1
|
Cossu M, Sanna A, Mangano G, Ledda G, Chessa G, Gallo P, Vella A, Pecorelli I, Sdogati S, Gili M, Boselli C. Emerging Mycotoxins in Cheese: Simultaneous Analysis of Aflatoxin M 1, Aflatoxicol, and Sterigmatocystin by LC-MS/MS. Molecules 2025; 30:1774. [PMID: 40333770 PMCID: PMC12029257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules30081774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2025] [Revised: 04/07/2025] [Accepted: 04/11/2025] [Indexed: 05/09/2025] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in cheese is a significant concern due to their potential health risks. Mycotoxins can contaminate cheese through two main routes: indirectly via contaminated animal feed, and/or directly, because of mold growth on dairy products. It has been reported that cheese may contain metabolites of aflatoxin B1 such as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), aflatoxicol (AFL), and, its precursor, sterigmatocystin (STC). This study presents a reliable method for the simultaneous determination of AFM1, AFL, and STC in cheeses made from ovine, goat, or buffalo milk. The method was developed using single liquid extraction, clean-up by an immunoaffinity column (IAC), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination. The method was subjected to initial validation according to EU regulations, which outline the required performance parameters and criteria of analytical methods for official food control. The limits of quantification (LOQs) of the method for AFM1, AFL, and STC are 2.0 ng/kg, 5.0 ng/kg, and 1.0 ng/kg, respectively. The method was applied in a study for the assessment of mycotoxin transfer from milk to cheeses and also their growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Cossu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna “G.Pegreffi”, Via Vienna, n.2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Andrea Sanna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna “G.Pegreffi”, Via Vienna, n.2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Mangano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna “G.Pegreffi”, Via Vienna, n.2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Ledda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna “G.Pegreffi”, Via Vienna, n.2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Giannina Chessa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna “G.Pegreffi”, Via Vienna, n.2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Pasquale Gallo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, n.2, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Antonio Vella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Ivan Pecorelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Stefano Sdogati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Marilena Gili
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, 10154 Torino, Italy;
| | - Carlo Boselli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio E Della Toscana “M. Aleandri”—National Reference Centre for Ovine and Caprine Milk and Dairy Products Quality (C.Re.L.D.O.C.), 00178 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo X, Liu L, Wang X, Lu D, Liang Y, Chacón Chacón O, Li G, Wang X, Zheng Z. Development of stable and sensitive strip biosensors for the rapid detection of organophosphates and aflatoxin B1 in agricultural samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2025; 17:2665-2675. [PMID: 40094196 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay02229g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
In this study, we present a facile and efficient method for fabricating silk fibroin hydrogel films encapsulating the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) and pH test strips (biosensor strips) for detecting organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). These biosensor strips possess several unique properties: flexibility, time efficiency, and high stability. Upon exposure to OPs or AFB1, AChE activity is inhibited, leading to a discernible color change on the pH test strip, enabling rapid and sensitive visual detection of these contaminants. The strips were effectively utilized as a practical and sensitive platform for the visual detection of OPs and AFB1. The limits of detection for paraoxon, aldicarb, and AFB1 were determined to be 6.57, 8.92, and 0.274 ng mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, the applicability of these biosensors for detecting OPs or AFB1 in real samples of Chinese cabbage and peanuts was successfully demonstrated. Additionally, the performance of these novel strip composites was validated through comparison with commercial pesticide rapid test papers. Notably, the encapsulated AChE enzymes retained significant sensitivity for over 18 months, even when stored at 37 °C, and the biosensor strips exhibited remarkable resistance to sensitivity loss caused by inhibitors. This work presents a highly sensitive and stable enzyme-based visual detection paper for agricultural and food safety applications. In addition to its outstanding resistance to interference, the developed biosensor ensures reliable reproducibility and maintains stability over long-term use. This new approach to OP analysis in ecological samples has also been effectively used in the determination of OPs in lake water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Liudi Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xuanbo Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Disi Lu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150086, P. R. China
| | - Yuexi Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Osmani Chacón Chacón
- Research Center on Protein Plants and Bionatural Products, Complejo Barlovento, 5th Ave, Playa, La Habana 11300, Cuba
| | - Gang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zhaozhu Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- Simatech Incorporation, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Penalva-Olcina R, Juan C, Fernández-Franzón M, Juan-García A. Neurotoxic implications of gliotoxin and ochratoxin A in SH-SY5Y cells: ROS-induced apoptosis and genotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 2025; 405:51-58. [PMID: 39947449 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2025.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2025] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025]
Abstract
Gliotoxin (GTX) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are naturally produced toxins by fungi and are known for their potential health risks. With the aim of shed some light on the mechanisms by which GTX, OTA, and their combination exert toxicity at neuronal level, the following in vitro studies were conducted in SH-SY5Y cells: a) intracellular ROS monitorization by the H2-DCFDA assay b) study of the expression of pro-apoptotic genes Bcl2, Casp-3, and Bax by RT-qPCR c) study of the apoptotic-necrotic progression of SH-SY5Y cells by flow cytometry; d) study of the genotoxic potential through the in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay also by flow cytometry following OECD TG 487 guidelines. ROS production was increased when cells were exposed to mycotoxins at all scenarios tested highlighting the effects of GTX. Regarding gene expression, increases of Bax and Casp-3 genes at 1.3- and 3- folds respectively were observed when cells were exposed to GTX at 0.75 μM, with a more prominent increase after exposure to the binary combination [GTX + OTA] at [0.2 + 0.1] µM, increasing 3 and 5-folds more, respectively when compared to the control. MN formation increased a 30 % compared to control when exposed to GTX at 0.4 μM, 43 % for OTA at 0.8 μM, with the highest increase observed when cells were exposed to the combination [GTX + OTA] at [0.2 + 1.5] μM, obtaining a 65 % more MN formation. Based on the results obtained, we can conclude that for the proposed scenarios of exposure to GTX, OTA, and their combination, genotoxic effects together with oxidative effects at neuronal level in SH-SY5Y cell line, were found to play a key role in their mechanisms of toxic action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Penalva-Olcina
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, València 46100, Spain
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, València 46100, Spain
| | - Mónica Fernández-Franzón
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, València 46100, Spain
| | - Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, València 46100, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Al-Ayoubi C, Rocher O, Naylies C, Lippi Y, Vignard J, Puel S, Puel O, Oswald IP, Soler L. More than a mutagenic Aflatoxin B1 precursor: The multiple cellular targets of Versicolorin A revealed by global gene expression analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 363:125138. [PMID: 39424048 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
Versicolorin A (VerA), a precursor of the potent carcinogen Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), is an emerging mycotoxin. Recent research has highlighted the mutagenic and genotoxic properties of VerA, yet several facets of its pronounced toxicity remain unexplored. In the present study, we investigated early (6 h) transcriptomic changes induced by VerA in differentiated intestinal cells in non-cytotoxic conditions (1 and 3 μM) and compared its effects to those of AFB1 at 1 μM. Our findings indicated that VerA led to substantial alterations in global gene expression profiles, while AFB1 did not exhibit the same effects. As expected, both toxins caused alterations in gene expression associated with well-known aspects of their toxicity, including mutagenicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. However, we also observed novel features of VerA toxicity, including the ability to cause mitochondrial dysfunction and to trigger a type-1 interferon response, at least partially mediated by cGAS-STING. VerA also induced changes in the expression of genes involved in the regulation of cell shape and adhesion, transcription/translation as well as genes associated with tumor biology. Our results provide new evidence of the high toxicity of VerA and underscore the importance of further assessing the risks associated with its presence in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Al-Ayoubi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP, Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Ophelie Rocher
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP, Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Naylies
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP, Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP, Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Vignard
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP, Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP, Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP, Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP, Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Soler
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP, Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Willoquet B, Mirey G, Labat O, Garofalo M, Puel S, Penary M, Soler L, Vettorazzi A, Vignard J, Oswald IP, Payros D. Roles of cytochromes P450 and ribosome inhibition in the interaction between two preoccupying mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 and deoxynivalenol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 955:176937. [PMID: 39437909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are a threat to human and animal health. Climate change increases their occurrence and our dietary exposure. Although humans and animals are concomitantly exposed to several mycotoxins, their combined effects are poorly characterised. This study investigated the interaction between aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most potent natural carcinogen, and deoxynivalenol (DON), which is among the most prevalent mycotoxins. AFB1 is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma through its bioactivation by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes; while DON induces ribotoxic stress leading to an alteration of intestinal, immune and hepatic functions. Analysis of DNA damage biomarkers γ-H2AX and 53BP1 revealed that DON reduces the genotoxicity of AFB1. This effect was mimicked with cycloheximide (CHX), another ribosome inhibitor; moreover DOM-1, a DON-derivative lacking ribosome inhibition, did not affect DNA damage. Exposure to DON, alone or in combination with AFB1, decreased the protein levels and/or activities of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. A similar reduction of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 activities was also observed with CHX. Altogether, these results revealed an original interaction between DON and AFB1, DON inhibiting the genotoxicity of AFB1. The underlying mechanism involves ribosome inhibition by DON and the subsequent impairment of CYP450s, responsible for the bioactivation of AFB1. This work highlights the importance of studying mycotoxins not only individually but also in mixture and of considering food contaminants as part of the exposome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Willoquet
- INRAE, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
| | - G Mirey
- INRAE, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
| | - O Labat
- INRAE, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
| | - M Garofalo
- INRAE, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
| | - S Puel
- INRAE, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
| | - M Penary
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - L Soler
- INRAE, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
| | - A Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - J Vignard
- INRAE, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
| | - I P Oswald
- INRAE, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France.
| | - D Payros
- INRAE, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Deng G. Au(PPh 3)Cl/AgOTf/TsOH-Catalyzed Cascade Reaction between 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-propargyl Alcohols and β-Oxoketones (Amides, Acid): Diastereoselective Construction of cis-3a,8a-Dihydrofuro[2,3- b]benzofuran Framework. J Org Chem 2024; 89:17686-17694. [PMID: 39567209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c02430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Abstract
In the Au(PPh3)Cl/AgOTf/TsOH/MeCN/N2/25 °C system, diastereoselective synthesis of cis-3a,8a-dihydrofuro[2,3-b]benzofuran derivatives with a substituent at the 8a-position has been achieved by using 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-arylprop-2-yn-1-ols and β-oxoketones (amides, acid) as starting materials. The studies revealed that the acidity of methylene in substrates plays a key role in the differential reactions. A stronger acidity of the methylene is favorable in the desired conversion. The unique role of TsOH as an additive acid in the synthesis strategy has been rationalized. 2-Oxo-phosphonate, 2-oxo-sulfonate, and 3-oxobutanoate are suitable for the conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Guisheng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gauthier T, Puel S, Rocher O, Oswald IP, Puel O. A precursor of Aflatoxin B1, Versicolorin A, impairs the mitochondrial function of human intestinal Caco-2 cells. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 193:109107. [PMID: 39488999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 10/27/2024] [Indexed: 11/05/2024]
Abstract
Versicolorin A (VERA) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus section Flavi species that is frequently detected in foodstuffs, particularly in corn. VERA is a precursor of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which is currently considered to be the most hazardous mycotoxin. While AFB1 has been shown to impair oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the impact of VERA on mitochondrial function has not been extensively documented until now. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of VERA on mitochondrial function in intestinal Caco-2 cells. To this end, OXPHOS was assessed by measuring the oxygen consumption rate using the Seahorse™ real-time analyzer. In contrast to AFB1, a low concentration of VERA (5 µM) was a strong uncoupler of OXPHOS and inhibited respiratory complexes I and III within a few minutes of exposure. After 24 h of exposure, VERA reduced the transcription of all mitochondrial genes encoding proteins involved in the electron transfer chain as well as decreasing the rate of OXPHOS. This effect was associated with the simultaneous down expression of two genes encoding proteins involved in the initiation phase of mitochondrial DNA transcription: POLRMT and TFB2M. Moreover, VERA induced down expression of genes coding for upstream key glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase and phosphofructokinase. These effects led to a reduced rate of ATP production associated with a cytotoxic effect. Given the significant implications of mitochondrial dysfunction for human health, it is crucial to consider the potential involvement of VERA in mitochondrial diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Gauthier
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Sylvie Puel
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ophelie Rocher
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khani N, Noorkhajavi G, Soleiman RA, Raziabad RH, Rad AH, Akhlaghi AP. Aflatoxin Biodetoxification Strategies Based on Postbiotics. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:1673-1686. [PMID: 38478298 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites produced by fungi, and they are deemed the most perilous mycotoxin and food safety predicament. The exposure of humans to mycotoxins transpires either directly through the consumption of contaminated agricultural commodities or indirectly through the ingestion of items derived from animals that have been nourished with tainted substances of animal origin. To ensure the detoxification of AFs in animal and plant food products and to mitigate the risks they pose to public health and the economy, diverse techniques (physical, chemical, and biological) have been subject to scrutiny. By altering and eradicating the molecular structure of the toxin, all of these approaches impede its transmission to the digestive system and potentially diminish the accessibility of toxins to the target tissue, ultimately eliminating them. Given the pervasive predicaments attributed to the contamination of foods and feeds by AFs, it is of utmost importance to urgently devise cost-effective and appropriate strategies to combat this hazard. This review highlights the concept of AFs, definitions, and benefits of postbiotics and their biological role in the detoxification of AFs, as well as their benefits in the food-pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nader Khani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ghasem Noorkhajavi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Abedi Soleiman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Hazrati Raziabad
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aziz Homayouni Rad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Amir Pouya Akhlaghi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Beal MA, Habauzit D, Khoury L, Audebert M. Human next-generation risk assessment of trichothecene toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 192:114916. [PMID: 39128691 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are naturally occurring chemicals, produced by fungi, that can be found in contaminated crops. Trichothecenes have the potential to indirectly damage DNA and exacerbate genotoxic effects of genotoxicants. However, genotoxicity data for most trichothecenes are limited and data gaps remain. Here we use the γH2AX/pH3 assay to evaluate DNA damage in vitro of 13 trichothecenes. Three human cell lines (SH-SY5Y, ACHN, and HepG2) were exposed to each trichothecene (0.001-100 μM) to assess toxicity as models for the brain, kidney, and liver, respectively. Concentration-dependent induction of DNA damage, illustrated by γH2AX induction, was observed for all trichothecenes. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) modeling was employed to support in vivo equivalent potency ranking and screen for risk potential. Diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2, and HT-2 had the highest genotoxic potency, notably in SH-SY5Y cells. Administered equivalent doses (AEDs) derived from IVIVE were compared against exposure data from French total diet studies to assess risk potential. AEDs derived for T-2 and HT-2 from the SH-SY5Y model were within 100-fold of exposure levels for infants aged one year or less. Overall, the potential for trichothecenes to damage DNA and higher exposures in infants highlights the need to investigate the cumulative effects across the broader trichothecene family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Beal
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Denis Habauzit
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères, France
| | | | - Marc Audebert
- Toxalim UMR1331, Toulouse University, INRAE, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abdallah MF, Recote JM, Van Camp C, Van Hassel WHR, Pedroni L, Dellafiora L, Masquelier J, Rajkovic A. Potential (co-)contamination of dairy milk with AFM1 and MC-LR and their synergistic interaction in inducing mitochondrial dysfunction in HepG2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 192:114907. [PMID: 39111684 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
Several toxic metabolites, such as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), are known to contaminate dairy milk. However, as mentioned in an external EFSA report, there is a knowledge gap regarding the carry-over of certain emerging toxins such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Therefore, this work aimed to develop an LC-MS/MS method for MC-LR quantification in dairy milk. Also, the method included AFM1 as a common fungal metabolite and applied to analyze 113 dairy milk samples collected directly after the end of the summer peak. Both toxins were below their LODs, keeping the question on MC-LR carry-over still unanswered. Moreover, an in silico analysis, using a 3D molecular modeling was performed, pointing to a possible interaction between MC-LR and milk proteins, especially β-lactoglobulin. Since AFM1 and MC-LR are hepatotoxic, their interaction in inducing mitochondrial dysfunction in HepG2 cells was investigated at low (subcytotoxic) concentrations. Live cell imaging-based assays showed an inhibition in cell viability, without involvement of caspase-3/7, and a hyperpolarization in the mitochondrial membrane potential after the exposure to a mixture of 100 ng mL-1 AFM1 and 1000 ng mL-1 MC-LR for 48h. Extracellular flux analysis revealed inhibitions of several key parameters of mitochondrial function (basal respiration, ATP-linked respiration, and spare respiratory capacity).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.
| | - Jessa May Recote
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Camille Van Camp
- Unit Toxins, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khabbouchi M, Guesmi N, Sultan AB, Alkhuzayyim A, Abdo GA, Alhotan A, Aljarbou W. Monitoring of Aflatoxins B 1, G 1, B 2, and G 2 in Spices from Riyadh Markets by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2024; 2024:8560378. [PMID: 39015433 PMCID: PMC11250701 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8560378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
A total of 1053 samples of spices were collected from Riyadh markets during 2022. The contamination with aflatoxins (AF) B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), and G2 (AFG2) was determined via liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. AF extraction from spices was performed using an acetonitrile-formic acid mixture. The results obtained show that the highest value for AFB1 (3.865 μg/kg) was detected in the bay leaf sample, while the highest value for AFB2 (3.461 μg/kg) was found in red chili powder. The values of AFG1 and AFG2 did not exceed 2.59 μg/kg. The AF analysis shows that 24 out of 1053 samples (2.3%) contained one or more of these AFs. The highest percentage of contaminated samples was detected in black pepper. AFB1 was found in 21 samples of six types of spices, while AFG2 was detected in eight samples of four types of spices. Also, none of the samples exceeded the Saudi Food and Drug Authority and EU limits of 10 μg/kg. The present research is not a comprehensive study; however, it provides valuable information on AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 levels in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia spices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khabbouchi
- Chemistry SectionRiyadh Municipality Central Area Labs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nour Guesmi
- Chemistry SectionRiyadh Municipality Central Area Labs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Adel Alhotan
- Chemistry SectionRiyadh Municipality Central Area Labs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid Aljarbou
- General Directorate of Environmental Health Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Maroui MA, Odongo GA, Mundo L, Manara F, Mure F, Fusil F, Jay A, Gheit T, Michailidis TM, Ferrara D, Leoncini L, Murray P, Manet E, Ohlmann T, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Cosset FL, Lazzi S, Accardi R, Herceg Z, Gruffat H, Khoueiry R. Aflatoxin B1 and Epstein-Barr virus-induced CCL22 expression stimulates B cell infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314426121. [PMID: 38574017 PMCID: PMC11032484 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314426121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infects more than 90% of the adult population worldwide. EBV infection is associated with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) though alone is not sufficient to induce carcinogenesis implying the involvement of co-factors. BL is endemic in African regions faced with mycotoxins exposure. Exposure to mycotoxins and oncogenic viruses has been shown to increase cancer risks partly through the deregulation of the immune response. A recent transcriptome profiling of B cells exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) revealed an upregulation of the Chemokine ligand 22 (CCL22) expression although the underlying mechanisms were not investigated. Here, we tested whether mycotoxins and EBV exposure may together contribute to endemic BL (eBL) carcinogenesis via immunomodulatory mechanisms involving CCL22. Our results revealed that B cells exposure to AFB1 and EBV synergistically stimulated CCL22 secretion via the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B pathway. By expressing EBV latent genes in B cells, we revealed that elevated levels of CCL22 result not only from the expression of the latent membrane protein LMP1 as previously reported but also from the expression of other viral latent genes. Importantly, CCL22 overexpression resulting from AFB1-exposure in vitro increased EBV infection through the activation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase pathway. Moreover, inhibiting CCL22 in vitro and in humanized mice in vivo limited EBV infection and decreased viral genes expression, supporting the notion that CCL22 overexpression plays an important role in B cell infection. These findings unravel new mechanisms that may underpin eBL development and identify novel pathways that can be targeted in drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Maroui
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Grace Akinyi Odongo
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Lucia Mundo
- Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Bernal Institute and School of Medicine, University of Limerick, LimerickV94 T9PX, Ireland
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena53100, Italy
| | - Francesca Manara
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Fabrice Mure
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Floriane Fusil
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Antonin Jay
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Tarik Gheit
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Thanos M. Michailidis
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
| | - Domenico Ferrara
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena53100, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena53100, Italy
| | - Paul Murray
- Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Bernal Institute and School of Medicine, University of Limerick, LimerickV94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Evelyne Manet
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Théophile Ohlmann
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng2028, South Africa
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Stefano Lazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena53100, Italy
| | - Rosita Accardi
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Henri Gruffat
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| | - Rita Khoueiry
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon69366 Cedex 07, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Luo DL, Huang SY, Ma CY, Zhang XY, Sun K, Zhang W, Dai CC. Seed-borne bacterial synthetic community resists seed pathogenic fungi and promotes plant growth. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae073. [PMID: 38520150 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, the control effects of synthetic microbial communities composed of peanut seed bacteria against seed aflatoxin contamination caused by Aspergillus flavus and root rot by Fusarium oxysporum were evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS Potentially conserved microbial synthetic communities (C), growth-promoting synthetic communities (S), and combined synthetic communities (CS) of peanut seeds were constructed after 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing, strain isolation, and measurement of plant growth promotion indicators. Three synthetic communities showed resistance to root rot and CS had the best effect after inoculating into peanut seedlings. This was achieved by increased defense enzyme activity and activated salicylic acid (SA)-related, systematically induced resistance in peanuts. In addition, CS also inhibited the reproduction of A. flavus on peanut seeds and the production of aflatoxin. These effects are related to bacterial degradation of toxins and destruction of mycelia. CONCLUSIONS Inoculation with a synthetic community composed of seed bacteria can help host peanuts resist the invasion of seeds by A. flavus and seedlings by F. oxysporum and promote the growth of peanut seedlings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Lin Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology and Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Shi-Yi Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology and Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Chen-Yu Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology and Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology and Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology and Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology and Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology and Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Recoules C, Mirey G, Audebert M. Effect of cell treatment procedures on in vitro genotoxicity assessment. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1225-1236. [PMID: 38427119 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03690-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
So far, the majority of in vitro toxicological experiments are conducted after an acute 24 h treatment that does not represent a realistic human chemical exposure. Recently, new in vitro approaches have been proposed to study the chemical toxicological effect over several days in order to be more predictive of a representative exposure scenario. In this study, we investigated the genotoxic potential of chemicals (direct or bioactived clastogen, aneugen and apoptotic inducer) with the γH2AX and pH3 biomarkers, in the human liver-derived HepaRP cell line. We used different treatment durations, with or without a three-day recovery stage (release period), before genotoxicity measurement. Data were analysed with the Benchmark Dose approach. We observed that the detection of clastogenic compounds (notably for DNA damaging agents) was more sensitive after three days of repeated treatment compared to one or three treatments over 24 h. In contrast, aneugenic chemicals were detected as genotoxic in a similar manner whether after a 24 h exposure or a three-day repeated treatment. Globally, the release period decreases the genotoxicity measurement substantially. For DNA damaging agents, after high concentration treatments, γH2AX induction was always observed after a three-day release period. In contrast, for DNA topoisomerase inhibitors, no effect could be observed after the release period. In conclusion, in the HepaRP cell line, there are some important differences between a one-day acute and a three-day repeated treatment protocol, indicating that different cell treatment procedures may differentiate chemical genotoxic mechanisms of action more efficiently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Recoules
- Toxalim, INRAE-UMR1331, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Gladys Mirey
- Toxalim, INRAE-UMR1331, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Marc Audebert
- Toxalim, INRAE-UMR1331, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aloui A, Ben Salah-Abbès J, Belgacem H, Dhif H, Zinedine A, Riba A, Meile JC, Durande N, Brabet C, Abbès S. AFM 1 exposure in male balb/c mice and intervention strategies against its immuno-physiological toxicity using clay mineral and lactic acid bacteria alone or in combination. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024; 46:199-211. [PMID: 38151925 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2023.2300299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Aflatoxins are the most harmful mycotoxins that cause human and animal health concerns. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the primary hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and is linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and immunotoxicity in humans and animals. Because of the important role of dairy products in human life, especially children, AFM1 is such a major concern to humans because of its frequent occurrence in dairy products at concentrations high enough to cause adverse effects to human and animal health. Reduced its bioavailability becomes a high priority in order to protect human and animal health. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate, in vivo, the ability of lactic acid bacteria (lactobacillus rhamnosus GAF01, LR) and clay mineral (bentonite, BT) mixture to mitigate/reduce AFM1-induced immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in exposed Balb/c mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vivo study was conducted using male Balb/c mice that treated, orally, by AFM1 alone or in combination with LR and/or BT, daily for 10 days as follows: group 1 control received 200 µl of PBS, group 2 treated with LR alone (2.108 CFU/mL), group 3 treated with BT alone (1 g/kg bw), group 4 treated with AFM1 alone (100 μg/kg), group 5 co-treated with LR + AFM1, group 6 co-treated with BT + AFM1, group 7 co-treated with BT + LR + AFM1. Forty-eight h after the end of the treatment, the mice were sacrificed and the blood, spleen, thymus, liver and kidney were collected. The blood was used for biochemical and immunological study. Spleen and thymus samples were used to thymocytes and splenocytes assessments. Liver and kidney samples were the target for evaluation of oxidative stress enzymes status and for histological assays. RESULTS The results showed that AFM1 caused toxicities in male Blab/c mice at different levels. Treatment with AFM1 resulted in severe stress of liver and kidney organs indicated by a significant change in the biochemical and immunological parameters, histopathology as well as a disorder in the profile of oxidative stress enzymes levels. Also, it was demonstrated that AFM1 caused toxicities in thymus and spleen organs. The co-treatment with LR and/or BT significantly improved the hepatic and renal tissues, regulated antioxidant enzyme activities, spleen and thymus viability and biochemical and immunological parameters. LR and BT alone showed to be safe during the treatment. CONCLUSION In summary, the LR and/or BT was able to reduce the biochemical, histopathological and immunological damages induced by AFM1 and indeed it could be exploited as one of the biological strategies for food and feedstuffs detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Aloui
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Montpellier University, QUALISUD, UMR 95, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hela Belgacem
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Haifa Dhif
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdellah Zinedine
- BIOMARE Laboratory, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Amar Riba
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jean Christophe Meile
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Noel Durande
- Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Brabet
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Samir Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dhanamjayulu P, Boga RB, Das R, Mehta A. Control of aflatoxin biosynthesis by sulfur containing benzimidazole derivatives: In-silico interaction, biological activity, and gene regulation of Aspergillus flavus. J Biotechnol 2023; 376:33-44. [PMID: 37748651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus producing aflatoxins is one of the potent contaminants of raw food commodities during pre-and post-harvest crops. Aflatoxins are the group of secondary metabolites a subset of natural polyketides. Our major focus is on the inhibition of the biosynthesis pathway of aflatoxin by targeting the enzymes involved. Benzimidazoles are known antimicrobial compounds. In this study the sulfur containing benzimidazole derivatives were tested for their antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activity. The fungal growth and aflatoxin production was analysed in culture medium as well as in the rice. Inhibition of specific genes was studied in terms of mRNA expression and the interaction of test compound with polyketide synthases by in-silico molecular docking. Substitution at the 6th position of 2-(2-thienyl) benzimidazole (2-TBD) reduced the antifungal property of benzimidazole but effectively inhibited the aflatoxin synthesis in the culture medium as well as in the rice from the toxigenic strain of A. flavus. Among the derivatives tested, the methyl group containing 2-(2-thienyl)- 6-methylbenzimidazole (6-MTBD) inhibited aflatoxin B1 most effectively followed by carboxylic group containing 2-(2-thienyl) benzimidazole-6-carboxylic acid (6-TBCA) with IC50 value of 12.36 and 18.25 µg/mL respectively. Molecular docking study shows that 2-(2-thienyl) benzimidazole-6-carbonitrile (6-CTBD) and 6-MTBD occupy same pocket on TE domain of PksA with similar range of binding energy, however the experimental data show a different effect on the biosynthesis of AFB1. 6-MTBD effectively inhibited the AFB1 synthesis (97%) while 6-CTBD could not (39.5%). Data obtained from the expression study also supports the experimental observations. These compounds are non-toxic to mammalian cells. These benzimidazole derivatives inhibit toxic secondary metabolites without affecting the growth of the fungi hence can be used during fermentation to avoid mycotoxin contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Dhanamjayulu
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ranjan Das
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alka Mehta
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Feng C, Bai H, Chang X, Wu Z, Dong W, Ma Q, Yang J. Aflatoxin B1-induced early developmental hepatotoxicity in larvae zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139940. [PMID: 37634582 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a ubiquitous mycotoxin that causes oxidative damage in various organs. At present, the research studies on AFB1 are primarily focused on its effects on the terrestrial environment and animals. However, its toxicity mechanism in aquatic environments and aquatic animals has not been largely explored. Thus, in this study, zebrafish was used as a model to study the toxicity mechanism of AFB1 on the liver of developing larvae. The results showed that AFB1 exposure inhibited liver development and promoted fat accumulation in the liver. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that AFB1 affected liver redox metabolism and oxidoreductase activity. KEGG analysis showed that AFB1 inhibited the expression of gsto1, gpx4a, mgst3a, and idh1 in the glutathione metabolizing enzyme gene pathway, resulting in hepatic oxidative stress. At the same time, AFB1 also inhibited the expression of acox1, acsl1b, pparα, fabp2, and cpt1 genes in peroxidase and PPAR metabolic pathways, inducing hepatic steatosis and lipid droplet accumulation. Antioxidant N-Acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) preconditioning up-regulated gsto1, gpx4a and idh1 genes, and improved the AFB1-induced lipid droplet accumulation in the liver. In summary, AFB1 induced hepatic oxidative stress and steatosis, resulting in abnormal liver fat metabolism and accumulation of cellular lipid droplets. NAC could be used as a potential preventative drug to improve AFB1-induced fat accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Feng
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology,Tongliao,Inner Mongolia, 028000, China; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongxia Bai
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology,Tongliao,Inner Mongolia, 028000, China; Inner Mongolia Minzu Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, Tongliao,Inner Mongolia, 028000, China
| | - Xu Chang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology,Tongliao,Inner Mongolia, 028000, China; Inner Mongolia Minzu Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, Tongliao,Inner Mongolia, 028000, China
| | - Zhixuan Wu
- Inner Mongolia Minzu Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, Tongliao,Inner Mongolia, 028000, China
| | - Wu Dong
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology,Tongliao,Inner Mongolia, 028000, China; Inner Mongolia Minzu Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, Tongliao,Inner Mongolia, 028000, China
| | - Qianqian Ma
- Inner Mongolia Minzu Univ, Inst Pharmaceut Chem & Pharmacol, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, 028000, China
| | - Jingfeng Yang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology,Tongliao,Inner Mongolia, 028000, China; Inner Mongolia Minzu Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, Tongliao,Inner Mongolia, 028000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Smaoui S, D’Amore T, Tarapoulouzi M, Agriopoulou S, Varzakas T. Aflatoxins Contamination in Feed Commodities: From Occurrence and Toxicity to Recent Advances in Analytical Methods and Detoxification. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2614. [PMID: 37894272 PMCID: PMC10609407 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesized by the secondary metabolic pathway in Aspergilli, aflatoxins (AFs) cause economic and health issues and are culpable for serious harmful health and economic matters affecting consumers and global farmers. Consequently, the detection and quantification of AFs in foods/feeds are paramount from food safety and security angles. Nowadays, incessant attempts to develop sensitive and rapid approaches for AFs identification and quantification have been investigated, worldwide regulations have been established, and the safety of degrading enzymes and reaction products formed in the AF degradation process has been explored. Here, occurrences in feed commodities, innovative methods advanced for AFs detection, regulations, preventive strategies, biological detoxification, removal, and degradation methods were deeply reviewed and presented. This paper showed a state-of-the-art and comprehensive review of the recent progress on AF contamination in feed matrices with the intention of inspiring interests in both academia and industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial, Enzymatic Biotechnology and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Teresa D’Amore
- IRCCS CROB, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy;
| | - Maria Tarapoulouzi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia CY-1678, Cyprus;
| | - Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Al-Ayoubi C, Alonso-Jauregui M, Azqueta A, Vignard J, Mirey G, Rocher O, Puel O, Oswald IP, Vettorazzi A, Soler L. Mutagenicity and genotoxicity assessment of the emerging mycotoxin Versicolorin A, an Aflatoxin B1 precursor. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122276. [PMID: 37517643 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent natural carcinogen among mycotoxins. Versicolorin A (VerA) is a precursor of AFB1 biosynthesis and is structurally related to the latter. Although VerA has already been identified as a genotoxin, data on the toxicity of VerA are still scarce, especially at low concentrations. The SOS/umu and miniaturised version of the Ames test in Salmonella Typhimurium strains used in the present study shows that VerA induces point mutations. This effect, like AFB1, depends primarily on metabolic activation of VerA. VerA also induced chromosomal damage in metabolically competent intestinal cells (IPEC-1) detected by the micronucleus assay. Furthermore, results from the standard and enzyme-modified comet assay confirmed the VerA-mediated DNA damage, and we observed that DNA repair pathways were activated upon exposure to VerA, as indicated by the phosphorylation and/or relocation of relevant DNA-repair biomarkers (γH2AX and 53BP1/FANCD2, respectively). In conclusion, VerA induces DNA damage without affecting cell viability at concentrations as low as 0.03 μM, highlighting the danger associated with VerA exposure and calling for more research on the carcinogenicity of this emerging food contaminant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Al-Ayoubi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Alonso-Jauregui
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julien Vignard
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Gladys Mirey
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Ophelie Rocher
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laura Soler
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alamir J, Almaiman L, Alrujib Y, Alhamidi R, Alowais B, Alhussain S, Aldakheelallah A, Alkhalaf M, Bineid M. Aflatoxins in food products consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A preliminary dietary risk assessment. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5948-5958. [PMID: 37823116 PMCID: PMC10563739 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are hepatotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, and immunosuppressive toxins. Several food commodities consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are susceptible to AF contamination because of improper storage practices and the warm and humid climate of the country. Therefore, the occurrence of AFs in 2388 food samples was measured and the estimated daily intake (EDI) of AFs in Saudi adults was assessed. The risks of AFB1 exposure were characterized using the margin of exposure (MoE) approach and by estimating the number of possible hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases in the KSA. The results revealed that 12.1% of the analyzed samples were contaminated with AFs and the highest concentration of total AFs was observed in the nut and seed group. The mean EDI of AFB1 was estimated to be 0.21 and 0.55 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day for the lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) scenarios, respectively. The MoEs were estimated to be 1902.4 and 722.1, while the estimated liver cancer risk ranged from 0.002 to 0.008 cancer cases/year/100,000 persons. Based on the study's findings, contamination with AFs in the KSA is low; however, AFs are considered potent genotoxic contaminants, and therefore, exposure through food should be kept as low as possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jumanah Alamir
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Lama Almaiman
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Alrujib
- Executive Department of Laboratories, Research and Laboratories SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Rayan Alhamidi
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Alowais
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Saqer Alhussain
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aldakheelallah
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alkhalaf
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
- National Nutrition CommitteeSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bineid
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hassan HF, Tashani H, Ballouk F, Daou R, El Khoury A, Abiad MG, AlKhatib A, Hassan M, El Khatib S, Dimassi H. Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Tea Sold in Lebanon: Effects of Type, Packaging, and Origin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6556. [PMID: 37623142 PMCID: PMC10454378 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20166556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Tea is among the oldest and most-known beverages around the world, and it has many flavors and types. Tea can be easily contaminated in any of its production steps, especially with mycotoxins that are produced particularly in humid and warm environments. This study aims to examine the level of ochratoxin A (OTA) and total aflatoxin (AF) contamination in black and green tea sold in Lebanon, evaluate its safety compared to international standards, and assess the effect of different variables on the levels of OTA and AFs. For this, the Lebanese market was screened and all tea brands (n = 37; 24 black and 13 green) were collected twice. The Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA) method was used to determine OTA and AFs in the samples. AFs and OTA were detected in 28 (75.7%) and 31 (88.6%) samples, respectively. The average of AFs in the positive (above detection limit: 1.75 μg/kg) samples was 2.66 ± 0.15 μg/kg, while the average of OTA in the positive (above detection limit: 1.6 μg/kg) samples was 3.74 ± 0.72 μg/kg. The mean AFs in black and green tea were 2.65 ± 0.55 and 2.54 ± 0.40 μg/kg, respectively, while for OTA, the mean levels were 3.67 ± 0.96 and 3.46 ± 1.09 μg/kg in black and green tea samples, respectively. Four brands (10.8%) contained total aflatoxin levels above the EU limit (4 μg/kg). As for OTA, all samples had OTA levels below the Chinese limit (5 μg/kg). No significant association (p > 0.05) was found between OTA and tea type, level of packaging, country of origin, country of packing, and country of distribution. However, AF contamination was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in unpacked tea, and in brands where the country of origin, packing, and distributor was in Asia. The results showed that the tea brands in Lebanon are relatively safe in terms of AFs and OTA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein F. Hassan
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon (M.H.)
| | - Hadeel Tashani
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon (M.H.)
| | - Farah Ballouk
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
| | - Rouaa Daou
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculty of Sciences, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Mar Roukoz P.O. Box 17-5208, Lebanon
| | - André El Khoury
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculty of Sciences, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Mar Roukoz P.O. Box 17-5208, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad G. Abiad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon
- Laboratories for the Environment, Agriculture, and Food (LEAF), Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Ali AlKhatib
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
| | - Mahdi Hassan
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon (M.H.)
| | - Sami El Khatib
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon;
- Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB), Gulf University for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 7207, Hawally 32093, Kuwait
| | - Hani Dimassi
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Alonso-Jauregui M, López de Cerain A, Azqueta A, Rodriguez-Garraus A, Gil AG, González-Peñas E, Vettorazzi A. In Vivo Genotoxicity and Toxicity Assessment of Sterigmatocystin Individually and in Mixture with Aflatoxin B1. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:491. [PMID: 37624248 PMCID: PMC10467059 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are natural food and feed contaminants produced by several molds. The primary mode of exposure in humans and animals is through mixtures. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and sterigmatocystin (STER) are structurally related mycotoxins that share the same biosynthetic route. Few in vivo genotoxicity assays have been performed with STER. In the present genotoxicity study, Wistar rats were dosed orally with STER (20 mg/kg b.w.), AFB1 (0.25 mg/kg b.w.) or a mixture of both in an integrated micronucleus (bone marrow) and comet study (liver and kidney). STER was dosed at the highest feasible dose in corn oil. No increase in the percentage of micronuclei in bone marrow was observed at any condition. Slight DNA damage was detected in the livers of animals treated with AFB1 or the mixture (DNA strand breaks and Fpg (Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase)-sensitive sites, respectively). Plasma, liver, and kidney samples were analyzed with LC-MS/MS demonstrating exposure to both mycotoxins. General toxicity parameters (organs absolute weight, biochemistry, and histopathology) were not altered either individually or in the mixture. The overall absence of individual genotoxicity did not allow us to set any type of interaction in the mixture. However, a possible toxicokinetic interaction was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alonso-Jauregui
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.); (A.A.); (A.R.-G.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.); (A.A.); (A.R.-G.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.); (A.A.); (A.R.-G.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Adriana Rodriguez-Garraus
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.); (A.A.); (A.R.-G.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Ana Gloria Gil
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.); (A.A.); (A.R.-G.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.); (A.A.); (A.R.-G.); (A.G.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yu J, Pedroso IR. Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products and Their Impacts on the Health of Humans, Livestock Animals and Pets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:480. [PMID: 37624237 PMCID: PMC10467131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Yu
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mittal A, Ahuja G. Advancing chemical carcinogenicity prediction modeling: opportunities and challenges. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:400-410. [PMID: 37183054 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenicity assessment of any compound is a laborious and expensive exercise with several associated ethical and practical concerns. While artificial intelligence (AI) offers promising solutions, unfortunately, it is contingent on several challenges concerning the inadequacy of available experimentally validated (non)carcinogen datasets and variabilities within bioassays, which contribute to the compromised model training. Existing AI solutions that leverage classical chemistry-driven descriptors do not provide adequate biological interpretability involved in imparting carcinogenicity. This highlights the urgency to devise alternative AI strategies. We propose multiple strategies, including implementing data-driven (integrated databases) and known carcinogen-characteristic-derived features to overcome these apparent shortcomings. In summary, these next-generation approaches will continue facilitating robust chemical carcinogenicity prediction, concomitant with deeper mechanistic insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Mittal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India.
| | - Gaurav Ahuja
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen Y, Lu Z, Li B, Wang H, Jiang T, Xuan M, Yang H, Chen J, Liu X, Liang H, Liu Y, Tang H. Human CYP1B1 enzyme-mediated, AhR enhanced activation of aflatoxin B1 for its genotoxicity in human cells. Toxicol Lett 2023; 373:132-140. [PMID: 36442682 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a human procarcinogen known to be activated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 and 3A4. In a previous study AFB1 caused chromosomal rearrangement in a yeast strain genetically engineered for stably expressing human CYP1B1. Yet, further verification of the effect of AFB1 in human cells, a potential role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and CYP1B1-catalyzed AFB1 metabolism remain unidentified. In this study, a human hepatocyte (L-02) line and a human lymphoblastoid (TK6) cell line were genetically engineered for the expression of human CYP1B1, producing L-02-hCYP1B1 and TK6-hCYP1B1, respectively. They were exposed to AFB1 and analyzed for the formation of micronucleus and elevation of γ-H2AX (indicating double-strand DNA breaks); the metabolites formed by CYP1B1 from AFB1 after incubation of AFB1 with human CYP1B1 isoenzyme microsomes were determined by LC-MS. The results showed significantly more potent induction of micronucleus by AFB1 in L-02-hCYP1B1 and TK6-hCYP1B1 than in the parental (L-02 and TK6) cells, and the effects were reduced by (E)- 2,3',4,5'-tetramethoxystilbene, a specific CYP1B1 inhibitor. In the AFB1- CYP1B1 microsomes incubations AFM1, a known stable metabolite of AFB1, was detected. Moreover, in L-02 and TK6 cells, AFB1 apparently increased the protein levels of AhR, ANRT and CYP1B1, and caused the nuclear translocation of AhR and ARNT, the latter effect being blocked by BAY-218 (an inhibitor of AhR). In conclusion, this study indicates that human CYP1B1 is capable of metabolically activating AFB1 through the AhR signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Chen
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zhaohong Lu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Boxin Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Tikeng Jiang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Mei Xuan
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jialong Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiaoshan Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Hairong Liang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yungang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Huanwen Tang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
YU M, LIU P. Discussion on emergency management of food safety from the perspective of foodborne diseases caused by mycotoxins. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.114622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
27
|
Aljazzar A, El-Ghareeb WR, Darwish WS, Abdel-Raheem SM, Ibrahim AM, Hegazy EE, Mohamed EA. Effects of aflatoxin B1 on human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells: cytotoxicity, oxidative damage, metabolic, and immune-modulatory transcriptomic changes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:13132-13140. [PMID: 36125688 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent mycotoxin that is commonly produced by molds such as Aspergillus (A.) flavus and A. parasiticus. AFB1 is associated with several health adverse effects in humans including mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Aflatoxin is commonly secreted in the milk leading to deleterious effects on breast tissue and potential nursing infants. However, the effects of aflatoxins, particularly AFB1, on the breast cells are less investigated. In this study, AFB1-associated effects on human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) were investigated. AFB1 caused significant cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells. Such cytotoxicity had a positive correlation with the induction of oxidative stress. In addition, AFB1 caused significant transcriptomic alterations in xenobiotics and drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and antioxidant enzymes. Besides, AFB1 upregulated pro-inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2 with a significant reduction of mRNA expressions of the immunity-related genes including interleukins 8 and 10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Aljazzar
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, P.O. Box: 400, Al Hofuf, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Rizk El-Ghareeb
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, P.O. Box: 400, Al Hofuf, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Wageh Sobhy Darwish
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Sherief M Abdel-Raheem
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, P.O. Box: 400, Al Hofuf, 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdelazim M Ibrahim
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, P.O. Box: 400, Al Hofuf, 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Eman E Hegazy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Esraa A Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Espinoza C, Francheschy C, Lagunes I, Mendoza G, Medina ME, Trigos Á. Photosensitizer ability of 5-methoxysterigmatocystin isolated from aquatic fungus Acremonium persicinum. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
|
29
|
Probiotic-Based Optimization of Pistachio Paste Production and Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 Using Bifidobacterium lactis. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/2504482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pistachio paste is very popular for breakfast or supper thanks to its desirable taste, flavor, and texture. One of the hazards that are directly related to agricultural practices, processing, storage, and transportation of pistachios and the byproducts is aflatoxin, which can cause irreversible effects on the consumer. Probiotics are one of the most effective and safe methods to reduce aflatoxins. The variables under study were temperature and time, aflatoxin concentration, and probiotic content. In total, 30 treatments were determined through the rotatable central composite design. This is the first and most comprehensive study to optimize the production of probiotic pistachio paste and investigate the detoxification effects of aflatoxin B1 using Bifidobacterium lactis with six treatments and three replications in the pistachio paste matrix. In simple terms, it is possible to remove a higher percentage of toxins by increasing the number of microorganisms and decreasing the toxin level. The highest aflatoxin B1 reduction was observed in pistachio paste with aflatoxin B1 contamination of (19.7039 ng/g), which was spiked with Bifidobacterium lactis (109 CFU/g) and then stored at 25°C for 26.1853 days (aflatoxin B1: 8.00007 ng/g = 59.4% reduction), which is consistent with the permissible limits of the Iran National Standards Organization and the European Commission Regulation. The results showed a significant reduction in the aflatoxin B1 level in pistachio paste. The probiotics reduced aflatoxin B1 contamination to a permissible level. This is an important, safe, and effective solution, and unlike other methods, it increases the nutritional value of the product.
Collapse
|
30
|
Sun X, Ye Y, Sun J, Tang L, Yang X, Sun X. Advances in the study of liver microsomes in the in vitro metabolism and toxicity evaluation of foodborne contaminants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3264-3278. [PMID: 36226776 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2131728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne contaminants are closely related to anthropologic activities and represent an important food safety hazard. The study of metabolic transformation and toxic side effects of foodborne contaminants in the body is important for their safety assessment. Liver microsomes contain a variety of enzymes related to substance metabolism and biotransformation. An in vitro model simulating liver metabolic transformation is associated with a significant advantage in the study of the metabolic transformation mechanisms of contaminants. This review summarizes the recent progress in the application of liver microsomes in metabolic transformation and toxicity evaluation of various foodborne pollutants based on metabolic kinetics, molecular docking and enzyme inhibition studies. The purpose of this review is to distinguish the existing studies involving liver microsomes and provide strategies for their application in the future. Finally, the prospects and challenges of the liver microsomal model are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Xingxing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:2828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Metabolism of versicolorin A, a genotoxic precursor of aflatoxin B1: Characterization of metabolites using in vitro production of standards. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113272. [PMID: 35803361 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of mycotoxins containing bisfuranoid structures such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) depends largely on biotransformation processes. While the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of several bisfuranoid mycotoxins including AFB1 and sterigmatocystin have been linked to in vivo bioactivation of these molecules into reactive epoxide forms, the metabolites of genotoxic and mutagenic AFB1 precursor versicolorin A (VerA) have not yet been characterized. Because this molecule is not available commercially, our strategy was to produce a library of metabolites derived from the biotransformation of in-house purified VerA, following incubation with human liver S9 fractions, in presence of appropriate cofactors. The resulting chromatographic and mass-spectrometric data were used to identify VerA metabolites produced by intestinal cell lines as well as intestinal and liver tissues exposed ex vivo. In this way, we obtained a panel of metabolites suggesting the involvement of phase I (M + O) and phase II (glucuronide and sulfate metabolites) enzymes, the latter of which is implicated in the detoxification process. This first qualitative description of the metabolization products of VerA suggests bioactivation of the molecule into an epoxide form and provides qualitative analytic data to further conduct a precise metabolism study of VerA required for the risk assessment of this emerging mycotoxin.
Collapse
|
33
|
Gützkow KL, Al Ayoubi C, Vasco LS, Rohn S, Maul R. Analysis of ochratoxin A, aflatoxin B1 and its biosynthetic precursors in cheese – Method development and market sample screening. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
34
|
Does Bentonite Cause Cytotoxic and Whole-Transcriptomic Adverse Effects in Enterocytes When Used to Reduce Aflatoxin B1 Exposure? Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070435. [PMID: 35878173 PMCID: PMC9322703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a major food safety concern, threatening the health of humans and animals. Bentonite (BEN) is an aluminosilicate clay used as a feed additive to reduce AFB1 presence in contaminated feedstuff. So far, few studies have characterized BEN toxicity and efficacy in vitro. In this study, cytotoxicity (WST-1 test), the effects on cell permeability (trans-epithelial electrical resistance and lucifer yellow dye incorporation), and transcriptional changes (RNA-seq) caused by BEN, AFB1 and their combination (AFB1 + BEN) were investigated in Caco-2 cells. Up to 0.1 mg/mL, BEN did not affect cell viability and permeability, but it reduced AFB1 cytotoxicity; however, at higher concentrations, BEN was cytotoxic. As to RNA-seq, 0.1 mg/mL BEN did not show effects on cell transcriptome, confirming that the interaction between BEN and AFB1 occurs in the medium. Data from AFB1 and AFB1 + BEN suggested AFB1 provoked most of the transcriptional changes, whereas BEN was preventive. The most interesting AFB1-targeted pathways for which BEN was effective were cell integrity, xenobiotic metabolism and transporters, basal metabolism, inflammation and immune response, p53 biological network, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the in vitro toxicity and whole-transcriptomic effects of BEN, alone or in the presence of AFB1.
Collapse
|
35
|
Effects of Turmeric Powder on Aflatoxin M1 and Aflatoxicol Excretion in Milk from Dairy Cows Exposed to Aflatoxin B1 at the EU Maximum Tolerable Levels. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070430. [PMID: 35878168 PMCID: PMC9317782 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the climatic change, an increase in aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) maize contamination has been reported in Europe. As an alternative to mineral binders, natural phytogenic compounds are increasingly used to counteract the negative effects of AFB1 in farm animals. In cows, even low dietary AFB1 concentrations may result in the milk excretion of the genotoxic carcinogen metabolite aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). In this study, we tested the ability of dietary turmeric powder (TP), an extract from Curcuma longa (CL) rich in curcumin and curcuminoids, in reducing AFM1 mammary excretion in Holstein–Friesian cows. Both active principles are reported to inhibit AFM1 hepatic synthesis and interact with drug transporters involved in AFB1 absorption and excretion. A crossover design was applied to two groups of cows (n = 4 each) with a 4-day washout. Animals received a diet contaminated with low AFB1 levels (5 ± 1 µg/kg) for 10 days ± TP supplementation (20 g/head/day). TP treatment had no impact on milk yield, milk composition or somatic cell count. Despite a tendency toward a lower average AFM1 milk content in the last four days of the treatment (below EU limits), no statistically significant differences with the AFB1 group occurred. Since the bioavailability of TP active principles may be a major issue, further investigations with different CL preparations are warranted.
Collapse
|
36
|
Alonso-Jauregui M, González-Peñas E, López de Cerain A, Vettorazzi A. Genotoxicity of 12 Mycotoxins by the SOS/umu Test: Comparison of Liver and Kidney S9 Fraction. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:400. [PMID: 35737061 PMCID: PMC9228656 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver S9 fraction is usually employed in mutagenicity/genotoxicity in vitro assays, but some genotoxic compounds may need another type of bioactivation. In the present work, an alternative S9 fraction from the kidneys was used for the genotoxicity assessment of 12 mycotoxins with the SOS/umu test. The results were compared with liver S9 fraction, and 2-4 independent experiments were performed with each mycotoxin. The expected results were obtained with positive controls (4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide and 2-aminoanthracene) without metabolic activation or with liver S9, but a potent dose-dependent effect with 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide and no activity of 2-aminoanthracene with kidney S9 were noticed. Aflatoxin B1 was genotoxic with metabolic activation, the effect being greater with liver S9. Sterigmatocystin was clearly genotoxic with liver S9 but equivocal with kidney S9. Ochratoxin A, zearalenone and fumonisin B1 were negative in all conditions. Trichothecenes were negative, except for nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, which showed equivocal results with kidney S9 because a clear dose-response effect was not observed. Most of the mycotoxins have been assessed with kidney S9 and the SOS/umu test for the first time here. The results with the positive controls and the mycotoxins confirm that the organ used for the S9 fraction preparation has an influence on the genotoxic activity of some compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alonso-Jauregui
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.)
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.)
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hassan HF, Kordahi R, Dimassi H, El Khoury A, Daou R, Alwan N, Merhi S, Haddad J, Karam L. Aflatoxin B1 in Rice: Effects of Storage Duration, Grain Type and Size, Production Site, and Season. J Food Prot 2022; 85:938-944. [PMID: 35146523 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Our study evaluated aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) levels in packed rice marketed in Lebanon and determined the exposure to this toxin from rice consumption. A total of 105 packed white, parboiled, and brown rice bags were collected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure AFB1. A comprehensive food frequency questionnaire was completed by 500 participants to determine patterns of rice consumption and, subsequently, the exposure levels to AFB1 from rice consumption in Lebanon. AFB1 was detected in all rice samples (100%). The average concentration ± standard deviation of AFB1 was 0.5 ± 0.3 μg/kg. Contamination ranged between 0.06 and 2.08 μg/kg. Moisture content in all rice samples was below the recommended percentage (14%). Only 1% of the samples had an AFB1 level above the European Union limit (2 μg/kg). Brown rice had a significantly higher AFB1 level than white and parboiled rice (P = 0.02), while a significant difference was found between both collections for the same brands (P = 0.016). Packing season, packing country, country of origin, presence of a food safety management certification, grain size, and time between packing and purchasing had no significant effect. Exposure to AFB1 from rice consumption in Lebanon was calculated as 0.1 to 2 ng/kg of body weight per day. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein F Hassan
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 13-5053, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rita Kordahi
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 13-5053, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hani Dimassi
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 13-5053, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Andre El Khoury
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire, Faculty of Sciences, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, P.O. Box 17-5208, Mar Roukoz, Lebanon
| | - Rouaa Daou
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire, Faculty of Sciences, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, P.O. Box 17-5208, Mar Roukoz, Lebanon
| | - Nisreen Alwan
- College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirate
| | - Samar Merhi
- Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, P.O. Box 72, Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon
| | - Joyce Haddad
- Directorate of Preventive Healthcare, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Layal Karam
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Functional Characterization and Whole-Genome Analysis of an Aflatoxin-Degrading Rhodococcus pyridinivorans Strain. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050774. [PMID: 35625502 PMCID: PMC9138218 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The microbiological degradation of AFB1 has been a promising approach to control AFB1 contamination. Here, we characterize a Rhodococcus pyridinivorans strain that can efficiently degrade AFB1. The AFB1-degrading capacity of this bacterial strain was characterized, and the completed genome was sequenced and analyzed. Further proteomic analyses of this strain identified a total of 723 proteins in an extracellular component that showed the strongest capacity to degrade AFB1 (degradation rate 83.7%). Multiple potential AFB1-degrading enzymes, and enzymes that are reported to respond to AFB1 treatment, have been identified accordingly. These findings provide a genomic, proteomic, and experimental approach for characterizing an efficient AFB1-degrading bacterial strain with great potential for use in the remediation of AFB1 contamination. Abstract Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most toxic, naturally occurring carcinogen compounds and is produced by specific strains of fungi. Crop contamination with AFB1 can cause huge economic losses and serious health problems. Many studies have examined the microbiological degradation of AFB1, especially the use of efficient AFB1-degrading microorganisms, to control AFB1 contamination. Here, we reported the identification of a new Rhodococcus pyridinivorans strain (4-4) that can efficiently degrade AFB1 (degradation rate 84.9%). The extracellular component of this strain showed the strongest capacity to degrade AFB1 (degradation rate 83.7%). The effects of proteinase K, SDS, temperature, pH, incubation time, and AFB1 concentration on the AFB1 degradation ability of the extracellular component were investigated. We sequenced the complete genome of this strain, encoding 5246 protein-coding genes and 169 RNA genes on a circular chromosome and two plasmids. Comparative genomic analysis revealed high homology with other Rhodococcus strains with high AFB1-degradation ability. Further proteomic analyses of this strain identified a total of 723 proteins in the extracellular component, including multiple potential AFB1-degrading enzymes, along with enzymes that are reported to response to AFB1 treatment. Overall, the results demonstrate that R. pyridinivorans 4-4 would be an excellent candidate for the biodegradation and detoxification of AFB1 contamination.
Collapse
|
39
|
Garofalo M, Payros D, Oswald E, Nougayrède JP, Oswald IP. The foodborne contaminant deoxynivalenol exacerbates DNA damage caused by a broad spectrum of genotoxic agents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153280. [PMID: 35066032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to different contaminants including mycotoxins. Deoxynivalenol (DON), a potent ribosome inhibitor, is a highly prevalent mycotoxin in the food chain worldwide. Although DON is not genotoxic, we previously showed that it exacerbates the genotoxicity of colibactin, a DNA-crosslinking toxin produced by bacteria in the gut. In the present study, we investigated whether this phenotype can be extended to other genotoxic compounds with different modes of action. Our data showed that, at a dose that can be found in food, DON exacerbated the DNA damage caused by etoposide, cisplatin and phleomycin. In contrast, de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), a modified form of DON that does not induce ribotoxic stress, did not exacerbate DNA damage. The effect of DON was mimicked with other ribosome inhibitors such as anisomycin and cycloheximide, suggesting that ribotoxicity plays a key role in exacerbating DNA damage. In conclusion, a new effect of DON was identified, this toxin aggravates the DNA damage induced by a broad spectrum of genotoxic agents with different modes of action. These results are of utmost importance as our food can be co-contaminated with DON and DNA-damaging agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Garofalo
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France; IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Payros
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Oswald
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jiang L, Li S, Wu D, Jiang A, Liu Z, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Xu J, Gao X, Liu W, Yang Z, Wei Z. Chicken heterophils extracellular traps act as early effectors against cyclopiazonic acid dependent upon NADPH oxidase, ROS and glycolysis. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2113-2122. [PMID: 35508807 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium, which is present in contaminated crops and food, causing severe toxicity to humans and animals. Heterophil extracellular traps (HETs) are a novel host innate immune mechanism of chicken heterophils against pathogen infection. However, whether CPA can cause immunotoxicity of heterophils on HETs release remains unclear. Here, we attempt to detect the effects of CPA on HETs release, and further investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. We exposed heterophils to 2.5, 5, 10 μM CPA for 90 min. The results showed that CPA induced the release of HETs in heterophils, consisting of DNA-modified citrullinated histone 3 and elastase. The quantitative analysis of HETs content was positively correlated with CPA concentration. CPA also promoted reactive oxygen species production and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38. In addition, CPA-triggered HETs formation was reduced by NADPH oxidase, ERK1/2, and p38 signaling pathway and glycolysis inhibitors, indicating that CPA-induced HETs were related to the production of ROS dependent on NADPH oxidase, ERK1/2, and p38 signaling pathways, as well as glycolysis. Our study describes the underlying mechanism of CPA-induced HETs release, which may provide a further understanding of the immunotoxicology of CPA poisoning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangqiu Li
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyi Zhu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingnan Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Schamann A, Schmidt-Heydt M, Geisen R, Kulling SE, Soukup ST. Formation of B- and M-group aflatoxins and precursors by Aspergillus flavus on maize and its implication for food safety. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 38:79-92. [PMID: 35288866 PMCID: PMC9038868 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-022-00452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins count to the most toxic known mycotoxins and are a threat to food safety especially in regions with a warm and humid climate. Contaminated food reaches consumers globally due to international trade, leading to stringent regulatory limits of aflatoxins in food. While the formation of aflatoxin (AF) B1 by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus flavus is well investigated, less is known about the formation kinetics of its precursors and further aflatoxins. In this study, autoclaved maize kernels were inoculated with A. flavus and incubated at 25 °C for up to 10 days. Aflatoxins and precursors were analyzed by a validated UHPLC-MS method. Additional to AFB1 and AFB2, AFM1 and AFM2 were detected, confirming the ability of the formation of M-group aflatoxins on cereals by A. flavus. The measured relative levels of AFB2, AFM1, and AFM2 on maize compared to the level of AFB1 (mean of days 5, 7, and 10 of incubation) were 3.3%, 1.5%, and 0.2%, respectively. The occurrence and kinetics of the measured aflatoxins and their precursors sterigmatocystin, O-methylsterigmatocystin, 11-hydroxy-O-methylsterigmatocystin, aspertoxin, and 11-hydroxyaspertoxin (group 1) as well as of dihydrosterigmatocystin and dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin (group 2) supported the so far postulated biosynthetic pathway. Remarkable high levels of O-methylsterigmatocystin and aspertoxin (17.4% and 4.9% compared to AFB1) were found, raising the question about the toxicological relevance of these intermediates. In conclusion, based on the study results, the monitoring of O-methylsterigmatocystin and aspertoxin as well as M-group aflatoxins in food is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schamann
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus Schmidt-Heydt
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rolf Geisen
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abu-Bakar A, Tan BH, Halim H, Ramli S, Pan Y, Ong6 CE. Cytochromes P450: Role in Carcinogenesis and Relevance to Cancers. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:355-373. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220328143828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstracts:
Cancer is a leading factor of mortality globally. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a pivotal role in the biotransformation of both endogenous and exogenous compounds. Evidence from numerous epidemiological, animal, and clinical studies points to instrumental role of CYPs in cancer initiation, metastasis, and prevention. Substantial research has found that CYPs are involved in activating different carcinogenic chemicals in the environment, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tobacco-related nitrosamines. Electrophilic intermediates produced from these chemicals can covalently bind to DNA, inducing mutation and cellular transformation that collectively result in cancer development. While bioactivation of procarcinogens and promutagens by CYPs has long been established, the role of CYP-derived endobiotics in carcinogenesis has emerged in recent years. Eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid via CYP oxidative pathways have been implicated in tumorigenesis, cancer progression and metastasis. The purpose of this review is to update on the current state of knowledge about the cancer molecular mechanism involving CYPs with focus on the biochemical and biotransformation mechanisms in the various CYP-mediated carcinogenesis, and the role of CYP-derived reactive metabolites, from both external and endogenous sources, on cancer growth and tumour formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A’edah Abu-Bakar
- Product Stewardship and Toxicology, Group Health, Safety, Security and Environment, PETRONAS, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Boon Hooi Tan
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hasseri Halim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Salfarina Ramli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yan Pan
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Eng Ong6
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Au modified spindle-shaped cerium phosphate as an efficient co-reaction accelerator to amplify electrochemiluminescence signal of carbon quantum dots for ultrasensitive analysis of aflatoxin B1. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.139912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
44
|
Fouché T, Claassens S, Maboeta MS. Ecotoxicological Effects of Aflatoxins on Earthworms under Different Temperature and Moisture Conditions. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020075. [PMID: 35202103 PMCID: PMC8878706 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination remains one of the most important threats to food safety and human health. Aflatoxins are mainly found in soil, decaying plant material and food storage systems and are particularly abundant during drought stress. Regulations suggest the disposal of aflatoxin-contaminated crops by incorporation into the soil for natural degradation. However, the fate and consequences of aflatoxin in soil and on soil organisms providing essential ecological services remain unclear and could potentially pose a risk to soil health and productivity. The protection of soil biodiversity and ecosystem services are essential for the success of the declared United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. The focus of this study was to investigate the toxicological consequences of aflatoxins to earthworms’ survival, growth, reproduction and genotoxicity under different temperature and moisture conditions. Results indicated an insignificant effect of aflatoxin concentrations between 10 and 100 µg/kg on the survival, growth and reproduction but indicated a concentration-dependent increase in DNA damage at standard testing conditions. However, the interaction of the toxin with different environmental conditions, particularly low moisture, resulted in significantly reduced reproduction rates and increased DNA damage in earthworms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Fouché
- Department of Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-6709711
| | - Sarina Claassens
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (S.C.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Mark Steve Maboeta
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (S.C.); (M.S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Renaud JB, Walsh JP, Sumarah MW. Simplified Synthesis and Stability Assessment of Aflatoxin B 1-Lysine and Aflatoxin G 1-Lysine. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14010056. [PMID: 35051035 PMCID: PMC8780103 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) and G1 (AFG1) are carcinogenic mycotoxins that contaminate crops such as maize and groundnuts worldwide. The broadly accepted method to assess chronic human aflatoxin exposure is by quantifying the amount of aflatoxin adducted to human serum albumin. This has been reported using ELISA, HPLC, or LC-MS/MS to measure the amount of AFB1-lysine released after proteolysis of serum albumin. LC-MS/MS is the most accurate method but requires both isotopically labelled and unlabelled AFB1-lysine standards, which are not commercially available. In this work, we report a simplified synthetic route to produce unlabelled, deuterated and 13C6 15N2 labelled aflatoxin B1-lysine and for the first-time aflatoxin G1-lysine. Additionally, we report on the stability of these compounds during storage. This simplified synthetic approach will make the production of these important standards more feasible for laboratories performing aflatoxin exposure studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada;
- Correspondence: (J.B.R.); (M.W.S.)
| | - Jacob P. Walsh
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Mark W. Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.B.R.); (M.W.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Alonso-Jauregui M, Font M, González-Peñas E, López de Cerain A, Vettorazzi A. Prioritization of Mycotoxins Based on Their Genotoxic Potential with an In Silico-In Vitro Strategy. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:734. [PMID: 34679027 PMCID: PMC8540412 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are widely exposed to a great variety of mycotoxins and their mixtures. Therefore, it is important to design strategies that allow prioritizing mycotoxins based on their toxic potential in a time and cost-effective manner. A strategy combining in silico tools (Phase 1), including an expert knowledge-based (DEREK Nexus®, Lhasa Limited, Leeds, UK) and a statistical-based platform (VEGA QSAR©, Mario Negri Institute, Milan, Italy), followed by the in vitro SOS/umu test (Phase 2), was applied to a set of 12 mycotoxins clustered according to their structure into three groups. Phase 1 allowed us to clearly classify group 1 (aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin) as mutagenic and group 3 (ochratoxin A, zearalenone and fumonisin B1) as non-mutagenic. For group 2 (trichothecenes), contradictory conclusions were obtained between the two in silico tools, being out of the applicability domain of many models. Phase 2 confirmed the results obtained in the previous phase for groups 1 and 3. It also provided extra information regarding the role of metabolic activation in aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin mutagenicity. Regarding group 2, equivocal results were obtained in few experiments; however, the group was finally classified as non-mutagenic. The strategy used correlated with the published Ames tests, which detect point mutations. Few alerts for chromosome aberrations could be detected. The SOS/umu test appeared as a good screening test for mutagenicity that can be used in the absence and presence of metabolic activation and independently of Phase 1, although the in silico-in vitro combination gave more information for decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alonso-Jauregui
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.)
| | - María Font
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.F.); (E.G.-P.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.F.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Guo H, Chang J, Wang P, Yin Q, Liu C, Li S, Zhu Q, Yang M, Hu X. Detoxification of aflatoxin B 1 in broiler chickens by a triple-action feed additive. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1583-1593. [PMID: 34372754 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1957159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the detoxification of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in vitro and in broiler chickens using a triple-action compound mycotoxin detoxifier (CMD). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate AFB1 detoxification in artificial gastrointestinal fluid (AGIF) in vitro. The AFB1-degradation rate was 41.5% (P < .05) when using a compound probiotic (CP) in which the visible counts of Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus casein, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida utilis were 1.0 × 105, 1.0 × 105, 1.0 × 107 and 1.0 × 105 CFU/mL, respectively. When CP was combined with 0.1% AFB1-degrading enzyme to give CPADE, the AFB1-degradation rate was increased to 55.28% (P < .05). The AFB1-removal rate was further increased to above 90% when CPADE was combined with 0.03% montmorillonite to make CMD. In vivo, a total of 150 one-day-old Ross broilers were allotted to 3 groups, 5 replications for each group, 10 broilers in each replication. Group A: basal diet, Group B: basal diet with 40 μg/kg AFB1, Group C: basal diet with 40 μg/kg AFB1 plus CMD. The feeding experiment period was 21 d. The results showed that broiler growth was increased, and AFB1 residues in serum, excreta and liver were decreased by CMD addition in broiler diet (P < .05). In conclusion, CMD was able to remove AFB1 efficiently in vitro and to increase broiler production performance and reduce AFB1 residues in the chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Chang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingqiang Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaoqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Silu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qun Zhu
- Henan Delin Biological Product Co. Ltd., Xinxiang, China
| | - Mingfan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bashiry M, Javanmardi F, Sadeghi E, Shokri S, Hossieni H, Oliveira CA, Mousavi Khaneghah A. The prevalence of aflatoxins in commercial baby food products: A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and risk assessment study. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
49
|
Aflatoxin Biosynthesis, Genetic Regulation, Toxicity, and Control Strategies: A Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080606. [PMID: 34436145 PMCID: PMC8397101 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic and cancer-causing compounds, predominantly synthesized by the Aspergillus species. AFs biosynthesis is a lengthy process that requires as minimum as 30 genes grouped inside 75 kilobytes (kB) of gene clusters, which are regulated by specific transcription factors, including aflR, aflS, and some general transcription factors. This paper summarizes the status of research on characterizing structural and regulatory genes associated with AF production and their roles in aflatoxigenic fungi, particularly Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, and enhances the current understanding of AFs that adversely affect humans and animals with a great emphasis on toxicity and preventive methods.
Collapse
|
50
|
Akash MSH, Rehman K, Irshad K. Prevalence of contamination of aflatoxin M 1 in milk: a retrospective analysis of studies conducted in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:456. [PMID: 34213650 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, produced by multiple fungal species, are present in several kinds of food items and animal feed. Several studies conducted in Pakistan have reported the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk. Hence, owing to the public health concern and absence of general statistics regarding the prevalence of AFM1 contamination, current study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of AFM1 in milk in Pakistan. For this study, various databases were searched from 2007 to 2020. A random effect model was applied for analytical purpose and heterogeneity of selected studies was investigated with an I2 index. Comprehensive meta-analysis (version 3) was used for analysis of data. According to the results, prevalence of AFM1 in milk was 84.4% (95% CI 75.0-90.7%). Regarding the heterogeneity based on meta-regression, it has been observed that there was a significant difference between the effect of year of study and sample size with prevalence of AFM1 in animal milk. These results suggest that AFM1 contamination in animal milk is high in Pakistan. Hence, continuous monitoring of AFM1 in animal milk requires utmost attention from the respective food and drug regulatory authorities of Pakistan so that the strict actions and preventive measures should be taken to prevent the prevalence of exposure of AFM1 in animal milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Kanwal Irshad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|