1
|
Torres-Moreno AC, Mejia-Grau K, Puente-DelaCruz L, Codling G, Villa AL, Ríos-Marquez O, Patequiva-Chauta L, Cobo M, Johnson-Restrepo B. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in human breast milk from Colombia: A probabilistic risk assessment approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139597. [PMID: 37487977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They were produced in relatively large volumes in the last century and are now subject to long-term monitoring and regulated under the United Nations Stockholm Convention (SC) on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Though restricted, human exposure is still a concern and in some regions of the globe the information on the health risk is limited. Sixty breast milk samples from nursing mothers were collected between 2014 and 2015, residing in Bogota, Cartagena, and Medellin, which are industrialized cities in Colombia. This is the first comprehensive study to determine the concentrations in breast milk of PBDEs (n = 7), PCBs (n = 29), and OCPs (n = 28) in Colombia. The detection frequency of POPs, including BDE-47, CB-138, CB-153, CB-156, and CB-180, as well as several OCPs such as chloroneb, aldrins, HCHs, DDTs, and heptachlor, was found to be 100% in all samples tested. The mean concentrations of the analyzed legacy POPs were ∑3DDTs (423 ng/g lw) > chloroneb (50.1 ng/g lw) > ∑2permetrins (17.5 ng/g lw) > ∑2aldrins (16.7 ng/g lw) > 29 PCBs (15.04 ng/g lw) > ∑2chlordanes (CHLs) (11.2 ng/g lw) ≈ ∑3endosulfans (11.1 ng/g lw) > ∑2heptachlors (2.43 ng/g lw) > 7PBDEs (2.1 ng/g lw) > ∑4HCHs (0.58 ng/g lw). The results of this study suggest that the concentrations of DDTs were present in breast milk samples from Colombia at levels comparable to those found in previous studies conducted in other countries such as Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, and various Asian countries. The concentrations of PBDE and PCB congeners, as well as many pesticides, were found to be significantly correlated with each other. This suggests that these substances may have similar sources of exposure. The strength of the pair correlation among concentrations of POPs was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficients, which varied from r = 0.62 for the association between BDE-47 and CB-153, to a high correlation of 0.99 for the correlation between γ-Chlordane and heptachlor. This suggests that these POPs may share similar sources, such as diet. An exposure assessment model obtained by Monte Carlo simulation showed that infants were exposed to low concentrations of POPs with exception of p,p'-DDE and Aldrin, in which 25th, 50th and 95th percentiles were greater than the threshold reference values of non-carcinogenic effects suggested by US-EPA regulations while the 90th percentile of pg TEQ/Kg-bw/day for dl-PCBs was above of the tolerable daily intake (TDI) proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, the health risk of infants exposed to OCPs and dl-PCBs should be exanimated continually through biomonitoring programs in the Colombian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Torres-Moreno
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus of San Pablo, University of Cartagena. Zaragocilla, Carrera 50 No. 24-99, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Karen Mejia-Grau
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus of San Pablo, University of Cartagena. Zaragocilla, Carrera 50 No. 24-99, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Laura Puente-DelaCruz
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus of San Pablo, University of Cartagena. Zaragocilla, Carrera 50 No. 24-99, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Garry Codling
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University. Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic; Centre for Resilience in Environment, Water and Waste (CREWW), Exeter University, Exeter, UK
| | - Aída Luz Villa
- Environmental Catalysis Research Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Oscar Ríos-Marquez
- Environmental Catalysis Research Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Laura Patequiva-Chauta
- Energy, Materials and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus Universitario Puente Del Común, Km. 7 Autopista Norte, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martha Cobo
- Energy, Materials and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus Universitario Puente Del Común, Km. 7 Autopista Norte, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Boris Johnson-Restrepo
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus of San Pablo, University of Cartagena. Zaragocilla, Carrera 50 No. 24-99, Cartagena, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iakovides M, Sciare J, Mihalopoulos N. Simple multi-residue analysis of persistent organic pollutants and molecular tracers in atmospheric samples. MethodsX 2023; 10:102224. [PMID: 37251654 PMCID: PMC10209013 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a simple, selective and sensitive analytical method to quantitatively determine a wide range of halogenated persistent organic pollutants and molecular tracers in atmospheric samples. Identification and quantification was carried out by high-resolution gas chromatography, hyphenated with low-resolution mass spectrometry operating in electron impact (EI) and electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) mode. Optimization on a number of instrumental parameters was conducted to obtain ultra-trace detection limits, in the range of few fg/m3 for organohalogen compounds. Repeatability and reproducibility of the method was thoroughly evaluated. The analysis was validated with standard reference materials and successfully applied to actual atmospheric samples. The proposed multi-residue method provides a precise, affordable and practical procedure of sample analysis for environmental research laboratories with conventional instrumentation on a routine basis.•A simple combination of alumina, florisil and silica gel adsorbents was applied to sufficiently isolate polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, long chain n-alkanes, hopanes and steranes.•Full elution was achieved in two successive fractions, using small volumes of n-hexane and n-hexane/dichloromethane to recover all target substances.•To maximize analytical response, optimization was applied for three operating parameters in ECNI mode: i) ion source temperature; ii) emission current; and iii) electron energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minas Iakovides
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Str., Aglantzia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Str., Aglantzia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Str., Aglantzia 2121, Cyprus
- Chemistry Department, University of Crete, Heraklion Crete 71003, Greece
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Santos LL, Miranda D, Hatje V, Albergaria-Barbosa ACR, Leonel J. PCBs occurrence in marine bivalves and fish from Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 154:111070. [PMID: 32319897 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a tropical bay exposed to different anthropogenic pressures, samples of bivalves: mangrove oyster (Crassotrea rhizophorae), mangrove mussel (Mytella guyanensis)and clams (Anomalocardia brasiliana), were collected in different parts of Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil. In addition, samples of bivalves and fish, purchased from a seafood market in the city of Salvador were analyzed to evaluate human exposure to PCBs through ingestion. Identification and quantification of PCBs were done by GC/MS after microwave extraction and purification with sulfuric acid. In bivalves, concentrations ranged from <0.08 to 50.1 ng g -1 (dry weight), with the highest values being detected in mangrove oyster, followed by clams and mangrove mussel of the Subaé estuary and Madre de Deus/Mataripe; regions known to be impacted by anthropic activities. From the total of the 12 fish species analyzed, only 5 presented levels of PCBs above the detection limit, ranging from 0.23 to 4.55 ng g -1 and 0.51 to 26.05 ng g -1 by dry weight and lipid weight, respectively. In general, concentrations of PCBs on the bay are lower than in most regions around the world, especially those located in the Northern Hemisphere. Indexes indicated that local biota and seafood from the fish market are not adversely impacted by PCBs and do not represent a risk to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L L Santos
- Laboratório de Geoquímica Marinha, GEOQMAR, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil.
| | - D Miranda
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente, CIENAM & Inst. de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - V Hatje
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente, CIENAM & Inst. de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - A C R Albergaria-Barbosa
- Laboratório de Geoquímica Marinha, GEOQMAR, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - J Leonel
- Laboratório de Poluição e Geoquímica Marinha, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Feasibility of gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental and feed samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3703-3716. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
5
|
Rauert C, Harner T, Schuster JK, Eng A, Fillmann G, Castillo LE, Fentanes O, Villa Ibarra M, Miglioranza KSB, Moreno Rivadeneira I, Pozo K, Aristizábal Zuluaga BH. Atmospheric Concentrations of New Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Chemicals of Concern in the Group of Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC) Region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7240-7249. [PMID: 29846065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A special initiative was run by the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network to provide atmospheric data on a range of emerging chemicals of concern and candidate and new persistent organic pollutants in the Group of Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC) region. Regional-scale data for a range of flame retardants (FRs) including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and a range of alternative FRs (novel FRs) are reported over 2 years of sampling with low detection frequencies of the novel FRs. Atmospheric concentrations of the OPEs were an order of magnitude higher than all other FRs, with similar profiles at all sites. Regional-scale background concentrations of the poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), including the neutral PFAS (n-PFAS) and perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), and the volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) are also reported. Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA) was detected at highly elevated concentrations in Brazil and Colombia, in line with the use of the pesticide sulfluramid in this region. Similar concentrations of the perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFAS) were detected throughout the GRULAC region regardless of location type, and the VMS concentrations in air increased with the population density of sampling locations. This is the first report of atmospheric concentrations of the PFAAs and VMS from this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Jasmin K Schuster
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Anita Eng
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande , Instituto de Oceanografia , Rio Grande - RS , 96203-900 , Brazil
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX) , Kamenice 753/5, pavillion A29, 625 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Luisa Eugenia Castillo
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET) , Universidad Nacional , Heredia , 86-3000 , Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | | | - Karla Pozo
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología , Universidad San Sebastián , Lientur 1457 , Concepción , 4080871 , Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ng CA, von Goetz N. The Global Food System as a Transport Pathway for Hazardous Chemicals: The Missing Link between Emissions and Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:1-7. [PMID: 27384039 PMCID: PMC5226694 DOI: 10.1289/ehp168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food is a major pathway for human exposure to hazardous chemicals. The modern food system is becoming increasingly complex and globalized, but models for food-borne exposure typically assume locally derived diets or use concentrations directly measured in foods without accounting for food origin. Such approaches may not reflect actual chemical intakes because concentrations depend on food origin, and representative analysis is seldom available. Processing, packaging, storage, and transportation also impart different chemicals to food and are not yet adequately addressed. Thus, the link between environmental emissions and realistic human exposure is effectively broken. OBJECTIVES We discuss the need for a fully integrated treatment of the modern industrialized food system, and we propose strategies for using existing models and relevant supporting data sources to track chemicals during production, processing, packaging, storage, and transport. DISCUSSION Fate and bioaccumulation models describe how chemicals distribute in the environment and accumulate through local food webs. Human exposure models can use concentrations in food to determine body burdens based on individual or population characteristics. New models now include the impacts of processing and packaging but are far from comprehensive. We propose to close the gap between emissions and exposure by utilizing a wider variety of models and data sources, including global food trade data, processing, and packaging models. CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive approach that takes into account the complexity of the modern global food system is essential to enable better prediction of human exposure to chemicals in food, sound risk assessments, and more focused risk abatement strategies. Citation: Ng CA, von Goetz N. 2017. The global food system as a transport pathway for hazardous chemicals: the missing link between emissions and exposure. Environ Health Perspect 125:1-7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP168.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla A. Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Natalie von Goetz
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rauert C, Harner T, Schuster JK, Quinto K, Fillmann G, Castillo LE, Fentanes O, Ibarra MV, Miglioranza KSB, Rivadeneira IM, Pozo K, Puerta AP, Zuluaga BHA. Towards a regional passive air sampling network and strategy for new POPs in the GRULAC region: Perspectives from the GAPS Network and first results for organophosphorus flame retardants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:1294-1302. [PMID: 27436778 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A discussion is presented on the limitations for air monitoring studies around the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries (GRULAC), highlighting key issues requiring further attention, and reports on how a special initiative is addressing these limitations. Preliminary results are presented for the first reported data on organophosphorus flame retardant (OPFR) concentrations in outdoor air from the GRULAC region. At the majority of sites the concentrations and the profile of the OPFRs detected were similar with tris (chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) dominating (<MDL to 1280pg/m3). However, the urban location at Concepción, Chile presented higher concentrations and a different profile with tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) dominating (mean 800pg/m3 vs 80pg/m3 at the other locations) -indicating different sources at this location. OPFRs, used extensively as flame retardants and plasticizers, are found ubiquitously in indoor environments yet only few studies report outdoor air levels. This preliminary study of only 7 sites highlights how extensive regional passive sampling networks (such as GAPS) can provide important new information to support risk assessment of these and similar chemicals. Finally, the various challenges with implementing a regional monitoring program are discussed, including harmonizing data from various monitoring programs for reporting to the GMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Jasmin K Schuster
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Karen Quinto
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karla Pozo
- Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias, Concepción, Chile
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
van Bavel B, Geng D, Cherta L, Nácher-Mestre J, Portolés T, Ábalos M, Sauló J, Abad E, Dunstan J, Jones R, Kotz A, Winterhalter H, Malisch R, Traag W, Hagberg J, Ericson Jogsten I, Beltran J, Hernández F. Atmospheric-Pressure Chemical Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC/MS/MS) an Alternative to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) for the Determination of Dioxins. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9047-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bert van Bavel
- MTM
Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Dawei Geng
- MTM
Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Laura Cherta
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Jaime Nácher-Mestre
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Tania Portolés
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Manuela Ábalos
- MTM
Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
- Laboratory
of Dioxins, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Environmental
Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sauló
- Laboratory
of Dioxins, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Environmental
Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Laboratory
of Dioxins, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Environmental
Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rhys Jones
- Waters Corporation, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Kotz
- EU
Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis of Food, D-79114 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Winterhalter
- EU
Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis of Food, D-79114 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Malisch
- EU
Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis of Food, D-79114 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wim Traag
- RIKILT, Institute of
Food Safety, PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jessika Hagberg
- MTM
Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Ericson Jogsten
- MTM
Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Joaquim Beltran
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wenning RJ, Martello LB. Levels and Trends of Dioxins, PCBs, and Other POPs in Abiotic Compartments. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2015_451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
10
|
Bohlin P, Audy O, Škrdlíková L, Kukučka P, Přibylová P, Prokeš R, Vojta Š, Klánová J. Outdoor passive air monitoring of semi volatile organic compounds (SVOCs): a critical evaluation of performance and limitations of polyurethane foam (PUF) disks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:433-444. [PMID: 24526226 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00644a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The most commonly used passive air sampler (PAS) (i.e. polyurethane foam (PUF) disk) is cheap, versatile, and capable of accumulating compounds present both in gas and particle phases. Its performance for particle associated compounds is however disputable. In this study, twelve sets of triplicate PUF-PAS were deployed outdoors for exposure periods of 1-12 weeks together with continuously operated active samplers, to characterize sampling efficiency and derive sampling rates (RS) for compounds belonging to 7 SVOC classes (including particle associated compounds). PUF-PAS efficiently and consistently sampled polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and eight novel brominated flame retardant (nBFR) compounds. Low accuracy and lack of sensitivity was observed for most polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans PCDD/Fs and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (under the conditions of this study), with the exception of some congeners which may be used as qualitative markers for their respective classes. Application of compound specific RS was found crucial for all compounds except PCBs. Sampling efficiency of the particle associated compounds was often low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Bohlin
- Resarch Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Van Leeuwen S, Leslie H, De Boer J, Van Leeuwen S, Van Bavel B, Abad E, Fiedler H. POPs analysis reveals issues in bringing laboratories in developing countries to a higher quality level. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|