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Molimau-Samasoni S, Woolner VH, Foliga ST, Robichon K, Patel V, Andreassend SK, Sheridan JP, Te Kawa T, Gresham D, Miller D, Sinclair DJ, La Flamme AC, Melnik AV, Aron A, Dorrestein PC, Atkinson PH, Keyzers RA, Munkacsi AB. Functional genomics and metabolomics advance the ethnobotany of the Samoan traditional medicine "matalafi". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2100880118. [PMID: 34725148 PMCID: PMC8609454 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100880118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf homogenate of Psychotria insularum is widely used in Samoan traditional medicine to treat inflammation associated with fever, body aches, swellings, wounds, elephantiasis, incontinence, skin infections, vomiting, respiratory infections, and abdominal distress. However, the bioactive components and underlying mechanisms of action are unknown. We used chemical genomic analyses in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) to identify and characterize an iron homeostasis mechanism of action in the traditional medicine as an unfractionated entity to emulate its traditional use. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the homogenate identified two flavonol glycosides, rutin and nicotiflorin, each binding iron in an ion-dependent molecular networking metabolomics analysis. Translating results to mammalian immune cells and traditional application, the iron chelator activity of the P. insularum homogenate or rutin decreased proinflammatory and enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in immune cells. Together, the synergistic power of combining traditional knowledge with chemical genomics, metabolomics, and bioassay-guided fractionation provided molecular insight into a relatively understudied Samoan traditional medicine and developed methodology to advance ethnobotany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seeseei Molimau-Samasoni
- Plant and Postharvest Technologies, Scientific Research Organization of Samoa, Apia, Samoa;
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Victoria Helen Woolner
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Su'emalo Talie Foliga
- Division of Environment and Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Apia, Samoa
| | - Katharina Robichon
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Vimal Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Sarah K Andreassend
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Jeffrey P Sheridan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Tama Te Kawa
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - David Gresham
- Centre of Genomic and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Darach Miller
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University Palo Alto, CA 94305
| | - Daniel J Sinclair
- School of Geography, Environmental and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Anne C La Flamme
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Alexey V Melnik
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Allegra Aron
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Paul H Atkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Andrew B Munkacsi
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand;
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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El Gizawy HA, Boshra SA, Mostafa A, Mahmoud SH, Ismail MI, Alsfouk AA, Taher AT, Al-Karmalawy AA. Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. Bioactive Constituents Exert Anti-SARS-CoV-2 and Anti-Inflammatory Activities: Molecular Docking and Dynamics, In Vitro, and In Vivo Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:5844. [PMID: 34641388 PMCID: PMC8510437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to the urgent need to control Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), this study aims to explore potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents from natural sources. Moreover, cytokine immunological responses to the viral infection could lead to acute respiratory distress which is considered a critical and life-threatening complication associated with the infection. Therefore, the anti-viral and anti-inflammatory agents can be key to the management of patients with COVID-19. Four bioactive compounds, namely ferulic acid 1, rutin 2, gallic acid 3, and chlorogenic acid 4 were isolated from the leaves of Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr (ethyl acetate extract) and identified using spectroscopic evidence. Furthermore, molecular docking and dynamics simulations were performed for the isolated and identified compounds (1-4) against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) as a proposed mechanism of action. Furthermore, all compounds were tested for their half-maximal cytotoxicity (CC50) and SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory concentrations (IC50). Additionally, lung toxicity was induced in rats by mercuric chloride and the effects of treatment with P. dioca aqueous extract, ferulic acid 1, rutin 2, gallic acid 3, and chlorogenic acid 4 were recorded through measuring TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, G-CSF, and genetic expression of miRNA 21-3P and miRNA-155 levels to assess their anti-inflammatory effects essential for COVID-19 patients. Interestingly, rutin 2, gallic acid 3, and chlorogenic acid 4 showed remarkable anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities with IC50 values of 31 µg/mL, 108 μg/mL, and 360 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effects were found to be better in ferulic acid 1 and rutin 2 treatments. Our results could be promising for more advanced preclinical and clinical studies especially on rutin 2 either alone or in combination with other isolates for COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A El Gizawy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University (O6U), October 6 City, Giza 12585, Egypt
| | - Sylvia A Boshra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University (O6U), October 6 City, Giza 12585, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Sara H Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Muhammad I Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Al-Sherouk City, Cairo-Suez Desert Road, Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Aisha A Alsfouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza T Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University (O6U), October 6 City, Giza 12585, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
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Al-Majmaie S, Nahar L, Rahman MM, Nath S, Saha P, Talukdar AD, Sharples GP, Sarker SD. Anti-MRSA Constituents from Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae) Grown in Iraq, and In Silico Studies on Two of Most Active Compounds, Chalepensin and 6-Hydroxy-rutin 3',7-Dimethyl ether. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041114. [PMID: 33669881 PMCID: PMC7923287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruta chalepensis L. (Rutaceae), a perennial herb with wild and cultivated habitats, is well known for its traditional uses as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic agent, and in the treatment of rheumatism, nerve diseases, neuralgia, dropsy, convulsions and mental disorders. The antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts from the fruits, leaves, stem and roots of R. chalepensis were initially evaluated against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacterial strains and a strain of the fungus Candida albicans. Phytochemical investigation afforded 19 compounds, including alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoid glycosides, a cinnamic acid derivative and a long-chain alkane. These compounds were tested against a panel of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, i.e., ATCC 25923, SA-1199B, XU212, MRSA-274819 and EMRSA-15. The MIC values of the active compounds, chalepin (9), chalepensin (10), rutamarin (11), rutin 3′-methyl ether (14), rutin 7,4′-dimethyl ether (15), 6-hydroxy-rutin 3′,7-dimethyl ether (16) and arborinine (18) were in the range of 32–128 µg/mL against the tested MRSA strains. Compounds 10 and 16 were the most active compounds from R. chalepensis, and were active against four out of six tested MRSA strains, and in silico studies were performed on these compounds. The anti-MRSA activity of compound 16 was comparable to that of the positive control norfloxacin (MICs 32 vs 16 μg/mL, respectively) against the MRSA strain XU212, which is a Kuwaiti hospital isolate that possesses the TetK tetracycline efflux pump. This is the first report on the anti-MRSA property of compounds isolated from R. chalepensis and relevant in silico studies on the most active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa Al-Majmaie
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (S.A.-M.); (S.N.); (G.P.S.)
| | - Lutfun Nahar
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (L.N.); (S.D.S.); Tel.: +44-(0)-15-1231-2096 (S.D.S.)
| | - M. Mukhlesur Rahman
- Medicines Research Group, School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, Water Lane, London E15 4LZ, UK;
| | - Sushmita Nath
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (S.A.-M.); (S.N.); (G.P.S.)
| | - Priyanka Saha
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disease Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India;
| | - Anupam Das Talukdar
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India; or
| | - George P. Sharples
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (S.A.-M.); (S.N.); (G.P.S.)
| | - Satyajit D. Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (S.A.-M.); (S.N.); (G.P.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.N.); (S.D.S.); Tel.: +44-(0)-15-1231-2096 (S.D.S.)
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Asgharian S, Hojjati MR, Ahrari M, Bijad E, Deris F, Lorigooini Z. Ruta graveolens and rutin, as its major compound: investigating their effect on spatial memory and passive avoidance memory in rats. Pharm Biol 2020; 58:447-453. [PMID: 32432948 PMCID: PMC7301720 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1762669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Context: There are numerous pharmacological activities for Ruta graveolens and its bioactive constituent, rutin, on learning and memory.Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of R. graveolens and rutin on memory in rats.Materials and methods: In this study animals were treated with the hydroalcholic extract of R. graveolens and rutin by IP injection for 10 days. Behavioural and biochemical tests as well as HPLC analysis and antioxidant activity of extract have been evaluated.Results: R. graveolens extract and rutin significantly increased learning and improved spatial memory, as well as secondary latency; moreover, there were significant increases in the serum and brain antioxidant capacity as well as the level of TBARS in serum and brain tissues. Results also showed that R. graveolens has significant DPPH radical scavenging effect (IC50: 159.17 ± 1.56 μg/mL). The HPLC analysis of extract showed that caffeic acid (19.92 ± 0.01), rutin (40.15 ± 0.01), and apigenin (0.84 ± 0.01) mg/g of dry extract are the main components of the extract.Discussion and conclusion: Regarding the effects of R. graveolens extract and rutin on animal brain cells, memory function, and learning, additional studies, including clinical trials, might be beneficial in producing natural supplementary drugs from this herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Asgharian
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Hojjati
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ahrari
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Elham Bijad
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Deris
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Zahra Lorigooini
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- CONTACT Zahra Lorigooini ,PhD of Pharmacognosy, Associate professor of Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Teixeira FM, Coelho MN, José-Chagas FDN, Malvar DDC, Kanashiro A, Cunha FQ, Machado Vianna-Filho MD, da Cunha Pinto A, Vanderlinde FA, Costa SS. Oral treatments with a flavonoid-enriched fraction from Cecropia hololeuca and with rutin reduce articular pain and inflammation in murine zymosan-induced arthritis. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 260:112841. [PMID: 32268203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cecropia Loefl. species (Urticaceae) are widely spread across the rainforest in tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America. Inhabitants of different regions of Brazil employ leaves, fruits and sprouts of Cecropia hololeuca Miq. mainly as anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, expectorant, fever suppressant, and against cough. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of an aqueous leaf extract of C. hololeuca in a murine model of zymosan-induced arthritis (ZIA) and characterize compounds contributing to these effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The crude aqueous extract of C. hololeuca (CAE) was obtained by infusion, screened for antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, and fractionated (solvent partition; RP-2 and Sephadex G-25 column chromatography), yielding fractions that were chemically and pharmacologically investigated. TLC, HPLC-DAD, HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and NMR analyses were peformed. The antinociceptive activity was assessed by means of acetic acid-induced writhing, hot-plate and rota-rod tests. ZIA was used to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of oral treatment with CAE, butanolic (BF) and aqueous fraction (AF), as well as the fractions obtained from BF (F2, F2-A and F2-B). Rutin, a flavonoid found in C. hololeuca, was also tested. Mechanical hypernociception, joint edema, local neutrophil recruitment and articular TNF-α quantification were performed to measure the severity of arthritis and identify the anti-inflammatory potential of C. hololeuca. RESULTS CAE (0.03-1 g/kg, p.o.) showed a dose-related inhibitory effect on acetic acid-induced writhing test, but did not change the pain latency in the hotplate test, nor the first fall time on the rota-rod test. In addition, CAE (1 g/kg, p.o.) inhibited by 65% the mechanical hypernociception, 46% the joint edema, 54% the neutrophil recruitment and 53% the articular TNF-α concentration levels in ZIA. BF (0.4 g/kg, p.o.), AF (0.6 g/kg), F2 (0.1 g/kg) and F2-A (0.045 g/kg), but not F2-B (0.055 g/kg), inhibited the mechanical hypernociception, joint edema and neutrophil recruitment in ZIA. Rutin (0.001-0.03 g/kg, p.o.) produced dose-related inhibitory effects in the mechanical hypernociception, joint edema and neutrophil recruitment, and at 0.03 g/kg also inhibited articular TNF-α synthesis after intra-articular zymosan injection. Isoorientin, isovitexin, rutin and isoquercitrin were identified in the most active fraction (F2-A), along with luteolin and apigenin derivatives, tentatively identified as isoorientin-2″-O-glucoside and isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside. CONCLUSION This study corroborates the popular use by oral route of aqueous preparations of C. hololeuca against joint inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Our results demonstrated for the first time that oral administration of rutin shows antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in ZIA, indicating that this flavonoid is one of the immunomodulatory compounds involved in the anti-arthritic activity of C. hololeuca.
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Key Words
- 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one
- 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one
- 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one
- 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one
- Anti-inflammatory effect
- Antinociceptive effect
- Arthritis
- Cecropia hololeuca
- Phenolic compounds
- Rutin
- isoorientin
- isoquercitrin
- isovitexin
- rutin
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Marques Teixeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 07, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Neubarth Coelho
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products Chemistry, Natural Products Research Institute (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda do Nascimento José-Chagas
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products Chemistry, Natural Products Research Institute (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - David do Carmo Malvar
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 07, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Dias Machado Vianna-Filho
- Program of Graduate Studies in Plant Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, 20550-013, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Angelo da Cunha Pinto
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Frederico Argollo Vanderlinde
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 07, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Sônia Soares Costa
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products Chemistry, Natural Products Research Institute (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Wu DT, Nie XR, Shen DD, Li HY, Zhao L, Zhang Q, Lin DR, Qin W. Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activities, and Inhibitory Effects on Digestive Enzymes of Different Cultivars of Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061276. [PMID: 32168896 PMCID: PMC7143948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the phenolic profiles and bioactivities of five representative cultivars of okra collected in China were investigated. Noticeable variations of phenolic compounds and their bioactivities were observed among these different cultivars of okra. The contents of total flavonoids (TFC) in “Shuiguo”, “Kalong 8”, “Kalong 3”, “Wufu”, and “Royal red” ranged from 1.75 to 3.39 mg RE/g DW, of which “Shuiguo” showed the highest TFC. Moreover, five individual phenolic compounds were found in okra by high performance liquid chromatography analysis, including isoquercitrin, protocatechuic acid, quercetin-3-O-gentiobioside, quercetin, and rutin, while isoquercitrin and quercetin-3-O-gentiobioside were detected as the main phenolic compounds in okra. Moreover, all tested okra exhibited significant antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity, 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging capacity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power) and inhibitory effects on digestive enzymes (lipase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase). Indeed, “Shuiguo” exhibited much better antioxidant activities and inhibitory activities on digestive enzymes, which might be attributed to its high TFC. Results suggested that okra, especially “Shuiguo”, could be developed as natural antioxidants and inhibitors against hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in the fields of functional foods and pharmaceuticals, which could meet the increasing demand for high-quality okra with health-promoting properties in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Tao Wu
- Correspondence: (D.-T.W.); (W.Q.); Tel.: +86-0835-2883219
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wen Qin
- Correspondence: (D.-T.W.); (W.Q.); Tel.: +86-0835-2883219
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Zhou XL, Chen ZD, Zhou YM, Shi RH, Li ZJ. The Effect of Tartary Buckwheat Flavonoids in Inhibiting the Proliferation of MGC80-3 Cells during Seed Germination. Molecules 2019; 24:E3092. [PMID: 31454945 PMCID: PMC6749336 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn) is rich in functional compounds such as rutin, quercetin, d-chiro-inositol, dietary fiber, and essential amino acids. Electric field (EF) treatment before sprout germination results in physiological and chemical changes, and some alterations might lead to positive applications in plant seeds. MTT assay showed that the effect of total flavonoids on human gastric cancer cell line MGC80-3 was significantly changed after EF treatment for different germination days (3-7 days). Among them, the total flavonoids of tartary buckwheat (BWTF) on the third day had the most obvious inhibitory effect on MGC80-3 (p < 0.01). In addition, flow cytometry evidenced that different ratios of quercetin and rutin had effects on the proliferation of MGC80-3. The same content of quercetin and rutin had the best effect, reaching 6.18 ± 0.82%. The anti-cancer mechanism was mainly promoted by promoting the expression of apoptotic proteins. The expression of Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-8 in MGC80-3 cells was mediated by BWTFs. This study has good research value for improving the biological and economic value of tartary buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Zhou
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Zhi-Dong Chen
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhou
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Rong-Hua Shi
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Zong-Jie Li
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
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Malinowski S, Wardak C, Jaroszyńska-Wolińska J, Herbert PAF, Panek R. Cold Plasma as an Innovative Construction Method of Voltammetric Biosensor Based on Laccase. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E4086. [PMID: 30469506 PMCID: PMC6308514 DOI: 10.3390/s18124086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of new, faster methods of biosensor construction is a huge challenge for current science and industry. In this work, biosensor construction was carried out using a new soft plasma polymerization (SPP) method in which a bio-recognition layer of laccase enzyme was polymerized and bonded to a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) substrate under atmospheric pressure with a corona discharge jet. Laccase belongs to the oxidoreductase enzyme group with four copper atoms in its active center. Application of the corona SPP plasma method allows reduction of the time needed for biosensor construction from several hours to minutes. The presented work includes optimization of the laccase bio-recognition layer deposition time, structural studies of the deposited laccase layer, as well as study of the fabricated biosensor applicability for the determination of Rutin in real pharmaceutical samples. This method produces a biosensor with two linear ranges from 0.3 μmol/dm³ to 0.5 μmol/dm³ and from 0.8 μmol/dm³ to 16 μmol/dm³ of Rutin concentration. Results shown in this work indicate that application of the one-step, corona SPP method enables biosensor construction with comparable analytical parameters to biosensors fabricated by conventional, multi-step, wet methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Malinowski
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Cecylia Wardak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Justyna Jaroszyńska-Wolińska
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland.
| | | | - Rafał Panek
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland.
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Benevides Bahiense J, Marques FM, Figueira MM, Vargas TS, Kondratyuk TP, Endringer DC, Scherer R, Fronza M. Potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Sambucus australis. Pharm Biol 2017; 55:991-997. [PMID: 28166708 PMCID: PMC6130686 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1285324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. (Adoxaceae) is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of S. australis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extracts of the leaf and bark of S. australis (1-100 μg/mL) were studied in lipopolysaccharide/interferon γ stimulated murine macrophages RAW 264.7 cells (24 h incubation) by investigating the release of nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and in the TNF-α-induced nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution test (24 h incubation). Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the NO scavenging assays. Chemical composition was assessed by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Antioxidant activities in the DPPH (IC50 43.5 and 66.2 μg/mL), FRAP (IC50 312.6 and 568.3 μg/mL) and NO radical scavenging assays (IC50 285.0 and 972.6 μg/mL) were observed in the leaf and bark ethanol extracts, respectively. Solely the leaf extract showed significant inhibition of NO and TNF-α production in RAW264.7 cells at concentrations of 2 and 100 μg/mL, respectively, and suppression of TNF-α inhibition of NF-κB by 12.8 and 20.4% at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL, respectively. The extract also exhibited antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium (MIC 250 μg/mL) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC 250 μg/mL). LC-MS/MS revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid and rutin as major compounds. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results indicate that the ethanol leaf extract of S. australis exhibit prominent anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhéssica Benevides Bahiense
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Franciane Martins Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Moreira Figueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Thais Souza Vargas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Tamara P. Kondratyuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Denise Coutinho Endringer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Scherer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Fronza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, Brazil
- CONTACT Marcio FronzaDepartment of Pharmacy, University Vila Velha – UVV, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, no. 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, ES, 29102-920, Brazil
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10
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Pandey A, Kaushik A, Wanjari M, Dey YN, Jaiswal BS, Dhodi A. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Aerva pseudotomentosa leaves. Pharm Biol 2017; 55:1688-1697. [PMID: 28454506 PMCID: PMC7011845 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1321022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Aerva pseudotomentosa Blatt. & Hallb. (Amaranthaceae), commonly called "Bui";, is a medicinal plant of the arid region. It is used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatic pain, and healing of wounds, which are associated with oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE The present study evaluated the antioxidant potential of Aerva pseudotomentosa leaves by in vitro models and its anti-inflammatory effect in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS The aqueous extract (APAE) was analyzed by HPTLC and HPLC. The antioxidant effect of APAE was evaluated by various in vitro methods [DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil) and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging, reducing power, and anti-lipid peroxidation assays]. Anti-inflammatory effect was studied in carrageenan and formalin-induced paw oedema models in rats. APAE (200 and 400 mg/kg) and standard drug, indomethacin (10 mg/kg), were administered orally 1 h before carrageenan/formalin administration and inflammation was noted up to 5 h. RESULTS HPLC analysis of APAE revealed the presence of rutin. APAE showed significant scavenging effect on DPPH (IC50 49.37 μ g/mL) and peroxide (IC50 288.2 μ g/mL) radicals. The extract exhibited reducing potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. APAE treatment significantly attenuated mean increase in paw volume and exhibited inhibition of paw oedema in both in vivo models with inhibition of 45.11% and 49.42%, respectively at 5 h. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION APAE exhibited <italic>in vitro</italic> antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Anti-inflammatory effect of APAE may be attributed to its antioxidant potential, due to the presence of rutin and other phenolics. This study substantiates folk use of leaves in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad, India
- IPS College of Pharmacy, Gwalior, India
| | | | - Manish Wanjari
- National Research Institute for Ayurveda-Siddha Human Resource Development, Gwalior, India
| | - Yadu Nandan Dey
- National Research Institute for Ayurveda-Siddha Human Resource Development, Gwalior, India
| | | | - Anamika Dhodi
- School of Studies in Microbiology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
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11
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Kulikovskii VF, Zhilyakova ET, Novikov OO, Pisarev DI, Prokushchenko NV, Ivanova LL. Study of Sedative Tea Phytocomplex within the Framework of Studies Aimed at Creation of a Rectal Dosage Form with Antihistaminic Effect. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 163:753-756. [PMID: 29063320 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We designed a new complex drug with antiallergic effect containing, in addition to the main component loratadine, a phytocomplex for an extra therapeutic effect. A collection of plants with sedative activity is chosen and the optimal agent for extraction of bioactive compounds (40% ethanol) and optimal degree of plant fragmentation are determined. Chemical composition of the sedative tea is evaluated by reverse phase HPLC. The marker components of the species are detected: xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol - Humulus lupulus cone components, Mentha piperita rosmarinic acid, and scutellareine, Menyanthes trifolia element - quercetin-3-rutinoside, and caffeic acid. Standardization of the species by the absolute graduation method in conversion to quercetin-3-rutinoside is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- V F Kulikovskii
- Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - E T Zhilyakova
- Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - O O Novikov
- Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - D I Pisarev
- Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia.
| | | | - L L Ivanova
- Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
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12
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Attia TZ. Simultaneous determination of rutin and ascorbic acid mixture in their pure forms and combined dosage form. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2016; 169:82-86. [PMID: 27341400 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, sensitive and selective high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with ultraviolet detection has been developed for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and rutin in pure forms and pharmaceutical dosage form. HPLC separation was performed on Phenomenex C18 analytical column with 0.1% v/v acetic acid in water and acetonitrile (75:25, v/v), as mobile phase. The separation was done at ambient temperature with flow rate of 1mL·min(-1) in isocratic mode. HPLC measurements were carried out using ultraviolet detection wavelength at 257nm. The average retention times were 2.72 and 7.00min for ascorbic acid and rutin, respectively. The calibration plots were constructed over the concentration range of 5.0-30.0 for ascorbic acid and 10.0-60.0μg·mL(-1) for rutin. The limits of detection were 1.06 and 1.89μg·mL(-1) and limits of quantification were 3.54 and 6.31μg·mL(-1) for ascorbic acid and rutin, respectively. The proposed HPLC-UV method was successfully applied for determination of ascorbic acid in its tablets and for simultaneous determination of the studied drugs in their laboratory prepared mixtures and in pharmaceutical formulation. Statistical comparisons of the results with the reference method show an excellent agreement and indicate no significant difference in respect to accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Z Attia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Scheggi S, Marandino A, Del Monte D, De Martino L, Pelliccia T, Del Rosario Fusco M, Petenatti EM, Gambarana C, De Feo V. The protective effect of Hypericum connatum on stress-induced escape deficit in rat is related to its flavonoid content. Pharm Biol 2016; 54:1782-1792. [PMID: 26731632 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1127979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae), used in moderate depression treatment, is active in experimental tests for antidepressant activity. For H. connatum Lam., a South American species lacking hyperforin, antidepressant effects have not been demonstrated. Objective This study evaluates the antidepressant-like effect of H. connatum in rats and identifies the components involved in this activity. Materials and methods First, the effects of acute and 14-d oral administrations of an extract derived from H. connatum aerial parts were studied using the Escape Deficit (ED) test. Next, methanol-extracted flavonoid-enriched fractions B and C and fraction-purified flavonoids (quercetin, rutin and isoquercitrin) were evaluated in the ED test after acute administration. To rule out possible confounding effects of the flavonoids, we examined nociceptive threshold using the tail-flick test and anxious behaviour using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Results Hypericum connatum increased reactivity of unavoidable stress-exposed rats after acute (0.5 and 1 g/kg: ED = 18.6/30 and 19.8/30, respectively) and repeated administration (0.5 g/kg twice daily: ED = 17.8/30). Protective effects were observed for fractions B and C (250 mg/kg: ED = 18.1/30 and 18.8/30, respectively), quercetin (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg: ED = 15.3/30, 18.3/30 and 21.6/30, respectively), rutin (5 and 10 mg/kg: ED = 15.4/30 and 13.0/30, respectively) and isoquercitrin (2.5 mg/kg: ED = 19.2/30). The flavonoids did not modify nociceptive threshold or performance in the EPM test. Discussion and conclusion Hypericum connatum showed protective activity in the ED test, a correlate of potential antidepressant-like effects that appeared to be related to the flavonoid components of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Scheggi
- a Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Aurelio Marandino
- b Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Fisciano , Salerno , Italy
| | - Donato Del Monte
- b Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Fisciano , Salerno , Italy
| | - Laura De Martino
- b Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Fisciano , Salerno , Italy
| | - Teresa Pelliccia
- a Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Maria Del Rosario Fusco
- c School of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacy , National University of San Luis , San Luis , Argentina
| | - Elisa M Petenatti
- c School of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacy , National University of San Luis , San Luis , Argentina
| | - Carla Gambarana
- a Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- b Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Fisciano , Salerno , Italy
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Xie Y, Guo QS, Wang GS. Flavonoid Glycosides and Their Derivatives from the Herbs of Scorzonera austriaca Wild. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060803. [PMID: 27338324 PMCID: PMC6273241 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Five flavonoid glycosides and two derivatives were isolated from the herbs of Scorzonera austriaca Wild by silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified, using chemical and spectroscopic methods, as 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone 6-C-(2''-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl β-d-glucopyranoside) (1), 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone 6-C-(2''-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl β-d-glucopyranoside) (2), quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (3), 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone 6-C-β-d-glucopyranoside (4), 3'-methoxy-5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone 6-C-β-d-glucopyranoside (5), 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone 8-C-(6''-O-trans-caffeoyl β-d-glucopyranoside) (6), and 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone 8-C-(6''-O-trans-caffeoyl β-d-glucopyranoside) (7). Compounds 6 and 7 are new flavonoid glycoside derivatives, and compounds 1-5 were isolated from the herbs of Scorzonera austriaca for the first time. Compounds 6 and 7 were also assayed for their hepatoprotective activities with rat hepatocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Qiu-Shi Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Guang-Shu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Liu JL, Li LY, He GH. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Conditions for Five Major Bioactive Compounds from Flos Sophorae Immaturus (Cultivars of Sophora japonica L.) Using Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2016; 21:296. [PMID: 26950107 PMCID: PMC6274464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave-assisted extraction was applied to extract rutin; quercetin; genistein; kaempferol; and isorhamnetin from Flos Sophorae Immaturus. Six independent variables; namely; solvent type; particle size; extraction frequency; liquid-to-solid ratio; microwave power; and extraction time were examined. Response surface methodology using a central composite design was employed to optimize experimental conditions (liquid-to-solid ratio; microwave power; and extraction time) based on the results of single factor tests to extract the five major components in Flos Sophorae Immaturus. Experimental data were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis. Data were also analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extraction solvent; 100% methanol; particle size; 100 mesh; extraction frequency; 1; liquid-to-solid ratio; 50:1; microwave power; 287 W; and extraction time; 80 s. A rapid and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (EIS-Q-TOF MS/MS) was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of rutin; quercetin; genistein; kaempferol; and isorhamnetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on a Kinetex C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; 2.6 μm) at 40 °C within 5 min. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile (71:29; v/v). Isocratic elution was carried out at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. The constituents of Flos Sophorae Immaturus were simultaneously identified by EIS-Q-TOF MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode. During quantitative analysis; all of the calibration curves showed good linear relationships (R² > 0.999) within the tested ranges; and mean recoveries ranged from 96.0216% to 101.0601%. The precision determined through intra- and inter-day studies showed an RSD% of <2.833%. These results demonstrate that the developed method is accurate and effective and could be readily utilized for the comprehensive quality control of Flos Sophorae Immaturus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Liang Liu
- Institute of Material Medical Planting, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica (Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fine Variety Breeding Techniques of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources), Chongqing Sub-Center of National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing 400065, China.
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Long-Yun Li
- Institute of Material Medical Planting, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica (Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fine Variety Breeding Techniques of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources), Chongqing Sub-Center of National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing 400065, China.
| | - Guang-Hua He
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Liao J, Qu B, Liu D, Zheng N. New method to enhance the extraction yield of rutin from Sophora japonica using a novel ultrasonic extraction system by determining optimum ultrasonic frequency. Ultrason Sonochem 2015; 27:110-116. [PMID: 26186827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A new method has been proposed for enhancing extraction yield of rutin from Sophora japonica, in which a novel ultrasonic extraction system has been developed to perform the determination of optimum ultrasonic frequency by a two-step procedure. This study has systematically investigated the influence of a continuous frequency range of 20-92 kHz on rutin yields. The effects of different operating conditions on rutin yields have also been studied in detail such as solvent concentration, solvent to solid ratio, ultrasound power, temperature and particle size. A higher extraction yield was obtained at the ultrasonic frequency of 60-62 kHz which was little affected under other extraction conditions. Comparative studies between existing methods and the present method were done to verify the effectiveness of this method. Results indicated that the new extraction method gave a higher extraction yield compared with existing ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and soxhlet extraction (SE). Thus, the potential use of this method may be promising for extraction of natural materials on an industrial scale in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Liao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Advanced Process Control for Light Industry of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, PR China.
| | - Baida Qu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Advanced Process Control for Light Industry of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Da Liu
- Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Naiqin Zheng
- Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, PR China
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Zhang X, Wang JR, Zhou QM, Guo L, Xiong L, Gou SY. [Study on Chemical Constituents of Lonicera similis]. Zhong Yao Cai 2015; 38:2324-6. [PMID: 27356385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents of flower buds of Lonicera similis. METHODS The compounds were isolated and repeatedly purified by macroperous resin, silica gel column, gel column, preparation of TLC, and RP C18, chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties, MS and NMR. RESULTS Seven compounds were isolated and identified as 4-hydroxy-γ,3,5-trimethoxybenzenepropanol (1), ursolic acid(2), E-ferulic acid(3), caffeic acid ethyl ester(4), dihydrosyringenin (5), rutin(6) and 6-Daucosterin (7). CONCLUSION Compounds 1 and 5 are isolated from this genus for the first time, and compounds 2 - 4 are isolated from this plant for the first time.
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Chaieb N, López-Mesas M, Luis González J, Mars M, Valiente M. Hollow fibre liquid phase micro-extraction by facilitated anionic exchange for the determination of flavonoids in faba beans (Vicia faba L.). Phytochem Anal 2015; 26:346-352. [PMID: 26046919 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found ubiquitously in foods of plant origin. They are commonly extracted from plant materials with ethanol, methanol, water, their combination or even with acidified extracting solutions. The disadvantages of these methods are the use of high quantity of organic solvent, the possible loss of analytes in the different steps and the laborious process of the techniques. In addition, the complexity of the phenolic mixtures present in plant materials requires a preliminary clean-up and fractionation of the crude extracts. OBJECTIVE To develop a hollow fibre liquid phase micro-extraction (HF-LPME) method for a one step clean-up and pre-concentration of flavonoids. METHODOLOGY Two flavonoids (catechin and rutin) has been extracted by HF-LPME and analysed by HPLC. The related driving force for the liquid membrane has been studied by means of facilitated and non-facilitated transport. Different ionic and non-ionic water insoluble compounds [trioctylamine (TOA), tributyl phosphate (TBP), trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and methyltrioctylammonium chloride (aliquat 336)] were used as carriers. The liquid membrane was constituted by a solution of n-decanol in the presence or absence of carriers. RESULTS Maximum enrichment factors were obtained with n-decanol/aliquat 336 (20%) as organic liquid membrane, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (0.1 M) as donor solution, sodium chloride (NaCl) (2 M) as acceptor solution and 3 h as extraction time. Under these conditions, good results for validation parameters were obtained [for linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ) and repeatability]. CONCLUSIONS The developed method is simple, effective and has been successfully applied to determine catechin and rutin in ethanolic extracts of faba beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Chaieb
- Centre Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), Química Analítica, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Agro-Biodiversity Unit, Higher Agronomic Institute (ISA), University of Sousse-IRESA, Chott-Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia
- Regional Office of Agriculture Development Research Semi Arid North West, B.P. 221-7100, Le Kef, Tunisia
| | - Montserrat López-Mesas
- Centre Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), Química Analítica, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Johannes Luis González
- Centre Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), Química Analítica, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Messaoud Mars
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Agro-Biodiversity Unit, Higher Agronomic Institute (ISA), University of Sousse-IRESA, Chott-Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Centre Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), Química Analítica, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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Alday-Provencio S, Diaz G, Rascon L, Quintero J, Alday E, Robles-Zepeda R, Garibay-Escobar A, Astiazaran H, Hernandez J, Velazquez C. Sonoran propolis and some of its chemical constituents inhibit in vitro growth of Giardia lamblia trophozoites. Planta Med 2015; 81:742-747. [PMID: 26008200 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1545982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Propolis is a cereus resin with a complex chemical composition that possesses a wide range of biological activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anti-Giardia lamblia activity of Sonoran propolis collected from three different areas of Sonoran Desert in northwestern Mexico (Caborca, Pueblo de Alamos, and Ures) and some of its chemical constituents. Additionally, we also analyzed the seasonal effect on the anti-G. lamblia activity of propolis. G. lamblia trophozoite cultures were treated with different concentrations of Sonoran propolis or chemical compounds during 48 h cell proliferation and cell viability were determined. Ures propolis showed the highest inhibitory activity against G. lamblia (IC50 63.8 ± 7.1 µg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner (Ures > Pueblo de Alamos > Caborca). Season had a significant effect on the in vitro anti-G. lamblia activity of Ures propolis. Summer propolis showed the highest inhibitory effect on the G. lamblia trophozoite growth (IC50 23.8 ± 2.3 µg/mL), followed by propolis collected during winter (IC50 59.2 ± 34.7 µg/mL), spring (IC50 102.5 ± 15.3 µg/mL), and autumn (IC50 125.0 ± 3.1 µg/mL). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, an Ures propolis exclusive constituent, had the highest growth-inhibitory activity towards G. lamblia [IC50 63.1 ± 0.9 µg/mL (222.1 ± 3.2 µM)]. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that caffeic acid phenethyl ester possesses antiparasitic activity against G. lamblia. Naringenin [IC50 125.7 ± 20.7 µg/mL (461.8 ± 76.3 µM)], hesperetin [IC50 149.6 ± 24.8 µg/mL (494.9 ± 82.2 µM)], and pinocembrin [IC50 174.4 ± 26.0 µg/mL (680.6 ± 101.7 µM)] showed weak anti-G. lamblia activity. On the other hand, chrysin and rutin did not show significant antiparasitic activity. In conclusion, our results suggest that Sonoran propolis and some of its chemical constituents had inhibitory effects on the in vitro growth of G. lamblia trophozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Diaz
- Department of Chemistry-Biology and Agropecuary Sciences, University of Sonora, Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Lucila Rascon
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Jael Quintero
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Efrain Alday
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Ramón Robles-Zepeda
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | | | - Humberto Astiazaran
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C. Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Javier Hernandez
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Carlos Velazquez
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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Jia J, Zhang F, Li Z, Qin X, Zhang L. Comparison of Fruits of Forsythia suspensa at Two Different Maturation Stages by NMR-Based Metabolomics. Molecules 2015; 20:10065-81. [PMID: 26035103 PMCID: PMC6272181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200610065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Forsythiae Fructus (FF), the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa, has been widely used as a heat-clearing and detoxifying herbal medicine in China. Green FF (GF) and ripe FF (RF) are fruits of Forsythia suspensa at different maturity stages collected about a month apart. FF undergoes a complex series of physical and biochemical changes during fruit ripening. However, the clinical uses of GF and RF have not been distinguished to date. In order to comprehensively compare the chemical compositions of GF and RF, NMR-based metabolomics coupled with HPLC and UV spectrophotometry methods were adopted in this study. Furthermore, the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of 50% methanol extracts of GF and RF were also evaluated. A total of 27 metabolites were identified based on NMR data, and eight of them were found to be different between the GF and RF groups. The GF group contained higher levels of forsythoside A, forsythoside C, cornoside, rutin, phillyrin and gallic acid and lower levels of rengyol and β-glucose compared with the RF group. The antioxidant activity of GF was higher than that of RF, but no significant difference was observed between the antibacterial activities of GF and RF. Given our results showing their distinct chemical compositions, we propose that NMR-based metabolic profiling can be used to discriminate between GF and RF. Differences in the chemical and biological activities of GF and RF, as well as their clinical efficacies in traditional Chinese medicine should be systematically investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Jia
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China.
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China.
| | - Fusheng Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China.
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China.
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China.
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China.
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21
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Török T, Varga E. [Pharmacognosy study of Verbascum species]. Acta Pharm Hung 2015; 85:89-95. [PMID: 26642647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The mullein (Verbascum phlomoides L., V thapsus L., V. thapsiforme Schrad., V. speciosum L.) is a medicinal herb known and used for a long time, especially in traditional Turkish medicine. The aims of our study were to identify the species and study the plant's major active substances both qualitatively and quantitatively, comparing it to data found in scientific literature. The plants were identified as probable hybrids of V. phlomoides and V. thapsiforme. Microscopic analysis of the flowers showed no major difference between the specimens. The diameter of both stomata and pollen we observed was around 15-20 μm. Important flavonoids like rutin and quercetin were identified. Dosage resulted in a 0.135% total flavonoid aglycone content. (expressed as hypericin) and a 1.3% total flavonoid glycoside content (expressed as rutoside). Thin layer chromatography from saponines revealed two spots. A hemolytic index of 13095 was also determined. Repeating the dosage experiment a year later resulted in significantly lower flavonoid aglycone and glycoside content (0.006% and 0.95% respectively) as well as a hemolytic index of approximately 4000.
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Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, González-Trujano ME, Aguirre-Hernández E, Ruíz-García M, Sampieri A, Coballase-Urrutia E, Carmona-Aparicio L. Anticonvulsant and antioxidant effects of Tilia americana var. mexicana and flavonoids constituents in the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014; 2014:329172. [PMID: 25197430 PMCID: PMC4147264 DOI: 10.1155/2014/329172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tilia genus is commonly used around the world for its central nervous system properties; it is prepared as tea and used as tranquilizing, anticonvulsant, and analgesic. In this study, anticonvulsant activity of the Tilia americana var. mexicana inflorescences and leaves was investigated by evaluating organic and aqueous extracts (100, 300, and 600 mg/kg, i.p.) and some flavonoids in the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice. Moreover, antioxidant effect of these extracts and flavonoids was examined in an in vitro study by using spectrophotometric technique. Significant activity was observed in the methanol extract from inflorescences. An HPLC analysis of the methanol extract from inflorescences and leaves of Tilia allowed demonstrating the respective presence of some partial responsible flavonoid constituents: quercetin (20.09 ± 1.20 μg/mg and 3.39 ± 0.10 μg/mg), rutin (3.52 ± 0.21 μg/mg and 8.94 ± 0.45 μg/mg), and isoquercitrin (1.74 ± 0.01 μg/mg and 1.24 ± 0.13 μg/mg). In addition, significant but different antioxidant properties were obtained among the flavonoids and the extracts investigated. Our results provide evidence of the anticonvulsant activity of Tilia reinforcing its utility for central nervous system diseases whose mechanism of action might involve partial antioxidant effects due to the presence of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Eva González-Trujano
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Natural Products, National Institute of Psychiatry, 14370 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Eva Aguirre-Hernández
- Ecology and Natural Resources Department, Faculty of Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04150 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Matilde Ruíz-García
- Neurology Service, National Institute of Pediatrics, 04530 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Aristides Sampieri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomic, Faculty of Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04150 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Elvia Coballase-Urrutia
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Pediatrics, 04530 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
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Mao Z, Shan R, Wang J, Cai W, Shao X. Optimizing the models for rapid determination of chlorogenic acid, scopoletin and rutin in plant samples by near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 128:711-5. [PMID: 24704484 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols in plant samples have been extensively studied because phenolic compounds are ubiquitous in plants and can be used as antioxidants in promoting human health. A method for rapid determination of three phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, scopoletin and rutin) in plant samples using near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (NIRDRS) is studied in this work. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used for building the calibration models, and the effects of spectral preprocessing and variable selection on the models are investigated for optimization of the models. The results show that individual spectral preprocessing and variable selection has no or slight influence on the models, but the combination of the techniques can significantly improve the models. The combination of continuous wavelet transform (CWT) for removing the variant background, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) for correcting the scattering effect and randomization test (RT) for selecting the informative variables was found to be the best way for building the optimal models. For validation of the models, the polyphenol contents in an independent sample set were predicted. The correlation coefficients between the predicted values and the contents determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis are as high as 0.964, 0.948 and 0.934 for chlorogenic acid, scopoletin and rutin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Mao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Ruifeng Shan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Hongyunhonghe Tobacco (Group) Co., Ltd., Kunming 650231, PR China
| | - Wensheng Cai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xueguang Shao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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24
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Ma QG, Wang YG, Liu WM, Wei RR, Yang JB, Wang AG, Ji TF, Tian J, Su YL. Hepatoprotective sesquiterpenes and rutinosides from Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:4145-4151. [PMID: 24749720 DOI: 10.1021/jf5005034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Three new sesquiterpenes (1-3) and two new rutinosides (4 and 5) along with 17 known compounds (6-22) were isolated from the leaves of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. The new compounds were elucidated as (3R,5S,6R)-3,5,6-trihydroxy-1,1,5-trimethylcyclohexyl-8-butyn-9-one (1), (8E,9R)-ethyl-7-(3S,5R,6S)-3,6-dihydroxy-1,1,5-trimethylcyclohexyl-9-hydroxybut-8-enoate (2), (3R)-3-O-β-D-glucoside-6'-D-apiose-β-ionone (3), 4-O-β-D-rutinosyl-3-methoxyphenyl-1-propanone (4), and 1-O-β-D-rutinosyl-2(R)-ethyl-1-pentanol (5) based on their spectroscopic data. Compounds 1, 4, 5, 18, and 21 (10 μM) exhibited moderate hepatoprotective activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Ge Ma
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University , Nanyan 473061, People's Republic of China
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25
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Song H, Yang R, Zhao W, Katiyo W, Hua X, Zhang W. Innovative assistant extraction of flavonoids from pine (Larix olgensis Henry) needles by high-density steam flash-explosion. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:3806-3812. [PMID: 24697722 DOI: 10.1021/jf405412r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
High-density steam flash-explosion (HDSF) was first employed to extract flavonoids from pine needles. The HDSF treatment was performed at a steam pressure of 0.5-2.0 MPa for 20-120 s. Scanning electron microscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography combined with photodiode-array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS) were used to characterize the morphological changes and analyze flavonoids of pine needles before and after HDSF treatment. Our results indicated that, after steam explosion at 1.5 MPa for 60 s, the flavonoids extracted reached 50.8 rutin equivalents mg/g dry weight, which was 2.54-fold as that of the untreated sample. HDSF pretreatment caused the formation of large micropores on the pine needles and production of particles, as well as the removal of wax layers. Compared to microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, and solvent extraction, HDSF pretreatment took only 30 min to reach a maximum yield of 47.0 rutin equivalents mg/g flavonoids extract after pine needles were treated at 1.5 MPa for 80 s. In addition, after HDSF treatment, the aglycones were 3.17 times higher than that of untreated pine needles, while glycosides were lower by 57% (in HPLC-DAD individuals' sum) due to hydrolysis of flavonoids glycosides. It can be concluded that HDSF is a practical pretreatment for extraction of flavonoids and conversion in the healthy food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology and ‡School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , No. 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
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26
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Selvaraj G, Kaliamurthi S, Thirungnasambandam R, Vivekanandan L, Balasubramanian T. Anti-nociceptive effect in mice of thillai flavonoid rutin. Biomed Environ Sci 2014; 27:295-9. [PMID: 24758758 DOI: 10.3967/bes2014.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the anti-nociceptive effect of Excoecaria agallocha (E.agallocha) against chemically and thermally induced nociception, Albino mice received a dose of 10, 15, 20, or 25 mg/kg of alkaline chloroform fraction (Alk-CF) of E.agallocha by oral administration. Compared with controls, Alk-CF decreased the writhing numbers (P<0.01) in a dose dependent manner. Further we determined that, Alk-CF contained, a potent compared to control, also potent anti-nociceptive agent that acted via opioid receptors and using HPLC, identified this compound as Rutin. Docking simulation demonstrated that Rutin interacted strongly with cyclooxygenase, forming a number of specific hydrogen bonds. In conclusion we have identified peripheral and central anti-nociceptive activities of E.agallocha that involve opioid receptor, and in which the active compound is Rutin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurudeeban Selvaraj
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Satyavani Kaliamurthi
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramanathan Thirungnasambandam
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Thangavel Balasubramanian
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608502, Tamil Nadu, India
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27
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Chua LS. A review on plant-based rutin extraction methods and its pharmacological activities. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 150:805-17. [PMID: 24184193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rutin is a common dietary flavonoid that is widely consumed from plant-derived beverages and foods as traditional and folkloric medicine worldwide. Rutin is believed to exhibit significant pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetic, anti-adipogenic, neuroprotective and hormone therapy. Till date, over 130 registered therapeutic medicinal preparations are containing rutin in their formulations. This article aims to critically review the extraction methods for plant-based rutin and its pharmacological activities. This review provides comprehensive data on the performance of rutin extraction methods and the extent of its pharmacological activities using various in vitro and in vivo experimental models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literatures including journals, patents, books and leaflets reporting on rutin from natural resources are systematically reviewed, particularly in the aspect of its extraction methods and biological activities. Factors affecting the efficiency of rutin extraction such as extraction temperature, duration and solvent to sample ratio are presented based on the findings of previous studies. The observed biological activities followed by clear explanation are also provided accordingly. RESULTS The biological activities of rutin varied largely dependent on the geographical and plant origins. The complexity of natural rutin has impeded the development of rutin derived drugs. The detail mechanism of rutin in human body after consumption is still unclear. Therefore, studies are intensively carried out both in vitro and in vivo for the better understanding of the underlying mechanism. The studies are not limited to the pharmacological properties, but also on the extraction methods of rutin. Many studies have focused on the optimization of extraction method to increase the extraction yield of rutin. Currently, the performances of modern extraction approaches have also been compared to the conventional heat reflux method as a benchmark. CONCLUSION There are various extraction methods for plant-based rutin ranging from conventional method up to the use of modern techniques such as ultrasound, mechanochemical, microwave, infrared and pressurized assisted methods. However, proper comparison between the methods is very difficult because of the variance in plant origin and extraction conditions. It is important to optimize the extraction method in order to produce high yield and acceptable purity of rutin with a reasonable cost. Even though rutin has been proven to be effective in numerous pharmacological activities, the dosage and toxicity of rutin for such activities are still unknown. Future research should relate the dosage and toxicity of rutin for the ethnobotanical claims based on the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Suan Chua
- Metabolites Profiling Laboratory, Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
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28
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Falé PL, Ferreira C, Maruzzella F, Helena Florêncio M, Frazão FN, Serralheiro MLM. Evaluation of cholesterol absorption and biosynthesis by decoctions of Annona cherimola leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 150:718-723. [PMID: 24095697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Decoctions of the leaves of Annona cherimola Mill. are traditionally used in Azores to treat hypercholesterolemia. Although they are sold and consumed by people in order to improve their health, these are products that cannot be sold with claims for health benefits as they have never been studied scientifically. MATERIALS AND METHODS The activities of decoctions from Annona cherimola leaves were analysed for the two therapeutic approaches currently used to reduce plasma cholesterol: inhibition of dietary cholesterol uptake and inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity. Furthermore, the composition of the decoction was elucidated by LC-MS and the permeability of the active components was analysed using Caco-2 cell monolayers as a model of the intestinal barrier (dietary cholesterol uptake). RESULTS The chemical composition of the Annona cherimola leaves' extract revealed that rutin was its main component. The in vitro gastrointestinal digestion did not modify the chemical composition of the extract. This extract was able to originate a slight reduction in cholesterol absorption through Caco-2 cells lines and to reduce the HMG-CoA reductase activity in 50% when using 137.3 μg of the extract/mL. Rutin, when used in the same concentration as that found in the extract, was able to reduce cholesterol absorption through Caco-2 cells monolayer in approximately 47%. This flavonoid had an IC50 of 17.85 μM relatively to the HMG-CoA reductase activity. CONCLUSIONS The traditional use of decoctions from the leaves of Annona cherimola may be justified, at least by the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Falé
- Centro Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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29
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Wang Q, Xu FF. [Chemical constituents of ethyl acetate fraction from Hypericum hengshanense]. Zhong Yao Cai 2013; 36:1611-1613. [PMID: 24761670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the constituents of ethyl acetate fraction form Hypericum hengshanense. METHODS The constituents were isolated and purified by chromatography on silica gel and their structures were elucidated by MS and NMR spectral analysis. RESULTS Ten compounds were isolated and identified as: hyperoside (1), hypericin (2), quercetin (3), quercitrin (4), sesamin (5), betulonic acid (6), rutin (7), kaempferol (8), beta-daucosterol (9), beta-sitosterol (10). CONCLUSION All compounds are obtained from this plant for the first time.
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Simpson MJ, Hjelmqvist D, López-Alarcón C, Karamehmedovic N, Minehan TG, Yepremyan A, Salehani B, Lissi E, Joubert E, Udekwu KI, Alarcon EI. Anti-peroxyl radical quality and antibacterial properties of rooibos infusions and their pure glycosylated polyphenolic constituents. Molecules 2013; 18:11264-80. [PMID: 24036515 PMCID: PMC4067240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180911264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-peroxyl radical quality of two aqueous rooibos infusions and solutions of their most abundant glycosylated polyphenols was evaluated using pyrogallol red and fluorescein-based oxygen radical absorbance ratios. It was observed that the artificial infusions, prepared using only the most abundant polyphenols present in rooibos and at concentrations similar to those found in the natural infusions, showed greater antioxidant quality than the latter infusions, reaching values close to those reported for tea infusions. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of the natural and artificial infusions was assessed against three species of bacteria: Gram (+) Staphylococus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus and Gram (-) Escherichia coli. When compared to the natural infusions the artificial beverages did not demonstrate any bacterostatic/cidal activity, suggesting that the antibacterial activity of rooibos is related to compounds other than the glycosylated polyphenols employed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline J. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Daisy Hjelmqvist
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Swedish Medical Nanoscience Centre, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilo López-Alarcón
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Nadja Karamehmedovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Swedish Medical Nanoscience Centre, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas G. Minehan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California State University Northridge, CA 91330-8262, USA
| | - Akop Yepremyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California State University Northridge, CA 91330-8262, USA
| | - Baback Salehani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California State University Northridge, CA 91330-8262, USA
| | - Eduardo Lissi
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH 9170022, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch) 7602, South Africa
| | - Klas I. Udekwu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Swedish Medical Nanoscience Centre, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilio I. Alarcon
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N6N5, Canada
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Wei JF, Chang X, Wang W, Kang WY. [Chemical constituents from Lysimachia circaeoides]. Zhong Yao Cai 2013; 36:1441-1443. [PMID: 24620689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents from Lysimachia circaeoides. METHODS The column chromatographic techniques were applied to isolate the constituents. EI-MS and NMR were used to identify the structures. RESULTS Eight compounds were isolated and identified from the extract of L. circaeoides and their structures were elucidated as kaempferol (1), beta-daucosterol (2), beta-sitosterol (3), quercetin (4), luteolin (5), quercetin-3-O-beta-D-galactoside (6), kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside (7) and rutin (8). CONCLUSION Compounds 1 - 8 are isolated from this plant for the first time.
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Shahwar D, Raza MA. Identification of flavonoids with trypsin inhibitory activity extracted from orange peel and green tea leaves. J Sci Food Agric 2013; 93:1420-1426. [PMID: 23124490 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orange peel (Citrus sinensis) and green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves, rich sources of food flavonoids, were analyzed for their trypsin inhibitory potential. Hesperetin, rutin and hesperidin from orange peel, and catechin from green tea leaves, were isolated and their chemical structures were analyzed. All four compounds were evaluated for their trypsin inhibitory potential. RESULTS Among all the isolated compounds, rutin exhibited the highest protease inhibition activity (75.4 ± 0.9%) with IC50 = 16 ± 2 µmol L(-1), followed by catechin (65.3 ± 1.4%; IC50 = 83 ± 9 µmol L(-1)), hesperetin (62.1 ± 1.3%; IC50 = 104 ± 12 µmol L(-1)) and hesperidin (59.7 ± 1.1%; IC50 = 127 ± 14 µmol L(-1)). Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots and their secondary replots indicated that all four compounds possessed non-competitive inhibition. The Ki values of hesperetin, rutin, hesperidin and catechin were calculated as 90.2 ± 1.1, 17.5 ± 0.6, 84.2 ± 1.5 and 65.1 ± 1.5 µmol L(-1) respectively. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that the four isolated flavonoids can be used as a supplement in food for the treatment of pathologies associated with the degradation of a specific protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durre Shahwar
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Zeng P, Zhang Y, Pan C, Jia Q, Guo FJ, Zhu WL, Li YM, Chen KX. [Phenolic constituents from Lysimachia patungensis]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2013; 48:377-382. [PMID: 23724651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To study the chemical constituents of Lysimachia patungensis Hand.-Mazz., silica gel column chromatography, reverse phase ODS column chromatography, MCI and Sephadex LH-20, were used to separate the 95% EtOH extract of the whole plant of Lysimachia patungensis Hand.-Mazz.. The structures of the isolated compounds have been established on the basis of chemical and NMR spectroscopic evidence as well as ESI-MS in some cases. Twelve phenolic compounds were obtained and identified as quercetin-3, 3'-di- O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (1), myricetrin (2), quercitrin (3), rutin (4), 2-hydroxynaringenin-4'-O-glucopyranoside (5), naringenin 7-O-glucopyranoside (6), liquiritin apioside (7), licochalcone B (8), tetrahydroxymethoxy chalcone (9), methyl-p-coumarate (10), 2, 4, 6-trihydroxy acetophenone-2-O-glucopyranoside (11) and vaccihein A (12). Among them, compound 1 is a new compound, and compounds 5, 11 and 12 are isolated from the genus Lysimachia L. for the first time, and the others are isolated from the plant for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Mediani A, Abas F, Ping TC, Khatib A, Lajis NH. Influence of growth stage and season on the antioxidant constituents of Cosmos caudatus. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2012; 67:344-50. [PMID: 23054393 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-012-0317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The impact of tropical seasons (dry and wet) and growth stages (8, 10 and 12 weeks) of Cosmos caudatus on the antioxidant activity (AA), total phenolic content (TPC) as well as the level of bioactive compounds were evaluated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The plant morphology (plant height) also showed variation between the two seasons. Samples planted from June to August (during the dry season) exhibited a remarkably higher bioactivity and height than those planted from October to December (during the wet season). The samples that were harvested at eight weeks of age during the dry season showed the highest bioactivity with values of 26.04 g GAE/100 g and 22.1 μg/ml for TPC and IC₅₀, respectively. Identification of phytochemical constituents in the C. caudatus extract was carried out by liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray tandem mass (LC-DAD-ESIMS/MS) technique and the confirmation of constituents was achieved by comparison with literature data and/or co-chromatography with authentic standards. Six compounds were indentified including quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, rutin, quercetin 3-O-arabinofuranoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside and chlorogenic acid. Their concentrations showed significant variance among the 8, 10 and 12-week-old herbs during both seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mediani
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Hunyadi A, Martins A, Hsieh TJ, Seres A, Zupkó I. Chlorogenic acid and rutin play a major role in the in vivo anti-diabetic activity of Morus alba leaf extract on type II diabetic rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50619. [PMID: 23185641 PMCID: PMC3503931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaves of the white mulberry tree (Morus alba L.) are used worldwide in traditional medicine as anti-diabetics. Various constituents of mulberry leaves, such as iminosugars (i.e. 1-deoxynojirimicin), flavonoids and related compounds, polysaccharides, glycopeptides and ecdysteroids, have been reported to exert anti-diabetic activity, but knowledge about their contribution to the overall activity is limited. The objective of the present work was to determine the in vivo anti-diabetic activity of an extract of mulberry leaves (MA), and to examine to what extent three major constituents, chlorogenic acid, rutin and isoquercitrin, might contribute to the observed activity. Quantities of the three constituents of interest in the extract were determined by using HPLC-DAD. Activity was determined by using a type II diabetic rat model. After 11 days of per os administration of 250 or 750 mg/kg of MA or the corresponding amounts of each individual compound, a dose dependent decrease of non-fasting blood glucose levels were found for MA, chlorogenic acid and rutin, but not for isoquercitrin. Based on our results, chlorogenic acid and rutin might account for as much as half the observed anti-diabetic activity of MA, hence they can be considered as excellent markers for the quality control of mulberry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Hunyadi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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36
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Luo JJ, Yang B, Zeng Y, Li C. [Chemical constituents from the flower of Juglans regia]. Zhong Yao Cai 2012; 35:1614-1616. [PMID: 23627127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents from the flower Juglans regia. METHODS All compounds were isolated and purified by normal column chromatograph and polyamide chromatograph, the chemical strucures were mainly elucidated by ESI-MS and NMR spectra. RESULTS Seven compounds were identified as follows: 4,5,8-trihydroxy-alpha-tetralone 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside(1),4,5-dihydroxy-alpha-tetralone4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside(2), 5-hydroxy-4-methoxytetralone (3), 5-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone (4), rutin (5), vanillin (6), tetracosanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (7). CONCLUSION All compounds are isolated from this plant for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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37
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Lou KQ, Tang WZ, Wang XJ. [Study on chemical constituents from flowers of Ailanthus altissima]. Zhong Yao Cai 2012; 35:1605-1607. [PMID: 23627124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To isolate and identify the chemical constituents from the flowers of Ailanthus altissima. METHODS Macroporous adsorptive resins (DM130), Silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS were employed for the isolation and purification of chemical constituents. The structures were identified on the basis of spectral data and physicochemical examination. RESULTS Eight compounds were isolated and identified as follows: brevifolin (1), brevifolin carboxylic acid (2), methyl brevifolin carboxylate (3), ellagic acid (4), diethyl-2,2',3,3',4,4'- hexahydroxybiphenyl-6,6'-dicarboxylate (5), rutin (6), gallic acid (7), ethyl gallate (8). CONCLUSION Compounds 1 -5 are isolated from this genus for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qin Lou
- Institute of Materia Medica, University of Jinan Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medinice and Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250062, China.
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Abstract
CONTEXT In the Indian traditional system of medicine, Melothria heterophylla (Lour.) Cogn., (Cucurbitaceae) is prescribed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE In the present study, the antidiabetic effect of ethanol extract of Melothria heterophylla (EEMH), and its active isolated constituents were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Swiss albino rats. METHOD Successive Soxhlet extraction of the dried total aerial parts with petroleum ether for defatting and then with ethanol (95%) to obtain ethanol extract, which was concentrated under reduced pressure. Hyperglycemia was induced in rats by STZ (50 mg/kg, body weight). Twenty-four hours after STZ induction, respective groups of diabetic rats received EEMH (200 and 400 mg/kg, body weight), gallic acid (GA) (2 and 4 mg/kg, body weight), and rutin (RU) (2 and 4 mg/kg, body weight), respectively, orally daily for 15 days. Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg, orally) served as reference. Blood glucose levels and change in body weight were measured on every 5(th) day during 15 days of treatment. Biochemical parameters, viz., serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum insulin, were measured. RESULTS EEMH and its active constituents significantly (p < 0.01) normalized blood glucose levels and serum biochemical parameters as compared to those of STZ controls. Both GA (4 mg/kg) and RU (4 mg/kg) exhibited maximum glucose lowering effect (69.1 and 66.7%, respectively) in diabetic rats compared to the other dose (2 mg/kg) at the end of the study. EEMH, gallic acid and RU also showed significant increase in serum insulin, and body weight of STZ-induced diabetic rats. CONCLUSION Therefore, ethanol extract of Melothria heterophylla, GA and RU demonstrated remarkable antidiabetic activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Mondal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
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Zhou H, Xing J, Liu S, Song F, Cai Z, Pi Z, Liu Z, Liu S. Screening and determination for potential α-glucosidase inhibitors from leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus harms by using UF-LC/MS and ESI-MS(n). Phytochem Anal 2012; 23:315-323. [PMID: 21953783 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acanthopanax senticosus Harms is a typical Chinese herb with flavonoids existing in all parts of the plant but with the largest content in leaves. However, leaves have been neglected in past research. To investigate the potential use of leaves of A. senticosus Harms for discovering lead compounds to treat type 2 diabetes, the herb leaves were selected for screening the potential of α-glucosidase inhibitors. OBJECTIVE To screen for candidates of α-glucosidase inhibitors from leaves of A. senticosus Harms and evaluate the structure-activity relationship of the α-glucosidase inhibitors. METHODOLOGY Ultrafiltration liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UF-LC/MS) assay was developed for screening candidates of α-glucosidase inhibitors from leaves of A. senticosus Harms. The interesting compounds were identified by using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector and electrospray ionisation multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n) ), and confirmed by using electrospray ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MS(n)). Furthermore, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the compounds detected was estimated using in vitro assays. RESULTS Eight compounds that might bind to α-glucosidase were screened and seven of them were identified successfully. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the related compounds in leaves of A. senticosus Harms was determined. CONCLUSION The results obtained provided new information for the discovery of potential α-glucosidase inhibitors and the potential anti-diabetic application of the leaves of A. senticosus Harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R., China
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Li FJ, Ning SL, Li Y, Yu YJ, Shen CD, Duan GL. Optimisation of infrared-assisted extraction of rutin from crude Flos Sophorae Immaturus using response surface methodology and HPLC analysis. Phytochem Anal 2012; 23:292-298. [PMID: 22009940 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rutin, one of main constituents in Flos Sophorae Immaturus, has been proven to possess several pharmacological properties such as anti-oxidant, anti-platelet, anti-inflammatory effects and so on. However, optimisation of the extraction of rutin from Flos Sophorae Immaturus has rarely been reported. Thus, it is important to develop an effective method to obtain maximum yields of rutin from Flos Sophorae Immaturus. OBJECTIVE To develop an infrared-assisted extraction method for maximum rutin yield from crude Flos Sophorae Immaturus using response surface methodology and HPLC analysis. METHODOLOGY Through single factor experiments, ranges of the main variables (including methanol concentration, liquid:solid ratio, extraction time and infrared power) affecting the extraction yield of rutin were confirmed. A Box-Behnken design consisting of 24 experimental runs and five replicates at zero point was then applied and a regression model was obtained to predict the optimal extraction yield. RESULTS The ANOVA analysis indicated that the regression equation fits very well with the actual situation. The optimal conditions were as follows: infrared power 204.90 W, liquid:solid ratio 30.00 mL/g, methanol concentration 70.00% and extraction time 4.80 min. Under optimal conditions the predicted maximum yield (125.70 mg rutin/0.5 g raw material) was consistent with the experimental value (126.32 ± 0.67 mg rutin/0.5 g raw material) (n = 3). CONCLUSION The application of response surface methodology was reliable and feasible in the optimisation of infrared-assisted extraction of rutin from crude Flos Sophorae Immaturus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-jie Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No. 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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Wang HJ, Wu XL, Zhou TZ, Deng XM, Wang DC. [Chemical constituents from the fruits of Kadsura marmorata]. Zhong Yao Cai 2012; 35:396-399. [PMID: 22876677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents from the fruits of Kadsura marmorata. METHODS The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column and HPLC. RESULTS 9 compounds were isolated and identified as 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxybiphenyl (I), eriobofuran (II), 3beta, 16beta-dihydroxy urs-2-ene (III), 2alpha, 3beta, 6beta, 23-tetrahydroxy urs-12,18-dien-28-oic acid (IV), 2alpha,3beta,23-trihydroxy urs-12-en-28-oic acid (V), rutin (VI), 2-ethylhexanoic acid (VII), 2-monolaurin (VIII), glyceryl monoricinoleate (IX) on the basis of NMR and EI-MS spectroscopic analysis. CONCLUSION All these compounds are isolated from this genus for the first time.
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Abstract
Fresh cherry tomatoes cv. 'Susanne' contain more of the two flavonoids chalconaringenin (CN) and rutin than lycopene. Therefore some properties including antioxidant behavior of the flavonoids were studied. The two flavonoids were extracted from peel and isolated by use of different chromatographic methods. Molecular absorbtivities were found to be 26907 for CN and 20328 abs M(-1) cm(-1) for rutin. Both compounds exhibited properties as antioxidants through several assays, and rutin was found to be the strongest antioxidant except in one assay. None of the assays revealed pro-oxidative effects. As naringenin rather than CN is frequently reported as a tomato constituent, the stability of CN was investigated in order to detect potential ways of isomerization during sample preparation. CN isomerized slowly both under UVB radiation and in alkaline solutions. Thus, such factors do not explain the occurrence of naringenin in tomato samples. The deficiency in reports on CN may be explained by the similarity in chromatographic behaviors of CN and naringenin, and due to the fact that they have same molecular weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Slimestad
- Saerheim Research Centre, PlantChem , N-4353 Klepp Station, Norway.
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Xie D, Li Y, Zhao L, Ding G, Yuan S, Xu J, Zhu H, Xiao W. [Study on chemical constituents from leaves of Naudea officinalis]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2011; 36:1037-1039. [PMID: 21809580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents of the leaves of Naudea officinalis. METHOD The chemical constituents were separated by column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC techniques, and their structures were determined by spectral analysis. RESULT Five compounds were isolated and identified as strictosamide (1), 10-hydroxy strictosamide (2), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (3), rutin (4), pumiloside(5). CONCLUSION Among these compounds, 2, 3, 4 are isolated from the leaves of Naudea officinalis for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawen Xie
- Jiangsu Zeukov Pharmaceutical S. & T. Inc., Nanjing 210017, China
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Yang Y, Li WL, Gong T, Wang HQ, Chen RY. Studies on the chemical constituents of Anabasis aphylla L. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2010; 45:1523-1526. [PMID: 21348421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The investigation on the chemical constituents of Anabasis aphylla L. was carried out by using various chromatographies, such as silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and RP-C18 column chromatography. Further detailed investigation on the fraction of the ethanol extract of Anabasis aphylla L. yielded one new compound p-acetyl-phenol 1-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), together with five known compounds: piceine (2), isorhamnetin (3), quercetin (4), rutin (5) and isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside (6). Their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis such as NMR and MS. Among these compounds, compounds 2-6 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Jaitak V, Kaul VK, Kumar N, Singh B, Dhar J, Sharma OP. New hopane triterpenes and antioxidant constituents from Potentilla fulgens. Nat Prod Commun 2010; 5:1561-1566. [PMID: 21121248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Potentilla fulgens L. led to the isolation of two new triterpenes, potentene A (1) and potentene B (2). In addition, three known compounds afzelchin-4alpha --> 8"-catechin (3), epiafzelchin (4) and rutin (5) were isolated. The structures of all these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic and chemical evidence. Compounds 3, 4, and 5 exhibited significant 1,1,diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 1.21, 2.88 and 5.20 mg/mL, respectively; the known standard antioxidant, vitamin C, had a value of 0.44 mg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Jaitak
- Natural Plants Product Division, Institute of Himalyan Bioresource Technology (CSIR), Palampur (H.P) 176 061, India
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Zhang Y, Zhang TT. Studies on the chemical constituents from the stem and leaves of Tagetes erecta. Zhong Yao Cai 2010; 33:1412-1414. [PMID: 21235096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the chemical constituents of the stem and leaves of Tagetes erecta. METHODS The materials extracted with ethanol were first purified with D101 resin and then separated by repeated silica gel column chromatography as well as recrystallization to get single compounds. The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties, spectroscopic analysis and comparing with standard sample and literatures. RESULTS Six compounds were identified as 4'-methoxy-eupatolitin-3-O-glucoside (I), kaempferitrin (II), rutin (III), beta-sitosterol (IV), daucosterol (V) and gallic acid (VI). CONCLUSION Compounds I, II, III are isolated from the plant for the first time; the compounds IV, V, VI are isolated from the stem and leaves of the plant for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- The College of Pharmacy of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China.
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Zhang L, He YX, Yao JC, Yin WP. [Studies on the chemical constituents of the flowers of Bupleurum chinese]. Zhong Yao Cai 2010; 33:1086-1088. [PMID: 21137362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents of the flowers of Bupleurum chinese. METHODS The compounds were separated by column chromatography with silica gel. Their structures were identified by spectral methods and chemical analysis. RESULTS Five compounds were isolated and identified as 8-(3',6'-dimethoxy)-4,5-cyclohexadiene-(delta11,12-dioxide-methylene) -dense-dihydrogen-isocoumarin(I), quercetin(II), rutin(III), calcifenol (IV), isorhamnetin (V). CONCLUSION Compounds I and IV are obtained from the genus for the first time. Compound I is a new compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, China.
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Chen QZ, Lin RC, Wang GL, Li FM. [Studies on chemical constituents of the extract of Lonicera japonica]. Zhong Yao Cai 2010; 33:920-922. [PMID: 21049617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To isolate and elucidate the structure of the constituents of the extract of Lonicera japonica. METHODS The compounds were isolated and repeatedly purified on TLC, silica gel column chromatography, and gel column chromatography. The structures were elucidated by physico-chemical properties, MS and NMR. RESULTS Seven compounds were obtained and elucidated as luteolin (I), luteoloside (II), quercetin (III), quercetin-3-0-beta-D-glucoside (IV), quercetin-7-0-beta-D-glucoside (V), rutin (VI), chlorogenic acid (VII). CONCLUSION Compound V is isolated from this genus for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Zhu Chen
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Lapa FDR, Freitas CS, Baggio CH, Missau FC, Pizzolatti MG, Santos ARS, Marques MCA. Gastroprotective activity of the hydroalcoholic extract obtained from Polygala paniculate L. in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:1413-9. [PMID: 17910817 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.10.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The possible gastroprotective effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Polygala paniculata in rats have been evaluated. We have investigated the effects of this hydroalcoholic extract on acute lesions induced by ethanol (70%, p.o.) and indometacin (20 mg kg−1, s.c). Its influence on mucus secretion was investigated, measured as the amount of Alcian blue dye estimated by colorimetry, and antisecretory effects were assessed in the pylorus ligature model. The treatment of rats with a crude hydroalcoholic extract of P. paniculata (HEPP; 30, 100, 300 mg kg−1, p.o., or 3, 10 and 30 mg kg−1, i.p.) decreased the ulcer index, and maintained the gastric mucus production in acute gastric lesions caused by ethanol 70%. In addition, the extract partially protected the mucosa against indometacin-induced lesions. The extract did not change the volume and acidity of gastric secretion in the pylorus-ligated rat. An additional antioxidant activity of the extract and its isolated flavonoid compound rutin, in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, was observed. In conclusion, HEPP exhibited marked gastroprotection; these effects may have involved prostaglandins and be related to cytoprotective factors, such as antioxidant activity and maintenance of mucus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda da Rocha Lapa
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 88015-420, PR, Brazil
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Wei S, Hossain MM, Saleh ZS. Concentration of rutin model solutions from their mixtures with glucose using ultrafiltration. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:672-690. [PMID: 20386660 PMCID: PMC2852860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11020672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Separation of polyphenolic phytochemical compounds from their mixtures with sugars is necessary to produce an added-value sugar-reduced extract with high biological activity from fruit juice processing industry waste streams. The separation characteristics of a binary mixture of rutin and glucose using a Pellicon-2 regenerated cellulose ultrafiltration membrane with an area of 0.1 m(2) having nominal MWCO of 1,000 Da were investigated, to demonstrate the separation of phenolic compounds from sugars. The effects of the operating variables-transmembrane pressure, feed solution temperature and pH, initial feed concentration and feed flow rate-on the permeate flux and enrichment of rutin, were determined. The permeate flux increased with the increase in transmembrane pressure up to a certain limit and after that the flux remained more or less constant. The optimum transmembrane pressure was within 4-5 bar. The flux increased with the increase in feed solution temperature because of reduced feed viscosity, and better solubility. The concentration of rutin was optimum at lower temperature (30 degrees C), with an enrichment factor of 1.3. The effect of pH on permeate flux was less obvious. Lowering the feed solution pH increased the retention of rutin and the optimum separation was obtained within pH 3-4. The permeate flux decreased with the increase in feed concentration of rutin (concentration range 0.1-0.5 g/L). The enrichment of rutin was significant in the glucose concentration range 0.35-0.5 g/L. The feed flow rate had a significant effect on the flux and separation characteristics. Higher cross-flow through the membrane reduced the fouling by providing a shear force to sweep away deposited materials from the membrane surface. At high feed flow rate, more rutin was retained by the membrane with less sugar permeating through. The optimum feed flow rate was 1.5 L/min. For the separation of rutin (in the retentate) and glucose (in the permeate), the best results were obtained at rutin enrichment of 2.9 and recovery 72.5%, respectively. The performance of this system was further improved by operating it in a diafiltration mode, in which only approx. 11% of glucose remained in the retentate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swallow Wei
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Md. M. Hossain
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, UAE University, P.O. Box 17555, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
| | - Zaid S. Saleh
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
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