1
|
Zhang XF, Li Z, Lin H, Cheng Y, Wang H, Jiang Z, Ji Z, Huang Z, Chen H, Wei T. A phytoplasma effector destabilizes chloroplastic glutamine synthetase inducing chlorotic leaves that attract leafhopper vectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402911121. [PMID: 38776366 PMCID: PMC11145293 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402911121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Leaf yellowing is a well-known phenotype that attracts phloem-feeding insects. However, it remains unclear how insect-vectored plant pathogens induce host leaf yellowing to facilitate their own transmission by insect vectors. Here, we report that an effector protein secreted by rice orange leaf phytoplasma (ROLP) inhibits chlorophyll biosynthesis and induces leaf yellowing to attract leafhopper vectors, thereby presumably promoting pathogen transmission. This effector, designated secreted ROLP protein 1 (SRP1), first secreted into rice phloem by ROLP, was subsequently translocated to chloroplasts by interacting with the chloroplastic glutamine synthetase (GS2). The direct interaction between SRP1 and GS2 disrupts the decamer formation of the GS2 holoenzyme, attenuating its enzymatic activity, thereby suppressing the synthesis of chlorophyll precursors glutamate and glutamine. Transgenic expression of SRP1 in rice plants decreased GS2 activity and chlorophyll precursor accumulation, finally inducing leaf yellowing. This process is correlated with the previous evidence that the knockout of GS2 expression in rice plants causes a similar yellow chlorosis phenotype. Consistently, these yellowing leaves attracted higher numbers of leafhopper vectors, caused the vectors to probe more frequently, and presumably facilitate more efficient phytoplasma transmission. Together, these results uncover the mechanism used by phytoplasmas to manipulate the leaf color of infected plants for the purpose of enhancing attractiveness to insect vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhanpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Hanbin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Huanqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhoumian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhenxi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhejun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang H, Liu Z, Geng R, Ren M, Cheng L, Liu D, Jiang C, Wen L, Xiao Z, Yang A. Genome-wide identification of the TIFY gene family in tobacco and expression analysis in response to Ralstonia solanacearum infection. Genomics 2024; 116:110823. [PMID: 38492820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The TIFY gene family plays an essential role in plant development and abiotic and biotic stress responses. In this study, genome-wide identification of TIFY members in tobacco and their expression pattern analysis in response to Ralstonia solanacearum infection were performed. A total of 33 TIFY genes were identified, including the TIFY, PPD, ZIM&ZML and JAZ subfamilies. Promoter analysis results indicated that a quantity of light-response, drought-response, SA-response and JA-response cis-elements exist in promoter regions. The TIFY gene family exhibited expansion and possessed gene redundancy resulting from tobacco ploidy change. In addition, most NtTIFYs equivalently expressed in roots, stems and leaves, while NtTIFY1, NtTIFY4, NtTIFY18 and NtTIFY30 preferentially expressed in roots. The JAZ III clade showed significant expression changes after inoculation with R. solanacearum, and the expression of NtTIFY7 in resistant varieties, compared with susceptible varieties, was more stably induced. Furthermore, NtTIFY7-silenced plants, compared with the control plants, were more susceptible to bacterial wilt. These results lay a foundation for exploring the evolutionary history of TIFY gene family and revealing gene function of NtTIFYs in tobacco bacterial wilt resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Ruimei Geng
- The Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Min Ren
- The Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Lirui Cheng
- The Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Dan Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Caihong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Liuying Wen
- The Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zhiliang Xiao
- The Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Aiguo Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Sun L, Wang Y, Li B, Li X, Ye Z, Zhang J. A Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase Regulates the Defense Response in Citrus sinensis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:459-466. [PMID: 38597923 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-23-0208-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), which is caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas), is one of the most destructive citrus diseases worldwide, and defense-related Citrus sinensis gene resources remain largely unexplored. Calcium signaling plays an important role in diverse biological processes. In plants, a few calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs/CPKs) have been shown to contribute to defense against pathogenic microbes. The genome of C. sinensis encodes dozens of CPKs. In this study, the role of C. sinensis calcium-dependent protein kinases (CsCPKs) in C. sinensis defense was investigated. Silencing of CsCPK6 compromised the induction of defense-related genes in C. sinensis. Expression of a constitutively active form of CsCPK6 (CsCPK6CA) triggered the activation of defense-related genes in C. sinensis. Complementation of CsCPK6 rescued the defense-related gene induction in an Arabidopsis thaliana cpk4/11 mutant, indicating that CsCPK6 carries CPK activity and is capable of functioning as a CPK in Arabidopsis. Moreover, an effector derived from CLas inhibits defense induced by the expression of CsCPK6CA and autophosphorylation of CsCPK6, which suggests the involvement of CsCPK6 and calcium signaling in defense. These results support a positive role for CsCPK6 in C. sinensis defense against CLas, and the autoinhibitory regulation of CsCPK6 provides a potential genome-editing target for improving C. sinensis defense. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Lifan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baiyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Ziqin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang D, Yin Y, Zhang X, Ye J. An Interspecies Recombinant Sida Yellow Mosaic China Virus Isolate and Betasatellite Cause a Leaf Curl Disease in Tobacco in Hainan, China. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:877-886. [PMID: 37743589 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-23-1346-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is an herbaceous crop. Cigar tobacco, a group of tobacco cultivars, has recently been planted in a few provinces in China. Since its introduction, symptoms such as leaf curling and vein thickening have appeared. Here we report a begomovirus, Sida yellow mosaic China virus-Hainan isolate (designated SiYMCNV-HN), associated with the betasatellite (designated SiYMCNB-HN) as the causal agent of a leaf curl disease in cigar tobacco (N. tabacum cv. Haiyan101) in Hainan Province, China. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses indicate that SiYMCNV-HN is an interspecies recombinant with a SiYMCNV isolate as the major parent and a Sida yellow vein Vietnam virus isolate as the minor parent. Full-length infectious clones of SiYMCNV-HN and SiYMCNB-HN were generated, which were highly infectious and induced high pathogenicity through agroinfiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum. This newly reported recombinant begomovirus poses potential threats to tobacco plantations in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuteng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu J, Zhang Y, Li F, Zhang X, Ye J, Wei T, Li Z, Tao X, Cui F, Wang X, Zhang L, Yan F, Li S, Liu Y, Li D, Zhou X, Li Y. Plant virology in the 21st century in China: Recent advances and future directions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:579-622. [PMID: 37924266 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security. Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years, including basic research and technologies for preventing and controlling plant viral diseases. Here, we review these milestones and advances, including the identification of new crop-infecting viruses, dissection of pathogenic mechanisms of multiple viruses, examination of multilayered interactions among viruses, their host plants, and virus-transmitting arthropod vectors, and in-depth interrogation of plant-encoded resistance and susceptibility determinants. Notably, various plant virus-based vectors have also been successfully developed for gene function studies and target gene expression in plants. We also recommend future plant virology studies in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Ye
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhenghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang H, Wang X, Yang Z, Bai Y, Chen L, Wu T. Transcriptome analysis reveals the potential mechanism of the response to scale insects in Camellia sasanqua Thunb. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:106. [PMID: 38267855 PMCID: PMC10807073 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-09980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camellia sasanqua Thunb. is an essential woody ornamental plant. Our continuous observation found that scale insects often infest C. sasanqua all year round in Kunming, China, resulting in poor growth. Scientifically preventing and controlling the infestation of scale insects should be paid attention to, and the mechanism of scale insects influencing C. sasanqua should be used as the research basis. RESULTS The scale insect was identified as Pseudaulacaspis sasakawai Takagi. We analyzed transcriptome sequencing data from leaves of C. sasanqua infested with scale insects. A total of 1320 genes were either up-regulated or down-regulated and differed significantly in response to scale insects. GO (Gene Ontology) annotation analysis showed that the pathway of catalytic activity, binding, membrane part, cell part, and cellular process were affected. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis showed that most DEGs (differentially expressed genes) involved in plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathway, flavonoid biosynthesis, tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis. We also observed that the expression of galactose metabolism and carotenoid biosynthesis were significantly influenced. In addition, qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) validated the expression patterns of DEGs, which showed an excellent agreement with the transcriptome sequencing. CONCLUSIONS Our transcriptomic analysis revealed that the C. sasanqua had an intricate resistance strategy to cope with scale insect attacks. After sensing the attack signal of scale insects, C. sasanqua activated the early signal MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) to activate further transcription factors and Auxin, ET, JA, ABA, and other plant hormone signaling pathways, ultimately leading to the accumulation of lignin, scopolin, flavonoids and other secondary metabolites, produces direct and indirect resistance to scale insects. Our results suggested that it provided some potential resources of defense genes that would benefit the following resistance breeding in C. sasanqua to scale insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Zhang
- School of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Xubo Wang
- Yunnan Biodiversity Research Institute, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Ziyun Yang
- School of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Longqing Chen
- School of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Tian Wu
- School of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang X, Wang D, Zhao P, Sun Y, Fang RX, Ye J. Near-infrared light and PIF4 promote plant antiviral defense by enhancing RNA interference. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100644. [PMID: 37393430 PMCID: PMC10811336 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism underlying phototherapy and light treatment, which utilize various wavelength spectra of light, including near-infrared (NIR), to cure human and plant diseases, is obscure. Here we revealed that NIR light confers antiviral immunity by positively regulating PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4)-activated RNA interference (RNAi) in plants. PIF4, a central transcription factor involved in light signaling, accumulates to high levels under NIR light in plants. PIF4 directly induces the transcription of two essential components of RNAi, RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 6 (RDR6) and ARGONAUTE 1 (AGO1), which play important roles in resistance to both DNA and RNA viruses. Moreover, the pathogenic determinant βC1 protein, which is evolutionarily conserved and encoded by betasatellites, interacts with PIF4 and inhibits its positive regulation of RNAi by disrupting PIF4 dimerization. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanism of PIF4-mediated plant defense and provide a new perspective for the exploration of NIR antiviral treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Duan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pingzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rong-Xiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zeng H, Zhu Q, Yuan P, Yan Y, Yi K, Du L. Calmodulin and calmodulin-like protein-mediated plant responses to biotic stresses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3680-3703. [PMID: 37575022 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a set of finely regulated mechanisms to respond to various biotic stresses. Transient changes in intracellular calcium (Ca2+ ) concentration have been well documented to act as cellular signals in coupling environmental stimuli to appropriate physiological responses with astonishing accuracy and specificity in plants. Calmodulins (CaMs) and calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) are extensively characterized as important classes of Ca2+ sensors. The spatial-temporal coordination between Ca2+ transients, CaMs/CMLs and their target proteins is critical for plant responses to environmental stresses. Ca2+ -loaded CaMs/CMLs interact with and regulate a broad spectrum of target proteins, such as ion transporters (including channels, pumps, and antiporters), transcription factors, protein kinases, protein phosphatases, metabolic enzymes and proteins with unknown biological functions. This review focuses on mechanisms underlying how CaMs/CMLs are involved in the regulation of plant responses to diverse biotic stresses including pathogen infections and herbivore attacks. Recent discoveries of crucial functions of CaMs/CMLs and their target proteins in biotic stress resistance revealed through physiological, molecular, biochemical, and genetic analyses have been described, and intriguing insights into the CaM/CML-mediated regulatory network are proposed. Perspectives for future directions in understanding CaM/CML-mediated signalling pathways in plant responses to biotic stresses are discussed. The application of accumulated knowledge of CaM/CML-mediated signalling in biotic stress responses into crop cultivation would improve crop resistance to various biotic stresses and safeguard our food production in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houqing Zeng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuqing Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiguo Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Keke Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Y, Nan Z, Matthew C, Wang Y, Duan T. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus changes alfalfa (Medicago sativa) metabolites in response to leaf spot (Phoma medicaginis) infection, with subsequent effects on pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) behavior. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:286-300. [PMID: 37010085 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant disease occurs simultaneously with insect attack. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) modify plant biotic stress response. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and pathogens may modify plant volatile organic compound (VOC) production and insect behavior. Nevertheless, such effects are rarely studied, particularly for mesocosms where component organisms interact with each other. Plant-mediated effects of leaf pathogen (Phoma medicaginis) infection on aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) infestation, and role of AMF (Rhizophagus intraradices) in modifying these interactions were elucidated in a glasshouse experiment. We evaluated alfalfa disease occurrence, photosynthesis, phytohormones, trypsin inhibitor (TI) and total phenol response to pathogen and aphid attack, with or without AMF, and aphid behavior towards VOCs from AMF inoculated and non-mycorrhizal alfalfa, with or without pathogen infection. AM fungus enhanced alfalfa resistance to pathogen and aphid infestation. Plant biomass, root : shoot ratio, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, salicylic acid, and TI were significantly increased in AM-inoculated alfalfa. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and pathogen significantly changed alfalfa VOCs. Aphids preferred VOCs of AM-inoculated and nonpathogen-infected to nonmycorrhizal and pathogen-infected alfalfa. We propose that AMF alter plant response to multiple biotic stresses in ways both beneficial and harmful to the plant host, providing a basis for strategies to manage pathogens and herbivore pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingde Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Zhibiao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Cory Matthew
- School of Agriculture and Environment, College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Yajie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Tingyu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chang X, Yang M, Li H, Wu J, Zhang J, Yin C, Ma W, Chen H, Zhou F, Lin Y. Cloning of the promoter of rice brown planthopper feeding-inducible gene OsTPS31 and identification of related cis-regulatory elements. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1809-1819. [PMID: 36637212 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown planthopper (BPH; Nilaparvata lugens) is one of the most serious pests of rice in the world. Insect-resistant genetic engineering is a very effective technology to control BPH. The promoters and cis-regulatory elements inducible by plant-feeding insects are critical for genetic engineering of insect-resistant crops. RESULTS In this study, we cloned a promoter Ptps31 and a 7 bp cis-regulatory sequence that up-regulated downstream genes induced by BPH feeding. The promoter of OsTPS31 (Ptps31) unresponsive to physical damage but responsive to BPH feeding was cloned and functionally verified. The results showed that expression of the OsBPH14 gene driven by the promoter region from -510 to -246 bp in rice could significantly improve the resistance to BPH. The promoter region from -376 to -370 bp (TAGTGTC) was identified as a cis-regulatory sequence related to BPH feeding induction of downstream gene expression. CONCLUSION The findings provide a new promoter and a new cis-regulatory sequence tool for the research on and application of rice BPH resistance genes, as well as a new perspective for functional analysis of the OsTPS31 gene. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanpeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiemin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changxi Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weihua Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Diverse Begomoviruses Evolutionarily Hijack Plant Terpenoid-Based Defense to Promote Whitefly Performance. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010149. [PMID: 36611943 PMCID: PMC9818243 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne pathogens and parasites are major threats to human health and global agriculture. They may directly or indirectly manipulate behaviors of arthropod vector for rapid transmission between hosts. The largest genus of plant viruses, Begomovirus, is transmitted exclusively by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), a complex of at least 34 morphologically indistinguishable species. We have previously shown that plants infected with the tomato yellowleaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) and its associated betasatellite (TYLCCNB) attract their whitefly vectors by subverting plant MYC2-regulated terpenoid biosynthesis, therefore forming an indirect mutualism between virus and vector via plant. However, the evolutionary mechanism of interactions between begomoviruses and their whitefly vectors is still poorly understood. Here we present evidence to suggest that indirect mutualism may happen over a millennium ago and at present extensively prevails. Detailed bioinformatics and functional analysis identified the serine-33 as an evolutionary conserved phosphorylation site in 105 of 119 Betasatellite species-encoded βC1 proteins, which are responsible for suppressing plant terpenoid-based defense by interfering with MYC2 dimerization and are essential to promote whitefly performance. The substitution of serine-33 of βC1 proteins with either aspartate (phosphorylation mimic mutants) or cysteine, the amino acid in the non-functional sβC1 encoded by Siegesbeckia yellow vein betasatellite SiYVB) impaired the ability of βC1 functions on suppression of MYC2 dimerization, whitefly attraction and fitness. Moreover the gain of function mutation of cysteine-31 to serine in sβC1 protein of SiYVB restored these functions of βC1 protein. Thus, the dynamic phosphorylation of serine-33 in βC1 proteins helps the virus to evade host defense against insect vectors with an evolutionarily conserved manner. Our data provide a mechanistic explanation of how arboviruses evolutionarily modulate host defenses for rapid transmission.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Y, Lyu L, Tao Y, Ju H, Chen J. Health risks of phthalates: A review of immunotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120173. [PMID: 36113640 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are known environmental endocrine disruptors that have been widely detected in several environments, and many studies have reported the immunotoxic effects of these compounds. Here, we reviewed relevant published studies, summarized the occurrence and major metabolic pathways of six typical PAEs (DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, DEHP, and DOP) in water, soil, and the atmosphere, degradation and metabolic pathways under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and explored the molecular mechanisms of the toxic effects of eleven PAEs (DEHP, DPP, DPrP, DHP, DEP, DBP, MBP, MBzP, BBP, DiNP, and DMP) on the immune system of different organisms at the gene, protein, and cellular levels. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which PAEs affect immune system function through regulation of immune gene expression and enzymes, increased ROS, immune signaling pathways, specific and non-specific immunosuppression, and interference with the complement system. By summarizing the effects of these compounds on typical model organisms, this review provides insights into the mechanisms by which PAEs affect the immune system, thus supplementing human immune experiments. Finally, we discuss the future direction of PAEs immunotoxicity research, thus providing a framework for the analysis of other environmental pollutants, as well as a basis for PAEs management and safe use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Liang Lyu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Yue Tao
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Hanxun Ju
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Jie Chen
- Rural Energy Station of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Seed Transmission of Tomato Spotted Wilt Orthotospovirus in Peppers. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091873. [PMID: 36146680 PMCID: PMC9504465 DOI: 10.3390/v14091873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) severely damaged agricultural production in many places around the world. It is generally believed that TSWV transmits among plants via their insect vector. In this study, we provide evidence on the seed-borne transmission of TSWV in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, and transmission electron microscopy data demonstrate the seed transmission ability of TSWV in peppers. Endosperm, but not the embryo, is the abundant virus-containing seed organ. TSWV can also be detected in the second generation of newly germinated seedlings from virus-containing seed germination experiments. Our data are useful for researchers, certification agencies, the seed industry, and policy makers when considering the importance of TSWV in vegetable production all over the world.
Collapse
|
14
|
Todd JC, Stewart LR, Redinbaugh MG, Wilson JR. Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Feeding Behavior is Largely Unchanged by Soybean Mosaic Virus but Significantly Altered by the Beetle-Transmitted Bean Pod Mottle Virus. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1059-1068. [PMID: 35569031 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is an economically important invasive pest of soybean. In addition to damage caused by soybean aphid feeding on the phloem sap, this insect also transmits many plant viruses, including soybean mosaic virus (SMV). Previous work has shown that plant viruses can change plant host phenotypes to alter the behavior of their insect vectors to promote virus spread, known as the vector manipulation hypothesis. In this study, we used electropenetography (EPG) to examine the effects of two plant viruses on soybean aphid feeding behavior: SMV, which is transmitted by many aphid species including the soybean aphid, and bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), which is transmitted by chrysomelid and some coccinellid beetles but not aphids. These two viruses often co-occur in soybean production and can act synergistically. Surprisingly, our results showed little to no effect of SMV on soybean aphid feeding behaviors measured by EPG, but profound differences were observed in aphids feeding on BPMV-infected plants. Aphids took longer to find the vascular bundle of BPMV-infected plants, and once found, spent more time entering and conditioning the phloem than ingesting phloem sap. Interestingly, these observed alterations are similar to those of aphids feeding on insect-resistant soybean plants. The cause of these changes in feeding behavior is not known, and how they impact virus transmission and soybean aphid populations in the field will require further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Todd
- USDA-ARS Corn, Soybean & Wheat Quality Research Unit, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Lucy R Stewart
- USDA-ARS Corn, Soybean & Wheat Quality Research Unit, Wooster, OH, USA
| | | | - Jennifer R Wilson
- USDA-ARS Corn, Soybean & Wheat Quality Research Unit, Wooster, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang B, Zhou L, Zhou X, Bai Y, Zhan M, Chen J, Xu C. Differential responses of leaf photosynthesis to insect and pathogen outbreaks: A global synthesis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155052. [PMID: 35395301 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Outbreak of insects or pathogens (referred to as biotic disturbance), which is projected to continually increase in a warmer climate, may profoundly affect plant photosynthesis and production. However, the response of plant photosynthesis to biotic disturbance remains unclear, especially differences in response between insects and pathogens, which hinders the prediction of plant productivity in future climate. In this study, a meta-analysis approach was used to examine effects of insects and pathogens on photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area (Pn) and the associated characteristics from 115 studies. Our results showed that biotic disturbance significantly decreased Pn by 34.8% but increased Rd by 26.2%. Most of parameters associated with Pn were significantly reduced by biotic disturbance, including gs, Tr, photosynthetic pigments (e.g., a+b, a, and b), and chlorophyll fluorescence properties (Fv/Fm, qp). The disturbance type (insects vs pathogens) was the most important factor affecting the response of Pn, with a greater decrease in Pn by pathogens (-37.5%) than insects (-28.0%). The response ratio of Pn was positively correlated with that of gs and Tr for both insects and pathogens, while negatively with Ci and positively with Chl a+b, ΦPSII, and qp for only pathogens. In addition, the higher sensitivity of Pn to biotic disturbance in crop than non-crop plants poses a great challenge to agricultural system in the future. The weighted response ratio of Pn and relationships of Pn with other associated paramerters under insect and pathogen disturbance will facilitate vegetation models to integrate the effects of biotic disturbance on primary production, improving predicition of the ecosystem carbon cyling in combining with leaf area measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baocheng Zhang
- Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Center for Ecological Research, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China..
| | - Yanfen Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi 563002, China
| | - Maokui Zhan
- Zunyi Institute of Forestry Science, Zunyi 563002, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of the State Forestry Bureau, Forest Ecological Environment and Protection Research Institute of Chinese Academy of forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chengyuan Xu
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558, Australia; Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yao S, Kang J, Guo G, Yang Z, Huang Y, Lan Y, Zhou T, Wang L, Wei C, Xu Z, Li Y. The key micronutrient copper orchestrates broad-spectrum virus resistance in rice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm0660. [PMID: 35776788 PMCID: PMC10883364 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper is a critical regulator of plant growth and development. However, the mechanisms by which copper responds to virus invasion are unclear. We previously showed that SPL9-mediated transcriptional activation of miR528 adds a previously unidentified regulatory layer to the established ARGONAUTE (AGO18)-miR528-L-ascorbate oxidase (AO) antiviral defense. Here, we report that rice promotes copper accumulation in shoots by inducing copper transporter genes, including HMA5 and COPT, to counteract viral infection. Copper suppresses the transcriptional activation of miR528 by inhibiting the protein level of SPL9, thus alleviating miR528-mediated cleavage of AO transcripts to strengthen the antiviral response. Loss-of-function mutations in HMA5, COPT1, and COPT5 caused a significant reduction in copper accumulation and plant viral resistance because of the increased SPL9-mediated miR528 transcription. Gain in viral susceptibility was mitigated when SPL9 was mutated in the hma5 mutant background. Our study elucidates the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks of copper homeostasis and the SPL9-miR528-AO antiviral pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengze Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinrui Kang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ge Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhirui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Lan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Liying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chunhong Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xie J, Ding Y, Gao T, He S, Zhao K, Yang X, Zhang J, Yang Z. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché (Cucurbitaceae) response to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerium. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:436. [PMID: 35698057 PMCID: PMC9190096 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08674-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC) is the causal agent of cucumber Fusarium wilt, which can cause extensive damages and productivity losses. Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché (Cucurbitaceae) is usually used as rootstock for cucumber because of its excellent resistance to Fusarium wilt. Our previous study found that C.ficifolia has high FOC resistance, the underlying mechanism of which is unclear. Results Transcriptome and proteome profiling was performed on the basis of RNA-Seq and isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation technology to explore the molecular mechanisms of the response of Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerium infection. Comparative analyses revealed that 1850 genes and 356 protein species were differentially regulated at 2d and 4d after FOC inoculation. However, correlation analysis revealed that only 11 and 39 genes were differentially regulated at both the transcriptome and proteome levels after FOC inoculation at 2d and 4d, respectively. After FOC inoculation, plant hormones signal transduction, transcription factors were stimulated, whereas wax biosynthesis and photosynthesis were suppressed. Increased synthesis of oxidative-redox proteins is involved in resistance to FOC. Conclusions This study is the first to reveal the response of C. ficifolia leaf to FOC infection at the transcriptome and proteome levels, and to show that FOC infection activates plant hormone signaling and transcription factors while suppressing wax biosynthesis and photosynthesis. The accumulation of oxidative-redox proteins also plays an important role in the resistance of C. ficifolia to FOC. Results provide new information regarding the processes of C. ficifolia leaf resistance to FOC and will contribute to the breeding of cucumber rootstock with FOC resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08674-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Xie
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yumei Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.,Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Gao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuilian He
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuehu Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhengan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jiang Y, Hu X, Yuan Y, Guo X, Chase MW, Ge S, Li J, Fu J, Li K, Hao M, Wang Y, Jiao Y, Jiang W, Jin X. The Gastrodia menghaiensis (Orchidaceae) genome provides new insights of orchid mycorrhizal interactions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:179. [PMID: 35392808 PMCID: PMC8988336 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To illustrate the molecular mechanism of mycoheterotrophic interactions between orchids and fungi, we assembled chromosome-level reference genome of Gastrodia menghaiensis (Orchidaceae) and analyzed the genomes of two species of Gastrodia. RESULTS Our analyses indicated that the genomes of Gastrodia are globally diminished in comparison to autotrophic orchids, even compared to Cuscuta (a plant parasite). Genes involved in arbuscular mycorrhizae colonization were found in genomes of Gastrodia, and many of the genes involved biological interaction between Gatrodia and symbiotic microbionts are more numerous than in photosynthetic orchids. The highly expressed genes for fatty acid and ammonium root transporters suggest that fungi receive material from orchids, although most raw materials flow from the fungi. Many nuclear genes (e.g. biosynthesis of aromatic amino acid L-tryptophan) supporting plastid functions are expanded compared to photosynthetic orchids, an indication of the importance of plastids even in totally mycoheterotrophic species. CONCLUSION Gastrodia menghaiensis has the smallest proteome thus far among angiosperms. Many of the genes involved biological interaction between Gatrodia and symbiotic microbionts are more numerous than in photosynthetic orchids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaodi Hu
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- National Resource Center for Chinese Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xuelian Guo
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Mark W Chase
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, Surrey, UK
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Song Ge
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jianwu Li
- Xishuanbanan Tropical Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinlong Fu
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kui Li
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Meng Hao
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuannian Jiao
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Wenkai Jiang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaohua Jin
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian, Beijing, 100093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhao Y, Cao X, Zhong W, Zhou S, Li Z, An H, Liu X, Wu R, Bohora S, Wu Y, Liang Z, Chen J, Yang X, Zhou G, Zhang T. A viral protein orchestrates rice ethylene signaling to coordinate viral infection and insect vector-mediated transmission. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:689-705. [PMID: 35032687 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses cause serious threats to human health and global agriculture by rapidly spreading via insect vectors. Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is the most damaging rice-infecting virus that is frequently transmitted by planthoppers. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its propagation in the host plants and epidemics in the field are largely unknown. Here, we showed that the SRBSDV-encoded P6 protein is a key effector that regulates rice ethylene signaling to coordinate viral infection and transmission. In early SRBSDV infection, P6 interacts with OsRTH2 in the cytoplasm to activate ethylene signaling and enhance SRBSDV proliferation; this also repels the insect vector to reduce infestation. In late infection, P6 enters the nucleus, where it interacts with OsEIL2, a key transcription factor of ethylene signaling. The P6-OsEIL2 interaction suppresses ethylene signaling by preventing the dimerization of OsEIL2, thereby facilitating viral transmission by attracting the insect vector. Collectively, these findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism by which an arbovirus modulates the host defense system to promote viral infection and transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Zhao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xue Cao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weihua Zhong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shunkang Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhanbiao Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong An
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Xiahua Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruifeng Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Surakshya Bohora
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenyi Liang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Guo W, Li C, Zeng B, Li J, Wang Z, Ma S, Du L, Lan Y, Sun F, Lu C, Li S, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhou T. Analyses on the Infection Process of Rice Virus and the Spatiotemporal Expression Pattern of Host Defense Genes Based on a Determined-Part Inoculation Approach. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020144. [PMID: 35215088 PMCID: PMC8880328 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice viral diseases adversely affect crop yield and quality. Most rice viruses are transmitted through insect vectors. However, the traditional whole-plant inoculation method cannot control the initial inoculation site in rice plants because the insect feeding sites in plants are random. To solve this problem, we established a determined-part inoculation approach in this study that restricted the insect feeding sites to specific parts of the rice plant. Rice stripe virus (RSV) was used as the model virus and was inoculated at the bottom of the stem using our method. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses detected RSV only present at the bottom of the Nipponbare (NPB) stem at 1 day post-inoculation (dpi), indicating that our method successfully controlled the inoculation site. With time, RSV gradually moved from the bottom of the stem to the leaf in NPB rice plants, indicating that systemic viral spread can also be monitored using this method. In addition, a cultivar resistant to RSV, Zhendao 88 (ZD88), was inoculated using this method. We found that RSV accumulation in ZD88 was significantly lower than in NPB. Additionally, the expression level of the resistant gene STV11 in ZD88 was highly induced at the initial invasion stage of RSV (1 dpi) at the inoculation site, whereas it remained relatively stable at non-inoculated sites. This finding indicated that STV11 directly responded to RSV invasion to inhibit virus accumulation at the invasion site. We also proved that this approach is suitable for other rice viruses, such as Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV). Interestingly, we determined that systemic infection with RSV was faster than that with RBSDV in NPB, which was consistent with findings in field trails. In summary, this approach is suitable for characterizing the viral infection process in rice plants, comparing the local viral accumulation and spread among different cultivars, analyzing the spatiotemporal expression pattern of resistance-associated genes, and monitoring the infection rate for different viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chenyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Bo Zeng
- National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100125, China;
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhaoyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shuhui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Linlin Du
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ying Lan
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chengye Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yunyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Joint Laboratory, International Rice Research Institute, Nanjing 210014, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (T.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Delplace F, Huard-Chauveau C, Berthomé R, Roby D. Network organization of the plant immune system: from pathogen perception to robust defense induction. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:447-470. [PMID: 34399442 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system has been explored essentially through the study of qualitative resistance, a simple form of immunity, and from a reductionist point of view. The recent identification of genes conferring quantitative disease resistance revealed a large array of functions, suggesting more complex mechanisms. In addition, thanks to the advent of high-throughput analyses and system approaches, our view of the immune system has become more integrative, revealing that plant immunity should rather be seen as a distributed and highly connected molecular network including diverse functions to optimize expression of plant defenses to pathogens. Here, we review the recent progress made to understand the network complexity of regulatory pathways leading to plant immunity, from pathogen perception, through signaling pathways and finally to immune responses. We also analyze the topological organization of these networks and their emergent properties, crucial to predict novel immune functions and test them experimentally. Finally, we report how these networks might be regulated by environmental clues. Although system approaches remain extremely scarce in this area of research, a growing body of evidence indicates that the plant response to combined biotic and abiotic stresses cannot be inferred from responses to individual stresses. A view of possible research avenues in this nascent biology domain is finally proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Delplace
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Carine Huard-Chauveau
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Richard Berthomé
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Dominique Roby
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang JR, Liu SS, Pan LL. Enhanced Age-Related Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in Tomato Is Associated With Higher Basal Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:685382. [PMID: 34394140 PMCID: PMC8358113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.685382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most notorious plant pathogens affecting the production of tomato worldwide. While the occurrence of age-related resistance (ARR) against TYLCV has been reported, the factors impacting its development remain unknown. We conducted a series of experiments with three tomato cultivars that vary in basal resistance to TYLCV to explore factors involved in the development of ARR. Our data indicate that ARR is more pronounced in tomato cultivars with higher basal resistance. Additionally, increased plant biomass in older plants does not contribute to ARR. Virus source plants with a younger age at initial inoculation facilitates virus acquisition by whiteflies. Finally, an analysis on plant hormones suggests that salicylic acid (SA) may play a major role in the development of ARR in tomato against TYLCV. These findings provide new insights into the developmental resistance in tomato against TYLCV as well as clues for the deployment of ARR in the management of diseases caused by TYLCV.
Collapse
|