Assessment of the antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of extracts from goji berry of Greek cultivation

Polyphenolic Spectrum of Goji Berries and Their Health-Promoting Activity

A significant increase in interest in new, naturally occurring sources of antioxidants is evident not only in the food industry but also in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Plant sources such as fruits, both traditional and less common, are often investigated. Goji berries (Lycium barbarum, Lycium chinense, and Lycium ruthenicum) represent fruits rich in polyphenols, especially phenolic acids (38.91 to 455.57 mg/kg FW) and flavonoids, with black goji berries (L. ruthenicum) containing a predominance of anthocyanins (119.60 to 1112.25 mg/kg FW). In this review, a comparison of polyphenol occurrence and content in the orange-red and black berries of L. barbarum, L. chinense, and L. ruthenicum is described. Goji berries represent a valuable source of nutrients and bioactive compounds that manifest a wide range of health-promoting effects. These benefits represent antioxidant, neuroprotective, and cytoprotective impacts, with effects on the metabolic control of glucose and lipids. This review is focused on an overview of the polyphenolic compounds occurring in these fruits, as well as their antioxidant activity and health benefits.

Redox biomarker levels in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous clonal disorder characterized by insufficient hematopoiesis, peripheral blood cytopenia and an increased risk for malignant transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. Several factors, such as age, sex and lifestyle, promote the development of MDS syndrome. Oxidative stress, along with its detrimental effects, cause hematological disorders; however, its role in the pathogenesis of MDS is unknown. The present study enrolled 50 patients with MDS and 50 additional healthy individuals to assess the endogenous antioxidant defense system by measuring specific redox biomarkers at the time of diagnosis. Glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase (CAT) activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured in red blood cells, whereas levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls were measured in the plasma. A decrease in GSH levels, increased TBARS levels and TAC levels were observed in patients with MDS compared with healthy volunteers, supporting the hypothesis that oxidative stress disturbance could promote MDS.

Exploring phytochemicals and their pharmacological applications from ethnomedicinal plants: A focus on Lycium barbarum, Solanacea

Lycium barbarum is a species commonly utilized in dietary supplements and natural healthcare products. Lycium barbarum also referred to as wolfberry or goji berry, are predominantly found in China, Japan, Korea, and North America. Lycium barbarum has a lengthy history as a medicinal and functional food. Recent studies showcasing their exceptional bioac-tive properties have led to an increase in their cultivation and popularity worldwide. Lycium barbarum have been recognized as a valuable source of functional ingredients with promising applications in the food and medical sectors. Lycium barbarum are rich in phytochemical compounds such as polysaccharides, carotenoids, organic acids, carbohydrates (fructose and glucose), phenolic compounds (such as phenolic acids and flavonoids), and vitamins (ascorbic acid). Various biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, prebiotic, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, and gastroprotective effects, have linked to their consumption. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the phytochemical components as well as the biological active properties of Lycium barbarum.

London Rocket (Sisymbrium irio L.) as Healthy Green: Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivity of Plants Grown in Wild and Controlled Environments

London rocket (Sisymbrium irio) is a wild green consumed globally, yet its phytochemical composition remains underexplored. In this study, we analyzed the leaves of wild S. irio plants and those grown in controlled environments (GCE) with varying electrical conductivities (EC) and light spectra. Plants were assessed for growth, phenolic content, vitamin C, antioxidant activity, glucosinolates, and antiproliferative effects against HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells. The optimal biomass yield occurred at the EC levels of 3.0-3.5 dS m-1 under Valoya® LED light. Wild plants showed higher antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assays) than GCE samples, with values of 8.03-8.67 and 6.49-6.81 mmol TE per 100 g dry weight, respectively. The vitamin C range was 50.7-84.3 and 84.5-186.9 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight for GCE and wild samples, respectively. Phenolic content was higher in wild plants than in the GCE ones, with apigetrin as the primary phenolic compound. The MTT assay showed that ethanol extracts from wild plants weakly inhibited HT-29 cell growth, with a GI50 of 210-380 µg mL-1 after 72 h of cells exposure to plant extracts. Principal Component Analysis suggested that EC and UV exposure increase the antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and glucosinolates in wild plants, offering insights into the bioactive profiles of S. irio leaves.

Yacon powder mix: Effects of the composition and the process of microencapsulation by spray drying

Yacon is a tuber known as a healthy food due to its effects as an antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and prebiotic agent; it is rich in fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and antioxidants, and due to its sweet taste and low-calorie content, it is used as a substitute for ordinary sugar. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of the composition of the feed and the microencapsulation process by spray drying (SD) on the properties of a yacon powder mixture (YP). Response surface methodology with a central composite design with a face-centered composition (α = 1) was used, considering the independent variables: inulin (IN) (3-5% w/w), maltodextrin (MD) (3-5% w/w), air inlet temperature (AIT) (140-160 °C), air outlet temperature (AOT) (75-85 °C) and atomizer disc speed (ADS) (18000-22000 rpm), and the dependent variables: moisture (Xw), water activity (aw), hygroscopicity (Hy), solubility (S), particle size (percentile D10, D50, and D90), total phenols (TP), antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH), color (CIE-Lab*) and yield (Yi). The suspension formulation contained xanthan gum (0.167 %) and a mixture of ascorbic and citric acids (0.3 %). The aw and Xw values of the YP guarantee its microbiological stability; however, the process formulation produces a complex matrix (FOS- sugars- MD - IN) with high affinity for water, which favors adsorption phenomena (hygroscopic material) and high reconstitution (high solubility). The independent variables that best fit the experimental optimization criteria were: IN = 3.0 %, MD = 5.0 %, AIT = 143.7 °C, AOT = 80.1 °C, ADS = 22000 rpm, where Yi = 84.2 %, and the quality of the YP: Xw = 2.4 %, a w  = 0.220, Hy = 23.0 %, S = 96.9 %, D10 = 10.6 μm, D50 = 23.4 μm and D90 = 169.3 μm, TP = 1228.2 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, ABTS = 2295.9 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g, DPPH = 5192.3 mg TE/100 g, L* = 80.5, a* = 5.1 and b* = 17.4. SD is an effective technology that positively impacts the development of new food products. In addition, the YP could have multipurpose applications for the industry, generating value in this agri-chain.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from goji berries: Optimization, bioactivity, and intestinal permeability assessment

Lycium barbarum L. berries have a remarkable chemical composition and extensive biological activities, being a valuable component of health and nutraceutical practices. Nevertheless, a deep insight on the intestinal permeation of the pro-healthy bioactive compounds is urgently needed to predict the real effects on human body. This study attempted, for the first time, to optimize the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) of goji berries using a Response Surface Methodology approach and establish the intestinal permeation of the principal pro-healthy compounds. The optimal extraction conditions were a solid:liquid ratio of 8.75 % for 56.21 min, using an intensity of 59.05 W/m2. The optimal extract displayed a remarkable antioxidant capacity, with LC/DAD-ESI-MS analysis unveiled a diverse phytochemical profile, encompassing different compounds (e.g. glu-lycibarbarspermidine F, 2-glu-kukoamine, rutin, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid). The intestinal co-culture model demonstrated that glu-lycibarbarspermidine F (isomer 2) (73.70 %), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (52.66 %), and isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (49.31 %) traversed the intestinal cell layer, exerting beneficial health-promoting effects.

The Identification and Analysis of the Self-Incompatibility Pollen Determinant Factor SLF in Lycium barbarum

Self-incompatibility is a widespread genetic mechanism found in flowering plants. It plays a crucial role in preventing inbreeding and promoting outcrossing. The genes that control self-incompatibility in plants are typically determined by the S-locus female determinant factor and the S-locus male determinant factor. In the Solanaceae family, the male determinant factor is often the SLF gene. In this research, we cloned and analyzed 13 S2-LbSLF genes from the L. barbarum genome, which are located on chromosome 2 and close to the physical location of the S-locus female determinant factor S-RNase, covering a region of approximately 90.4 Mb. The amino acid sequence identity of the 13 S2-LbSLFs is 58.46%, and they all possess relatively conserved motifs and typical F-box domains, without introns. A co-linearity analysis revealed that there are no tandemly repeated genes in the S2-LbSLF genes, and that there are two pairs of co-linear genes between S2-LbSLF and the tomato, which also belongs to the Solanaceae family. A phylogenetic analysis indicates that the S2-LbSLF members can be divided into six groups, and it was found that the 13 S2-LbSLFs are clustered with the SLF genes of tobacco and Petunia inflata to varying degrees, potentially serving as pollen determinant factors regulating self-incompatibility in L. barbarum. The results for the gene expression patterns suggest that S2-LbSLF is only expressed in pollen tissue. The results of the yeast two-hybrid assay showed that the C-terminal region of S2-LbSLFs lacking the F-box domain can interact with S-RNase. This study provides theoretical data for further investigation into the functions of S2-LbSLF members, particularly for the identification of pollen determinant factors regulating self-incompatibility in L. barbarum.

A comprehensive review of goji berry processing and utilization

Goji berry (wolfberry, Lycium), is a genus of Solanaceae, in which the roots, stems, leaves, and fruits are for both food and medicinal uses. In recent years, the demand for health food and research purposes has led to increasing attention being paid to the application of goji berry nutrients and resources. There are three general strategies to process and utilize the goji berry plant. First, the primary processing of goji berry products, such as dried goji berry pulp, and fruit wine with its by-products. Second, deep processing of sugar-peptides, carotenoids, and the extraction of other efficacy components with their by-products. Third, the utilization of plant-based by-products (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit residuals). However, the comprehensive use of goji berry is hampered by the non-standardized production technology of resource utilization and the absence of a multi-level co-production and processing technology systems. On the basis of this, we review some novel techniques that are made to more effectively use the resources found in goji berry or its by-products in order to serve as a guide for the thorough use of these resources and the high-quality growth of the goji berry processing industry.

Development of a Holistic In Vitro Cell-Free Approach to Determine the Redox Bioactivity of Agricultural Products

In recent years, there has been a strong consumer demand for food products that provide nutritional benefits to human health. Therefore, the assessment of the biological activity is considered as an important parameter for the promotion of high-quality food products. Herein, we introduce a novel methodology comprising a complete set of in vitro cell-free screening techniques for the evaluation of the bioactivity of various food products on the basis of their antioxidant capacity. These assays examine the free radical scavenging activities, the reducing properties, and the protective ability against oxidative damage to biomolecules. The adoption of the proposed battery of antioxidant assays is anticipated to contribute to the holistic characterization of the bioactivity of the food product under examination. Consumer motivations and expectations with respect to nutritious food products with bio-functional properties drive the global food market toward food certification. Therefore, the development and application of scientific methodologies that examine the quality characteristics of food products could increase consumers' trust and promote their beneficial properties for human health.

In vitro and in vivo antioxidant therapeutic evaluation of phytochemicals from different parts of Dodonaea viscosa Jacq

Introduction: Natural antioxidants are vital to promote health and treat critical disease conditions in the modern healthcare system. This work adds to the index of natural medicines by exploring the antioxidant potential of Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. (Plant-DV). Material and Methods: The aqueous extract of leaves and flower-containing seeds from plant-DV in freshly prepared phosphate buffer is evaluated for antioxidant potential. In vitro antioxidant potential of the nascent and oxidatively stressed extracts was analyzed through glutathione (GSH) assay, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging effect, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) assay, and catalase (CAT) activity. In vivo therapeutic assessment is performed in Wistar Albino rats using vitamin C as a positive control. The livers and kidneys of individual animals are probed for glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, and catalase activities. Results: flower-containing seeds have GSH contents (59.61 µM) and leaves (32.87 µM) in the fresh aqueous extracts. The hydrogen peroxide scavenging effect of leaves is superior to flower-containing seeds with 17.25% and 14.18% respectively after 30 min incubation. However, oxidatively stressed extracts with Ag(I) and Hg(II) show declining GSH and GST levels. The plant extracts are non-toxic in rats at 5000 mg/Kg body weight. Liver and kidneys homogenate reveal an increase in GSH, GST, and CAT levels after treatment with 150 ± 2 mg/kg and 300 ± 2 mg/kg body weight plant extract compared with normal saline-treated negative and vitamin C treated positive control. Discussion: The crude aqueous extracts of leaves and flower-containing seeds of plant-DV show promising antioxidant potential both in in vitro and in vivo evaluation.

Wild Asparagus Shoots Constitute a Healthy Source of Bioactive Compounds

Wild Asparagus shoots are consumed worldwide, although most species remain understudied. In this work, a total of four wild Asparagus species were collected from different locations and analyzed compared with farmed A. officinalis. Shoots were screened for (i) phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS; (ii) total phenolic acids and total flavonoid content by the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods; (iii) vitamin C by HPLC-DAD; (iv) antioxidant activity by the DPPH and ABTS•+ methods; and (v) the in vitro antiproliferative activities against HT-29 colorectal cancer cells by the MTT assay. Phenolics ranged from 107.5 (A. aphyllus) to 605.4 mg/100 g dry weight (dw) (A. horridus). Vitamin C ranged from 15.8 (A. acutifolius) to 22.7 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) (A. officinalis). The antioxidant activity was similar in all species, standing out in A. officinalis with 5.94 (DPPH) and 4.64 (ABTS) mmol TE/100 g dw. Among phenolics, rutin reached the highest values (574 mg/100 g dw in A. officinalis), followed by quercetin, nicotiflorin, asterin, and narcissin. The MTT assay revealed the inhibitory effects of ethanol extracts against HT-29 cancer cells, highlighting the cell growth inhibition exercised by A. albus (300 µg/mL after 72 h exposure to cells). This work improves knowledge on the phytochemicals and bioactivities of the shoots of wild Asparagus species and confirms their suitability for use as functional foods.

Encapsulation and antibacterial studies of goji berry and garlic extract in the biodegradable chitosan

As known, the chitosan is a biodegradable biopolymer with antibacterial properties, therefore it is used in the fields of pharmacy, medical, wastewater treatment, biotechnology, cosmetics, textiles, and agriculture. Apart from these, the chitosan has an important place in the food industry with its widespread use. In this research article, the chitosan were encapsulated with the taurine and garlic extracts by the spray dryer. The CSA and CSB compounds synthesized as final products were analyzed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The effect of the encapsulation process on the molecular weight of the polymer structure was investigated using the cryoscopy method. The compound CSA represents 1/2 encapsulation of chitosan with taurine and increased garlic extracts, respectively, while CSB represents 1/1 encapsulation of chitosan with increased taurine and fixed garlic extracts. The % antioxidant activity of the final products was determined by DDPH method. The inhibition zone and surface activity proporties of the CSA and CSB were carried out against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Salmonella bacteria. The results obtained as a result of the analyzes were evaluated, and optimum values were determined for use in food packaging.

Lycium barbarum Berries (Solanaceae) as Source of Bioactive Compounds for Healthy Purposes: A Review

Lycium barbarum L. is a species widely used in dietary supplements and natural healthcare products. The berries, also known as goji or wolfberries, mostly grow in China, but recent reports on their outstanding bioactive properties have increased their popularity and cultivation around the world. Goji berries are a remarkable source of phenolic compounds (such as phenolic acids and flavonoids), carotenoids, organic acids, carbohydrates (fructose and glucose), and vitamins (ascorbic acid). Several biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, prebiotic, and anticancer activities, have been associated with its consumption. Hence, goji berries were highlighted as an excellent source of functional ingredients with promising applications in food and nutraceutical fields. This review aims to summarize the phytochemical composition and biological activities, along with various industrial applications, of L. barbarum berries. Simultaneously, the valorization of goji berries by-products, with its associated economic advantages, will be emphasized and explored.

Distinct Role of Lycium barbarum L. Polysaccharides in Oxidative Stress-Related Ocular Diseases

Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the increased production of reactive species and reduced antioxidant activity, which can cause a variety of disturbances including ocular diseases. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are complex polysaccharides isolated from the fruit of L. barbarum, showing distinct roles in antioxidants. Moreover, it is relatively safe and non-toxic. In recent years, the antioxidant activities of LBPs have attracted remarkable attention. In order to illustrate its significance and underlying therapeutic value for vision, we comprehensively review the recent progress on the antioxidant mechanisms of LBP and its potential applications in ocular diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive neuroretinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury, glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, and diabetic cataract.

Health Benefits and Applications of Goji Berries in Functional Food Products Development: A Review

Goji berries have long been used for their nutritional value and medicinal purposes in Asian countries. In the last two decades, goji berries have become popular around the world and are consumed as a functional food due to wide-range bioactive compounds with health-promoting properties. In addition, they are gaining increased research attention as a source of functional ingredients with potential industrial applications. This review focuses on the antioxidant properties of goji berries, scientific evidence on their health effects based on human interventional studies, safety concerns, goji berry processing technologies, and applications of goji berry-based ingredients in developing functional food products.

An Epidemiological Study Report on the Antioxidant and Phenolic Content of Selected Mediterranean Functional Foods, Their Consumption Association with the Body Mass Index, and Consumers Purchasing Behavior in a Sample of Healthy Greek Adults

Functional food consumption is shown to have a positive effect on anthropometric parameters and human health promotion. In addition, consumers seem to be more interested in food choices, that may have a positive effect on their health. The current study aimed to identify the antioxidant and phenolic content of naturally functional foods from the Mediterranean diet and to investigate consumer behavior towards their consumption in terms of their weight control, as well as their purchasing behavior and knowledge of functional foods. For this purpose, blueberries, cranberries, pomegranate, grapefruit, red peppers, almonds and mountain tea were analyzed for their phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, using the Folin-Ciocalteau and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assays, respectively. Furthermore, nine hundred forty-nine healthy Greek adults participated in an epidemiological study, by completing a validated food frequency questionnaire, for the consumption of the above investigated functional foods. Five hundred and fifty participants also completed an online questionnaire investigating factors that consumers evaluate when purchasing functional foods. Study results showed that the analyzed functional foods were high in antioxidants and phenolic compounds, especially the mountain tea. The increased consumption of cranberries, pomegranate, grapefruit, red peppers and mountain tea was significantly correlated with a decreased Body Mass Index, suggesting a possible positive role, in weight control. Participants seemed to be aware of the beneficial role of these specific investigated Mediterranean functional foods to human health. They evaluated the price, taste and nutritional value, as critical factors to buy these food products. A combination of factors seems to lead them to purchase and consume these functional foods. Future epidemiological and clinical studies should be conducted in order to further evaluate consumer preferences and bioactivity mechanisms related to Mediterranean functional food consumption.

The In Vitro and In Vivo Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity Assessment of Vacuum Microwave Assisted Aqueous Extracts from Pomegranate and Avocado Fruit Peels and Avocado Seeds Based on a Mixtures Design Model

The present study aimed to assess the antimicrobial properties of encapsulated lyophilized powdered extracts of pomegranate peels (PP), avocado peels (AP) and avocado seeds (AS) in vitro and in vivo. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) methods, optical density measurement, and well diffusion assay were used to determine antimicrobial activity against food borne bacteria (Gram− Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Pseudomonas putida), (Gram+ Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens, Lactobacillus plantarum), and fungi (Penicillium expansum and Aspergillus niger) based on a mixture design model. Additionally, the most effective powder was studied in vivo in yogurt, cream cheese, and minced meat burger. The samples that contained high polyphenol content also exhibited higher antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activity. From the results of the well diffusion, the MIC/MBC, and the cell optical density assays, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts was found to be correlated to the total phenolic content (TPC) of the samples and the type of the microorganism. The pomegranate peels extract presented the higher TPC and antioxidant activity and constitute the highest percentage in the most active antimicrobial mixture. The powders that were tested in vitro showed microbial type-dependent effects in each food model. The results presented here can be further studied in the large-scale industrial production of natural food preservatives.

A novel polysaccharide from Hericium erinaceus: Preparation, structural characteristics, thermal stabilities, and antioxidant activities in vitro

A novel polysaccharide fraction (HEP) from Hericium erinaceus was successively isolated and purified in the present study. We researched its structure and thermal stabilities, and further studied its antioxidant activities in vitro. The results showed that HEP was an acid heteropolysaccharide, with an average molecular weight of approximately 19.7 kDa by high-performance gel permeation chromatography. Ion chromatography indicated that HEP was mainly composed of fucose:galactose:glucose:mannose:gluconic acid (Fuc:Gal:Glu:Man:GlcA) in a molar ratio of 1:2.87:0.09:0.12:0.01. Additionally, Fourier-transformed infrared and NMR spectroscopy further demonstrated that HEP was a pyranose containing α-configuration, mainly consisting of α-1-4-Fuc and α-1-6-Gal as the main chain, with →3,6)-α-D-Man-(1→and→1,6)-Glc was branched, with α-D-GlcpA-(1 as T-terminal. The specific rotation of HEP was +55°; by the differential scanning calorimetry and the thermal stability measurement of thermogravimetric analysis for HEP showed that the pyrolysis process of HEP was mainly divided into two processes, and its melting point was 75.93℃. In vitro anti-oxidation experiments showed that HEP had a certain ability to scavenge DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide anion, and ABTS radicals. It was found that HEP had a strong ability to scavenge DPPH-free radicals, and the highest scavenging rate could reach 91.72% ± 0.17%, which was basically equivalent to the scavenging ability of Vitamin C (Vc). Therefore, it was revealed that HEP might be used as a natural antioxidant component. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: A novel polysaccharide (HEP) had a potent activity possibly due to its monosaccharide composition, sugar residues, and physicochemical properties. This research proved the potential of HEP in anti-oxidation and provided the possibility of developing new natural anti-oxidation products.

What's the choice for goji: Lycium barbarum L. or L. chinense Mill.?

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

For over one millennium, goji berries have been used traditionally as food and medicine in eastern Asia. In recent decades, it has become increasingly popular globally. However, the biocultural development of goji is poorly known. The botanical origin of goji is controversial: in many but not all modern regional or international quality standards, L. barbarum is accepted exclusively as the botanical origin of goji.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Focusing on historical, biogeographical, botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological data, the overarching aim is to understand the biological origin of goji's historical uses, as well as whether the two species can be used interchangeably.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The taxonomic literature on L. barbarum and L. chinense were analysed, followed by a study of botanical specimens and fieldwork. Historical herbals and gazetteers were employed to define the historical producing areas and medical properties of goji. An identification of the species used in history was carried out. In a final step the phytochemical and pharmacological literature on the species was compared.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Due to their morphological similarity and different accessibility, fruits of both L. barbarum and L. chinense have been used interchangeably as food and medicine at least since 682 CE. While the fruit of L. barbarum was recognized to be superior in quality, the fruit of L. chinense was commonly used as an equivalent because of its easier accessibility. Cultivation of L. barbarum in China since 1960s improved its availability, which likely lead to its exclusive use as source of goji in China. The long-term safe use with no reported major safety concerns supports that these two species both are useful sources for medicinal Lycium.

CONCLUSIONS

Medicinal plants had been used traditionally long before they were named in scientific nomenclature system. Therefore, the understanding of traditional herbal knowledge and the adequate use of those traditional medicines require a reliable identification based on archival records. This study developed an approach for the identification of species used historically, with an integrated analysis of specimens, historical herbals, and national gazetteers. Additionally, their different chemical profiles and pharmacological activities indicate that they should not be used interchangeably. Further scientific evidence is required for their safe and effective use.

Combined Lycium babarum polysaccharides and C-phycocyanin increase gastric Bifidobacterium relative abundance and protect against gastric ulcer caused by aspirin in rats

BACKGROUND

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin are used for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Chronic use of low-dose aspirin is associated with the occurrence of gastric ulcer. The aim of this study was to investigate the healing potential of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) from Chinese Goji berry and C-phycocyanin (CPC) from Spirulina platensis on gastric ulcer in rats.

METHODS

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: normal, aspirin (700 mg/kg bw), LBP (aspirin + 100 mg/kg bw/d LBP), CPC (aspirin + 50 mg/kg bw/d CPC), and MIX (aspirin + 50 mg/kg bw/d LBP + 25 mg/kg bw/d CPC) groups. Gastric ulcer was developed by daily oral feeding of aspirin for 8 weeks. Treatments were given orally a week before ulcer induction for 9 weeks.

RESULTS

The MIX group elevated gastric cyclooxygenase-1, prostaglandin E2, and total nitrite and nitrate levels by 139%, 86%, and 66%, respectively, compared with the aspirin group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the MIX group reduced lipid peroxides malondialdehyde levels by 78% (p < 0.05). The treatment of LBP and/or CPC increased gastric Bifidobacterium relative abundance by 2.5-4.0 times compared with the aspirin group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that combined LBP and CPC enhance gastroprotective factors, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and increase gastric Bifidobacterium relative abundance. Combined LBP and CPC have protective potential against gastric ulcer caused by aspirin in rats.

Health benefits of wolfberry (Gou Qi Zi, Fructus barbarum L.) on the basis of ancient Chineseherbalism and Western modern medicine

OBJECTIVE

Goji berry has been used for thousand years inTraditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in China and other Asian countries as foods to promote health and as drugs to treat diseases. It has been claimed this important medicinal crop is the good source of compounds with valuable nutritional and bioactive properties which can also provide industrial sustainability in organic life.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All relevant papers in English language were collected. The keywords of wolfberry, goji berry, Chinese herbalism and western Medicine were searched in Google Scholar, Scopus, Research Gate and PubMed.

RESULTS

Besides its uses in food and culinary, wolfberry has long played important roles in TCM where they are believed to enhance immune system function, improve eyesight, protect liver, boost sperm production and improve circulation, among other effects. TCM calls for wolfberry to be prepared as a decoction or ground into a powder and mixed with other herbs. Additionally, Gojiberry is rich in ascorbic acid, thiamine and riboflavin. Moreover, Gojiberrycontains carbohydrates, organic acids, and so many minerals like potassium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, calcium, zinc and selenium.

CONCLUSION

This review article allowed verifying that wolfberry as asource of compounds with valuable nutritional and bioactive properties.

Optimization of Vacuum Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Pomegranate Fruits Peels by the Evaluation of Extracts' Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity

The global interest in the use of plant by-product extracts as functional ingredients is continuously rising due to environmental, financial and health benefits. The latest advances in extraction technology have led to the production of aqueous extracts with high bioactive properties, which do not require the use of organic solvents. The purpose of this study was to optimize the conditions applied for the extraction of pomegranate peels (PP) via a "green" industrial type of vacuum microwave-assisted aqueous extraction (VMAAE), by assessing the potential bioactivity of the extracts (in terms of phenolic content and antioxidant activity), using a response surface methodology. The extraction conditions of temperature, microwave power, time and water/PP ratio were determined by the response surface methodology, in order to yield extracts with optimal total phenolics concentrations (TPC) and high antioxidant activity, based on the IC50 value of the scavenging of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●) radical. The values of the optimum extraction parameters, such as extraction temperature (61.48 and 79.158 °C), time (10 and 12.17 min), microwave power (3797.24 and 3576.47 W) and ratio of water to raw material (39.92% and 38.2%), were estimated statistically for the two responses (TPC and IC50 values), respectively. Under these optimal extraction conditions, PP extracts with high TPC ((5.542 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g fresh PP))/min and radical scavenging activity (100 mg/L (1.6 L/min)) could be obtained. Our results highlighted that the optimized industrial type of VMAAE could be a promising solution for the valorization of the PP by-products.

The treatment of Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) improves the neuroplasticity of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in aged rats

The main characteristic of brain aging is an exacerbated inflammatory and oxidative response that affects dendritic morphology and the function of the neurons of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus. This consequently causes memory loss. Recently, the use of the Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) as an antioxidant extract has provided neuroprotection and neuroplasticity, however, its therapeutic potential has not been demonstrated in aging conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Goji administration on memory recognition, as well as the changes in the dendritic morphology of the PFC and Hippocampus pyramidal neurons in old rats. Goji (3 g/kg) was administrated for 60 days in 18-month-old rats. After the treatment, recognition memory was evaluated using the new object recognition task (NORt). The changes in the neuron morphology of the PFC and hippocampus pyramidal neurons in old rats were evaluated by Golgi-cox stain and immunoreactivity for synaptophysin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), caspase-3, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The rats treated with Goji showed a significant increase in dendritic morphology in the PFC and hippocampus neurons, a greater immunoreactivity to synaptophysin and a decrease in reactive astrogliosis and also in caspase-3, in 3-NT and in Nrf2 in these brain regions was also observed. Goji administration promotes the plasticity processes in the PFC and in the hippocampus of old rats, critical structures in the brain aging process.

Antibacterial and antioxidant potential of Tetraena simplex extracts of various polarities

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Tetraena simplex is a medicinal plant species which are grown in Oman.

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The ethyl acetate extract showed significant antioxidant activity by applying DPPH.

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All the extracts did not show any promising antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method.

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The highest activity extract could be used as safe natural antioxidant.

Nowadays, infectious and oxidative stress-related diseases are leading to many deaths worldwide. Tetraena simplex, a new species (synonym) that is mainly grown in Oman, has traditionally been used as a medicine for asthma. This study aimed to assess antioxidant and antibacterial activities of T. simplex extracts of various polarities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and agar gel diffusion assays. Among the six extracts prepared, ethyl acetate extract showed the highest antioxidant activity and hexane extract showed the lowest antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity of the extracts decreased in the order of ethyl acetate > dichloromethane > water > butanol > methanol > hexane. Similarly, antibacterial activities, indicated as inhibition zones, of the six extracts at four concentrations were assessed against two gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus) and three gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus bacilli). No extract showed antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria at any concentration. Therefore, the ethyl acetate extract of T. simplex may be used as an antioxidant or a food supplement as an alternative to synthetic drugs.

Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Cultured Ginseng Roots Extract in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Mouse Macrophages and Adipocytes

Wild ginseng, Panax ginseng Meyer, is a traditional medicine widely used in Asia. Due to low reward and high costs, wild ginseng is produced by a plant cell culture technique called cultured ginseng roots (GR). The health benefits of wild ginseng have been well studied, but the potential health effects of GR are largely unknown. Thus, we investigated the role of a GR extract (GRE) on inflammatory responses. We firstly investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of GRE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. GRE (100 μg/mL) dampened pro-inflammatory gene expression, cytokine release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. These anti-inflammatory responses by GRE were confirmed in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), which showed that GRE could inhibit inflammation with the induction of antioxidant levels. LPS was recently reported to impair mitochondrial bioenergetics in mouse macrophages. We next measured the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR), determining mitochondrial function. LPS treatment downregulated OCR; however, GRE partially restored the LPS-mediated energy homeostasis defects. Furthermore, GRE-pretreated conditioned media (CM) obtained from mouse macrophages decreased CM-mediated adipocyte inflammation. Collectively, these data suggested that GRE attenuated LPS-induced inflammation, and it might be partially involved in the protection from mitochondrial dysfunction in macrophages and adipocytes.

Reis C, Robles Velasco MV, Baby AR, Rosado C, Rijo P. Assessment of the Potential Skin Application of Plectranthus ecklonii Benth

Plectranthus ecklonii Benth. has widespread ethnobotanical use in African folk medicine for its medicinal properties in skin conditions. In this study, two different basic formulations containing P. ecklonii extracts were prepared, one in an organic solvent and the other using water. The aqueous extract only contained rosmarinic acid (RA) at 2.02 mM, and the organic extract contained RA and parvifloron D at 0.29 and 3.13 mM, respectively. RA in aqueous solution permeated skin; however, in P. ecklonii organic extract, this was not detected. Thus, P. ecklonii aqueous extract was further studied and combined with benzophenone-4, which elevated the sun protection factor (SPF) by 19.49%. No significant cytotoxic effects were observed from the aqueous extract. The Staphylococcus epidermidis strain was used to determine a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 10 µg·mL⁻¹. The aqueous extract inhibited the activity of acetylcholinesterase by 59.14 ± 4.97%, and the IC₅₀ value was 12.9 µg·mL⁻¹. The association of the P. ecklonii extract with a UV filter substantially elevated its SPF efficacy. Following the multiple bioactivities of the extract and its active substances, a finished product could be claimed as a multifunctional cosmeceutical with broad skin valuable effects, from UV protection to antiaging action.

In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Functional Properties of Phenolic Compounds from Enriched Beverages Based on Cocoa Bean Shell

The cocoa bean shell (CBS), a cocoa by-product, contains a significant number of bioactive compounds with functional properties, such as polyphenols and methylxanthines, and is used as an ingredient in beverages and foods. In this work, the bioaccessibility of polyphenols and methylxanthines after In Vitro digestion was evaluated in new flavoured beverages for at-home consumption (capsules and tea bags). In addition, the polyphenolic composition, functional properties (antiradical and α-glucosidase inhibition capacities) and consumer acceptability of these beverages were evaluated. In both capsule and tea bag beverages, the bioaccessibility of methylxanthines was 100% while that of total polyphenols exceeded 50%. The main polyphenols determined using reverse-phase liquid chromatography were type B procyanidins and epicatechin. The antiradical activity in capsule and tea bag beverages was 1.75 and 1.88 mM of Trolox equivalents, respectively, of which 59.50% and 57.09% were recovered after simulated digestion. The percentage of α-glucosidase inhibition before In Vitro digestion (51.64% and 53.82% for capsules and tea bags, respectively) was comparable to that of acarbose at 0.5 mM. All the beverages obtained a high consumer acceptability. Therefore, these results highlight that CBSs can be used as a valid source of bioactive compounds in the preparation of beverages with homemade techniques.

Natural antioxidants' effects on endoplasmic reticulum stress-related diseases

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a normal molecular process induced by the over-accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins. ER stress induces the unfolded protein response (UPR), which reduces global protein synthesis, increases ER capacity and protein degradation, to restart ER homeostasis, allowing cell survival. However, the over-induction of UPR can also trigger inflammatory processes, tissue damage and cell death. ER stress is involved in several pathologies, like endothelial dysfunction, diabetes and heart, liver, kidney or neurological diseases. Although the progression of these diseases is the result of several pathological mechanisms, oxidative stress has been widely related to these pathologies. Moreover, ER stress can establish a progressive pathological cycle with oxidative stress. Therefore, the use of natural antioxidants, able to modulate both oxidative and ER stress, can be a new strategy to mitigate these diseases. This review is focused on the effects of natural antioxidant compounds on ER stress in endothelial dysfunction, diabetes and heart, liver, kidney or neurological diseases.

The Effect of Encapsulated Powder of Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum) on Growth and Survival of Probiotic Bacteria

The aim of the present work was to investigate the potential prebiotic action of Goji berry powder on selected probiotic bacteria grown in a nutritive synthetic substrate and in simulated gastric and intestinal juices. Different probiotic strains of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were grown in these substrates with or without the addition of encapsulated goji berry extracts of different polysaccharide and polyphenol contents. The results proved that the addition of the extracts promoted the proliferation of probiotic strains and, in particular, increased the number of bacterial colonies of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (Bb12), Bifidobacterium longum (Bb46), and Lactobacillus casei by 2, 0.26, and 1.34 (log cfu/mL), respectively. Furthermore, the prebiotic effect seems to be correlated to Goji berry polysaccharides and/or polyphenols, higher contents of which (under the tested concentrations) could increase the stress tolerance of B. lactis and B. longum in a simulated gastrointestinal environment. According to the findings of the present research, it can be suggested that the Goji berry encapsulated extracts could be used as prebiotic additives in food or nutraceuticals, in order to stimulate growth or protect the viability of probiotic strains of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.

Determination of biological activity of Tragopogon porrifolius and Polygonum cognatum consumed intensively by people in Sivas

Objective

This study was aimed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, and enzyme inhibition activities of Tragopogon porrifolius and Polygonum cognatum which are naturally grown and consumed intensively by people in Sivas, Turkey.

Methods

Plant materials were extracted with aqueous ethanol by maceration method. The components of the extracts were determined using the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Antimicrobial, cytotoxic and enzyme inhibition activities of the extracts were investigated by micro dilution, XTT assay and 96-micro-well plate methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging, thiobarbituric acid and reducing power methods. The total phenol and total flavonoid content was also examined.

Results

GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of 31 compounds inP. cognatum extract and 29 compounds in T. porrifolius extract. According to the results, T. porrifolius extract showed high level of antioxidant activity in comparison to P. Cognatum extract. T. porrifolius exhibited higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and both extract showed strong α-amylase inhibition activity compared to reference drug acarbose. T. porrifolius and P. cognatum ethanolic extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity in the concentration range of 0.039–2.5 mg/ml. Both extracts also exhibited significant anticancer effect on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The IC₅₀ values of T. porrifolius and P. cognatum extracts in MDA-MB-231 cells were determined as 0.0625 mg/mL and 0.053 mg/mL, respectively.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrated that T. porrifolius and P. cognatum ethanolic extracts have promising effect on antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity as well as enzyme inhibition activity, and hence further studies required to identify specific compounds responsible for these activities.

Effect of Byrsonima sericea DC. leaf extracts on mice gastrointestinal tract

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Byrsonima sericea DC. (Malpighiaceae) was studied for phenolic contents.

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Byrsonima sericea (BSEE) ethanolic extracts explored Indomethacin induced gastric lesion.

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BSEE lowers rates of AST, ALT, animal weight and relative organ weight.

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Anti-diarrheal and antioxidant activity from leaf extracts were observed in the current investigation.

Byrsonima sericea DC. (Malpighiaceae) leaves are popularly folk medicine in Brazil used to treat gastro-intestinal disorders including diarrhea and gastric diseases. Ethanol extract (BSEE), ethyl acetate extract (BSEAE) and hexane extract (BSHE) of the leaf part of Byrsonima sericea DC were characterized for their total phenolics, proanthocyanidins and flavonoids content. The total antioxidant capacity of extracts was determined. The ethnopharmacological use of B. sericea leaves was evaluated by assaying BSEE for gastroprotective activity in stomach ulcer induced by indomethacin, intestinal motility and toxicity. Abundance of phenols mainly tannins was found in BSEE. Total phenolics, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins content in BSEE were found to be 0.371, 0.172 and 1.3 × 10-4 (mg/g) respectively. BSEE showed concentration dependent significant scavenging of DPPH values 90.0 (%) respectively. Moreover, oral doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg did not cause mortality, and there was no difference in animals weight, organs relative weight and alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), as compared to the control group. Doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg inhibited the gastric lesions induced by indomethacin in 52, 60 and 62 % respectively. The dose of 1000 mg/kg decreased intestinal motility in animals. The presence of phenolic compounds, including tannins could be associated with the anti-diarrheal action and the antioxidant properties could collaborate to the gastroprotective and anti- diarrheal activities, confirming its popular use of the plant.

Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Biological Functions of Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharides: A Review

Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs), as bioactive compounds extracted from L. barbarum L. fruit, have been widely explored for their potential health properties. The extraction and structural characterization methods of LBPs were reviewed to accurately understand the extraction method and structural and biological functions of LBPs. An overview of the biological functions of LBPs, such as antioxidant function, antitumor activity, neuroprotective effects, immune regulating function, and other functions, were summarized. This review provides an overview of LBPs and a theoretical basis for further studying and extending the applications of LBPs in the fields of medicine and food.

A Comprehensive Assessment of Bioactive Metabolites, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja Leaves

Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja is an indigenous and multifunction tree species in China, but it is mainly used in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical ingredients. To make a comprehensive evaluation on its bioactive metabolites, antioxidant and antitumor potentials of C. paliurus leaves, the leaf samples were collected from 15 geographic locations (natural populations) throughout its distribution areas. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and colorimetric methods were used to detect the contents of bioactive metabolites. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and reducing power assays. The antiproliferative activity on different cancer cell types was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Contents of bioactive metabolites, and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities in the extracts were significantly affected by solvent and population. In most cases, the contents of flavonoids and triterpenoids, and the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities in the ethanol extracts were higher than the water extracts. The best scavenging capacity of DPPH (IC50 = 0.34 mg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 0.50 mg/mL) radical occurred in the ethanol extracts of S15 and S7 population respectively, while the strongest reducing power (EC50 = 0.71 mg/mL) was achieved in the ethanol extracts of S14 population. The antiproliferation effects of C. paliurus extracts on cancer cells varied with different cell types. The HeLa cell was the most sensitive to C. paliurus extracts, and their IC50 values of the ethanol extracts varied from 0.13 to 0.42 mg/mL among C. paliurus populations. Redundancy analysis showed that total polyphenol had the greatest contribution to the antioxidant activity, but total flavonoid was mostly responsible for the antiproliferation effects. These results would provide important scientific evidences not only for developing C. paliurus as a potent antioxidant and antitumor reagent, but also for obtaining the higher yield of bioactive compounds in the C. paliurus plantation.

Gallic acid protects rat liver mitochondria ex vivo from bisphenol A induced oxidative stress mediated damages

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Bisphenol A induces oxidative stress mediated liver mitochondrial damage.

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Bisphenol A induced damage is being protected when mitochondria are co-incubated with gallic acid.

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Scanning electron microscopy of mitochondrial tomography supports the biochemical observations.

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Gallic acid may be used as future remedial measure for the protection of bisphenol A induced damages of liver mitochondria.

Humans are often exposed to bisphenol A (BPA), the monomer of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, through BPA contaminated drinking water, beverages and foods, packaged in polycarbonate plastic bottles and cans coated with epoxy resins due to leaching. Several research groups have reported that BPA may cause damage of mitochondria in liver, kidney, heart and brain cells by inducing oxidative stress. The antioxidant efficacy of gallic acid (GA), a polyphenol compound obtained from plants, against different toxicants induced oxidative stress has been well established. The aim of the present study was to examine the protective efficacy of GA against BPA induced oxidative damages of the rat liver mitochondria ex vivo. In our study, we have found a significant decrease in the intactness of mitochondria; a significant increase (P ≤ 0.001) in the levels of lipid peroxidation end product (i.e. malondialdehyde) and protein carbonylation product; and also a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.001) in the reduced glutathione content; when mitochondria were incubated with BPA (160 μM/ml) only. These results indicate that BPA probably causes damage to the cellular macromolecules through oxidative stress. We have observed significant counteractions (P ≤ 0.001) against BPA induced alterations in mitochondrial intactness, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation products formation and reduced glutathione content when mitochondria were incubated with BPA and GA (20 μg/ml/ 40 μg/ml/ 80 μg/ml) in combination in a dose-dependent manner. Gallic acid also showed significant restorations (P ≤ 0.001) of the activities of antioxidant enzymes, Krebs cycle enzymes, respiratory chain enzymes and thiolase when mitochondria were incubated with BPA and dosage of GA (20 μg/ml/ 40 μg/ml/ 80 μg/ml) in combination compared to BPA incubated mitochondria. Furthermore, GA significantly (P ≤ 0.001) counteracted the BPA induced decrease in tryptophan and NADH auto-fluroscence levels in mitochondria. This result suggests that GA protects the mitochondria probably by reducing the oxidative stress. Besides, GA protects the mitochondrial surface from BPA induced oxidative damages as viewed under the scanning electron microscope. Considering all the results, it can be concluded that GA shows potent efficacy in protecting the rat liver mitochondria ex vivo from BPA induced oxidative stress mediated damages.

Chemical Properties, Fatty-Acid Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum L. and Lycium chinense Mill.) Fruits

In this study, the content composition and antioxidant activity of goji berry fruits from two species (Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense) were assessed. The total carbohydrate and phenolic contents were evaluated using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy, while the antioxidant activity of fruits was examined with two in vitro methods, which are based on the scavenging activity of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•⁺) free radicals. The fatty-acid profile was determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of this study indicate that the fruits of L. barbarum present higher concentrations in carbohydrates and phenolics than L. chinense Mill. fruits. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity based on the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) measurements of DPPH• and ABTS•⁺ free-radical scavenging was higher in L. barbarum than L. chinense Mill. Also, the GCMS analysis confirms the high levels of linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids contained in the fruits of both species. Finally, the results of this study clearly show that the concentration of bioactive and antioxidant molecules is higher in L. barbarum than in L. chinense fruits, which was also confirmed by ATR-FT-IR measurements.

Phytochemical content and antioxidant activity in aqueous extracts of Cyclocarya paliurus leaves collected from different populations

Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal) Iljinskaja is a multiple function tree species, but its main utilization is for the harvesting of its leaves as materials for tea production and recently as ingredients for the food industry. In this study aqueous extracts of C. paliurus leaves collected from 21 natural populations were evaluated for their phytochemical content and antioxidant activity. The content of water-soluble polysaccharide, total flavonoid and total polyphenol varied from 66.05 to 153.32 mg/g, 9.01 to 19.65 mg/g and 20.80 to 52.69 mg/g, respectively. Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, aemferol-3-O-glucuronide and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid were the major phenolic components in aqueous extracts of C. paliurus leaves. Both redundancy analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that water-soluble polysaccharide, total polyphenol, total flavonoid, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid were significantly correlated with antioxidant activity, but total polyphenol showed the greatest contribution to antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant activity of the 21 populations was classified into six distinct groups based on the squared Euclidean distance. These results would provide a theoretical basis for obtaining the greatest yield of targeted antioxidant phytochemicals of C. paliurus leaves for tea and food ingredient production.