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da Justa HC, Hernández González JE, Vuitika L, Mariutti RB, Magnago PAM, de Moraes FR, Senff-Ribeiro A, Gremski LH, Arni RK, Veiga SS. Comparative Biochemical, Structural, and Functional Analysis of Recombinant Phospholipases D from Three Loxosceles Spider Venoms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12006. [PMID: 37569382 PMCID: PMC10419089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiders of Loxosceles genus are widely distributed and their venoms contain phospholipases D (PLDs), which degrade phospholipids and trigger inflammatory responses, dermonecrosis, hematological changes, and renal injuries. Biochemical, functional, and structural properties of three recombinant PLDs from L. intermedia, L. laeta, and L. gaucho, the principal species clinically relevant in South America, were analyzed. Sera against L. gaucho and L. laeta PLDs strongly cross-reacted with other PLDs, but sera against L. intermedia PLD mostly reacted with homologous molecules, suggesting underlying structural and functional differences. PLDs presented a similar secondary structure profile but distinct melting temperatures. Different methods demonstrated that all PLDs cleave sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine, but L. gaucho and L. laeta PLDs excelled. L. gaucho PLD showed greater "in vitro" hemolytic activity. L. gaucho and L. laeta PLDs were more lethal in assays with mice and crickets. Molecular dynamics simulations correlated their biochemical activities with differences in sequences and conformations of specific surface loops, which play roles in protein stability and in modulating interactions with the membrane. Despite the high similarity, PLDs from L. gaucho and L. laeta venoms are more active than L. intermedia PLD, requiring special attention from physicians when these two species prevail in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Câmara da Justa
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (H.C.d.J.); (L.V.); (P.A.M.M.); (A.S.-R.); (L.H.G.)
| | - Jorge Enrique Hernández González
- Department of Physics, Multi-User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), São Paulo 05315-970, Brazil; (J.E.H.G.); (R.B.M.); (F.R.d.M.); (R.K.A.)
| | - Larissa Vuitika
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (H.C.d.J.); (L.V.); (P.A.M.M.); (A.S.-R.); (L.H.G.)
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (ICB-IV/USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Barros Mariutti
- Department of Physics, Multi-User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), São Paulo 05315-970, Brazil; (J.E.H.G.); (R.B.M.); (F.R.d.M.); (R.K.A.)
| | - Pedro Augusto Martinho Magnago
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (H.C.d.J.); (L.V.); (P.A.M.M.); (A.S.-R.); (L.H.G.)
| | - Fábio Rogério de Moraes
- Department of Physics, Multi-User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), São Paulo 05315-970, Brazil; (J.E.H.G.); (R.B.M.); (F.R.d.M.); (R.K.A.)
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (H.C.d.J.); (L.V.); (P.A.M.M.); (A.S.-R.); (L.H.G.)
| | - Luiza Helena Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (H.C.d.J.); (L.V.); (P.A.M.M.); (A.S.-R.); (L.H.G.)
| | - Raghuvir Krishnaswamy Arni
- Department of Physics, Multi-User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), São Paulo 05315-970, Brazil; (J.E.H.G.); (R.B.M.); (F.R.d.M.); (R.K.A.)
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (H.C.d.J.); (L.V.); (P.A.M.M.); (A.S.-R.); (L.H.G.)
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DiPaola B, Davis J, Baum RA, Akpunonu P, Micciche A. Brown recluse spider envenomation with systemic loxoscelism and delayed hemolysis: A case report. Toxicon 2023; 222:106975. [PMID: 36410457 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) is endemic to the South, West and Central Midwestern United States, and envenomation from this spider can cause cutaneous and/or systemic symptoms. We present a case of systemic loxocelism in an adolescent male resulting in three emergency department visits and two hospitalizations for a rare case of delayed hemolysis 6 days after envenomation. A 19-year-old male presented to the emergency department twice within two days after envenomation with worsening pain, subjective fever, chills, nausea and vomiting. He required a two-day hospitalization for rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury. The patient was discharged with improving symptoms and laboratory results on day four before returning again on day seven with worsening symptoms. He was diagnosed with hemolytic anemia on day seven and was subsequently hospitalized for six days. This case of systemic loxoscelism manifested hemolysis six days after envenomation, following an improvement in symptoms and laboratory studies. This case highlights the need for continuous monitoring and/or follow-up in cases of systemic loxocelism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake DiPaola
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jason Davis
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Regan A Baum
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter Akpunonu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Andrew Micciche
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Saavedra-Langer R, Costa TGF, Lima SA, Costal-Oliveira F, Martins CA, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Minozzo JC, Soccol VT, Guerra-Duarte C, Kalapothakis E, Chávez-Olórtegui C. A prokaryote system optimization for rMEPLox expression: A promising non-toxic antigen for Loxosceles antivenom production. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:66-75. [PMID: 34246677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Loxoscelism is the most dangerous araneism form in Brazil and antivenom therapy is the recommended treatment. Antivenom is produced by horse immunization with Loxosceles spider venom, which is toxic for the producer animal. Moreover, due to the high amount of venom required for horse hyperimmunization, new strategies for antigens obtention have been proposed. In this sense, our research group has previously produced a non-toxic recombinant multiepitopic protein derived from Loxosceles toxins (rMEPLox). rMEPLox was a successful immunogen, being able to induce the production of neutralizing antibodies, which could be used in the Loxoscelism treatment. However, rMEPLox obtention procedure requires optimization, as its production needs to be scaled up to suit antivenom manufacture. Therefore, an effective protocol development for rMEPlox production would be advantageous. To achieve this objective, we evaluated the influence of different cultivation conditions for rMEPLox optimum expression. The optimum conditions to obtain large amounts of rMEPlox were defined as the use of C43(DE3)pLysS as a host strain, 2xTY medium, 0.6 mM IPTG, biomass pre induction of OD600nm = 0.4 and incubation at 30 °C for 16 h. Following the optimized protocol, 39.84 mg/L of soluble rMEPLox was obtained and tested as immunogen. The results show that the obtained rMEPLox preserved the previously described immunogenicity, and it was able to generate antibodies that recognize different epitopes of the main Loxosceles venom toxins, which makes it a promising candidate for the antivenom production for loxoscelism treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Saavedra-Langer
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tamara G F Costa
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sabrina A Lima
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Christina A Martins
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - João C Minozzo
- Centro de Pesquisa e Produção de Imunobiologicos of Paraná State (CPPI), Brazil
| | | | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Gremski LH, Matsubara FH, da Justa HC, Schemczssen-Graeff Z, Baldissera AB, Schluga PHDC, Leite IDO, Boia-Ferreira M, Wille ACM, Senff-Ribeiro A, Veiga SS. Brown spider venom toxins: what are the functions of astacins, serine proteases, hyaluronidases, allergens, TCTP, serpins and knottins? J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200188. [PMID: 34377142 PMCID: PMC8314928 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Accidents caused by the bites of brown spiders (Loxosceles) generate a clinical condition that often includes a threatening necrotic skin lesion near the bite site along with a remarkable inflammatory response. Systemic disorders such as hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure may occur, but are much less frequent than the local damage. It is already known that phospholipases D, highly expressed toxins in Loxosceles venom, can induce most of these injuries. However, this spider venom has a great range of toxins that probably act synergistically to enhance toxicity. The other protein classes remain poorly explored due to the difficulty in obtaining sufficient amounts of them for a thorough investigation. They include astacins (metalloproteases), serine proteases, knottins, translationally controlled tumor proteins (TCTP), hyaluronidases, allergens and serpins. It has already been shown that some of them, according to their characteristics, may participate to some extent in the development of loxoscelism. In addition, all of these toxins present potential application in several areas. The present review article summarizes information regarding some functional aspects of the protein classes listed above, discusses the directions that could be taken to materialize a comprehensive investigation on each of these toxins as well as highlights the importance of exploring the full venom repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Helena Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Hanna Câmara da Justa
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Gremski LH, Matsubara FH, Polli NLC, Antunes BC, Schluga PHDC, da Justa HC, Minozzo JC, Wille ACM, Senff-Ribeiro A, Veiga SS. Prospective Use of Brown Spider Venom Toxins as Therapeutic and Biotechnological Inputs. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:706704. [PMID: 34222343 PMCID: PMC8247472 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.706704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown spider (genus Loxosceles) venoms are mainly composed of protein toxins used for predation and defense. Bites of these spiders most commonly produce a local dermonecrotic lesion with gravitational spread, edema and hemorrhage, which together are defined as cutaneous loxoscelism. Systemic loxoscelism, such as hematological abnormalities and renal injury, are less frequent but more lethal. Some Loxosceles venom toxins have already been isolated and extensively studied, such as phospholipases D (PLDs), which have been recombinantly expressed and were proven to reproduce toxic activities associated to the whole venom. PLDs have a notable potential to be engineered and converted in non-toxic antigens to produce a new generation of antivenoms or vaccines. PLDs also can serve as tools to discover inhibitors to be used as therapeutic agents. Other Loxosceles toxins have been identified and functionally characterized, such as hyaluronidases, allergen factor, serpin, TCTP and knottins (ICK peptides). All these toxins were produced as recombinant molecules and are biologically active molecules that can be used as tools for the potential development of chemical candidates to tackle many medical and biological threats, acting, for instance, as antitumoral, insecticides, analgesic, antigens for allergy tests and biochemical reagents for cell studies. In addition, these recombinant toxins may be useful to develop a rational therapy for loxoscelism. This review summarizes the main candidates for the development of drugs and biotechnological inputs that have been described in Brown spider venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruno Cesar Antunes
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Production and Research Center of Immunobiological Products, State Department of Health, Piraquara, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Carlos Minozzo
- Production and Research Center of Immunobiological Products, State Department of Health, Piraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Department of Structural, Molecular Biology and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
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Schemczssen-Graeff Z, Justa HCD, Nowatzki J, Baldissera AB, Polli NLC, De-Bona E, Rossi IV, Ramirez MI, Minozzo JC, Matsubara FH, Senff-Ribeiro A, Gremski LH, Veiga SS. Description of a serpin toxin in Loxosceles (Brown spider) venoms: Cloning, expression in baculovirus-infected insect cells and functional characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1607-1620. [PMID: 34029585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of toxins are present in the venom of Brown spiders (Loxosceles genus), some of them are highly expressed and others are less expressed. In this work, we aimed to clone the sequence of a little expressed novel toxin from Loxosceles venom identified as a serine protease inhibitor (serpin), as well as to express and characterize its biochemical and biological properties. It was named LSPILT, derived from Loxoscelesserine protease inhibitor-like toxin. Multiple alignment analysis revealed high identity between LSPILT and other serpin molecules from spiders and crab. LSPILT was produced in baculovirus-infected insect cells, resulting in a 46-kDa protein fused to a His-tag. Immunological assays showed epitopes in LSPILT that resemble native venom toxins of Loxosceles spiders. The inhibitory activity of LSPILT on trypsin was found both by reverse zymography and fluorescent gelatin-degradation assay. Additionally, LSPILT inhibited the complement-dependent lysis of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes, reduced thrombin-dependent clotting and suppressed B16-F10 melanoma cells migration. Results described herein prove the existence of conserved serpin-like toxins in Loxosceles venoms. The availability of a recombinant serpin enabled the determination of its biological and biochemical properties and indicates potential applications in future studies regarding the pathophysiology of the envenoming or for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Câmara da Justa
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Jenifer Nowatzki
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elidiana De-Bona
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Izadora Volpato Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, (UFPR), Curitiba 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcel Ivan Ramirez
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, (UFPR), Curitiba 81530-900, PR, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Minozzo
- Center for Production and Research of Immunobiological Products (CPPI), State Department of Health, Piraquara 83302-200, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiza Helena Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81530-900, PR, Brazil.
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Brown Spiders' Phospholipases-D with Potential Therapeutic Applications: Functional Assessment of Mutant Isoforms. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030320. [PMID: 33801128 PMCID: PMC8004160 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases-D (PLDs) found in Loxosceles spiders' venoms are responsible for the dermonecrosis triggered by envenomation. PLDs can also induce other local and systemic effects, such as massive inflammatory response, edema, and hemolysis. Recombinant PLDs reproduce all of the deleterious effects induced by Loxosceles whole venoms. Herein, wild type and mutant PLDs of two species involved in accidents-L. gaucho and L. laeta-were recombinantly expressed and characterized. The mutations are related to amino acid residues relevant for catalysis (H12-H47), magnesium ion coordination (E32-D34) and binding to phospholipid substrates (Y228 and Y228-Y229-W230). Circular dichroism and structural data demonstrated that the mutant isoforms did not undergo significant structural changes. Immunoassays showed that mutant PLDs exhibit conserved epitopes and kept their antigenic properties despite the mutations. Both in vitro (sphingomyelinase activity and hemolysis) and in vivo (capillary permeability, dermonecrotic activity, and histopathological analysis) assays showed that the PLDs with mutations H12-H47, E32-D34, and Y228-Y229-W230 displayed only residual activities. Results indicate that these mutant toxins are suitable for use as antigens to obtain neutralizing antisera with enhanced properties since they will be based on the most deleterious toxins in the venom and without causing severe harmful effects to the animals in which these sera are produced.
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De-Bona E, Chaves-Moreira D, Batista TBD, Justa HCD, Rossi GR, Antunes BC, Matsubara FH, Minozzo JC, Wille ACM, Veiga SS, Senff-Ribeiro A, Gremski LH. Production of a novel recombinant brown spider hyaluronidase in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 146:109759. [PMID: 33812558 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronidases are low expressed toxins of brown spider venoms, but, as highly active molecules, they present an important role as spreading factors. By degrading extracellular matrix components, these enzymes favor the diffusion of toxins in the affected tissue and at systemic level. Here, a novel isoform of hyaluronidase of Loxosceles intermedia Mello-Leitão (1934) venom was cloned, expressed in a baculovirus-insect cell expression system and fully active purified. This recombinant enzyme, named LiHyal2 (Loxosceles intermedia Hyaluronidase isoform 2), shares high identity with hyaluronidases of other spiders and scorpions. The catalytic and sugar binding amino acid residues are conserved in LiHyal2, human, and honeybee venom hyaluronidases and the molecular model of LiHyal2 shares major similarities with their crystal structures, including the active site. LiHyal2 was expressed as a 45 kDa protein and degraded hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulphate as demonstrated by HA zymography and agarose gel electrophoresis. Lectin blot analysis revealed that LiHyal2 is post-translationally modified by the addition of high mannose N-linked carbohydrates. In vivo experiments showed that LiHyal2 potentialize dermonecrosis and edema induced by a recombinant phospholipase-D (PLD) of L. intermedia venom, as well as enhance the increase in capillary permeability triggered by this PLD, indicating that these toxins act synergistically during envenomation. Altogether, these results introduce a novel approach to express spider recombinant toxins, contribute to the elucidation of brown spider venom mechanisms and add to the development of a more specific treatment of envenomation victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elidiana De-Bona
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniele Chaves-Moreira
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Hanna Câmara da Justa
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rodrigues Rossi
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cesar Antunes
- Production and Research Center of Immunobiological Products (CPPI), State Department of Health, Piraquara, 83302-200, PR, Brazil
| | | | - João Carlos Minozzo
- Production and Research Center of Immunobiological Products (CPPI), State Department of Health, Piraquara, 83302-200, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Department of Structural, Molecular Biology and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, 84030-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiza Helena Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, 81530-900, PR, Brazil.
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Justa HCD, Matsubara FH, de-Bona E, Schemczssen-Graeff Z, Polli NLC, de Mari TL, Boia-Ferreira M, Minozzo JC, Wille ACM, Senff-Ribeiro A, Gremski LH, Veiga SS. LALLT (Loxosceles Allergen-Like Toxin) from the venom of Loxosceles intermedia: Recombinant expression in insect cells and characterization as a molecule with allergenic properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3984-3999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gremski LH, da Justa HC, da Silva TP, Polli NLC, Antunes BC, Minozzo JC, Wille ACM, Senff-Ribeiro A, Arni RK, Veiga SS. Forty Years of the Description of Brown Spider Venom Phospholipases-D. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030164. [PMID: 32155765 PMCID: PMC7150852 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiders of the genus Loxosceles, popularly known as Brown spiders, are considered a serious public health issue, especially in regions of hot or temperate climates, such as parts of North and South America. Although the venoms of these arachnids are complex in molecular composition, often containing proteins with distinct biochemical characteristics, the literature has primarily described a family of toxins, the Phospholipases-D (PLDs), which are highly conserved in all Loxosceles species. PLDs trigger most of the major clinical symptoms of loxoscelism i.e., dermonecrosis, thrombocytopenia, hemolysis, and acute renal failure. The key role played by PLDs in the symptomatology of loxoscelism was first described 40 years ago, when researches purified a hemolytic toxin that cleaved sphingomyelin and generated choline, and was referred to as a Sphingomyelinase-D, which was subsequently changed to Phospholipase-D when it was demonstrated that the enzyme also cleaved other cellular phospholipids. In this review, we present the information gleaned over the last 40 years about PLDs from Loxosceles venoms especially with regard to the production and characterization of recombinant isoforms. The history of obtaining these toxins is discussed, as well as their molecular organization and mechanisms of interaction with their substrates. We will address cellular biology aspects of these toxins and how they can be used in the development of drugs to address inflammatory processes and loxoscelism. Present and future aspects of loxoscelism diagnosis will be discussed, as well as their biotechnological applications and actions expected for the future in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Helena Gremski
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Hanna Câmara da Justa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Thaís Pereira da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Nayanne Louise Costacurta Polli
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Bruno César Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
- Centro de Produção e Pesquisa de Imunobiológicos (CPPI), Piraquara 83302-200, PR, Brazil;
| | - João Carlos Minozzo
- Centro de Produção e Pesquisa de Imunobiológicos (CPPI), Piraquara 83302-200, PR, Brazil;
| | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil;
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Raghuvir Krishnaswamy Arni
- Centro Multiusuário de Inovação Biomolecular, Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(41)-3361-1776
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Boia-Ferreira M, Moreno KG, Basílio ABC, da Silva LP, Vuitika L, Soley B, Wille ACM, Donatti L, Barbaro KC, Chaim OM, Gremski LH, Veiga SS, Senff-Ribeiro A. TCTP from Loxosceles Intermedia (Brown Spider) Venom Contributes to the Allergic and Inflammatory Response of Cutaneous Loxoscelism. Cells 2019; 8:E1489. [PMID: 31766608 PMCID: PMC6953063 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
LiTCTP is a toxin from the Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) family identified in Loxosceles brown spider venoms. These proteins are known as histamine-releasing factors (HRF). TCTPs participate in allergic and anaphylactic reactions, which suggest their potential role as therapeutic targets. The histaminergic effect of TCTP is related to its pro-inflammatory functions. An initial characterization of LiTCTP in animal models showed that this toxin can increase the microvascular permeability of skin vessels and induce paw edema in a dose-dependent manner. We evaluated the role of LiTCTP in vitro and in vivo in the inflammatory and allergic aspects that undergo the biological responses observed in Loxoscelism, the clinical condition after an accident with Loxosceles spiders. Our results showed LiTCTP recombinant toxin (LiRecTCTP) as an essential synergistic factor for the dermonecrotic toxin actions (LiRecDT1, known as the main toxin in the pathophysiology of Loxoscelism), revealing its contribution to the exacerbated inflammatory response clinically observed in envenomated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Boia-Ferreira
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (M.B.-F.); (K.G.M.); (A.B.C.B.); (L.P.d.S.); (L.V.); (L.D.); or (L.H.G.); (S.S.V.)
| | - Kamila G. Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (M.B.-F.); (K.G.M.); (A.B.C.B.); (L.P.d.S.); (L.V.); (L.D.); or (L.H.G.); (S.S.V.)
| | - Alana B. C. Basílio
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (M.B.-F.); (K.G.M.); (A.B.C.B.); (L.P.d.S.); (L.V.); (L.D.); or (L.H.G.); (S.S.V.)
| | - Lucas P. da Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (M.B.-F.); (K.G.M.); (A.B.C.B.); (L.P.d.S.); (L.V.); (L.D.); or (L.H.G.); (S.S.V.)
| | - Larissa Vuitika
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (M.B.-F.); (K.G.M.); (A.B.C.B.); (L.P.d.S.); (L.V.); (L.D.); or (L.H.G.); (S.S.V.)
| | - Bruna Soley
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil;
| | - Ana Carolina M. Wille
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil;
| | - Lucélia Donatti
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (M.B.-F.); (K.G.M.); (A.B.C.B.); (L.P.d.S.); (L.V.); (L.D.); or (L.H.G.); (S.S.V.)
| | - Katia C. Barbaro
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Olga M. Chaim
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (M.B.-F.); (K.G.M.); (A.B.C.B.); (L.P.d.S.); (L.V.); (L.D.); or (L.H.G.); (S.S.V.)
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Luiza Helena Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (M.B.-F.); (K.G.M.); (A.B.C.B.); (L.P.d.S.); (L.V.); (L.D.); or (L.H.G.); (S.S.V.)
| | - Silvio S. Veiga
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (M.B.-F.); (K.G.M.); (A.B.C.B.); (L.P.d.S.); (L.V.); (L.D.); or (L.H.G.); (S.S.V.)
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (M.B.-F.); (K.G.M.); (A.B.C.B.); (L.P.d.S.); (L.V.); (L.D.); or (L.H.G.); (S.S.V.)
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12
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Brown Spider ( Loxosceles) Venom Toxins as Potential Biotools for the Development of Novel Therapeutics. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060355. [PMID: 31248109 PMCID: PMC6628458 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown spider envenomation results in dermonecrosis with gravitational spreading characterized by a marked inflammatory reaction and with lower prevalence of systemic manifestations such as renal failure and hematological disturbances. Several toxins make up the venom of these species, and they are mainly peptides and proteins ranging from 5–40 kDa. The venoms have three major families of toxins: phospholipases-D, astacin-like metalloproteases, and the inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) peptides. Serine proteases, serpins, hyaluronidases, venom allergens, and a translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) are also present. Toxins hold essential biological properties that enable interactions with a range of distinct molecular targets. Therefore, the application of toxins as research tools and clinical products motivates repurposing their uses of interest. This review aims to discuss possibilities for brown spider venom toxins as putative models for designing molecules likely for therapeutics based on the status quo of brown spider venoms. Herein, we explore new possibilities for the venom components in the context of their biochemical and biological features, likewise their cellular targets, three-dimensional structures, and mechanisms of action.
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Design and Production of a Recombinant Hybrid Toxin to Raise Protective Antibodies Against Loxosceles Spider Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020108. [PMID: 30759862 PMCID: PMC6409891 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human accidents with spiders of the genus Loxosceles are an important health problem affecting thousands of people worldwide. Patients evolve to severe local injuries and, in many cases, to systemic disturbances as acute renal failure, in which cases antivenoms are considered to be the most effective treatment. However, for antivenom production, the extraction of the venom used in the immunization process is laborious and the yield is very low. Thus, many groups have been exploring the use of recombinant Loxosceles toxins, particularly phospholipases D (PLDs), to produce the antivenom. Nonetheless, some important venom activities are not neutralized by anti-PLD antibodies. Astacin-like metalloproteases (ALMPs) are the second most expressed toxin acting on the extracellular matrix, indicating the importance of its inclusion in the antigen’s formulation to provide a better antivenom. Here we show the construction of a hybrid recombinant immunogen, called LgRec1ALP1, composed of hydrophilic regions of the PLD and the ALMP toxins from Loxosceles gaucho. Although the LgRec1ALP1 was expressed as inclusion bodies, it resulted in good yields and it was effective to produce neutralizing antibodies in mice. The antiserum neutralized fibrinogenolytic, platelet aggregation and dermonecrotic activities elicited by L. gaucho, L. laeta, and L. intermedia venoms, indicating that the hybrid recombinant antigen may be a valuable source for the production of protective antibodies against Loxosceles ssp. venoms. In addition, the hybrid recombinant toxin approach may enrich and expand the alternative antigens for antisera production for other venoms.
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Loxosceles gaucho Spider Venom: An Untapped Source of Antimicrobial Agents. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120522. [PMID: 30563217 PMCID: PMC6316817 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable ability of microorganisms to develop resistance to conventional antibiotics is one of the biggest challenges that the pharmaceutical industry currently faces. Recent studies suggest that antimicrobial peptides discovered in spider venoms may be useful resources for the design of structurally new anti-infective agents effective against drug-resistant microorganisms. In this work, we found an anionic antibacterial peptide named U1-SCRTX-Lg1a in the venom of the spider Loxosceles gaucho. The peptide was purified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), its antimicrobial activity was tested through liquid growth inhibition assays, and its chemical properties were characterized using mass spectrometry. U1-SCRTX-Lg1a was found to show a monoisotopic mass of 1695.75 Da, activity against Gram-negative bacteria, a lack of hemolytic effects against human red blood cells, and a lack of cytotoxicity against human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa). Besides this, the sequence of the peptide exhibited great similarity to specific regions of phospholipases D from different species of Loxosceles spiders, leading to the hypothesis that U1-SCRTX-Lg1a may have originated from a limited proteolytic cleavage. Our data suggest that U1-SCRTX-Lg1a is a promising candidate for the development of new antibiotics that could help fight bacterial infections and represents an exciting discovery for Loxosceles spiders.
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Matsubara FH, Meissner GO, Herzig V, Justa HC, Dias BCL, Trevisan-Silva D, Gremski LH, Gremski W, Senff-Ribeiro A, Chaim OM, King GF, Veiga SS. Insecticidal activity of a recombinant knottin peptide from Loxosceles intermedia venom and recognition of these peptides as a conserved family in the genus. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:25-34. [PMID: 27743460 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Loxosceles intermedia venom comprises a complex mixture of proteins, glycoproteins and low molecular mass peptides that act synergistically to immobilize envenomed prey. Analysis of a venom-gland transcriptome from L. intermedia revealed that knottins, also known as inhibitor cystine knot peptides, are the most abundant class of toxins expressed in this species. Knottin peptides contain a particular arrangement of intramolecular disulphide bonds, and these peptides typically act upon ion channels or receptors in the insect nervous system, triggering paralysis or other lethal effects. Herein, we focused on a knottin peptide with 53 amino acid residues from L. intermedia venom. The recombinant peptide, named U2 -sicaritoxin-Li1b (Li1b), was obtained by expression in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. The recombinant peptide induced irreversible flaccid paralysis in sheep blowflies. We screened for knottin-encoding sequences in total RNA extracts from two other Loxosceles species, Loxosceles gaucho and Loxosceles laeta, which revealed that knottin peptides constitute a conserved family of toxins in the Loxosceles genus. The insecticidal activity of U2 -SCTX-Li1b, together with the large number of knottin peptides encoded in Loxosceles venom glands, suggests that studies of these venoms might facilitate future biotechnological applications of these toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Matsubara
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Parana, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - G O Meissner
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Parana, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - V Herzig
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - H C Justa
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Parana, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - B C L Dias
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Parana, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - D Trevisan-Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Parana, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - L H Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Parana, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - W Gremski
- Health and Biological Science Institute, Catholic University of Parana, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A Senff-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Parana, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - O M Chaim
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Parana, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - G F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - S S Veiga
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Parana, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Functional Elucidation of Nemopilema nomurai and Cyanea nozakii Nematocyst Venoms' Lytic Activity Using Mass Spectrometry and Zymography. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9020047. [PMID: 28134758 PMCID: PMC5331427 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Medusozoans utilize explosively discharging penetrant nematocysts to inject venom into prey. These venoms are composed of highly complex proteins and peptides with extensive bioactivities, as observed in vitro. Diverse enzymatic toxins have been putatively identified in the venom of jellyfish, Nemopilema nomurai and Cyanea nozakii, through examination of their proteomes and transcriptomes. However, functional examination of putative enzymatic components identified in proteomic approaches to elucidate potential bioactivities is critically needed. Methods: In this study, enzymatic toxins were functionally identified using a combined approach consisting of in gel zymography and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The potential roles of metalloproteinases and lipases in hemolytic activity were explored using specific inhibitors. Results: Zymography indicated that nematocyst venom possessed protease-, lipase- and hyaluronidase-class activities. Further, proteomic approaches using LC-MS/MS indicated sequence homology of proteolytic bands observed in zymography to extant zinc metalloproteinase-disintegrins and astacin metalloproteinases. Moreover, pre-incubation of the metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat with N. nomurai nematocyst venom resulted in an approximate 62% reduction of hemolysis compared to venom exposed sheep erythrocytes, suggesting that metalloproteinases contribute to hemolytic activity. Additionally, species within the molecular mass range of 14–18 kDa exhibited both egg yolk and erythrocyte lytic activities in gel overlay assays. Conclusion: For the first time, our findings demonstrate the contribution of jellyfish venom metalloproteinase and suggest the involvement of lipase species to hemolytic activity. Investigations of this relationship will facilitate a better understanding of the constituents and toxicity of jellyfish venom.
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Abstract
Proteins from TCTP/HRF family were identified as venom toxins of spiders from different genus. We have found a TCTP toxin in the venom gland of Loxosceles intermedia, a venomous spider very common in South Brazil. TCTP from L. intermedia, named LiTCTP, was cloned, produced in a heterologous prokaryotic system, and the recombinant toxin was biochemically characterized. Our results point that LiTCTP is involved in the inflammatory events of Loxocelism, the clinical signs triggered after Loxosceles sp. bite, which include intense inflammatory reaction at the bite site followed by local necrosis. TCTP toxins were also identified in spiders from different genus. There are very few articles about TCTP toxins in other venomous animals in the literature, although a NCBI database search on the protein sequences reveals TCTP on snake's venom glands transcriptomic and genomic studies. Studies on TCTP as a venom toxin are very few and its biological role as a venom component in prey capture is still unknown.
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Karim-Silva S, Moura JD, Noiray M, Minozzo JC, Aubrey N, Alvarenga LM, Billiald P. Generation of recombinant antibody fragments with toxin-neutralizing potential in loxoscelism. Immunol Lett 2016; 176:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Expression and immunological cross-reactivity of LALP3, a novel astacin-like metalloprotease from brown spider (Loxosceles intermedia) venom. Biochimie 2016; 128-129:8-19. [PMID: 27343628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Loxosceles spiders' venom comprises a complex mixture of biologically active toxins, mostly consisting of low molecular mass components (2-40 kDa). Amongst, isoforms of astacin-like metalloproteases were identified through transcriptome and proteome analyses. Only LALP1 (Loxosceles Astacin-Like protease 1) has been characterized. Herein, we characterized LALP3 as a novel recombinant astacin-like metalloprotease isoform from Loxosceles intermedia venom. LALP3 cDNA was cloned in pET-SUMO vector, and its soluble heterologous expression was performed using a SUMO tag added to LALP3 to achieve solubility in Escherichia coli SHuffle T7 Express LysY cells, which express the disulfide bond isomerase DsbC. Protein purification was conducted by Ni-NTA Agarose resin and assayed for purity by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. Immunoblotting analyses were performed with specific antibodies recognizing LALP1 and whole venom. Western blotting showed linear epitopes from recombinant LALP3 that cross-reacted with LALP1, and dot blotting revealed conformational epitopes with native venom astacins. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the recombinant expressed protein is an astacin-like metalloprotease from L. intermedia venom. Furthermore, molecular modeling of LALP3 revealed that this isoform contains the zinc binding and Met-turn motifs, forming the active site, as has been observed in astacins. These data confirmed that LALP3, which was successfully obtained by heterologous expression using a prokaryote system, is a new astacin-like metalloprotease isoform present in L. intermedia venom.
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Active site mapping of Loxosceles phospholipases D: Biochemical and biological features. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:970-979. [PMID: 27233517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Brown spider phospholipases D from Loxosceles venoms are among the most widely studied toxins since they induce dermonecrosis, triggering inflammatory responses, increase vascular permeability, cause hemolysis, and renal failure. The catalytic (H12 and H47) and metal-ion binding (E32 and D34) residues in Loxosceles intermedia phospholipase D (LiRecDT1) were mutated to understand their roles in the observed activities. All mutants were identified using whole venom serum antibodies and a specific antibody to wild-type LiRecDT1, they were also analyzed by circular dichroism (CD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The phospholipase D activities of H12A, H47A, H12A-H47A, E32, D34 and E32A-D34A, such as vascular permeability, dermonecrosis, and hemolytic effects were inhibited. The mutant Y228A was equally detrimental to biochemical and biological effects of phospholipase D, suggesting an essential role of this residue in substrate recognition and binding. On the other hand, the mutant C53A-C201A reduced the enzyme's ability to hydrolyze phospholipids and promote dermonecrosis, hemolytic, and vascular effects. These results provide the basis understanding the importance of specific residues in the observed activities and contribute to the design of synthetic and specific inhibitors for Brown spider venom phospholipases D.
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