1
|
Zhou H, Lau VM, Love JA. Colorimetric Detection of Sulfur Mustard with 4-( p-Nitrobenzyl)pyridine and Its Derivatives. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8406-8415. [PMID: 38728057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present a simple, highly sensitive, and selective colorimetric method for detecting sulfur mustard (SM) and its simulants. This method relies on a nucleophilic substitution reaction between derivatives of 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP) and SM and subsequent treatment with an external base, resulting in a visible response. This reaction exhibits an impressively low detection threshold by the naked eye, as low as 10 ppm at room temperature. In contrast to the conventional use of NBP for detecting other alkylating agents, such as nitrogen mustard, our approach eliminates the need for prolonged heating or intricate extraction processes. Both computational and experimental investigations underscore the significance of water within our detection medium as it stabilizes crucial episulfonium cation intermediates. Furthermore, we demonstrate the practical applicability of this sensor by incorporating it onto cellulose and silica surfaces, which may provide guidance for the design and development of solid-state SM detectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Vivian M Lau
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Love
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kuitunen ML, Dutoit JC, Siegenthaler P, Rapinoja ML, Vanninen PS. Identification of acidic degradation products of chemical warfare agents by methylation with trimethylsilyldiazomethane and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Anal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-022-00338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSensitive and reliable analysis of alkylphosphonic acids (APAs) and 2-(N,N-dialkylamino)ethanesulfonic acids (SAs), the degradation products of chemical warfare agents (CWAs), is one of the most important tasks for verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Unambiguous identification of these chemicals is required in a variety of environmental matrices, including soil and water. These acids with low volatility are very polar, and efficient and reliable methylation methods for their derivatization are needed for analysis with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In this study, the derivatization conditions for trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSDAM) methylation were optimized for rapid GC–MS screening. Optimized methylation of APAs and SAs with TMSDAM was compared with methylation with diazomethane. The TMSDAM methylation of SAs and benzilic acid was further compared with silylation with N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. The significance and necessity of cation exchange prior to derivatization and analysis were tested on samples with a high inorganic background. A recommendation to use the method for methylation of water samples and aqueous extracts using TMSDAM is given. The robustness of the method was illustrated by the successful identification of APAs and SAs in aqueous samples from proficiency tests organized by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
Collapse
|
3
|
Grabka M, Witkiewicz Z, Jasek K, Piwowarski K. Acoustic Wave Sensors for Detection of Blister Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Simulants. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22155607. [PMID: 35957163 PMCID: PMC9371173 DOI: 10.3390/s22155607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On-site detection and initial identification of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) remain difficult despite the many available devices designed for this type of analysis. Devices using well-established analytical techniques such as ion mobility spectrometry, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, or flame photometry, in addition to unquestionable advantages, also have some limitations (complexity, high unit cost, lack of selectivity). One of the emerging techniques of CWA detection is based on acoustic wave sensors, among which surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices and quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are of particular importance. These devices allow for the construction of undemanding and affordable gas sensors whose selectivity, sensitivity, and other metrological parameters can be tailored by application of particular coating material. This review article presents the current state of knowledge and achievements in the field of SAW and QCM-based gas sensors used for the detection of blister agents as well as simulants of these substances. The scope of the review covers the detection of blister agents and their simulants only, as in the available literature no similar paper was found, in contrast to the detection of nerve agents. The article includes description of the principles of operation of acoustic wave sensors, a critical review of individual studies and solutions, and discusses development prospects of this analytical technique in the field of blister agent detection.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dziedzic D, Nawała J, Gordon D, Dawidziuk B, Popiel S. Nanostructured polyaniline SPME fiber coating for chemical warfare agents analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1202:339649. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
5
|
Huang J, Shu J, Yang B, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Jiang K, Li Z. Ultrasensitive detection of trace chemical warfare agent-related compounds by thermal desorption associative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 235:122788. [PMID: 34517646 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A thermal desorption associative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer was developed for ultrasensitive detection of semi-volatile chemical warfare agents (CWAs). The excited-state CH2Cl2-induced associative ionization method presented a soft ionization characterization and an excellent sensitivity towards CWAs. The detection sensitivities of the investigated nine CWA-related substances were 2.56 × 105-5.01 × 106 counts ng-1 in a detection cycle (30 s or 100 s). The corresponding 3σ limits of detection (LODs) were 0.08-3.90 pg. Compared with the best-documented LODs via the dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) and secondary electrospray ionization (SESI), the obtained LODs of the investigated compounds were improved by 2-76 times. Additionally, the measured sensitivity of 2-Chloroethyl ethyl, a proxy for mustard gas, is 550 counts pptv-1, which exceeds the DBDI and SESI's corresponding values (4.4 counts pptv-1 and 6.5 counts pptv-1) nearly by two orders of magnitude. A field application simulation was conducted by putting a strip of PTFE film contaminated with the CWA-related agent into the thermal desorption unit. The simulation showed that the sensitivities of the instrument via swipe surveying could achieve 2.19 × 105 to 5.23 × 106 counts ng-1. The experimental results demonstrate that the excited-state CH2Cl2-induced associative ionization is an ultrasensitive ionization method for CWAs and reveal a prospect for improving the detection of CWA species future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinian Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yedong Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zuojian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li B, Wei J, Kong J, Yang L, Li C. Rapid detection of sulfur mustard hydrolysis products based on microextraction by packed sorbent combined with nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9137. [PMID: 34096125 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sulfur mustard is a blister agent prohibited by the Chemical Weapons Convention, and the detection of its hydrolysis product, thiodiglycol (TDG), is an important indicator of blister agent contamination. Due to the poor volatility and low extraction efficiency of TDG, derivatization gas chromatography or liquid chromatography is required for conventional methods, and the detection process is cumbersome and time-consuming. METHODS A microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) device and a nano-electrospray ionization (nano-ESI) device were used. The central composite design (CCD) model of Response Surface Methodology was used to optimize the elution procedure; the variance analysis under equal repeated trials with multiple factors was used to quantitatively analyze the significance of the impact of related factors on the nano-ESI efficiency. The MEPS-nano-ESI-MS experimental conditions were optimized. RESULTS A new detection method of sulfur mustard hydrolysis products in water based on MEPS-nano-ESI-MS was established; the detection limit was 1 ng/mL and was linear between 5 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL (R2 = 0.9911) with a precision of ≤7.2%, and the recovery rate was 107.89% when the sample concentration was 40 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS The experimental results showed that the proposed method could quickly detect the contaminated water samples without chromatographic separation and derivatization, thereby verifying the contamination of sulfur mustard on site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Jianan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Jinglin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Cuiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing, 102205, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ataş HB, Cenk M, Bozkurt ENN. A proper and systematic qualitative method validation procedure and its application to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Chemical Weapons Convention related chemicals. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 327:110974. [PMID: 34482284 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Performing a detailed qualitative validation, which is carried out by many laboratories in the forensic community, has been the main goal of this study. In this study, a proper and systematic qualitative method validation procedure was proposed, and its application was shown on the analysis of Chemical Weapon Convention (CWC) related compounds in organic samples. All validation steps were described in detail. The study was carried out in pump oil and dichloromethane (DCM). The limit of detection values were determined for each compound and were found in the range of 0.5-2.0 µg mL-1 in pump oil and 0.08-1.5 µg mL-1 in DCM. The validation parameters were calculated, such as the rates of sensitivity, selectivity, false-negative, false-positive, also accordance and concordance. The predicted and obtained results were compared by using Cohen's Kappa Coefficient Test, and the compatibility of the results was found as "very good". After the validation procedure, all of the validation results were evaluated, and the proposed method was confirmed as appropriate for the analysis of CWC-related compounds in organic samples. The applicability of the validated method was proved by determining the CWC-related compounds in organic samples provided by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons during proficiency tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Havva Bekiroğlu Ataş
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Muharrem Cenk
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Edibe Nurzen Namlı Bozkurt
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hamzah N, Kjellberg M, Vanninen P. Optimized method for analysis of ethanolamines, hydrolysis products of nitrogen mustards, from urine samples using LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1176:122762. [PMID: 34052559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly polar ethanolamines (EAs), excreted in urine, are hydrolysis products of nitrogen mustards (NMs), which are prohibited by the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). The methods established for biological matrices are essential for verification analysis of the CWC related chemicals. This paper describes a new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of EAs, N-ethyldiethanolamine (EDEA), N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and triethanolamine (TEAOH) from urine samples. After optimization of sample preparation and chromatographic conditions, the method was fully validated. Silica solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges and a porous graphite carbon (PGC) column were selected for validation studies. The method is linear from 5 to 500, 0.5 to 250, and 0.5 to 500 ng/mL for TEAOH, EDEA, and MDEA, respectively. It is also precise and accurate. A minimum sample amount of 0.5 mL urine was used. The limit of quantification using this approach was 0.4, 5.5, and 6.3 ng/mL for MDEA, EDEA and TEAOH, respectively. The combination of the PGC column and high pH eluents in analysis retained and separated the studied EAs. Retention times were 2.11, 2.56 and 2.98 min for MDEA, EDEA and TEAOH, respectively. The method is applicable for verification analysis of the CWC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurhazlina Hamzah
- Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Matti Kjellberg
- Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Vanninen
- Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chromatographic analysis of chemical warfare agents and their metabolites in biological samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bielecki
- The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Zygfryd Witkiewicz
- The Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Rogala
- The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bu L, Guo L, Xie J. An in situ assay of nerve agents enabled by a self-assembled bienzymatic electrochemical biosensor. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00929f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A new self-assembled bienzymatic electrochemical biosensor is proposed to in situ detect NAs and readily investigate the inhibition processes of NAs using a single step protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100850
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100850
- P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100850
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cardozo M, de Almeida JSFD, Cavalcante SFDA, Salgado JRS, Gonçalves AS, França TCC, Kuca K, Bizzo HR. Biodegradation of Organophosphorus Compounds Predicted by Enzymatic Process Using Molecular Modelling and Observed in Soil Samples Through Analytical Techniques and Microbiological Analysis: A Comparison. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010058. [PMID: 31878010 PMCID: PMC6982719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are chemicals widely used as pesticides in different applications such as agriculture and public health (vector control), and some of the highly toxic forms have been used as chemical weapons. After application of OPs in an environment, they persist for a period, suffering a degradation process where the biotic factors are considered the most relevant forms. However, to date, the biodegradation of OP compounds is not well understood. There are a plenty of structure-based biodegradation estimation methods, but none of them consider enzymatic interaction in predicting and better comprehending the differences in the fate of OPs in the environment. It is well known that enzymatic processes are the most relevant processes in biodegradation, and that hydrolysis is the main pathway in the natural elimination of OPs in soil samples. Due to this, we carried out theoretical studies in order to investigate the interactions of these OPs with a chosen enzyme—the phosphotriesterase. This one is characteristic of some soils’ microorganisms, and has been identified as a key player in many biodegradation processes, thanks to its capability for fast hydrolyzing of different OPs. In parallel, we conducted an experiment using native soil in two conditions, sterilized and not sterilized, spiked with specific amounts of two OPs with similar structure—paraoxon-ethyl (PXN) and O-(4-nitrophenyl) O-ethyl methylphosphonate (NEMP). The amount of OP present in the samples and the appearance of characteristic hydrolysis products were periodically monitored for 40 days using analytical techniques. Moreover, the number of microorganisms present was obtained with plate cell count. Our theoretical results were similar to what was achieved in experimental analysis. Parameters calculated by enzymatic hydrolysis were better for PXN than for NEMP. In soil, PXN suffered a faster hydrolysis than NEMP, and the cell count for PXN was higher than for NEMP, highlighting the higher microbiological toxicity of the latter. All these results pointed out that theoretical study can offer a better comprehension of the possible mechanisms involved in real biodegradation processes, showing potential in exploring how biodegradation of OPs relates with enzymatic interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique Cardozo
- Natural Products Research Institute (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (S.F.d.A.C.); (H.R.B.)
- Institute of CBRN Defense (IDQBRN), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (K.K.); Tel.: +55-021-2410-6305 (M.C.)
| | - Joyce S. F. D. de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMACBD) Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (J.S.F.D.d.A.); (T.C.C.F.)
| | - Samir F. de A. Cavalcante
- Natural Products Research Institute (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (S.F.d.A.C.); (H.R.B.)
- Institute of CBRN Defense (IDQBRN), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jacqueline R. S. Salgado
- Institute of CBRN Defense (IDQBRN), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil;
| | - Arlan S. Gonçalves
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Avenida Ministro Salgado Filho, 1000, Soteco, Vila Velha 29106-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil;
- Federal University of Espirito Santo- Unit Goiabeiras, Vitória 29075-910, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Tanos C. C. França
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMACBD) Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (J.S.F.D.d.A.); (T.C.C.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (K.K.); Tel.: +55-021-2410-6305 (M.C.)
| | - Humberto R. Bizzo
- Natural Products Research Institute (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (S.F.d.A.C.); (H.R.B.)
- Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Avenida das Américas 29501, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Reiss R, Gruber B, Klingbeil S, Gröger T, Ehlert S, Zimmermann R. Evaluation and application of gas chromatography - vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy for drug- and explosive precursors and examination of non-negative matrix factorization for deconvolution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 219:129-134. [PMID: 31030040 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of a benchtop vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) absorption spectroscope with an increased wavelength range towards to the high energetic ultraviolet radiation, gas chromatography coupled to VUV has been proven a powerful tool in several fields of application such as petroleomics, permanent gas analytic, pesticide analytic and many more. In this study, the potential of GC-VUV for investigations was examined, focusing on drug- and explosive precursors as well as chemical warfare simulants. The ability of VUV absorption spectra to differentiate isomers is presented, among others for nitroaromatics. In addition, the limit of detection for target compounds was determined to 0.7 ng absolute on column. Furthermore, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) was successfully implemented as alternative deconvolution approach and evaluated for the deconvolution of unknown substances. In comparison, the spectral library-based deconvolution was applied to a standard mixture and a simulated case study. The results reveal that the NMF is a useful additional tool for deconvolution because, unlike library-based deconvolution, it allows to investigate unknown substances as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Reiss
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Beate Gruber
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sophie Klingbeil
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven Ehlert
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Saeidian H, Soleimani Karimabad A, Payeghadr M, Babri M. GC/MS and DFT studies of S,S-dialkyl methylphosphonothioloselenoates related to Schedule 2.B.04 of Chemical Weapons Convention. J Sulphur Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2019.1618855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Saeidian
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mehran Babri
- Defense Chemical Research Lab (DCRL), Karaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
B’Hymer C. A Brief Overview of HPLC–MS Analysis of Alkyl Methylphosphonic Acid Degradation Products of Nerve Agents. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:606-617. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe analysis of degradation products from the classic chemical warfare nerve agents by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry has been of much interest in recent years owing to the possible use as a terrorist weapon, and the incidents of chemical weapon usage in recent years in war torn countries. The alkyl methylphosphonic acid degradation products are of a particular interest, and they represent a specific chromatographic technical challenge for use in typical separation systems. Various published methods are summarized in this review and some of the problems associated with the analysis of these compounds are discussed. Future trends of the analysis in this area of research are also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clayton B’Hymer
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Applied Research and Technology, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kloske M, Witkiewicz Z. Novichoks - The A group of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:672-682. [PMID: 30677728 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Novichok use has become symbol for the chemical substances use to carry out political assassinations. In the last century, poisonous warfare agents were used for the first time on the battlefields, almost all over the world. After the World War II, new types of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents were developed. Novichoks are only ones, but the most important part of them - the 4th generation of chemical warfare agents. Despite the Chemical Weapons Convention, entered into force in 1997, there is still real threat of use of chemical weapons. This weapon can be used by both states, and transnational terrorist organisations. Novichoks, A code-named substances, should be permanently introduced into a number of chemical substances contained in organophosphorus chemical warfare poisonous agents. This article presents a short fourth-generation nerve agents' description. Group A compounds together with G and V groups compounds are organophosphorus chemical warfare agents which are very dangerous ones. Our article is an attempt to provide answer for the question - what are Novichoks? And why they should be introduced into Chemical Weapons Convention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kloske
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygfryd Witkiewicz
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fluorescent sensor for indirect measurement of methyl parathion based on alkaline-induced hydrolysis using N-doped carbon dots. Talanta 2019; 192:368-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
18
|
Rapid analysis of sulfur mustard oxide in plasma using gas chromatography-chemical ionization-mass spectrometry for diagnosis of sulfur mustard exposure. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1572:106-111. [PMID: 30170867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is the most utilized chemical warfare agent in modern history and has caused more casualties than all other chemical weapons combined. SM still poses a threat to civilians globally because of existing stockpiles and ease of production. Exposure to SM causes irritation to the eyes and blistering of skin and respiratory tract. These clinical signs of exposure to SM can take 6-24 h to appear. Therefore, analyzing biomarkers of SM from biological specimens collected from suspected victims is necessary for diagnosis during this latent period. Here, we report a rapid, simple, and direct quantitative analytical method for an important and early SM biomarker, sulfur mustard oxide (SMO). The method includes addition of a stable isotope labeled internal standard, SMO extraction directly into dichloromethane (DCM), rapid drying and reconstitution of the extract, and direct analysis of SMO using gas chromatography-chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. The limit of detection of the method was 0.1 μM, with a linear range from 0.5 to 100 μM. Method selectivity, matrix effect, recovery, and short-term stability were also evaluated. Furthermore, the applicability of the method was tested by analyzing samples from inhalation exposure studies performed in swine. The method was able to detect SMO from 100% of the exposed swine (N = 9), with no interferences present in the plasma of the same swine prior to exposure. The method presented here is the first of its kind to allow for easy and rapid diagnosis of SM poisoning (sample analysis <15 min), especially important during the asymptomatic latency period.
Collapse
|
19
|
Timperley CM, Forman JE, Abdollahi M, Al-Amri AS, Alonso IP, Baulig A, Borrett V, Cariño FA, Curty C, Berrutti DG, Kovarik Z, Martínez-Álvarez R, Mikulak R, Mourão NMF, Ponnadurai R, Neffe S, Raza SK, Rubaylo V, Takeuchi K, Tang C, Trifirò F, van Straten FM, Vanninen PS, Zaitsev V, Waqar F, Zina MS, Blum MM, Gregg H, Fischer E, Sun S, Yang P. Advice on chemical weapons sample stability and storage provided by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to increase investigative capabilities worldwide. Talanta 2018; 188:808-832. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
20
|
Witkiewicz Z, Neffe S, Sliwka E, Quagliano J. Analysis of the Precursors, Simulants and Degradation Products of Chemical Warfare Agents. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018. [PMID: 29533075 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1439366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in analysis of precursors, simulants and degradation products of chemical warfare agents (CWA) are reviewed. Fast and reliable analysis of precursors, simulants and CWA degradation products is extremely important at a time, when more and more terrorist groups and radical non-state organizations use or plan to use chemical weapons to achieve their own psychological, political and military goals. The review covers the open source literature analysis after the time, when the chemical weapons convention had come into force (1997). The authors stated that during last 15 years increased number of laboratories are focused not only on trace analysis of CWA (mostly nerve and blister agents) in environmental and biological samples, but the growing number of research are devoted to instrumental analysis of precursors and degradation products of these substances. The identification of low-level concentration of CWA degradation products is often more important and difficult than the original CWA, because of lower level of concentration and a very large number of compounds present in environmental and biological samples. Many of them are hydrolysis products and are present in samples in the ionic form. For this reason, two or three instrumental methods are used to perform a reliable analysis of these substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zygfryd Witkiewicz
- a Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry , Military University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Slawomir Neffe
- a Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry , Military University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Ewa Sliwka
- b Division of Chemistry and Technology of Fuel , Wroclaw University of Technology , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Javier Quagliano
- c Applied Chemistry Department , Argentine Institute for Scientific and Technical Research for the Defense (CITEDEF) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rapid IC–MS/MS determination of methylphosphonic acid in urine of rats exposed to organophosphorus nerve agents. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1058:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
22
|
Liu CC, Liu SL, Xi HL, Yu HL, Zhou SK, Huang GL, Liang LH, Liu JQ. Simultaneous quantification of four metabolites of sulfur mustard in urine samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1492:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|