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Saleem R, Campbell S, Fletcher MT, Kalaipandian S, Adkins SW. Chemical Management Strategies of Pimelea trichostachya Lindl. Using Pre- and Post-Emergence Herbicides. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1342. [PMID: 38794412 PMCID: PMC11125264 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Pimelea trichostachya Lindl. is a native Australian forb responsible for livestock poisoning and reducing the productivity and sustainability of grazing enterprises. This study was conducted as a pot trial under controlled conditions to investigate an effective chemical management strategy for P. trichostachya, a method that did not leave standing dead plant material, as such material can also be toxic to grazing cattle. Three herbicides, including one pre-emergence (tebuthiuron) and two post-emergence herbicides (2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl), were tested in pot trials for their efficacy on P. trichostachya. Results showed that tebuthiuron applied as either a granular (10% active ingredient, a.i.) or pelleted (20% a.i.) form efficiently reduced the emergence of P. trichostachya seedlings. Although some seedlings emerged, they perished within 7 days post treatment, leaving no residual plant matter. Testing now needs to be undertaken under field conditions to validate the findings within vegetation communities where potential non-target impacts need to be accounted for as well. The post-emergence application of 2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl demonstrated that the highest efficacy and reduced application rates were achieved by treating earlier growth stages (i.e., seedlings) of P. trichostachya plants. In addition, the amount of toxic dead plant material was minimized due to the faster degradation of these small plants. These findings offer practical, cost-effective solutions for sustaining grazing lands from P. trichostachya challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Saleem
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (S.C.); (S.W.A.)
| | - Shane Campbell
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (S.C.); (S.W.A.)
| | - Mary T. Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia;
| | - Sundaravelpandian Kalaipandian
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (S.C.); (S.W.A.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Steve W. Adkins
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (S.C.); (S.W.A.)
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Zhou Y, Roseli RB, Hungerford NL, Fletcher MT, Ouwerkerk D, Gilbert RA, Krenske EH. Binding of the plant-derived toxin simplexin to bovine protein kinase C: insights from molecular dynamics. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2863-2876. [PMID: 38525790 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00065j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Pimelea poisoning of cattle is toxicologically linked to the activation of bovine protein kinase C (PKC) by the plant-derived toxin simplexin. To understand the affinity of PKC for simplexin, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) studies of simplexin, simplexin analogues, and several other activators of PKC. Binding enthalpy calculations indicated that simplexin had the strongest affinity for PKCα-C1B among the activators studied. Key to simplexin's affinity is its ability to form more hydrogen bonds to PKC, compared to the other activators. The C-3 carbonyl group and C-20 hydroxyl group of simplexin were identified as especially important for stabilizing the PKC binding interaction. The hydrophobic alkyl chain of simplexin induces deep membrane embedding of the PKC-simplexin complex, enhancing the protein-ligand hydrogen bonding. Our findings align with previous experiments on structure-activity relationships (SAR) for simplexin analogues, and provide insights that may guide the development of interventions or treatments for Pimelea poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Ras Baizureen Roseli
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Natasha L Hungerford
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Diane Ouwerkerk
- Agri-Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF), EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rosalind A Gilbert
- Agri-Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF), EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H Krenske
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Ando M, Yamaguchi H, Morimoto A, Iwashita N, Takagi Y, Nagane M, Yoshinari T, Fukuyama T. Chronic oral exposure to low-concentration fumonisin B2 significantly exacerbates the inflammatory responses of allergies in mice via inhibition of IL-10 release by regulatory T cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2707-2719. [PMID: 37589943 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Contamination with fumonisins produced by Fusarium spp. is rapidly growing in both developing and developed countries. The purpose of this study was to determine whether oral exposure to fumonisin contributed to the development of allergic diseases. We initially examined the immunotoxic potential of short-term, oral administration of fumonisin B1 (FB1, 1 mg/kg) and fumonisin B2 (FB2, 1 mg/kg), both naturally occurring fumonisins, using a BALB/c mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis and Dermatophagoides farina-induced asthma. Using an NC/nga mouse model of atopic dermatitis (AD), we evaluated the adverse effects of subchronic oral exposure to low concentrations of FB2 (2 or 200 μg/kg). Finally, we explored the influence of FB2 on regulatory T cell proliferation and function in mesenteric lymph nodes after 1-week oral exposure to FB2 in BALB/c mice. Oral exposure to FB2 markedly exacerbated the symptoms of allergy, including skin thickness, histological evaluation, immunocyte proliferation, and proinflammatory cytokine production, although no change was observed following exposure to FB1. Furthermore, oral exposure to low concentrations of FB2 considerably exacerbated the AD scores, skin thickness, transepidermal water loss, histological features, and proinflammatory cytokine production. The aggravated allergic symptoms induced by oral exposure to FB2 could be attributed to the direct inhibition of IL-10 production by regulatory T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. Our findings indicate that the recommended maximum fumonisin level should be reconsidered based on the potential for allergy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Ando
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamaguchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Ai Morimoto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwashita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
- Bioalch Co., Ltd., 3-28 Honshuku-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiichi Takagi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
- Japan SLC, Inc, 85 Ohara-cho, Kita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagane
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yoshinari
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoki Fukuyama
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Loh ZH, Hungerford NL, Ouwerkerk D, Klieve AV, Fletcher MT. Identification of Acid Hydrolysis Metabolites of the Pimelea Toxin Simplexin for Targeted UPLC-MS/MS Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:551. [PMID: 37755977 PMCID: PMC10535249 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pimelea poisoning of cattle is a unique Australian toxic condition caused by the daphnane orthoester simplexin present in native Pimelea pasture plants. Rumen microorganisms have been proposed to metabolise simplexin by enzymatic reactions, likely at the orthoester and epoxide moieties of simplexin, but a metabolic pathway has not been confirmed. This study aimed to investigate this metabolic pathway through the analysis of putative simplexin metabolites. Purified simplexin was hydrolysed with aqueous hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid to produce target metabolites for UPLC-MS/MS analysis of fermentation fluid samples, bacterial isolate samples, and other biological samples. UPLC-MS/MS analysis identified predicted hydrolysed products from both acid hydrolysis procedures with MS breakdown of these putative products sharing high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) fragmentation ions with simplexin. However, targeted UPLC-MS/MS analysis of the biological samples failed to detect the H2SO4 degradation products, suggesting that the rumen microorganisms were unable to produce similar simplexin degradation products at detectable levels, or that metabolites, once formed, were further metabolised. Overall, in vitro acid hydrolysis was able to hydrolyse simplexin at the orthoester and epoxide functionalities, but targeted UPLC-MS/MS analysis of biological samples did not detect any of the identified simplexin hydrolysis products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hung Loh
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (Z.H.L.); (N.L.H.); (D.O.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Natasha L. Hungerford
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (Z.H.L.); (N.L.H.); (D.O.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Diane Ouwerkerk
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (Z.H.L.); (N.L.H.); (D.O.); (A.V.K.)
- Agri-Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF), Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Athol V. Klieve
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (Z.H.L.); (N.L.H.); (D.O.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Mary T. Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (Z.H.L.); (N.L.H.); (D.O.); (A.V.K.)
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Saleem R, Bajwa AA, Campbell S, Fletcher MT, Kalaipandian S, Adkins SW. Poisonous Plants of the Genus Pimelea: A Menace for the Australian Livestock Industry. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:374. [PMID: 37368675 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pimelea is a genus of about 140 plant species, some of which are well-known for causing animal poisoning resulting in significant economic losses to the Australian livestock industry. The main poisonous species/subspecies include Pimelea simplex (subsp. simplex and subsp. continua), P. trichostachya and P. elongata (generally referred to as Pimelea). These plants contain a diterpenoid orthoester toxin, called simplexin. Pimelea poisoning is known to cause the death of cattle (Bos taurus and B. indicus) or weaken surviving animals. Pimelea species are well-adapted native plants, and their diaspores (single seeded fruits) possess variable degrees of dormancy. Hence, the diaspores do not generally germinate in the same recruitment event, which makes management difficult, necessitating the development of integrated management strategies based on infestation circumstances (e.g., size and density). For example, the integration of herbicides with physical control techniques, competitive pasture establishment and tactical grazing could be effective in some situations. However, such options have not been widely adopted at the field level to mitigate ongoing management challenges. This systematic review provides a valuable synthesis of the current knowledge on the biology, ecology, and management of poisonous Pimelea species with a focus on the Australian livestock industry while identifying potential avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Saleem
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Ali Ahsan Bajwa
- Weed Research Unit, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Shane Campbell
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Sundaravelpandian Kalaipandian
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- Department of Bioengineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Steve W Adkins
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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Saleem R, Campbell S, Fletcher MT, Kalaipandian S, Adkins S. Factors Affecting the Germination Ecology of Pimelea trichostachya and Its Relationship to Field Emergence. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112112. [PMID: 37299091 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pimelea trichostachya Lindl is a little-understood Australian native plant, with irregular field emergence, causing significant poisoning to grazing livestock. The study aims to examine the form of dormancy exhibited by P. trichostachya and determine how key environmental conditions, such as alternating temperature and light conditions, moisture availability, substrate pH and burial depth, affect its germination and emergence. The study concludes that P. trichostachya has a complex dormancy mechanism. This comprises a physical component that can be partly removed by fruit scarification, a metabolic dormancy that can be overcome by gibberellic acid (GA3), and a suspected third mechanism based on a water-soluble germination inhibitor. The results showed that scarified single seeded fruit (hereafter seed) with GA3 treatment gave the highest germination percentage (86 ± 3%) at 25/15 °C, with good germination rates at other temperature regimes. Light exposure stimulated germination, but a significant proportion of seeds still germinated in the dark. The study also found that seeds could germinate under water-limited conditions and a wide range of pH levels (4 to 8). Seedling emergence was inhibited when seeds were buried below 3 cm in soil. Pimelea trichostachya emergence in the field commonly occurs from Autumn to Spring. Understanding its dormancy mechanism and recognizing its triggers for germination will enable better prediction of outbreaks. This can help landholders prepare for emergence and help manage seedbank build-up in pastures and crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Saleem
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Shane Campbell
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture Innovation, University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | | | - Steve Adkins
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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