1
|
Brown S, Evans SJ, Burgum MJ, Meldrum K, Herridge J, Akinbola B, Harris LG, Jenkins R, Doak SH, Clift MJD, Wilkinson TS. An In Vitro Model to Assess Early Immune Markers Following Co-Exposure of Epithelial Cells to Carbon Black (Nano)Particles in the Presence of S. aureus: A Role for Stressed Cells in Toxicological Testing. Biomedicines 2024; 12:128. [PMID: 38255233 PMCID: PMC10813740 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The exposure of human lung and skin to carbon black (CB) is continuous due to its widespread applications. Current toxicological testing uses 'healthy' cellular systems; however, questions remain whether this mimics the everyday stresses that human cells are exposed to, including infection. Staphylococcus aureus lung and skin infections remain prevalent in society, and include pneumonia and atopic dermatitis, respectively, but current in vitro toxicological testing does not consider infection stress. Therefore, investigating the effects of CB co-exposure in 'stressed' infected epithelial cells in vitro may better approximate true toxicity. This work aims to study the impact of CB exposure during Staphylococcus aureus infection stress in A549 (lung) and HaCaT (skin) epithelial cells. Physicochemical characterisation of CB confirmed its dramatic polydispersity and potential to aggregate. CB significantly inhibited S. aureus growth in cell culture media. CB did not induce cytokines or antimicrobial peptides from lung and skin epithelial cells, when given alone, but did reduce HaCaT and A549 cell viability to 55% and 77%, respectively. In contrast, S. aureus induced a robust interleukin (IL)-8 response in both lung and skin epithelial cells. IL-6 and human beta defensin (hβD)-2 could only be detected when cells were stimulated with S. aureus with no decreases in cell viability. However, co-exposure to CB (100 µg/mL) and S. aureus resulted in significant inhibition of IL-8 (compared to S. aureus alone) without further reduction in cell viability. Furthermore, the same co-exposure induced significantly more hβD-2 (compared to S. aureus alone). This work confirms that toxicological testing in healthy versus stressed cells gives significantly different responses. This has significant implications for toxicological testing and suggests that cell stresses (including infection) should be included in current models to better represent the diversity of cell viabilities found in lung and skin within a general population. This model will have significant application when estimating CB exposure in at-risk groups, such as factory workers, the elderly, and the immunocompromised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Brown
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Stephen J. Evans
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (M.J.D.C.)
| | - Michael J. Burgum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (M.J.D.C.)
| | - Kirsty Meldrum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (M.J.D.C.)
| | - Jack Herridge
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Blessing Akinbola
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Llinos G. Harris
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Rowena Jenkins
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H. Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (M.J.D.C.)
| | - Martin J. D. Clift
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (M.J.D.C.)
| | - Thomas S. Wilkinson
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Feng Z, Yi X, Hajavi J. New and old adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: With a focus on nanoparticles. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:863-876. [PMID: 32657468 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases have remarkably increased in recent years. Nowadays, efforts for curing and management of these disorders are an important concern worldwide. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) has recently gained more attention as a means for the management of allergic diseases. Adjuvants or helper agents are materials applied for better stimulating and shifting of protective responses, and these belong to an extremely diverse collection of complexes. The main function of adjuvants includes acting as depot foundations, transferring vehicles, and immunostimulators. Immunostimulatory adjuvants have gained increasing attention for ASIT. In this regard, the present study provides a review of old and new adjuvants used in allergen immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Jafar Hajavi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sarwar F, Malik RN, Chow CW, Alam K. Occupational exposure and consequent health impairments due to potential incidental nanoparticles in leather tanneries: An evidential appraisal of south Asian developing countries. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 117:164-174. [PMID: 29753147 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The incidental nanoparticles' (INPs) emission at work and the consequent health impairments is a burning issue of occupational toxicology. The present study is a thorough review of available literature marking an assortment of indicators on INPs generation at leather tanneries and measurable occupational ailments. The literature reported evidences unleash a similarity between the mechanisms of leather tannery induced health damages and toxico-kinetics of incidental nanoparticles in human body. The data on physico-chemical characterization of leather tannery surface dust presents presence of stressors like heavy metals, microbes, animal fur and fibers along with organic and inorganic chemicals. Bearing same characteristics, the mechanism of INPs' induced toxicity (inflammation, increased reactive oxygen species and permeability of blood brain barrier), major target organs (lung, heart, brain, skin and liver) and health damages (cancer, DNA damage, blood coagulation, cardiac arrest, platelet alteration) are quite similar to those found among tannery workers. This review also presents the identification of the different types of potential INPs production and process sources in leather tanneries. There is no data found on Particulate size variation and consequent disparity of these characterizations has been established. However, the reported literature furnishes evidences which support the premise that there is a dire need of size based incidental particulates investigation with a special emphasis on nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiza Sarwar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Khan Alam
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Nowack B. Environmental risk assessment of engineered nano-SiO 2 , nano iron oxides, nano-CeO 2 , nano-Al 2 O 3 , and quantum dots. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1387-1395. [PMID: 29315795 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many research studies have endeavored to investigate the ecotoxicological hazards of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). However, little is known regarding the actual environmental risks of ENMs, combining both hazard and exposure data. The aim of the present study was to quantify the environmental risks for nano-Al2 O3 , nano-SiO2 , nano iron oxides, nano-CeO2 , and quantum dots by comparing the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) with the predicted-no-effect concentrations (PNECs). The PEC values of these 5 ENMs in freshwaters in 2020 for northern Europe and southeastern Europe were taken from a published dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis model. The PNEC values were calculated using probabilistic species sensitivity distribution (SSD). The order of the PNEC values was quantum dots < nano-CeO2 < nano iron oxides < nano-Al2 O3 < nano-SiO2 . The risks posed by these 5 ENMs were demonstrated to be in the reverse order: nano-Al2 O3 > nano-SiO2 > nano iron oxides > nano-CeO2 > quantum dots. However, all risk characterization values are 4 to 8 orders of magnitude lower than 1, and no risk was therefore predicted for any of the investigated ENMs at the estimated release level in 2020. Compared to static models, the dynamic material flow model allowed us to use PEC values based on a more complex parameterization, considering a dynamic input over time and time-dependent release of ENMs. The probabilistic SSD approach makes it possible to include all available data to estimate hazards of ENMs by considering the whole range of variability between studies and material types. The risk-assessment approach is therefore able to handle the uncertainty and variability associated with the collected data. The results of the present study provide a scientific foundation for risk-based regulatory decisions of the investigated ENMs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1387-1395. © 2018 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boyles MS, Young L, Brown DM, MacCalman L, Cowie H, Moisala A, Smail F, Smith PJ, Proudfoot L, Windle AH, Stone V. Multi-walled carbon nanotube induced frustrated phagocytosis, cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory conditions in macrophages are length dependent and greater than that of asbestos. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1513-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
6
|
Westphal GA, Schremmer I, Rostek A, Loza K, Rosenkranz N, Brüning T, Epple M, Bünger J. Particle-induced cell migration assay (PICMA): A new in vitro assay for inflammatory particle effects based on permanent cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:997-1005. [PMID: 25896209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a decisive pathophysiologic mechanism of particle toxicity and accumulation of neutrophils in the lung is believed to be a crucial step in this process. This study describes an in vitro model for investigations of the chemotactic attraction of neutrophils in response to particles using permanent cell lines. We challenged NR8383 rat macrophages with particles that were characterized concerning chemical nature, crystallinity, and size distribution in the dry state and in the culture medium. The cell supernatants were used to investigate migration of differentiated human leukemia cells (dHL-60 cells). The dose range for the tests was determined using an impedance-based Real-Time Cell Analyzer. The challenge of NR8383 cells with 32-96 μg cm(-2) coarse and nanosized particles resulted in cell supernatants which induced strong and dose-dependent migration of dHL-60 cells. Quartz caused the strongest effects - exceeding the positive control "fetal calf serum" (FCS) several-fold, followed by silica, rutile, carbon black, and anatase. BaSO4 served as inert control and induced no cell migration. Particles caused NR8383 cells to secrete chemotactic compounds. The assay clearly distinguished between the particles of different inflammatory potential in a highly reproducible way. Specificity of the test is suggested by negative results with BaSO4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Götz A Westphal
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Isabell Schremmer
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Alexander Rostek
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Kateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Nina Rosenkranz
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Bünger
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sajid M, Ilyas M, Basheer C, Tariq M, Daud M, Baig N, Shehzad F. Impact of nanoparticles on human and environment: review of toxicity factors, exposures, control strategies, and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:4122-43. [PMID: 25548015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has revolutionized the world through introduction of a unique class of materials and consumer products in many arenas. It has led to production of innovative materials and devices. Despite of their unique advantages and applications in domestic and industrial sectors, use of materials with dimensions in nanometers has raised the issue of safety for workers, consumers, and human environment. Because of their small size and other unique characteristics, nanoparticles have ability to harm human and wildlife by interacting through various mechanisms. We have reviewed the characteristics of nanoparticles which form the basis of their toxicity. This paper also reviews possible routes of exposure of nanoparticles to human body. Dermal contact, inhalation, and ingestion have been discussed in detail. As very limited data is available for long-term human exposures, there is a pressing need to develop the methods which can determine short and long-term effects of nanoparticles on human and environment. We also discuss in brief the strategies which can help to control human exposures to toxic nanoparticles. We have outlined the current status of toxicological studies dealing with nanoparticles, accomplishments, weaknesses, and future challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajid
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Al-Awady MJ, Greenway GM, Paunov VN. Nanotoxicity of polyelectrolyte-functionalized titania nanoparticles towards microalgae and yeast: role of the particle concentration, size and surface charge. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05577f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore the effects of the particle size and the surface charge of polyelectrolyte-coated titania nanoparticles on their toxicity towards green microalgae and yeast cells in UV/vis light.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang XZ, Yang Y, Li R, McGuinnes C, Adamson J, Megson IL, Donaldson K. Principal component and causal analysis of structural and acute in vitro toxicity data for nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2014; 8:465-76. [PMID: 23586395 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.796534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Structure toxicity relationship analysis was conducted using principal component analysis (PCA) for a panel of nanoparticles that included dry powders of oxides of titanium, zinc, cerium and silicon, dry powders of silvers, suspensions of polystyrene latex beads and dry particles of carbon black, nanotubes and fullerene, as well as diesel exhaust particles. Acute in vitro toxicity was assessed by different measures of cell viability, apoptosis and necrosis, haemolytic effects and the impact on cell morphology, while structural properties were characterised by particle size and size distribution, surface area, morphology, metal content, reactivity, free radical generation and zeta potential. Different acute toxicity measures were processed using PCA that classified the particles and identified four materials with an acute toxicity profile: zinc oxide, polystyrene latex amine, nanotubes and nickel oxide. PCA and contribution plot analysis then focused on identifying the structural properties that could determine the acute cytotoxicity of these four materials. It was found that metal content was an explanatory variable for acute toxicity associated with zinc oxide and nickel oxide, while high aspect ratio appeared the most important feature in nanotubes. Particle charge was considered as a determinant for high toxicity of polystyrene latex amine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Z Wang
- Institute of Particle Science and Engineering, School of Process, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu Y, Tang H, Liu JH, Wang H, Liu Y. Evaluation of the adjuvant effect of silver nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2013; 219:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
11
|
Laloy J, Mullier F, Alpan L, Mejia J, Lucas S, Chatelain B, Toussaint O, Masereel B, Rolin S, Dogné JM. A comparison of six major platelet functional tests to assess the impact of carbon nanomaterials on platelet function: A practical guide. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:220-32. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.788750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
12
|
Silva AH, Locatelli C, Filippin-Monteiro FB, Zanetti-Ramos BG, Conte A, Creczynski-Pasa TB. Solid lipid nanoparticles induced hematological changes and inflammatory response in mice. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:212-9. [PMID: 23451884 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.782076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are an alternative drug delivery system compared to emulsions, liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. Due to their unique sizes and properties, SLNs offer possibility to develop new therapeutic approaches. The ability to incorporate drugs into nanocarriers offers a new prototype in drug delivery that could be used for drug targeting. However, toxicity of these new formulations has not been investigated thus far. In this study, we carried out an in vivo toxicity study. For that mice were divided into three groups and treated intraperitoneally with triestearin-based SLNs (TN), natural wax-based SLNs (VN) or vehicle for 10 days. After that, necropsies, histopathological and hematological analysis, as well as hepatic and renal functions were performed. Our results indicated that both TN and VN were absorbed post-exposure and induced an inflammatory response in adipose tissue. However, histopathological analysis demonstrated the absence of toxicity in both treated groups. In addition, the body weights were similar among the groups and low toxicity was also indicated by the unchanged serum biochemical parameters. This study provides a preliminary data for toxicological studies of two different SLNs in long-term in vivo exposure. However, further studies should be conducted in order to investigate the inflammatory response in order to establish the safety of these SLNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adny Henrique Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , P.O. Box 476, Florianópolis, SC , Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hsu PC, Chen PC, Ou CM, Chang HY, Chang HT. Extremely high inhibition activity of photoluminescent carbon nanodots toward cancer cells. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:1774-1781. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb00545c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
14
|
Johnston H, Brown D, Kermanizadeh A, Gubbins E, Stone V. Investigating the relationship between nanomaterial hazard and physicochemical properties: Informing the exploitation of nanomaterials within therapeutic and diagnostic applications. J Control Release 2012; 164:307-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
15
|
Laloy J, Robert S, Marbehant C, Mullier F, Mejia J, Piret JP, Lucas S, Chatelain B, Dogné JM, Toussaint O, Masereel B, Rolin S. Validation of the calibrated thrombin generation test (cTGT) as the reference assay to evaluate the procoagulant activity of nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology 2011; 6:213-32. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.569096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
16
|
Nanomaterials in biological environment: a review of computer modelling studies. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2010; 40:103-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-010-0651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Chirino YI, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Osornio-Vargas AR, Morales-Bárcenas R, Gutiérrez-Ruíz MC, Segura-García Y, Rosas I, Pedraza-Chaverri J, García-Cuellar CM. PM(10) impairs the antioxidant defense system and exacerbates oxidative stress driven cell death. Toxicol Lett 2010; 193:209-16. [PMID: 20096756 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of airborne particulate matter with a mean aerodynamic diameter of < or =10microm (PM(10)) on oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymatic activity and its relevance in the face of acute oxidative challenge in a human lung epithelial cell line (A549). PM(10)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and oxidative damage with no changes in cellular viability. In addition, PM(10) decreased glutathione (GSH) levels (54.9%) and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (65%), catalase (31.2%), glutathione reductase (61.5%) and glutathione-S-transferase (42.39%). Trolox, a scavenger of reactive species, prevented the increase of ROS generation and the decrease in GSH levels but partially prevented PM(10)-induced oxidative damage. Interestingly, it was unable to avoid the decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Finally, the survival of the cells previously exposed to PM(10) and challenged with hydrogen peroxide was significantly lower. We conclude that the impairment in the antioxidant defense system induced by PM(10) weaken ROS detoxification which exacerbates cell death when these cells are exposed to an acute oxidative challenge.
Collapse
|
19
|
Bello D, Hsieh SF, Schmidt D, Rogers E. Nanomaterials properties vs. biological oxidative damage: Implications for toxicity screening and exposure assessment. Nanotoxicology 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390902989270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
20
|
Samuelsen M, Nygaard UC, Løvik M. Particle size determines activation of the innate immune system in the lung. Scand J Immunol 2009; 69:421-8. [PMID: 19508373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge about particle size in relation to activation of the innate immune system is limited. Therefore, the acute effect of particle exposure on the innate immune system was studied in a lung model using the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Female Balb/cA mice were instilled intratracheally with polystyrene particles (PSP) of different diameters (0.064, 0.202, 1.053 and 4.646 mum) simultaneously with or 1 day prior to inoculation of 10(5) bacteria. Mice were sacrificed 1 day after Listeria challenge, and the numbers of viable bacteria in the lungs and the spleen were determined as a measure of cellular activation. In separate experiments, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected. Only mice exposed to the smallest PSP (0.064 and 0.202 mum) had significantly reduced bacterial numbers in the lung after particles and Listeria were given simultaneously. When particles were given 1 day prior to Listeria challenge also the largest 4.646 mum PSP, but not the medium size 1.053 mum PSP, reduced bacterial numbers. The number of neutrophils in BAL fluid was increased for all PSP-exposed groups after 24 h, and tended to be highest in the group exposed to 4.646 mum PSP. TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and MIP-2 were significantly increased in BAL fluid after exposure to the largest compared with the smallest PSP. In conclusion, activation of the innate immune system by chemical-free particles was size-dependent. Ultrafine and coarse particles appeared to activate cells by different mechanisms, which implies qualitative differences between the health effects of ambient air particulate matter size fractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Samuelsen
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rogers E, Hsieh S, Organti N, Schmidt D, Bello D. A high throughput in vitro analytical approach to screen for oxidative stress potential exerted by nanomaterials using a biologically relevant matrix: Human blood serum. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1639-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
22
|
Crane M, Handy RD, Garrod J, Owen R. Ecotoxicity test methods and environmental hazard assessment for engineered nanoparticles. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2008; 17:421-37. [PMID: 18438709 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-008-0215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper considers whether current standard ecotoxicity methods are fit for purpose for assessing the hazards of engineered nanoparticles. We conclude that the types of test species and biological endpoints used within standard environmental hazard assessment frameworks are generally appropriate. However, there are areas of considerable uncertainty associated with characterisation of nanoparticle exposure in test systems that apply to all ecotoxicity testing guidelines, except those in which dosing of nanoparticles is oral. These include the way in which the substance is dosed into, and maintained within, the test medium; measurement and characterisation of nanoparticles in the test system; better understanding and reporting of abiotic factors that influence behaviour of nanoparticles in the test medium; and agreement on how dosimetric data should be reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Crane
- WCA Environment Limited, 23 London Street, Faringdon, Oxfordshire SN7 7AG, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Myllynen PK, Loughran MJ, Howard CV, Sormunen R, Walsh AA, Vähäkangas KH. Kinetics of gold nanoparticles in the human placenta. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 26:130-7. [PMID: 18638543 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied the transfer of PEGylated gold nanoparticles through perfused human placenta. In 'once-through' perfusions using 15 and 30nm nanoparticles both maternal and fetal outflows were collected. Recirculating perfusions using 10 or 15nm nanoparticles lasted 6h. The gold concentration in samples was analysed on ICP-MS. The reference compound antipyrine crossed the placenta rapidly, as expected. In open perfusions nanoparticles were detected in maternal but not in fetal outflow, suggesting the lack of placental transfer. During 6h re-circulating perfusions, no particles were detected in fetal circulation. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and silver enhancement, nanoparticles could be visualized in the placental tissue mainly in the trophoblastic cell layer. In in vitro experiments, nanoparticles were taken up by BeWo choriocarcinoma cells and retained inside the cells for an extended period of 48h. In conclusion, PEGylated gold nanoparticles of the size 10-30nm did not cross the perfused human placenta in detectable amounts into the fetal circulation within 6h. Whether PEGylated gold nanoparticles eventually are able to cross placenta and whether nanoparticles affect placental functions needs to be further studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Päivi K Myllynen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Handy RD, von der Kammer F, Lead JR, Hassellöv M, Owen R, Crane M. The ecotoxicology and chemistry of manufactured nanoparticles. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2008; 17:287-314. [PMID: 18351458 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-008-0199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The emerging literature on the ecotoxicity of nanoparticles and nanomaterials is summarised, then the fundamental physico-chemistry that governs particle behaviour is explained in an ecotoxicological context. Techniques for measuring nanoparticles in various biological and chemical matrices are also outlined. The emerging ecotoxicological literature shows toxic effects on fish and invertebrates, often at low mg l(-1) concentrations of nanoparticles. However, data on bacteria, plants, and terrestrial species are particularly lacking at present. Initial data suggest that at least some manufactured nanoparticles may interact with other contaminants, influencing their ecotoxicity. Particle behaviour is influenced by particle size, shape, surface charge, and the presence of other materials in the environment. Nanoparticles tend to aggregate in hard water and seawater, and are greatly influenced by the specific type of organic matter or other natural particles (colloids) present in freshwater. The state of dispersion will alter ecotoxicity, but many abiotic factors that influence this, such as pH, salinity, and the presence of organic matter remain to be systematically investigated as part of ecotoxicological studies. Concentrations of manufactured nanoparticles have rarely been measured in the environment to date. Various techniques are available to characterise nanoparticles for exposure and dosimetry, although each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages for the ecotoxicologist. We conclude with a consideration of implications for environmental risk assessment of manufactured nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Handy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Acute and Chronic Effects of Emerging Contaminants. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74795-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
26
|
Barlow PG, Brown DM, Donaldson K, MacCallum J, Stone V. Reduced alveolar macrophage migration induced by acute ambient particle (PM10) exposure. Cell Biol Toxicol 2007; 24:243-52. [PMID: 17846904 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-007-9033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of particulate air pollution (PM10) have been implicated as a causal agent in pulmonary disease exacerbation and increased deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. The exact mechanism by which PM10 drives toxicity in the lung is still unknown, but studies have focused on inhibition of macrophage function and impaired alveolar clearance mechanisms. To assess the effects of PM10 on pulmonary macrophage clearance mechanisms ex vivo, Wistar rats were instilled with 125 or 250 microg of PM10 collected from the North Kensington, London. Control rats were instilled with sterile saline. The rats were sacrificed after 18 h and a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed. Macrophages isolated from the BAL fluid were assessed for ability to migrate towards a positive chemoattractant (ZAS) ex vivo and to perform phagocytosis. Macrophages isolated from the PM10-exposed rats showed inhibition of potential to migrate. Macrophage phagocytic ability ex vivo was also significantly reduced by the presence of PM10 inside the cells. This study indicates that acute PM10 exposure diminishes macrophage motility and phagocytosis in a manner that could prove deleterious to particle clearance from the alveolar region of the lung. Decreased particle clearance promotes inflammation, and hence, warrants further investigation in relation to the effects of chronic PM10 exposure on macrophage clearance mechanisms and establishing the mechanisms behind decreased macrophage migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Barlow
- Lung Inflammation Research Group, MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Interactions between U-937 human macrophages and poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers. J Control Release 2007; 120:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
28
|
|
29
|
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a science that uses nanotechnology to maintain and improve human health at the molecular scale. Current and potential applications of nanotechnology in medicine range from research involving diagnostic devices, drug delivery vehicles to enhanced gene therapy and tissue engineering procedures. Its advantage over conventional medicine lies on its size. Particle size has effect on serum lifetime and pattern of deposition. This allows drugs of nanosize be used in lower concentration and has an earlier onset of therapeutic action. It also provides materials for controlled drug delivery by directing carriers to a specific location. Major efforts are underway, however, very little attention is devoted to assessment of health risks to human or to the ecosystem. Inhaled nanoparticles have already been related to lung injury. It is recognized that physico-chemical properties in conjunction with environmental factors and stability of the nanomaterial all contribute to the overall toxicological responses. Nanotoxicological information, currently insufficient, will be vital in aiding academia, industry and regulatory bodies in elucidating the mechanisms of action, balancing its risk and benefit, thus maximizing the utility of these materials in medicine without compromising public health and environmental integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian S W Chan
- Innovative Therapeutics Group, Centre for Drug Administration, Health Sciences Authority, 11 Biopolis Way #11-03 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore. vivian.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wörle-Knirsch JM, Pulskamp K, Krug HF. Oops they did it again! Carbon nanotubes hoax scientists in viability assays. NANO LETTERS 2006; 6:1261-8. [PMID: 16771591 DOI: 10.1021/nl060177c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
New materials of emerging technological importance are single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Because SWCNTs will be used in commercial products in huge amounts, their effects on human health and the environment have been addressed in several studies. Inhalation studies in vivo and submerse applications in vitro have been described with diverging results. Why some indicate a strong cytotoxicity and some do not is what we report on here. Data from A549 cells incubated with carbon nanotubes fake a strong cytotoxic effect within the MTT assay after 24 h that reaches roughly 50%, whereas the same treatment with SWCNTs, but detection with WST-1, reveals no cytotoxicity. LDH, FACS-assisted mitochondrial membrane potential determination, and Annexin-V/PI staining also reveal no cytotocicity. SWCNTs appear to interact with some tetrazolium salts such as MTT but not with others (such as WST-1, INT, XTT). This interference does not seem to affect the enzymatic reaction but lies rather in the insoluble nature of MTT-formazan. Our findings strongly suggest verifying cytotoxicity data with at least two or more independent test systems for this new class of materials (nanomaterials). Moreover, we intensely recommend standardizing nanotoxicological assays with regard to the material used: there is a clear need for reference materials. MTT-formazan crystals formed in the MTT reaction are lumped with nanotubes and offer a potential mechanism to guide bioremediation and clearance for SWCNTs from "contaminated" tissue. SWCNTs are good supporting materials for tissue growth, as attachment of focal adhesions and connections to the cytoskeleton suggest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Wörle-Knirsch
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Environmental Toxicology, P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Barlow PG, Clouter-Baker A, Donaldson K, MacCallum J, Stone V. Carbon black nanoparticles induce type II epithelial cells to release chemotaxins for alveolar macrophages. Part Fibre Toxicol 2005; 2:11. [PMID: 16332254 PMCID: PMC1325251 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar macrophages are a key cell in dealing with particles deposited in the lungs and in determining the subsequent response to that particle exposure. Nanoparticles are considered a potential threat to the lungs and the mechanism of pulmonary response to nanoparticles is currently under intense scrutiny. The type II alveolar epithelial cell has previously been shown to release chemoattractants which can recruit alveolar macrophages to sites of particle deposition. The aim of this study was to assess the responses of a type II epithelial cell line (L-2) to both fine and nanoparticle exposure in terms of secretion of chemotactic substances capable of inducing macrophage migration. RESULTS Exposure of type II cells to carbon black nanoparticles resulted in significant release of macrophage chemoattractant compared to the negative control and to other dusts tested (fine carbon black and TiO2 and nanoparticle TiO2) as measured by macrophage migration towards type II cell conditioned medium. SDS-PAGE analysis of the conditioned medium from particle treated type II cells revealed that a higher number of protein bands were present in the conditioned medium obtained from type II cells treated with nanoparticle carbon black compared to other dusts tested. Size-fractionation of the chemotaxin-rich supernatant determined that the chemoattractants released from the epithelial cells were between 5 and 30 kDa in size. CONCLUSION The highly toxic nature and reactive surface chemistry of the carbon black nanoparticles has very likely induced the type II cell line to release pro-inflammatory mediators that can potentially induce migration of macrophages. This could aid in the rapid recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of particle deposition and the subsequent removal of the particles by phagocytic cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. Future studies in this area could focus on the exact identity of the substance(s) released by the type II cells in response to particle exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Barlow
- M.R.C/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Biomedicine Research Group, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| | - Anna Clouter-Baker
- Biomedicine Research Group, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| | - Ken Donaldson
- ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, M.R.C/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Janis MacCallum
- Biomedicine Research Group, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- Biomedicine Research Group, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Oberdörster G, Maynard A, Donaldson K, Castranova V, Fitzpatrick J, Ausman K, Carter J, Karn B, Kreyling W, Lai D, Olin S, Monteiro-Riviere N, Warheit D, Yang H. Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy. Part Fibre Toxicol 2005; 2:8. [PMID: 16209704 PMCID: PMC1260029 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1079] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid proliferation of many different engineered nanomaterials (defined as materials designed and produced to have structural features with at least one dimension of 100 nanometers or less) presents a dilemma to regulators regarding hazard identification. The International Life Sciences Institute Research Foundation/Risk Science Institute convened an expert working group to develop a screening strategy for the hazard identification of engineered nanomaterials. The working group report presents the elements of a screening strategy rather than a detailed testing protocol. Based on an evaluation of the limited data currently available, the report presents a broad data gathering strategy applicable to this early stage in the development of a risk assessment process for nanomaterials. Oral, dermal, inhalation, and injection routes of exposure are included recognizing that, depending on use patterns, exposure to nanomaterials may occur by any of these routes. The three key elements of the toxicity screening strategy are: Physicochemical Characteristics, In Vitro Assays (cellular and non-cellular), and In Vivo Assays. There is a strong likelihood that biological activity of nanoparticles will depend on physicochemical parameters not routinely considered in toxicity screening studies. Physicochemical properties that may be important in understanding the toxic effects of test materials include particle size and size distribution, agglomeration state, shape, crystal structure, chemical composition, surface area, surface chemistry, surface charge, and porosity. In vitro techniques allow specific biological and mechanistic pathways to be isolated and tested under controlled conditions, in ways that are not feasible in in vivo tests. Tests are suggested for portal-of-entry toxicity for lungs, skin, and the mucosal membranes, and target organ toxicity for endothelium, blood, spleen, liver, nervous system, heart, and kidney. Non-cellular assessment of nanoparticle durability, protein interactions, complement activation, and pro-oxidant activity is also considered. Tier 1 in vivo assays are proposed for pulmonary, oral, skin and injection exposures, and Tier 2 evaluations for pulmonary exposures are also proposed. Tier 1 evaluations include markers of inflammation, oxidant stress, and cell proliferation in portal-of-entry and selected remote organs and tissues. Tier 2 evaluations for pulmonary exposures could include deposition, translocation, and toxicokinetics and biopersistence studies; effects of multiple exposures; potential effects on the reproductive system, placenta, and fetus; alternative animal models; and mechanistic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, P.O. Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Andrew Maynard
- Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20004-3027, USA
| | - Ken Donaldson
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, ELEGI Colt Laboratory Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Julie Fitzpatrick
- Risk Science Institute, ILSI Research Foundation, International Life Sciences Institute, One Thomas Circle, N.W., Suite 900, Washington, DC 20005-5802, USA
| | - Kevin Ausman
- Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, MS-63, P.O. Box 1892, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Janet Carter
- Respiratory/Inhalation Toxicology, Central Product Safety, Procter & Gamble Company, PO Box 538707, Cincinnati, OH 45253-8707, USA
| | - Barbara Karn
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Building, Mail Code: 8722F, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20460, USA
- Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20004-3027, USA
| | - Wolfgang Kreyling
- Institute for Inhalation Biology & Focus Network: Aerosols and Health, GSF National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Ingolstadter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - David Lai
- Risk Assessment Division, Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 7403M, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20460, USA
| | - Stephen Olin
- Risk Science Institute, ILSI Research Foundation, International Life Sciences Institute, One Thomas Circle, N.W., Suite 900, Washington, DC 20005-5802, USA
| | - Nancy Monteiro-Riviere
- Center for Chemical Toxicology and Research Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - David Warheit
- DuPont Haskell Laboratory for Health and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 50, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE 19714-0050, USA
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Gavett Hall 253, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|