecular, Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(41)-3361-1776
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10
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From taxonomy to molecular characterization of brown spider venom: An overview focused on Loxosceles similis. Toxicon 2020; 173:5-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Brown Spider ( Loxosceles) Venom Toxins as Potential Biotools for the Development of Novel Therapeutics. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060355. [PMID: 31248109 PMCID: PMC6628458 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown spider envenomation results in dermonecrosis with gravitational spreading characterized by a marked inflammatory reaction and with lower prevalence of systemic manifestations such as renal failure and hematological disturbances. Several toxins make up the venom of these species, and they are mainly peptides and proteins ranging from 5–40 kDa. The venoms have three major families of toxins: phospholipases-D, astacin-like metalloproteases, and the inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) peptides. Serine proteases, serpins, hyaluronidases, venom allergens, and a translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) are also present. Toxins hold essential biological properties that enable interactions with a range of distinct molecular targets. Therefore, the application of toxins as research tools and clinical products motivates repurposing their uses of interest. This review aims to discuss possibilities for brown spider venom toxins as putative models for designing molecules likely for therapeutics based on the status quo of brown spider venoms. Herein, we explore new possibilities for the venom components in the context of their biochemical and biological features, likewise their cellular targets, three-dimensional structures, and mechanisms of action.
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12
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Loxosceles gaucho Spider Venom: An Untapped Source of Antimicrobial Agents. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120522. [PMID: 30563217 PMCID: PMC6316817 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable ability of microorganisms to develop resistance to conventional antibiotics is one of the biggest challenges that the pharmaceutical industry currently faces. Recent studies suggest that antimicrobial peptides discovered in spider venoms may be useful resources for the design of structurally new anti-infective agents effective against drug-resistant microorganisms. In this work, we found an anionic antibacterial peptide named U1-SCRTX-Lg1a in the venom of the spider Loxosceles gaucho. The peptide was purified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), its antimicrobial activity was tested through liquid growth inhibition assays, and its chemical properties were characterized using mass spectrometry. U1-SCRTX-Lg1a was found to show a monoisotopic mass of 1695.75 Da, activity against Gram-negative bacteria, a lack of hemolytic effects against human red blood cells, and a lack of cytotoxicity against human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa). Besides this, the sequence of the peptide exhibited great similarity to specific regions of phospholipases D from different species of Loxosceles spiders, leading to the hypothesis that U1-SCRTX-Lg1a may have originated from a limited proteolytic cleavage. Our data suggest that U1-SCRTX-Lg1a is a promising candidate for the development of new antibiotics that could help fight bacterial infections and represents an exciting discovery for Loxosceles spiders.
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13
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Arthropod venoms: Biochemistry, ecology and evolution. Toxicon 2018; 158:84-103. [PMID: 30529476 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Comprising of over a million described species of highly diverse invertebrates, Arthropoda is amongst the most successful animal lineages to have colonized aerial, terrestrial, and aquatic domains. Venom, one of the many fascinating traits to have evolved in various members of this phylum, has underpinned their adaptation to diverse habitats. Over millions of years of evolution, arthropods have evolved ingenious ways of delivering venom in their targets for self-defence and predation. The morphological diversity of venom delivery apparatus in arthropods is astounding, and includes extensively modified pedipalps, tail (telson), mouth parts (hypostome), fangs, appendages (maxillulae), proboscis, ovipositor (stinger), and hair (urticating bristles). Recent investigations have also unravelled an astonishing venom biocomplexity with molecular scaffolds being recruited from a multitude of protein families. Venoms are a remarkable bioresource for discovering lead compounds in targeted therapeutics. Several components with prospective applications in the development of advanced lifesaving drugs and environment friendly bio-insecticides have been discovered from arthropod venoms. Despite these fascinating features, the composition, bioactivity, and molecular evolution of venom in several arthropod lineages remains largely understudied. This review highlights the prevalence of venom, its mode of toxic action, and the evolutionary dynamics of venom in Arthropoda, the most speciose phylum in the animal kingdom.
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14
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Spider's venom phospholipases D: A structural review. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:1054-1065. [PMID: 28951301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Spider venoms are complex mixtures of proteins, peptides and small organic and inorganic molecules. Among the proteins, phospholipases D (PLDs) present the major portion, and till now they are the most studied enzymes in spider venom. These PLDs have been divided into two classes, I and II, based on their primary and tertiary structure. Currently, crystal structures of both classes of these enzymes are available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Their three-dimensional structure is composed of eight α-helices and eight β-strands forming the ubiquitous fold called triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel. These enzymes use general acid-base catalysis to hydrolyzes their substrate. In this review, we have described the structural features, structure-based mechanisms of catalysis, maturation, and inhibition of these enzymes using the synthetic inhibitor.
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15
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Characteristics and Lethality of a Novel Recombinant Dermonecrotic Venom Phospholipase D from Hemiscorpius lepturus. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9030102. [PMID: 28335389 PMCID: PMC5371857 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoscorpius lepturus is the most medically important scorpion in Iran. The clinical signs of H. lepturus envenomation are remarkably similar to those reported for brown spiders, including dermonecrosis, hematuria, renal failure and even death. The lethality and toxicity of brown spiders’ venom have been attributed to its phospholipase D activity. This study aims to identify a phospholipase D with possible lethality and dermonecrotic activity in H. lepturus venom. In this study, a cDNA library of the venom glands was generated by Illumina RNA sequencing. Phospholipase D (PLD) from H. lepturus was characterized according to its significant similarity with PLDs from brown spiders. The main chain designated as Hl-RecPLD1 (the first recombinant isoform of H. lepturus PLD) was cloned, expressed and purified. Sphingomyelinase, dermonecrotic and lethal activities were examined. Hl-PLD1 showed remarkable sequence similarity and structural homology with PLDs of brown spiders. The conformation of Hl-PLD1 was predicted as a “TIM beta/alpha-barrel”. The lethal dose 50 (LD50) and dermonecrotic activities of Hl-RecPLD1 were determined as 3.1 µg/mouse and 0.7 cm2 at 1 µg respectively. It is the first report indicating that a similar molecular evolutionary mechanism has occurred in both American brown spiders and this Iranian scorpion. In conclusion, Hl-RecPLD1 is a highly active phospholipase D, which would be considered as the lethal dermonecrotic toxin in H. lepturus venom.
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16
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Chaves-Moreira D, Senff-Ribeiro A, Wille ACM, Gremski LH, Chaim OM, Veiga SS. Highlights in the knowledge of brown spider toxins. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017; 23:6. [PMID: 28194160 PMCID: PMC5299669 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown spiders are venomous arthropods that use their venom for predation and defense. In humans, bites of these animals provoke injuries including dermonecrosis with gravitational spread of lesions, hematological abnormalities and impaired renal function. The signs and symptoms observed following a brown spider bite are called loxoscelism. Brown spider venom is a complex mixture of toxins enriched in low molecular mass proteins (4-40 kDa). Characterization of the venom confirmed the presence of three highly expressed protein classes: phospholipases D, metalloproteases (astacins) and insecticidal peptides (knottins). Recently, toxins with low levels of expression have also been found in Loxosceles venom, such as serine proteases, protease inhibitors (serpins), hyaluronidases, allergen-like toxins and histamine-releasing factors. The toxin belonging to the phospholipase-D family (also known as the dermonecrotic toxin) is the most studied class of brown spider toxins. This class of toxins single-handedly can induce inflammatory response, dermonecrosis, hemolysis, thrombocytopenia and renal failure. The functional role of the hyaluronidase toxin as a spreading factor in loxoscelism has also been demonstrated. However, the biological characterization of other toxins remains unclear and the mechanism by which Loxosceles toxins exert their noxious effects is yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into brown spider venom toxins and toxicology, including a description of historical data already available in the literature. In this review article, the identification processes of novel Loxosceles toxins by molecular biology and proteomic approaches, their biological characterization and structural description based on x-ray crystallography and putative biotechnological uses are described along with the future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Brazil.,Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR Brazil
| | - Luiza Helena Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Brazil
| | - Olga Meiri Chaim
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Brazil
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Brazil
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17
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Dantas AE, Carmo AO, Horta CCR, Leal HG, Oliveira-Mendes BBR, Martins APV, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Kalapothakis E. Description of Loxtox protein family and identification of a new group of Phospholipases D from Loxosceles similis venom gland. Toxicon 2016; 120:97-106. [PMID: 27496061 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Envenoming resulting from Loxosceles spider bites (loxoscelism) is a recognized public health problem in Brazil. However, the pathophysiology of loxoscelism caused by L. similis bites, which is widespread in Brazil, remains poorly understood. In the present work, the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq - Next Generation sequencing - NGS) of the L. similis venom gland was performed to identify and analyze the sequences of the key component phospholipase D. The sequences were aligned based on their classical domains, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. In the bioinformatics analysis, 23 complete sequences of phospholipase D proteins were found and classified as Loxtox proteins, as they contained the characteristic domains of phospholipase D: the active site, the Mg(2+)-binding domain, and the catalytic loop. Three phospholipase D sequences with non-canonical domains were also found in this work. They were analyzed separately and named PLDs from L. similis (PLD-Ls). This study is the first to characterize phospholipase D sequences from Loxosceles spiders by RNA-Seq. These results contribute new knowledge about the composition of L. similis venom, revealing novel tools that could be used for pharmacological, immunological, and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Estanislau Dantas
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - A O Carmo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Campolina Rebello Horta
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Mestrado Profissional em Biotecnologia e Gestão da Inovação, Centro Universitário de Sete Lagoas, Sete Lagoas, 35701-242, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Hortênsia Gomes Leal
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - Ana Paula Vimieiro Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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18
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Active site mapping of Loxosceles phospholipases D: Biochemical and biological features. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:970-979. [PMID: 27233517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Brown spider phospholipases D from Loxosceles venoms are among the most widely studied toxins since they induce dermonecrosis, triggering inflammatory responses, increase vascular permeability, cause hemolysis, and renal failure. The catalytic (H12 and H47) and metal-ion binding (E32 and D34) residues in Loxosceles intermedia phospholipase D (LiRecDT1) were mutated to understand their roles in the observed activities. All mutants were identified using whole venom serum antibodies and a specific antibody to wild-type LiRecDT1, they were also analyzed by circular dichroism (CD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The phospholipase D activities of H12A, H47A, H12A-H47A, E32, D34 and E32A-D34A, such as vascular permeability, dermonecrosis, and hemolytic effects were inhibited. The mutant Y228A was equally detrimental to biochemical and biological effects of phospholipase D, suggesting an essential role of this residue in substrate recognition and binding. On the other hand, the mutant C53A-C201A reduced the enzyme's ability to hydrolyze phospholipids and promote dermonecrosis, hemolytic, and vascular effects. These results provide the basis understanding the importance of specific residues in the observed activities and contribute to the design of synthetic and specific inhibitors for Brown spider venom phospholipases D.
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19
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Brown spider (Loxosceles genus) venom toxins: Evaluation of biological conservation by immune cross-reactivity. Toxicon 2015; 108:154-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Ribeiro MF, Oliveira FL, Monteiro-Machado M, Cardoso PF, Guilarducci-Ferraz VVC, Melo PA, Souza CMV, Calil-Elias S. Pattern of inflammatory response to Loxosceles intermedia venom in distinct mouse strains: a key element to understand skin lesions and dermonecrosis by poisoning. Toxicon 2015; 96:10-23. [PMID: 25600642 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Envenomation caused by spiders Loxosceles induce intense dermonecrosis at the bite site and systemic disease. In this work we described the hyaluronidase and collagenase activities in vitro of the Loxosceles intermedia venom, but no phospholipase A2 activity. In vivo, we evaluated the effect of L. intermedia venom used different strain of mice, C57BL/6, BALB/c and Swiss. All mice developed paw edema after venom injection, persistent for 24 h in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Histopathological analysis of the skin after venom injection revealed vascular congestion in Swiss mice and an inflammatory reaction in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The mobilization of inflammatory cells from bone marrow, spleen and blood was investigated. Typical innate immune response with mobilization of myeloid cells and cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes was observed in C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, typical acquired/humoral immune response was observed in BALB/c mice, with preferential involvement of conventional B lymphocytes and CD4 T helper cells. The skin inflammation associated to mobilization of inflammatory cells indicated that mice models are strongly recommended to investigate specific cell types involved with immune response to the envenomation and mechanisms to inhibit skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Produtos para Saúde, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - F L Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - M Monteiro-Machado
- Programa de Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - V V C Guilarducci-Ferraz
- Departamento de Farmácia e Administração Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - P A Melo
- Programa de Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - S Calil-Elias
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Produtos para Saúde, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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21
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Duarte C, Bonilla C, Guimarães G, Machado de Avila R, Mendes T, Silva W, Tintaya B, Yarleque A, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Anti-loxoscelic horse serum produced against a recombinant dermonecrotic protein of Brazilian Loxosceles intermedia spider neutralize lethal effects of Loxosceles laeta venom from Peru. Toxicon 2015; 93:37-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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El-Tantawy NL. Helminthes and insects: maladies or therapies. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:359-77. [PMID: 25547076 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
By definition, parasites cause harm to their hosts. But, considerable evidence from ancient traditional medicine has supported the theory of using parasites and their products in treating many diseases. Maggots have been used successfully to treat chronic, long-standing, infected wounds which failed to respond to conventional treatment by many beneficial effects on the wound including debridement, disinfection, and healing enhancement. Maggots are also applied in forensic medicine to estimate time between the death and discovery of a corpse and in entomotoxicology involving the potential use of insects as alternative samples for detecting drugs and toxins in death investigations. Leeches are segmented invertebrates, famous by their blood-feeding habits and used in phlebotomy to treat various ailments since ancient times. Leech therapy is experiencing resurgence nowadays in health care principally in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Earthworms provide a source of medicinally useful products with potential antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer properties. Lumbrokinases are a group of fibrinolytic enzymes isolated and purified from earthworms capable of degrading plasminogen-rich and plasminogen-free fibrin and so can be used to treat various conditions associated with thrombotic diseases. Helminth infection has been proved to have therapeutic effects in both animal and human clinical trials with promising evidence in treating many allergic diseases and can block the induction of or reduce the severity of some autoimmune disorders as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. What is more, venomous arthropods such as scorpions, bees, wasps, spiders, ants, centipedes, snail, beetles, and caterpillars. The venoms and toxins from these arthropods provide a promising source of natural bioactive compounds which can be employed in the development of new drugs to treat diseases as cancer. The possibility of using these active molecules in biotechnological processes can make these venoms and toxins a valuable and promising source of natural bioactive compounds. The therapeutic use of helminthes and insects will be of great value in biomedicine and further studies on insect toxins will contribute extensively to the development of Biomedical Sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora L El-Tantawy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 2 El-Gomhouria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt,
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23
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Not as docile as it looks? Loxosceles venom variation and loxoscelism in the Mediterranean Basin and the Canary Islands. Toxicon 2014; 93:11-9. [PMID: 25449105 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The medical importance of Loxosceles spiders has promoted extensive research on different aspects of their venoms. Most of the reported cases of loxoscelism have occurred in the Americas, and thus, much work has focused on North and South American Loxosceles species. Interestingly, loxoscelism cases are rare in the Mediterranean Basin although Loxosceles rufescens, endemic to the Mediterranean, is an abundant spider even in human-altered areas. Thus, it has been suggested that the venom of L. rufescens could be of less medical relevance than that of its congeners. In this study, we challenge this hypothesis by using multiple approaches to study venom variation in selected species and lineages from the Mediterranean Basin and the Canary Islands. We found that SMase D activity, the key bioactive component of Loxosceles venom, is comparable to American species that are confirmed to have medically relevant bites. The venom protein composition using SDS-PAGE presents some differences among regional Loxosceles taxa in banding pattern and intensity, mostly between the Canarian and L. rufescens lineages. Differences between these species also exist in the expression of different paralogs of the SicTox gene family, with the Canarian species being less diverse. In conclusion, our results do not support the challenged hypothesis, and suggest that venom of these species may indeed be as potent as other Loxosceles species. Pending confirmation of loxoscelism with direct evidence of Loxosceles bites with species identification by professionals, Loxosceles in the Mediterranean region should conservatively be considered medically relevant taxa.
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24
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Figueiredo LF, Dias-Lopes C, Alvarenga LM, Mendes TM, Machado-de-Ávila RA, McCormack J, Minozzo JC, Kalapothakis E, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Innovative immunization protocols using chimeric recombinant protein for the production of polyspecific loxoscelic antivenom in horses. Toxicon 2014; 86:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Recent advances in the understanding of brown spider venoms: From the biology of spiders to the molecular mechanisms of toxins. Toxicon 2014; 83:91-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Vuitika L, Gremski LH, Belisário-Ferrari MR, Chaves-Moreira D, Ferrer VP, Senff-Ribeiro A, Chaim OM, Veiga SS. Brown spider phospholipase-D containing a conservative mutation (D233E) in the catalytic site: identification and functional characterization. J Cell Biochem 2014; 114:2479-92. [PMID: 23733617 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Brown spider (Loxosceles genus) bites have been reported worldwide. The venom contains a complex composition of several toxins, including phospholipases-D. Native or recombinant phospholipase-D toxins induce cutaneous and systemic loxoscelism, particularly necrotic lesions, inflammatory response, renal failure, and hematological disturbances. Herein, we describe the cloning, heterologous expression and purification of a novel phospholipase-D toxin, LiRecDT7 in reference to six other previously described in phospholipase-D toxin family. The complete cDNA sequence of this novel brown spider phospholipase-D isoform was obtained and the calculated molecular mass of the predicted mature protein is 34.4 kDa. Similarity analyses revealed that LiRecDT7 is homologous to the other dermonecrotic toxin family members particularly to LiRecDT6, sharing 71% sequence identity. LiRecDT7 possesses the conserved amino acid residues involved in catalysis except for a conservative mutation (D233E) in the catalytic site. Purified LiRecDT7 was detected as a soluble 36 kDa protein using anti-whole venom and anti-LiRecDT1 sera, indicating immunological cross-reactivity and evidencing sequence-epitopes identities similar to those of other phospholipase-D family members. Also, LiRecDT7 exhibits sphingomyelinase activity in a concentration dependent-manner and induces experimental skin lesions with swelling, erythema and dermonecrosis. In addition, LiRecDT7 induced a massive inflammatory response in rabbit skin dermis, which is a hallmark of brown spider venom phospholipase-D toxins. Moreover, LiRecDT7 induced in vitro hemolysis in human erythrocytes and increased blood vessel permeability. These features suggest that this novel member of the brown spider venom phospholipase-D family, which naturally contains a mutation (D233E) in the catalytic site, could be useful for future structural and functional studies concerning loxoscelism and lipid biochemistry. HIGHLIGHTS 1- Novel brown spider phospholipase-D recombinant toxin contains a conservative mutation (D233E) on the catalytic site. 2-LiRecDT7 shares high identity level with isoforms of Loxosceles genus. 3-LiRecDT7 is a recombinant protein immunodetected by specific antibodies to native and recombinant phospholipase-D toxins. 4-LiRecDT7 shows sphingomyelinase-D activity in a concentration-dependent manner, but less intense than other isoforms. 5-LiRecDT7 induces dermonecrosis and inflammatory response in rabbit skin. 6-LiRecDT7 increases vascular permeability in mice. 7-LiRecDT7 triggers direct complement-independent hemolysis in erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Vuitika
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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27
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Dias-Lopes C, Felicori L, Rubrecht L, Cobo S, Molina L, Nguyen C, Galéa P, Granier C, Molina F, Chávez-Olortegui C. Generation and molecular characterization of a monoclonal antibody reactive with conserved epitope in sphingomyelinases D from Loxosceles spider venoms. Vaccine 2014; 32:2086-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Zobel-Thropp PA, Correa SM, Garb JE, Binford GJ. Spit and venom from scytodes spiders: a diverse and distinct cocktail. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:817-35. [PMID: 24303891 DOI: 10.1021/pr400875s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spiders from the family Scytodidae have a unique prey capturing technique: they spit a zig-zagged silken glue to tether prey to a surface. Effectiveness of this sticky mixture is based on a combination of contraction and adhesion, trapping prey until the spider immobilizes it by envenomation and then feeds. We identify components expressed in Scytodes thoracica venom glands using combined transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. These include homologues of toxic proteins astacin metalloproteases and potentially toxic proteins including venom allergen, longistatin, and translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP). We classify 19 distinct groups of candidate peptide toxins; 13 of these were detected in the venom, making up 35% of the proteome. Six have significant similarity to toxins from spider species spanning mygalomorph and nonhaplogyne araneomorph lineages, suggesting their expression in venom is phylogenetically widespread. Twelve peptide toxin groups have homologues in venom gland transcriptomes of other haplogynes. Of the transcripts, approximately 50% encode glycine-rich peptides that may contribute to sticky fibers in Scytodes spit. Fifty-one percent of the identified venom proteome is a family of proteins that is homologous to sequences from Drosophila sp. and Latrodectus hesperus with uncharacterized function. Characterization of these components holds promise for discovering new functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Zobel-Thropp
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College , Portland, Oregon 97219, United States
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29
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Cloning, expression and characterization of a phospholipase D from Loxosceles gaucho venom gland. Biochimie 2013; 95:1773-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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30
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A novel ICK peptide from the Loxosceles intermedia (brown spider) venom gland: Cloning, heterologous expression and immunological cross-reactivity approaches. Toxicon 2013; 71:147-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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31
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Modulation of membrane phospholipids, the cytosolic calcium influx and cell proliferation following treatment of B16-F10 cells with recombinant phospholipase-D from Loxosceles intermedia (brown spider) venom. Toxicon 2013; 67:17-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Lysophosphatidic Acid Mediates the Release of Cytokines and Chemokines by Human Fibroblasts Treated with Loxosceles Spider Venom. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1682-5. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Mendes TM, Oliveira D, Figueiredo LFM, Machado-de-Avila RA, Duarte CG, Dias-Lopes C, Guimarães G, Felicori L, Minozzo JC, Chávez-Olortegui C. Generation and characterization of a recombinant chimeric protein (rCpLi) consisting of B-cell epitopes of a dermonecrotic protein from Loxosceles intermedia spider venom. Vaccine 2013; 31:2749-55. [PMID: 23664158 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A chimeric protein was constructed expressing three epitopes of LiD1, a dermonecrotic toxin from the venom of Loxosceles intermedia spider. This species is responsible for a large number of accidents involving spiders in Brazil. We demonstrated that the chimeric protein (rCpLi) generated is atoxic and that antibodies previously developed in rabbits against synthetic epitopes reactive with rCpLi in ELISA and immunoblot assays. The antibody response in rabbits against the rCpLi was evaluated by ELISA and we have detected an antibody response in all immunized animals. Overlapping peptides covering the amino acid sequence of the rCpLi were synthesized on a cellulose membrane, and their recognition by rabbit anti-rCpLi serum assessed. Three different antigenic regions were identified. The percentage of inhibition of the dermonecrotic, hemorrhagic and edematogenic activities caused by the recombinant protein LiD1r in naïve rabbits was assessed by pre-incubation with anti-rCpLi antibodies. Anti-rCpLi induced good dermonecrotic and hemorrhagic protection. The levels of protection were similar to the antiboides anti-LiD1r. In summary, we have developed a polyepitope recombinant chimeric protein capable of inducing multiple responses of neutralizing antibodies in a rabbit model. This engineered protein may be a promising candidate for therapeutic serum development or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP: 486, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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34
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Biochemical and immunological characteristics of Peruvian Loxosceles laeta spider venom: neutralization of its toxic effects by anti-loxoscelic antivenoms. Toxicon 2013; 70:90-7. [PMID: 23648420 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the general biochemical properties and immunological characteristics of Peruvian spider Loxosceles laeta venom (PLlv), which is responsible for the largest number of accidents involving venomous animals in Peru. In this work, we observed that the venom of this spider is more lethal to mice when compared with L. laeta venom from Brazil (BLlv). The LD₅₀ of PLlv was 1.213 mg/kg when the venom was intradermally injected. The venom displayed sphingomyelinase activity and produced dermonecrotic, hemorrhagic and edema effects in rabbits. 2-D SDS-PAGE separation of the soluble venoms resulted in a protein profile ranging from 20 to 205 kDa. Anti-PLlv and anti-BLlv sera produced in rabbits and assayed by ELISA showed that rabbit antibodies cross-reacted with PLlv and BLlv and also with other Brazilian Loxosceles venoms. Western blotting analysis showed that bands corresponding to 25-35 kDa are the proteins best recognized in every Loxosceles spp venoms analyzed. The immunized rabbits displayed protective effect after challenge with PLlv and BLlv. In vitro assays with horse anti-loxoscelic antivenoms produced in Brazil and Peru demonstrated that these commercial antivenoms were efficient to inhibit the sphingomyelinase activity of PLlv and BLlv.
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35
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King GF, Hardy MC. Spider-venom peptides: structure, pharmacology, and potential for control of insect pests. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 58:475-96. [PMID: 23020618 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Spider venoms are an incredibly rich source of disulfide-rich insecticidal peptides that have been tuned over millions of years to target a wide range of receptors and ion channels in the insect nervous system. These peptides can act individually, or as part of larger toxin cabals, to rapidly immobilize envenomated prey owing to their debilitating effects on nervous system function. Most of these peptides contain a unique arrangement of disulfide bonds that provides them with extreme resistance to proteases. As a result, these peptides are highly stable in the insect gut and hemolymph and many of them are orally active. Thus, spider-venom peptides can be used as stand-alone bioinsecticides, or transgenes encoding these peptides can be used to engineer insect-resistant crops or enhanced entomopathogens. We critically review the potential of spider-venom peptides to control insect pests and highlight their advantages and disadvantages compared with conventional chemical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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36
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Pereira NB, Campos PP, de Jesus Oviedo Socarrás T, Pimenta TS, Parreiras PM, Silva SS, Kalapothakis E, Andrade SP, Moro L. Sponge implant in Swiss mice as a model for studying loxoscelism. Toxicon 2012; 59:672-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Chatzaki M, Horta CC, Almeida MO, Pereira NB, Mendes TM, Dias-Lopes C, Guimarães G, Moro L, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Horta MCR, Kalapothakis E. Cutaneous loxoscelism caused by Loxosceles similis venom and neutralization capacity of its specific antivenom. Toxicon 2012; 60:21-30. [PMID: 22465492 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the spider genus Loxosceles pose a marked health risk to humans because of the seriousness of the necrotic and systemic effects of their bite, known as loxoscelism. The recent confirmation of Loxosceles similis in residences of Belo Horizonte in Minas Gerais Province, Brazil increases the local potential risk of loxoscelism at higher levels. The first characterization of the venom from this species showed that its main biological effects had a similar intensity as other species (e.g. Loxosceles intermedia, Loxosceles laeta, and Loxosceles gaucho). Therefore, we wished to further analyse the biological activity of the L. similis venom as well as the capacity of anti-L. similis-venom serum to reduce dermonecrotic effects to rabbit skin. Histological analysis of rabbit skin 2, 4 and 8h after intradermal injection of L. similis venom demonstrated a dense inflammatory infiltrate, edema, degeneration and necrosis of the skin muscle, dissociation of collagen fibers, and disruption of reticular fibers. Importantly, pre-incubation of the venom with anti-L. similis-venom serum significantly decreased all of these effects. Anti-L. similis antivenom generated antibodies that were strongly reactive to L. similis venom and capable of neutralizing the dermonecrotic effects in rabbits caused by this venom. Moreover, the antivenom significantly reduced the sphingomyelinase activity of L. similis crude venom. Venoms produced by male and female spiders were equally reactive towards anti-L. similis and anti-L. intermedia antivenoms, but female venom induced larger lesions on rabbits. In contrast, female venom acted as an immunization enhancer and protected animals from L. similis envenomation to a greater degree than male venom. In conclusion, the results shown in this study for L. similis antivenom merits a more in depth study of its properties, which may become a valuable tool against loxoscelism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chatzaki
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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38
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Molecular cloning, heterologous expression and functional characterization of a novel translationally-controlled tumor protein (TCTP) family member from Loxosceles intermedia (brown spider) venom. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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39
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Chaves-Moreira D, Souza FN, Fogaça RTH, Mangili OC, Gremski W, Senff-Ribeiro A, Chaim OM, Veiga SS. The relationship between calcium and the metabolism of plasma membrane phospholipids in hemolysis induced by brown spider venom phospholipase-D toxin. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2529-40. [PMID: 21590705 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Brown spider venom phospholipase-D belongs to a family of toxins characterized as potent bioactive agents. These toxins have been involved in numerous aspects of cell pathophysiology including inflammatory response, platelet aggregation, endothelial cell hyperactivation, renal disorders, and hemolysis. The molecular mechanism by which these toxins cause hemolysis is under investigation; literature data have suggested that enzyme catalysis is necessary for the biological activities triggered by the toxin. However, the way by which phospholipase-D activity is directly related with human hemolysis has not been determined. To evaluate how brown spider venom phospholipase-D activity causes hemolysis, we examined the impact of recombinant phospholipase-D on human red blood cells. Using six different purified recombinant phospholipase-D molecules obtained from a cDNA venom gland library, we demonstrated that there is a correlation of hemolytic effect and phospholipase-D activity. Studying recombinant phospholipase-D, a potent hemolytic and phospholipase-D recombinant toxin (LiRecDT1), we determined that the toxin degrades synthetic sphingomyelin (SM), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and lyso-platelet-activating factor. Additionally, we determined that the toxin degrades phospholipids in a detergent extract of human erythrocytes, as well as phospholipids from ghosts of human red blood cells. The products of the degradation of synthetic SM and LPC following recombinant phospholipase-D treatments caused hemolysis of human erythrocytes. This hemolysis, dependent on products of metabolism of phospholipids, is also dependent on calcium ion concentration because the percentage of hemolysis increased with an increase in the dose of calcium in the medium. Recombinant phospholipase-D treatment of human erythrocytes stimulated an influx of calcium into the cells that was detected by a calcium-sensitive fluorescent probe (Fluo-4). This calcium influx was shown to be channel-mediated rather than leak-promoted because the influx was inhibited by L-type calcium channel inhibitors but not by a T-type calcium channel blocker, sodium channel inhibitor or a specific inhibitor of calcium activated potassium channels. Finally, this inhibition of hemolysis following recombinant phospholipase-D treatment occurred in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of L-type calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine and verapamil. The data provided herein, suggest that the brown spider venom phospholipase-D-induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes is dependent on the metabolism of membrane phospholipids, such as SM and LPC, generating bioactive products that stimulate a calcium influx into red blood cells mediated by the L-type channel.
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Protection against the toxic effects of Loxosceles intermedia spider venom elicited by mimotope peptides. Vaccine 2011; 29:7992-8001. [PMID: 21872636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The venom of Loxosceles intermedia (Li) spiders is responsible for cutaneous lesions and other clinical manifestations. We previously reported that the monoclonal antibody LimAb7 can neutralize the dermonecrotic activity of crude Li venom. In this study, we observed that this antibody recognizes several proteins from the venom dermonecrotic fraction (DNF), including LiD1. Identifying the epitope of such a neutralizing antibody could help designing immunogens for producing therapeutic sera or vaccination approaches. To this aim, two sets of 25- and 15-mer overlapping peptides that cover the complete amino acid sequence of LiD1 were synthesized using the SPOT technique. None of them was recognized by LimAb7, suggesting that the epitope is discontinuous. Then, the screening of four peptide phage-display libraries yielded four possible epitope mimics that, however, did not show any obvious similarity with the LiD1 sequence. These mimotopes, together with a 3D model of LiD1, were used to predict with the MIMOP bioinformatic tool the putative epitope region (residues C197, Y224, W225, T226, D228, K229, R230, T232 and Y248 of LiD1) recognized by LimAb7. This analysis and the results of alanine-scanning experiments highlighted a few residues (such as W225 and D228) that are found in the active site of different SMases D and that may be important for LiD1 enzymatic activity. Finally, the only mimotope NCNKNDHLFACW that interacts with LimAb7 by SPOT and its analog NSNKNDHLFASW were used as immunogens in rabbits. The resulting antibodies could neutralize some of the biological effects induced by crude Li venom, demonstrating a mimotope-induced protection against L. intermedia venom.
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41
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de Giuseppe PO, Ullah A, Silva DT, Gremski LH, Wille ACM, Chaves Moreira D, Ribeiro AS, Chaim OM, Murakami MT, Veiga SS, Arni RK. Structure of a novel class II phospholipase D: catalytic cleft is modified by a disulphide bridge. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:622-7. [PMID: 21616057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases D (PLDs) are principally responsible for the local and systemic effects of Loxosceles envenomation including dermonecrosis and hemolysis. Despite their clinical relevance in loxoscelism, to date, only the SMase I from Loxosceles laeta, a class I member, has been structurally characterized. The crystal structure of a class II member from Loxosceles intermedia venom has been determined at 1.7Å resolution. Structural comparison to the class I member showed that the presence of an additional disulphide bridge which links the catalytic loop to the flexible loop significantly changes the volume and shape of the catalytic cleft. An examination of the crystal structures of PLD homologues in the presence of low molecular weight compounds at their active sites suggests the existence of a ligand-dependent rotamer conformation of the highly conserved residue Trp230 (equivalent to Trp192 in the glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase from Thermus thermophofilus, PDB code: 1VD6) indicating its role in substrate binding in both enzymes. Sequence and structural analyses suggest that the reduced sphingomyelinase activity observed in some class IIb PLDs is probably due to point mutations which lead to a different substrate preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Oliveira de Giuseppe
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, 13083-970 SP, Brazil
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42
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Chaim OM, Trevisan-Silva D, Chaves-Moreira D, Wille ACM, Ferrer VP, Matsubara FH, Mangili OC, da Silveira RB, Gremski LH, Gremski W, Senff-Ribeiro A, Veiga SS. Brown spider (Loxosceles genus) venom toxins: tools for biological purposes. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:309-44. [PMID: 22069711 PMCID: PMC3202818 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3030309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Venomous animals use their venoms as tools for defense or predation. These venoms are complex mixtures, mainly enriched of proteic toxins or peptides with several, and different, biological activities. In general, spider venom is rich in biologically active molecules that are useful in experimental protocols for pharmacology, biochemistry, cell biology and immunology, as well as putative tools for biotechnology and industries. Spider venoms have recently garnered much attention from several research groups worldwide. Brown spider (Loxosceles genus) venom is enriched in low molecular mass proteins (5–40 kDa). Although their venom is produced in minute volumes (a few microliters), and contain only tens of micrograms of protein, the use of techniques based on molecular biology and proteomic analysis has afforded rational projects in the area and permitted the discovery and identification of a great number of novel toxins. The brown spider phospholipase-D family is undoubtedly the most investigated and characterized, although other important toxins, such as low molecular mass insecticidal peptides, metalloproteases and hyaluronidases have also been identified and featured in literature. The molecular pathways of the action of these toxins have been reported and brought new insights in the field of biotechnology. Herein, we shall see how recent reports describing discoveries in the area of brown spider venom have expanded biotechnological uses of molecules identified in these venoms, with special emphasis on the construction of a cDNA library for venom glands, transcriptome analysis, proteomic projects, recombinant expression of different proteic toxins, and finally structural descriptions based on crystallography of toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Meiri Chaim
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CEP 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; (O.M.C.); (D.T.-S); (D.C.-M); (A.C.M.W.); (V.P.F.); (F.H.M.); (L.H.G.); (A.S.-R)
| | - Dilza Trevisan-Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CEP 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; (O.M.C.); (D.T.-S); (D.C.-M); (A.C.M.W.); (V.P.F.); (F.H.M.); (L.H.G.); (A.S.-R)
| | - Daniele Chaves-Moreira
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CEP 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; (O.M.C.); (D.T.-S); (D.C.-M); (A.C.M.W.); (V.P.F.); (F.H.M.); (L.H.G.); (A.S.-R)
| | - Ana Carolina M. Wille
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CEP 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; (O.M.C.); (D.T.-S); (D.C.-M); (A.C.M.W.); (V.P.F.); (F.H.M.); (L.H.G.); (A.S.-R)
- Department of Structural, Molecular Biology and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa, CEP 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil;
| | - Valéria Pereira Ferrer
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CEP 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; (O.M.C.); (D.T.-S); (D.C.-M); (A.C.M.W.); (V.P.F.); (F.H.M.); (L.H.G.); (A.S.-R)
| | - Fernando Hitomi Matsubara
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CEP 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; (O.M.C.); (D.T.-S); (D.C.-M); (A.C.M.W.); (V.P.F.); (F.H.M.); (L.H.G.); (A.S.-R)
| | | | - Rafael Bertoni da Silveira
- Department of Structural, Molecular Biology and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa, CEP 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil;
| | - Luiza Helena Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CEP 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; (O.M.C.); (D.T.-S); (D.C.-M); (A.C.M.W.); (V.P.F.); (F.H.M.); (L.H.G.); (A.S.-R)
| | - Waldemiro Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CEP 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; (O.M.C.); (D.T.-S); (D.C.-M); (A.C.M.W.); (V.P.F.); (F.H.M.); (L.H.G.); (A.S.-R)
- Catholic University of Paraná, Health and Biological Sciences Institute, CEP 80215-901 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil;
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CEP 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; (O.M.C.); (D.T.-S); (D.C.-M); (A.C.M.W.); (V.P.F.); (F.H.M.); (L.H.G.); (A.S.-R)
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CEP 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; (O.M.C.); (D.T.-S); (D.C.-M); (A.C.M.W.); (V.P.F.); (F.H.M.); (L.H.G.); (A.S.-R)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +55-41-33611776; Fax: +55-41-3266-2042
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Phospholipase-D activity and inflammatory response induced by brown spider dermonecrotic toxin: Endothelial cell membrane phospholipids as targets for toxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:84-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ullah A, de Giuseppe PO, Murakami MT, Trevisan-Silva D, Wille ACM, Chaves-Moreira D, Gremski LH, da Silveira RB, Sennf-Ribeiro A, Chaim OM, Veiga SS, Arni RK. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a class II phospholipase D from Loxosceles intermedia venom. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:234-6. [PMID: 21301094 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110050931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases D are the major dermonecrotic component of Loxosceles venom and catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids, resulting in the formation of lipid mediators such as ceramide-1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid which can induce pathological and biological responses. Phospholipases D can be classified into two classes depending on their catalytic efficiency and the presence of an additional disulfide bridge. In this work, both wild-type and H12A-mutant forms of the class II phospholipase D from L. intermedia venom were crystallized. Wild-type and H12A-mutant crystals were grown under very similar conditions using PEG 200 as a precipitant and belonged to space group P12(1)1, with unit-cell parameters a = 50.1, b = 49.5, c = 56.5 Å, β = 105.9°. Wild-type and H12A-mutant crystals diffracted to maximum resolutions of 1.95 and 1.60 Å, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ullah
- Centro Multiusuário de Inovação Biomolecular, Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto-SP, Brazil
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Inflammatory mediators generated at the site of inoculation of Loxosceles gaucho spider venom. Toxicon 2010; 56:972-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dias-Lopes C, Felicori L, Guimarães G, Gomes ERM, Roman-Campos D, Duarte H, Damasceno D, Martins M, Kalapothakis E, Almeida AP, Granier C, Cruz JS, Guatimosim S, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Cardiotoxic effects of Loxosceles intermedia spider venom and the recombinant venom toxin rLiD1. Toxicon 2010; 56:1426-35. [PMID: 20826175 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Loxosceles spider bites cause many human injuries worldwide. Injections in mice of whole Loxosceles (L.) intermedia venom or a recombinant toxin (rLiD1) produce systemic symptoms similar to those detected in envenomed humans. This animal model was used to characterize the effects of Loxosceles intermedia venom in cardiac tissues. L. intermedia antigens were detected by ELISA in kidney, heart, lung and liver of experimentally envenomed mice. In addition, rLiD1 binding to cardiomyocytes was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Furthermore, isolated perfused heart preparations and ventricular cardiomyocytes from envenomed mice showed heart function impairment, and a significant increase of I(Ca,L) density and intracellular Ca(2+) transients, respectively. Thus, L. intermedia spider venom, as shown through the use of the recombinant toxin rLiD1, causes cardiotoxic effects and a protein from the sphingomyelinase D family plays a key role in heart dysfunction. Thus, L. intermedia spider venom and the Loxtox rLiD1 play a key role in heart dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Dias-Lopes
- Biochemistry Departament, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP: 486, CEP: 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Gremski LH, da Silveira RB, Chaim OM, Probst CM, Ferrer VP, Nowatzki J, Weinschutz HC, Madeira HM, Gremski W, Nader HB, Senff-Ribeiro A, Veiga SS. A novel expression profile of the Loxosceles intermedia spider venomous gland revealed by transcriptome analysis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:2403-16. [PMID: 20644878 DOI: 10.1039/c004118a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Spiders of the Loxosceles genus are cosmopolitan, and their venom components possess remarkable biological properties associated with their ability to act upon different molecules and receptors. Accidents with Loxosceles intermedia specimens are recognized as a public health problem in the south of Brazil. To describe the transcriptional profile of the L. intermedia venom gland, we generated a wide cDNA library, and its transcripts were functionally and structurally analyzed. After initial analyses, 1843 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) produced readable sequences that were grouped into 538 clusters, 281 of which were singletons. 985 reads (53% of total ESTs) matched to known proteins. Similarity searches showed that toxin-encoding transcripts account for 43% of the total library and comprise a great number of ESTs. The most frequent toxins were from the LiTx family, which are known for their insecticidal activity. Both phospholipase D and astacin-like metalloproteases toxins account for approximately 9% of total transcripts. Toxins components such as serine proteases, hyaluronidases and venom allergens were also found but with minor representation. Almost 10% of the ESTs encode for proteins involved in cellular processes. These data provide an important overview of the L. intermedia venom gland expression scenario and revealed significant differences from profiles of other spiders from the Loxosceles genus. Furthermore, our results also confirm that this venom constitutes an amazing source of novel compounds with potential agrochemical, industrial and pharmacological applications.
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Zobel-Thropp PA, Bodner MR, Binford GJ. Comparative analyses of venoms from American and African Sicarius spiders that differ in sphingomyelinase D activity. Toxicon 2010; 55:1274-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Trevisan-Silva D, Gremski LH, Chaim OM, da Silveira RB, Meissner GO, Mangili OC, Barbaro KC, Gremski W, Veiga SS, Senff-Ribeiro A. Astacin-like metalloproteases are a gene family of toxins present in the venom of different species of the brown spider (genus Loxosceles). Biochimie 2009; 92:21-32. [PMID: 19879318 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Brown spiders have a worldwide distribution, and their venom has a complex composition containing many different molecules. Herein, we report the existence of a family of astacin-like metalloprotease toxins in Loxosceles intermedia venom, as well as in the venom of different species of Loxosceles. Using a cDNA library from the L. intermedia venom gland, we cloned two novel cDNAs encoding astacin-like metalloprotease toxins, LALP2 and LALP3. Using an anti-serum against the previously described astacin-like toxin in L. intermedia venom (LALP1), we detected the presence of immunologically-related toxins in the venoms of L. intermedia, Loxosceles laeta, and Loxosceles gaucho. Zymographic experiments showed gelatinolytic activity of crude venoms of L. intermedia, L. laeta, and L. gaucho (which could be inhibited by the divalent metal chelator 1,10-phenanthroline) at electrophoretic mobilities identical to those reported for immunological cross-reactivity. Moreover, mRNAs extracted from L. laeta and L. gaucho venom glands were screened for astacin-like metalloproteases, and cDNAs obtained using LALP1-specific primers were sequenced, and their deduced amino acid sequences confirmed they were members of the astacin family with the family signatures (HEXXHXXGXXHE and MXY), LALP4 and LALP5, respectively. Sequence comparison of deduced amino acid sequences revealed that LALP2, LALP3, LALP4, and LALP5 are related to the astacin family. This study identified the existence of gene family of astacin-like toxins in the venoms of brown spiders and raises the possibility that these molecules are involved in the deleterious effects triggered by the venom.
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Chaves-Moreira D, Chaim OM, Sade YB, Paludo KS, Gremski LH, Donatti L, de Moura J, Mangili OC, Gremski W, da Silveira RB, Senff-Ribeiro A, Veiga SS. Identification of a direct hemolytic effect dependent on the catalytic activity induced by phospholipase-D (dermonecrotic toxin) from brown spider venom. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:655-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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