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Noga M, Michalska A, Jurowski K. The acute toxicity of Novichok's degradation products using quantitative and qualitative toxicology in silico methods. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1469-1483. [PMID: 38441627 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of Novichok agents, potent organophosphorus nerve agents, has spurred the demand for advanced analytical methods and toxicity assessments as a result of their involvement in high-profile incidents. This study focuses on the degradation products of Novichok agents, particularly their potential toxic effects on biological systems. Traditional in vivo methods for toxicity evaluation face ethical and practical constraints, prompting a shift toward in silico toxicology research. In this context, we conducted a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of acute oral toxicity (AOT) for Novichok degradation products, using various in silico methods, including TEST, CATMoS, ProTox-II, ADMETlab, ACD/Labs Percepta, and QSAR Toolbox. Adopting these methodologies aligns with the 3Rs principle, emphasising Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement in the realm of toxicological studies. Qualitative assessments with STopTox and admetSAR revealed toxic profiles for all degradation products, with predicted toxicophores highlighting structural features responsible for toxicity. Quantitative predictions yielded varied estimates of acute oral toxicity, with the most toxic degradation products being EOPAA, MOPGA, MOPAA, MPGA, EOPGA, and MPAA, respectively. Structural modifications common to all examined hydrolytic degradation products involve substituting the fluorine atom with a hydroxyl group, imparting consequential effects on toxicity. The need for sophisticated analytical techniques for identifying and quantifying Novichok degradation products is underscored due to their inherent reactivity. This study represents a crucial step in unravelling the complexities of Novichok toxicity, highlighting the ongoing need for research into its degradation processes to refine analytical methodologies and fortify readiness against potential threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Noga
- Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertises in Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Michalska
- Institute of Medical Expertises in Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamil Jurowski
- Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertises in Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205, Lodz, Poland.
- Laboratory of Innovative Toxicological Research and Analyzes, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959, Rzeszow, Poland.
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Lei Y, Gao N, Huang P, Wu FY. UiO-66-NH 2 initiated cascade reaction: Constructing a ratiometric fluorescence sensor for ultrasensitive detection of nerve agent simulant. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1299:342421. [PMID: 38499417 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly toxic organophosphorus nerve agents often exist in the form of gas in the environment and can damage human neuroregulatory system by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, fluorescent probes based on small organic molecules bring a secondary burden to environment, and their sensitivity and specificity for sarin simulant diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) detection are unsatisfactory. Nanozyme cascade systems with signal amplification can be used for highly sensitive identification of analytes, but are rarely used in ratiometric analysis of DCP. Combination of enzyme cascades and ratiometric fluorescence ensures the accuracy and sensitivity of the output signal. RESULTS We prepared a self-assembled nanohybrid (Ag-AuNCs@UiO-66-NH2) by metal-organic framework material and gold nanoclusters. On the one hand, UiO-66-NH2 with enzyme-like activity was used to hydrolyze DCP into diethyl phosphate (DEP) and chloridion (Cl-). Cl- hindered aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE) of AuNCs by binding with Ag+ and decreased the fluorescence of AuNCs. On the other hand, ligand metal charge transfer effect (LMCT) of UiO-66-NH2 was blocked by DCP to enhance the fluorescence of UiO-66-NH2. Combining ratiometric analysis and nanozyme cascade reaction, an ultra-sensitive fluorescence sensor for detecting DCP was constructed, and ensured the accuracy of experimental results. In addition, Ag-AuNCs@UiO-66-NH2 was embedded into the agarose hydrogel substrate, the resulting agarose hydrogel film allowed quantitative assessment of DCP vapor and high sensitivity was demonstrated (detection limit as low as 1.02 ppb). SIGNIFICANCE A strategy combining enzyme cascade with ratiometric fluorescence was proposed, which improved the accuracy and sensitivity of the analysis results. The soft-solid platform based on agarose hydrogel film was constructed to realize the quantitative monitoring of sarin simulant gas. The LOD value obtained in this work is much lower than the immediately life-threatening or health threatening concentration of sarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Nan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Pengcheng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Fang-Ying Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
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Lei M, Ding X, Liu J, Tang Y, Chen H, Zhou Y, Zhu C, Yan H. Trace Amount of Bi-Doped Core-Shell Pd@Pt Mesoporous Nanospheres with Specifically Enhanced Peroxidase-Like Activity Enable Sensitive and Accurate Detection of Acetylcholinesterase and Organophosphorus Nerve Agents. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6072-6078. [PMID: 38577757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The urgent need for sensitive and accurate assays to monitor acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) arises from the imperative to safeguard human health and protect the ecosystem. Due to its cost-effectiveness, ease of operation, and rapid response, nanozyme-based colorimetry has been widely utilized in the determination of AChE activity and OPs. However, the rational design of nanozymes with high activity and specificity remains a great challenge. Herein, trace amount of Bi-doped core-shell Pd@Pt mesoporous nanospheres (Pd@PtBi2) have been successfully synthesized, exhibiting good peroxidase-like activity and specificity. With the incorporation of trace bismuth, there is a more than 4-fold enhancement in the peroxidase-like performance of Pd@PtBi2 compared to that of Pd@Pt. Besides, no significant improvement of oxidase-like and catalase-like activities of Pd@PtBi2 was found, which prevents interference from O2 and undesirable consumption of substrate H2O2. Based on the blocking impact of thiocholine, a colorimetric detection platform utilizing Pd@PtBi2 was constructed to monitor AChE activity with sensitivity and selectivity. Given the inhibition of OPs on AChE activity, a biosensor was further developed by integrating Pd@PtBi2 with AChE to detect OPs, capitalizing on the cascade amplification strategy. The OP biosensor achieved a detection limit as low as 0.06 ng mL-1, exhibiting high sensitivity and anti-interference ability. This work is promising for the construction of nanozymes with high activity and specificity, as well as the development of nanozyme-based colorimetric biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
| | - Xilin Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
| | - Jin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
| | - Yinjun Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
| | - Chengzhou Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Hongye Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
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Xiao F, Lei D, Liu C, Li Y, Ren W, Li J, Li D, Zu B, Dou X. Coherent Modulation of the Aggregation Behavior and Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Small Molecule Probes for Sensitive and Long-term Nerve Agent Monitoring. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400453. [PMID: 38323751 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) shows promising performance in chemical sensing relying on the change of the emission behavior of the probe molecule monomers to the aggregated product. However, whether the response contrast could be further boosted by utilizing the emission property of the aggregated probe and the aggregated product remains a big challenge. Here, an exciting AIE probe regulation strategy was proposed by coherently modulating the aggregation behavior and the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) property of the probes and thus an aggregated-to-aggregated colorimetric-fluorescent dual-mode detection was achieved. The blue emissive film obtained with the optimal AIE probe has been proven to be effective to recognize the vapor of nerve agent analog DCP in air by emitting a sharp green fluorescence. In addition, a porous polymer-based wet sensing chip loaded with the probe enables the immediate response to DCP vapor with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.7 ppb, and it was further integrated into a wearable watch device for long-term monitoring of DCP vapor up to two weeks. We expect the present probe design strategy would greatly deepen the AIE-based science and provide new insights for long-term monitoring sensors toward trace hazardous substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Xiao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Trace Chemicals Sensing, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830000, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Da Lei
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Trace Chemicals Sensing, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Chaogan Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Trace Chemicals Sensing, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Yushu Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Trace Chemicals Sensing, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Wenfei Ren
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Trace Chemicals Sensing, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830000, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiguang Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Trace Chemicals Sensing, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Dezhong Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Trace Chemicals Sensing, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Baiyi Zu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Trace Chemicals Sensing, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Xincun Dou
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Trace Chemicals Sensing, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830000, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Rosenberg YJ, Garcia K, Diener J, Sullivan D, Donahue S, Mao L, Lees J, Jiang X, Urban LA, Momper JD, Ho KY, Taylor P. A single post-exposure oxime RS194B treatment rapidly reactivates acetylcholinesterase and reverses acute symptoms in macaques exposed to diethylphosphorothioate parathion and chlorpyrifos insecticides. J Neurochem 2024; 168:370-380. [PMID: 36786545 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Millions of individuals globally suffer from inadvertent, occupational or self-harm exposures from organophosphate (OP) insecticides, significantly impacting human health. Similar to nerve agents, insecticides are neurotoxins that target and inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in central and peripheral synapses in the cholinergic nervous system. Post-exposure therapeutic countermeasures generally include administration of atropine with an oxime to reactivate the OP-inhibited AChE. However, animal model studies and recent clinical trials using insecticide-poisoned individuals have shown minimal clinical benefits of the currently approved oximes and their efficacy as antidotes has been debated. Currently used oximes either reactivate poorly, do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), or are rapidly cleared from the circulation and must be repeatedly administered. Zwitterionic oximes of unbranched and simplified structure, for example RS194B, have been developed that efficiently cross the BBB resulting in reactivation of OP-inhibited AChE and dramatic reversal of severe clinical symptoms in mice and macaques exposed to OP insecticides or nerve agents. Thus, a single IM injection of RS194B has been shown to rapidly restore blood AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity, reverse cholinergic symptoms, and prevent death in macaques following lethal inhaled sarin and paraoxon exposure. The present macaque studies extend these findings and assess the ability of post-exposure RS194B treatment to counteract oral poisoning by highly toxic diethylphosphorothioate insecticides such as parathion and chlorpyrifos. These OPs require conversion by P450 in the liver of the inactive thions to the active toxic oxon forms, and once again demonstrated RS194B efficacy to reactivate and alleviate clinical symptoms within 60 mins of a single IM administration. Furthermore, when delivered orally, the Tmax of RS194B at 1-2 h was in the same range as those administered IM but were maintained in the circulation for longer periods greatly facilitating the use of RS194B as a non-invasive treatment, especially in isolated rural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeremiah D Momper
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kwok-Yiu Ho
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Wang J, Lu X, Zhang Z, Gao R, Pei C, Wang H. Application of chemical attribution in matching OPNAs-exposed biological samples with exposure sources- based on the impurity profiles via GC × GC-TOFMS analysis. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464718. [PMID: 38335883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Chemical attribution is a vital tool to attribute chemicals or related materials to their origins in chemical forensics via various chemometric methods. Current progress related to organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) has mainly focused on the attribution of chemical sources and synthetic pathways. It has not yet been applied in matching exposed biological samples to their sources. This work used chemical attribution to explore organic impurity profiles in biological samples exposed to various OPNAs. Chemical attribution was first used to identify the exposure source of biological samples based on the full-scan data via comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC × GC-TOFMS). Taking peak area as the only variable, it can quickly match exposed samples to their sources by applying unsupervised or supervised models, screen difference compounds via one-way ANOVA or t-tests, and then identify valuable impurities that can distinguish different types of exposed samples. To further obtain the impurity profile only applicable to a certain weapon' samples, the irrelevant components were removed via conventional methods. The findings showed there were 53 impurities that can promote distinguishing six groups of OPNA exposed samples, as well as 42 components that can be used as valuable impurities to distinguish class G and class V samples. These were all unique impurities that appear in a certain weapon' samples. The outcomes can be a reference for tracing the source for OPNA-exposed samples, which was beneficial to the further development in source matching of forensic samples. Moreover, the chemical attribution for impurity profiles in biological samples after weapons exposure may inspire research into the characteristics of impurity profile in biological samples as well as practical applications of chemical attribution for OPNA-exposed samples, that may expand potential biomarkers and break the limits of existing markers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xiaogang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Runli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Chengxin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
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Sezigen S, Kaya SI, Bakirhan NK, Ozkan SA. Development of a molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical sensor for the selective detection of nerve agent VX metabolite ethyl methylphosphonic acid in human plasma and urine samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1505-1515. [PMID: 38267586 PMCID: PMC10861733 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
This study focuses on the detection of ethyl methyl phosphonic acid (EMPA), a metabolite of the banned organophosphorus nerve agent VX. We developed an electrochemical sensor utilizing the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based on 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-ABA) and tetraethyl orthosilicate for the selective detection of EMPA in human plasma and urine samples. The 4-ABA@EMPA/MIP/GCE sensor was constructed by a thermal polymerization process on a glassy carbon electrode and sensor characterization was performed by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The 4-ABA@EMPA/MIP/GCE sensor demonstrated impressive linear ranges 1.0 × 10-10 M-2.5 × 10-9 M for the standard solution, 1.0 × 10-10 M-2.5 × 10-9 M for the urine sample, and 1.0 × 10-10 M-1 × 10-9 M of EMPA for the plasma sample with outstanding detection limits of 2.75 × 10-11 M (standard solution), 2.11 × 10-11 M (urine), and 2.36 × 10-11 M (plasma). The sensor exhibited excellent recovery percentages ranging from 99.86 to 101.30% in urine samples and 100.62 to 101.08% in plasma samples. These findings underscore the effectiveness of the 4-ABA@EMPA/MIP/GCE as a straightforward, highly sensitive, and selective interface capable of detecting the target analyte EMPA in human plasma and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sermet Sezigen
- Department of Medical CBRN Defense, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - S Irem Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Nurgul K Bakirhan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Mahmoudi F, Shahraki M. Computational study of inclusion complexes of V-type nerve agents (VE, VG, VM, VR and VX) with β-cyclodextrin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:2681-2697. [PMID: 37144740 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2208226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The effective detoxification of organophosphate (OP) nerve agents (OPNAs) is a challenging issue for scientists. The host-guest inclusion complexes of five V-type nerve agents (VE, VG, VM, VR and VX) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) have been studied by combining quantum mechanical (QM) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The frontier molecular orbital (FMO) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) have been analyzed to describe the reactivity parameters and electronic properties. The obtained results clearly reveal that stable complexes were formed in both vacuum and water media, and the complexation process occurred spontaneously. To understand non-covalent interactions, natural bond orbital (NBO) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) have been used. IR and Raman spectra have been calculated to confirm the formation of complexes and also thermodynamic parameters have been investigated. It was demonstrated that in addition to van der Waals interactions, the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds enhances the stability of these complexes. Furthermore, MD simulations were carried out to get a better insight into the inclusion process of the above complexes. From MD simulations, all simulated systems reached full equilibration at 1000 ps and the V-agent molecules consistently remained in the β-CD cavity and only had vibrational motion inside the cavity. More importantly, MD simulations support the findings of QM calculations and indicate that hydrogen bonding can help the leaving groups of V-agents to be released and them to be hydrolyzed. All results have shown that the VR agent formed the most stable complex with β-CD molecule than that of other agents.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mahmoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahraki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
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Mahato M, Sultana T, Maiti A, Ahamed S, Tohora N, Ghanta S, Das SK. Highly selective and sensitive chromogenic recognition of sarin gas mimicking diethylchlorophosphate. Anal Methods 2024; 16:1371-1382. [PMID: 38349024 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02306k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The high-level toxic effects of organophosphate (OP) nerve agents severely threaten national security and public health. Generating trustworthy, accurate methods for quickly identifying these poisonous chemicals is urgently necessary. In this study, we have presented an azine-based colorimetric sensor (HBD) for the highly sensitive and selective identification of poisonous sarin gas surrogate diethylchlorophosphate (DCP). Our introduced sensor shows a purple color in contact with DCP, which is fully reversible upon the addition of triethylamine (TEA). The detection limit of our sensor for the toxic nerve agent mimic DCP is in the μM range. We have fabricated a test kit to verify the capability of HBD for on-the-spot identification of DCP to execute its practical use. To prove that HBD is an effective chemosensor, dip-stick investigation was conducted to detect DCP in the vaporous stage in the presence of different OPs, inorganic phosphates (IPs), and many other deadly analytes. A cellphone-based display method was also undertaken for on-the-spot recognition and measurement of DCP in isolated regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Mahato
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India.
| | - Tuhina Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India.
| | - Arpita Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India.
| | - Sabbir Ahamed
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India.
| | - Najmin Tohora
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India.
| | - Susanta Ghanta
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Barjala, Jirania, Tripura 799046, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India.
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Chen C, Zhang W, Ke Y, Jiang L, Hu X. A highly sensitive fluorescence probe for on-site detection of nerve agent mimic diethylchlorophosphonate DCP. Anal Methods 2024; 16:515-523. [PMID: 38205668 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02091f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Nerve agents are the most toxic chemical warfare agents that pose severe threat to human health and public security. In this work, we developed a novel fluorescent probe NZNN based on naphthylimide and o-phenylenediamine to detect nerve agent mimic diethylchlorophosphonate (DCP). DCP underwent a specific nucleophilic reaction with the o-phenylenediamine group of NZNN to produce a significant fluorescence turn-on response with high selectivity, exceptional linearity, bright fluorescence, rapid response (<6 s) and a low detection limit (30.1 nM). Furthermore, a portable sensing device was fabricated for real-time detection of DCP vapor with excellent performance. This portable and sensitive device is favorable for monitoring environmental pollution and defense against chemical warfare agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhou Chen
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yingjun Ke
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Lirong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, 530006, China.
| | - Xichao Hu
- School of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan, 471934, China.
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Reddy DS. Neurosteroids as Novel Anticonvulsants for Refractory Status Epilepticus and Medical Countermeasures for Nerve Agents: A 15-Year Journey to Bring Ganaxolone from Bench to Clinic. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:273-300. [PMID: 37977814 PMCID: PMC10801762 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes recent advances in the use of neurosteroids as novel anticonvulsants for refractory status epilepticus (RSE) and as medical countermeasures (MCs) for organophosphates and chemical nerve agents (OPNAs). We highlight a comprehensive 15-year journey to bring the synthetic neurosteroid ganaxolone (GX) from bench to clinic. RSE, including when caused by nerve agents, is associated with devastating morbidity and permanent long-term neurologic dysfunction. Although recent approval of benzodiazepines such as intranasal midazolam and intranasal midazolam offers improved control of acute seizures, novel anticonvulsants are needed to suppress RSE and improve neurologic function outcomes. Currently, few anticonvulsant MCs exist for victims of OPNA exposure and RSE. Standard-of-care MCs for postexposure treatment include benzodiazepines, which do not effectively prevent or mitigate seizures resulting from nerve agent intoxication, leaving an urgent unmet medical need for new anticonvulsants for RSE. Recently, we pioneered neurosteroids as next-generation anticonvulsants that are superior to benzodiazepines for treatment of OPNA intoxication and RSE. Because GX and related neurosteroids that activate extrasynaptic GABA-A receptors rapidly control seizures and offer robust neuroprotection by reducing neuronal damage and neuroinflammation, they effectively improve neurologic outcomes after acute OPNA exposure and RSE. GX has been selected for advanced, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority-supported phase 3 trials of RSE and nerve agent seizures. In addition, in mechanistic studies of neurosteroids at extrasynaptic receptors, we identified novel synthetic analogs with features that are superior to GX for current medical needs. Development of new MCs for RSE is complex, tedious, and uncertain due to scientific and regulatory challenges. Thus, further research will be critical to fill key gaps in evaluating RSE and anticonvulsants in vulnerable (pediatric and geriatric) populations and military persons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Following organophosphate and nerve agent intoxication, refractory status epilepticus (RSE) occurs despite benzodiazepine treatment. RSE occurs in 40% of status epilepticus patients, with a 35% mortality rate and significant neurological morbidity in survivors. To treat RSE, neurosteroids are better anticonvulsants than benzodiazepines. Our pioneering use of neurosteroids for RSE and nerve agents led us to develop ganaxolone as a novel anticonvulsant and neuroprotectant with significantly improved neurological outcomes. This article describes the bench-to-bedside journey of bringing neurosteroid therapy to patients, with ganaxolone leading the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, Texas and Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
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Madaj R, Gostyński B, Chworos A, Cypryk M. Novichok Nerve Agents as Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase-In Silico Study of Their Non-Covalent Binding Affinity. Molecules 2024; 29:338. [PMID: 38257251 PMCID: PMC10819560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In silico studies were performed to assess the binding affinity of selected organophosphorus compounds toward the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Quantum mechanical calculations, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) with molecular mechanics Generalized-Born surface area (MM/GBSA) were applied to assess quantitatively differences between the binding energies of acetylcholine (ACh; the natural agonist of AChE) and neurotoxic, synthetic correlatives (so-called "Novichoks", and selected compounds from the G- and V-series). Several additional quantitative descriptors like root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF) and the solvent accessible surface area (SASA) were briefly discussed to give-to the best of our knowledge-the first quantitative in silico description of AChE-Novichok non-covalent binding process and thus facilitate the search for an efficient and effective treatment for Novichok intoxication and in a broader sense-intoxication with other warfare nerve agents as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Madaj
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland; (R.M.); (A.C.)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Gostyński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland; (R.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Arkadiusz Chworos
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland; (R.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Marek Cypryk
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland; (R.M.); (A.C.)
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Xiao SJ, Yuan MY, Shi YD, Wang MP, Li HH, Zhang L, Qiu JD. Construction of covalent organic framework nanozymes with photo-enhanced hydrolase activities for colorimetric sensing of organophosphorus nerve agents. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1278:341706. [PMID: 37709428 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Construction of covalent organic frameworks (COFs)-based nanozymes is of great importance for the extensive applications in catalysis and sensing fields. In this work, a two-dimensional COF (DAFB-DCTP COF) was fabricated via Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The integration of catalytically active sites of pyridine groups into the donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated skeleton endows DAFB-DCTP COF with both hydrolytic and photosensitive properties. The DAFB-DCTP COF can be utilized as an artificial enzyme with selective and photo-enhanced catalytic efficiency, facilitating its application in photocatalytic degradation of hydrolase substrates (p-nitrophenyl acetate, pNPA) by nucleophilic reaction and further realizing colorimetric detection of the nanozyme inhibitor of organophosphorus nerve agent (diethyl cyanophosphonate, DCNP). The distinct color changes could be distinguished by naked eyes even at a low DCNP concentration, and the versatile smartphone analysis featured with reliability and simplicity. For the first time, the COFs' intrinsic hydrolase activity depending on their structural characteristics was investigated in synergy with the photosensitive performance originating from their photoelectric features. The present contribution provides a promising direction towards construction of colorimetric sensing platform based on the regulation of COFs' non-oxidoreductase activity under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Jin Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, East China University of Technology (ECUT), Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Ming-Yue Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, East China University of Technology (ECUT), Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Ya-Di Shi
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, East China University of Technology (ECUT), Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Meng-Ping Wang
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, East China University of Technology (ECUT), Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Hui-Han Li
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, East China University of Technology (ECUT), Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China; Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Jian-Ding Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, East China University of Technology (ECUT), Nanchang, 330013, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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Long Q, Zhang Z, Li Y, Zhong Y, Liu H, Chang L, Ying Y, Zuo T, Wang Y, Xu P. Phosphoproteome reveals long-term potentiation deficit following treatment of ultra-low dose soman exposure in mice. J Hazard Mater 2023; 459:132211. [PMID: 37572605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Soman, a warfare nerve agent, poses a significant threat by inducing severe brain damage that often results in death. Nonetheless, our understanding of the biological changes underlying persistent neurocognitive dysfunction caused by low dosage of soman remains limited. This study used mice to examine the effects of different doses of soman over time. Phosphoproteomic analysis of the mouse brain is the first time to be used to detect toxic effects of soman at such low or ultra-low doses, which were undetectable based on measuring the activity of acetylcholinesterase at the whole-animal level. We also found that phosphoproteome alterations could accurately track the soman dose, irrespective of the sampling time. Moreover, phosphoproteome revealed a rapid and adaptive cellular response to soman exposure, with the points of departure 8-38 times lower than that of acetylcholinesterase activity. Impaired long-term potentiation was identified in phosphoproteomic studies, which was further validated by targeted quantitative proteomics, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence analyses, with significantly increased levels of phosphorylation of protein phosphatase 1 in the hippocampus following soman exposure. This increase in phosphorylation inhibits long-term potentiation, ultimately leading to long-term memory dysfunction in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Long
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; Department of Biomedicine, Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuxu Zhong
- Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences PLA China, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences PLA China, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ying Ying
- Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences PLA China, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Tao Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yong'an Wang
- Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences PLA China, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Department of Biomedicine, Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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15
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Ham Sembiring M, Nursanti O, Aisyah Rahmania T. Molecular docking and toxicity studies of nerve agents against acetylcholinesterase (AChE). J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2023; 43:115-122. [PMID: 38189350 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2023.2298899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a cholinergic enzyme that plays an essential role in the autonomic nervous system. This enzyme is often the target of many nerve agents. When this enzyme is inhibited, its function to hydrolyze acetylcholine is stopped, accumulating the acetylcholine in the tissue and causing prolonged stimulation. Some of the significant nerve agents include sarin (GB), soman (GD), tabun (GA), and venomous agent (VX). In order to determine which compound is the most stable and has the best affinity, the nerve agent venomous agent (VX), sarin (GB), soman (GD), and tabun (GA) are docked to the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. After that, toxicity tests will be performed on 17 targets for the compound that was chosen. Autodock Vina 1.2.0 is the software used for the docking procedure. should use the Pymol program version 2.5.4 for analysis and the Ligplot software version 2.2 for visualization of the docking findings. The 'Tox Prediction' algorithm from Insilico was used to determine the toxicity of various substances. Based on the results of molecular docking, the free binding energy of Donepezil, sarin (GB), soman (GD), tabun (GA), and venomous agent (VX) in kcal/mol are -12,3, -4.8, -6.0, -5,1, and -6.3 respectively. Finally, four ligands bind strongly to the receptor Donepezil at RMSD 0.327 Å, and the venomous agent (VX) compound binds the most strongly compared to the other test ligands. Furthermore, in the toxicity test of Compound VX, which exhibits neurotoxic activity, no toxic activity was observed on specific organs and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Okta Nursanti
- Department of Military Pharmacy, Indonesia Defense University, Bogor, Indonesia
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16
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Otsuka M, Yamaguchi A, Miyaguchi H. Simultaneous analysis of degradation products of Novichok agents and conventional nerve agents in human urine by ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using ammonium regeneration solution. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464290. [PMID: 37595352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
An ion chromatography (IC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method to analyze nerve agent degradation products in human urine was developed. Six degradation products of conventional nerve agents and six Novichok agent degradation products were analyzed simultaneously despite their differences in hydrophilicity and acidity. Using ammonium regeneration solution improved the peak shapes greatly compared with the results obtained with the ordinary IC-MS/MS configuration. For urine samples, a simple pretreatment method of dilution with water and ultrafiltration was used. The detection limits of the nerve agent degradation products were sufficiently low (10-250 ng/mL) and the calibration curves showed acceptable linearity. Due to the absence of a derivatization step, throughput was higher than for our previous derivatization-liquid chromatography-MS/MS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Otsuka
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Akinori Yamaguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hajime Miyaguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
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Cui Y, Chen X, Shi J, Jin Q, Zhang R, Shi T, Wang C, Li L. Study of Huperzine A derivatives with extended protection against soman intoxication. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 475:116646. [PMID: 37517785 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Pre-administration of huperzine A (Hup A) was validated to prevent poisoning from exposure to nerve agents (NAs) by reversibly inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, like the currently commonly used reversible inhibitors, Hup A has a short half-life and is unable to produce a long-term preventative effect. To extend the protective time of Hup A against NAs, 42 derivatives with a CN bond were designed based on the structure of Hup A in this study. All designed derivatives showed good binding capability with AChE via molecular docking. Six compounds (H3, H4, H11, H14, H16, and H25) with representative structures were selected for synthesis by Schiff base reaction, and their structures were stable. The modified Ellman's method showed the six compounds concentration-dependently inhibited AChE, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) were higher than that of Hup A. Pretreatment of AChE with the derivatives significantly increased the IC50 of soman. In vivo experiments demonstrated H3, H4, H14, H16, and H25 had longer protective capacities against 1 × LD95 soman-induced death in mice than Hup A. The 12 h protective index showed that the protective ratios of H3, H4, H14 and H16 were 2.31, 1.85, 2.23 and 1.99 respectively, better than that of Hup A. The extended protection of the derivatives against soman may be explained by their transformation to Hup A in vivo. Furthermore, all six compounds showed lower acute oral toxicity than Hup A. Overall, our study provided an optional strategy to acquire pretreatment agents for NAs with extended action and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Qian Jin
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Tong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China.
| | - Liqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China.
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Vieira LA, Almeida JSFD, De Koning MC, LaPlante SR, Borges I, França TCC. Molecular modeling of Mannich phenols as reactivators of human acetylcholinesterase inhibited by A-series nerve agents. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110622. [PMID: 37442286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The A-series is the most recent generation of chemical warfare nerve agents (CWA) which act directly on the inhibition of the human acetylcholinesterase (HssAChE) enzyme. These compounds lack accurate experimental data on their physicochemical properties, and there is no evidence that traditional antidotes effectively reactivate HssAChE inhibited by them. In the search for potential antidotes, we employed virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for the theoretical assessment of the performance of a library of Mannich phenols as potential reactivators of HssAChE inhibited by the Novichok agents A-230, A-232, and A-234, in comparison with the commercial oximes pralidoxime (2-PAM), asoxime (HI-6), trimedoxime (TMB-4), and obidoxime. Following the near-attack conformation (NAC) approach, our results suggest that the compounds assessed would face difficulties in triggering the proposed nucleophilic in-line displacement mechanism. Despite this, it was observed that certain Mannich phenols presented similar or superior results to those obtained by reference oximes against A-232 and A-234 model, suggesting that these compounds can adopt more favourable conformations. Additional binding energy calculations confirmed the stability of the model/ligands complexes and the reactivating potential observed in the molecular docking and MD studies. Our findings indicate that the Mannich phenols could be alternative antidotes and that their efficacy should be evaluated experimentally against the A-series CWA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro A Vieira
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joyce S F D Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Martijn C De Koning
- TNO Department CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288GJ, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Steven R LaPlante
- Université du Québec, INRS-Centre Armand Frappier Santé et Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Itamar Borges
- Department of Chemistry, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-270, Brazil
| | - Tanos C C França
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Université du Québec, INRS-Centre Armand Frappier Santé et Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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19
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Yu J, Fu Y, Cao Z. QM/MM and MM MD Simulations on Enzymatic Degradation of the Nerve Agent VR by Phosphotriesterase. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7462-7471. [PMID: 37584503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c03952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
V-type nerve agents are hardly degraded by phosphotriesterase (PTE). Interestingly, the PTE variant of BHR-73MNW can effectively improve the hydrolytic efficiency of VR, especially for its Sp-enantiomer. Here, the whole enzymatic degradation of both Sp and Rp enantiomers of VR by the wild-type PTE and its variant BHR-73MNW was investigated by quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations and MM molecular dynamics simulations. Present results indicate that the degradation of VR can be initiated by the nucleophilic attack of the bridging OH- and the zinc-bound water molecule. The QM/MM-predicted energy barriers for the hydrolytic process of Sp-VR are 19.8 kcal mol-1 by the variant with water as a nucleophile and 22.0 kcal mol-1 by the wild-type PTE with OH- as a nucleophile, and corresponding degraded products are bound to the dinuclear metal site in monodentate and bidentate coordination modes, respectively. The variant effectively increases the volume of the large pocket, allowing more water molecules to enter the active pocket and resulting in the improvement of the degradation efficiency of Sp-VR. The hydrolysis of Rp-VR is triggered only by the hydroxide with an energy span of 20.6 kcal mol-1 for the wild-type PTE and 20.7 kcal mol-1 for the variant BHR-73-MNW PTE. Such mechanistic insights into the stereoselective degradation of VR by PTE and the role of water may inspire further studies to improve the catalytic efficiency of PTE toward the detoxification of nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuzhuang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zexing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Alabdullah BI, Ansar H, Mudawi NA, Alazeb A, Alshahrani A, Alotaibi SS, Jalal A. Smart Home Automation-Based Hand Gesture Recognition Using Feature Fusion and Recurrent Neural Network. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:7523. [PMID: 37687978 PMCID: PMC10490576 DOI: 10.3390/s23177523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Gestures have been used for nonverbal communication for a long time, but human-computer interaction (HCI) via gestures is becoming more common in the modern era. To obtain a greater recognition rate, the traditional interface comprises various devices, such as gloves, physical controllers, and markers. This study provides a new markerless technique for obtaining gestures without the need for any barriers or pricey hardware. In this paper, dynamic gestures are first converted into frames. The noise is removed, and intensity is adjusted for feature extraction. The hand gesture is first detected through the images, and the skeleton is computed through mathematical computations. From the skeleton, the features are extracted; these features include joint color cloud, neural gas, and directional active model. After that, the features are optimized, and a selective feature set is passed through the classifier recurrent neural network (RNN) to obtain the classification results with higher accuracy. The proposed model is experimentally assessed and trained over three datasets: HaGRI, Egogesture, and Jester. The experimental results for the three datasets provided improved results based on classification, and the proposed system achieved an accuracy of 92.57% over HaGRI, 91.86% over Egogesture, and 91.57% over the Jester dataset, respectively. Also, to check the model liability, the proposed method was tested on the WLASL dataset, attaining 90.43% accuracy. This paper also includes a comparison with other-state-of-the art methods to compare our model with the standard methods of recognition. Our model presented a higher accuracy rate with a markerless approach to save money and time for classifying the gestures for better interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Ibrahimm Alabdullah
- Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hira Ansar
- Department of Computer Science, Air University, E-9, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Naif Al Mudawi
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information System, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulwahab Alazeb
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information System, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah Alshahrani
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saud S. Alotaibi
- Information Systems Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmad Jalal
- Department of Computer Science, Air University, E-9, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
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21
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Kim SO, Kim SG, Ahn H, Yoo J, Jang J, Park TH. Ni-rGO Sensor Combined with Human Olfactory Receptor-Embedded Nanodiscs for Detecting Gas-Phase DMMP as a Simulant of Nerve Agents. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3095-3103. [PMID: 37555584 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Nerve agents are organophosphorus toxic chemicals that can inhibit acetylcholinesterase, leading to paralysis of the nervous system and death. Early detection of nerve agents is important for safety issues. Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) is widely used as a simulant of nerve agents, and many studies have been conducted using DMMP as a substitute for detecting nerve agents. Despite many studies on sensors for detecting DMMP, they have limitations in sensitivity and selectivity. To overcome these limitations, a nickel-decorated reduced graphene oxide (Ni-rGO) sensor with human olfactory receptor hOR2T7 nanodiscs was utilized to create a bioelectronic nose platform for DMMP gas detection. hOR2T7 was produced and reconstituted into nanodiscs for enhancing the sensor's stability, especially for detection in a gas phase. It could detect DMMP gas selectively and repeatedly at a concentration of 1 ppb. This sensitive and selective bioelectronic nose can be applied as a practical tool for the detection of gaseous chemical warfare agents in military and safety fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ong Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gun Kim
- Samsung Electronics, San #16 Banwol-Dong, Hwasung, Gyeonggi-do 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyenjin Ahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyongsik Jang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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22
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Pulkrabkova L, Muckova L, Hrabinova M, Sorf A, Kobrlova T, Jost P, Bezdekova D, Korabecny J, Jun D, Soukup O. Differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells as a model for evaluation of nerve agent-associated neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2209-2217. [PMID: 37221426 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) involving life-threatening nerve agents (NA) have been known for several decades. Despite a clear mechanism of their lethality caused by the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and manifested via overstimulation of peripheral nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, the mechanism for central neurotoxicity responsible for acute or delayed symptoms of the poisoning has not been thoroughly uncovered. One of the reasons is the lack of a suitable model. In our study, we have chosen the SH-SY5Y model in both the differentiated and undifferentiated state to study the effects of NAs (GB, VX and A234). The activity of expressed AChE in cell lysate assessed by Ellman's method showed 7.3-times higher activity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells in contrast to undifferentiated cells, and with no involvement of BuChE as proved by ethopropazine (20 µM). The activity of AChE was found to be, in comparison to untreated cells, 16-, 9.3-, and 1.9-times lower upon A234, VX, and GB (100 µM) administration respectively. The cytotoxic effect of given OPs expressed as the IC50 values for differentiated and undifferentiated SH-SY5Y, respectively, was found 12 mM and 5.7 mM (A234), 4.8 mM and 1.1 mM (VX) and 2.6 mM and 3.8 mM (GB). In summary, although our results confirm higher AChE expression in the differentiated SH-SY5Y cell model, the such higher expression does not lead to a more pronounced NA cytotoxic effect. On the contrary, higher expression of AChE may attenuate NA-induced cytotoxicity by scavenging the NA. Such finding highlights a protective role for cholinesterases by scavenging Novichoks (A-agents). Second, we confirmed the mechanism of cytotoxicity of NAs, including A-agents, can be ascribed rather to the non-specific effects of OPs than to AChE-mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Pulkrabkova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Sorf
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kobrlova
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jost
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Bezdekova
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, Klecany, Czech Republic
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, Ruska 2411/87, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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23
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Mondal I, Samanta D, Shaw M, Abdus Salam Shaik M, Kr Mahto M, Basu R, Bhattacharya A, Pathak A. Pyridinic-N-rich carbon dots in IFE-based Turn-off Fluorometric detection of nerve agent Mimic- Diethyl chlorophosphate and multicolor cell imaging. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 294:122530. [PMID: 36842210 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluorometric sensors for the detection of nerve agent mimics have received a lot of interest nowadays due to their high sensitivity and selectivity, ease of operation, and real-time monitoring. Pyridinic-N-rich carbon dots (NCDs) prepared through microwave-assisted pyrolysis of l-Malic acid and urea have been explored first time in this work as a novel turn-off fluorescent probe for the sensitive and selective detection of diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), a nerve agent mimic. The as-prepared carbon dots contained a large amount of pyridinic nitrogen on their surface, which can modulate the photoluminescence properties of the NCDs. The blue emissive NCDs possessed both excitation wavelength-dependent and independent emission behavior. The detection of DCP was premised on quenching of the fluorescence emission intensity of NCDs in the presence of similar chemical reagents (e.g., trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphonoacetate, triphenyl phosphate, diphenyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate). Fluorescence quenching of the NCDs in the presence of DCP has been attributed to the inner filter effect (IFE). From the linear Stern-Volmer plot (R2 = 0.9992), the limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 84 μM for sensing DCP for the concentration ranging between 3 and 15 mM. The biocompatibility of NCDs was assessed through cytotoxicity assay on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Fluorescence imaging demonstrated that NCDs have low cytotoxicity and can be employed successfully in cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, W.B. 721302, India
| | - Dipanjan Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, W.B. 721302, India
| | - Manisha Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, W.B. 721302, India
| | - Md Abdus Salam Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, W.B. 721302, India
| | - Madhusudan Kr Mahto
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, W.B. 721302, India
| | - Rajarshi Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, W.B. 721302, India
| | - Angana Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, W.B. 721302, India
| | - Amita Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, W.B. 721302, India.
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24
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Zhao D, Liu J, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Zhong Y, Yang Y, Zhao B, Yang M, Wang Y. Penetrating the Blood-Brain Barrier for Targeted Treatment of Neurotoxicant Poisoning by Nanosustained-Released 2-PAM@VB1-MIL-101-NH 2(Fe). ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:12631-12642. [PMID: 36867458 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
It is very important to establish a sustained-release pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) drug system with brain targeting function for the treatment of neurotoxicant poisoning. Herein, Vitamin B1 (VB1), also known as thiamine, which can specifically bind to the thiamine transporter on the surface of the blood-brain barrier, was incorporated onto the surface of MIL-101-NH2(Fe) nanoparticles with a size of ∼100 nm. Pralidoxime chloride was further loaded within the interior of the above resulted composite by soaking, and a resulting composite drug (denoted as 2-PAM@VB1-MIL-101-NH2(Fe)) with a loading capacity of 14.8% (wt) was obtained. The results showed that the drug release rate of the composite drug was increased in PBS solution with the increase of pH (2-7.4) and a maximum drug release rate of 77.5% at pH 4. Experiments on the treatment of poisoning by gavage with the nerve agent sarin in mice combined with atropine revealed that sustained release of 2-PAM from the composite drug was achieved for more than 72 h. Sustained and stable reactivation of poisoned acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was observed with an enzyme reactivation rate of 42.7% in the ocular blood samples at 72 h. By using both zebrafish brain and mouse brain as models, we found that the composite drug could effectively cross the blood-brain barrier and restore the AChE activity in the brain of poisoned mice. The composite drug is expected to be a stable therapeutic drug with brain targeting and prolonged drug release properties for nerve agent intoxication in the middle and late stages of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianfa Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Yunshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yuxu Zhong
- Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Baoquan Zhao
- Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Mengru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yong'an Wang
- Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
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25
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Nam JH, Kim MS, Song YJ, Kim CH, Kim WS, Yu CH, Joe HE, Hur GH, Seo MR, Kim Y, Park KE, Choi JY, Chung SJ, Shin YK. Pretreatment of rhesus monkeys with transdermal patches containing physostigmine and procyclidine: implications of the delivery system for the potential application against VX nerve agent intoxication in humans. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:697-710. [PMID: 36633609 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Physostigmine (Phs) is a reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and could be used to protect the central nervous system (CNS) against the effects of nerve agents. For prophylactic effectiveness, long, steady, and adequate inhibition of AChE activity by Phs is needed to broadly protect against the CNS effects of nerve agents. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of transdermal patches containing Phs and procyclidine (PC) as prophylactic agents. Patches (25 cm2) containing 4.4 mg Phs and 17.8 mg PC had a protective ratio of approximately 78.6-fold in rhesus monkeys challenged with VX nerve agent and given an antidote. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model in conjunction with an indirect pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) was developed for Phs and scaled to rhesus monkeys. The model was able to reproduce the concentration profile and inhibitory effect on AChE of Phs in monkeys, as evidenced by correlation coefficients of 0.994 and 0.992 for 25 cm2 and 49 cm2 patches, respectively (i.e., kinetic data), and 0.989 and 0.968 for 25 cm2 and 49 cm2 patches, respectively (i.e., dynamic data). By extending the monkey PBPK/ PD model to humans, the effective human dose was predicted to be five applications of a 25 cm2 patch (i.e., 22 mg Phs), and two applications of a 49 cm2 patch (i.e., 17.4 mg Phs). Therefore, given that patch application of Phs in rhesus monkeys has a prolonged effect (namely, AChE inhibition of 19.6% for the 25 cm2 patch and 23.0% for the 49 cm2 patch) for up to 216 h, patch formulation of Phs may provide similar protection against nerve agent intoxication in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Nam
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Logone Bio-Convergence Research Foundation, Seoul, 08394, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jo Song
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Kim
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Soo Kim
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Ho Yu
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Eun Joe
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeung Haeng Hur
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeung-Ryun Seo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongmun Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Abion Inc, Seoul, 08394, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Kee Shin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Meier UC. Forensic analysis of the deuterium/hydrogen isotopic ratios of the nerve agent sarin, its reaction by-product diisopropyl methylphosphonate and their precursors by 2H SNIF-NMR. Talanta 2023; 253:123890. [PMID: 36116239 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Deuterium/Hydrogen (D/H) isotope ratios of sarin (5), diisopropyl methylphosphonate (3) and their precursors Isopropanol (1), methylphosphonic acid dichloride (2) and methylphosphonic acid difluoride (4) were measured by the 2H SNIF-NMR technique. The D/H isotope ratios of 1 show a large variation. It is shown, that the formation of 3 by reaction of 1 with 2, the fluorination of 2 to form 4 and the reaction of 4 with 1 to form 5, the D/H isotope ratios of the methyl and isopropyl moieties in 3, 4 and 5 are not significantly changed compared to 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs C Meier
- Swiss Federal Institute for NBC-Protection, Spiez Laboratory, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
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27
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Luo HB, Lin FR, Liu ZY, Kong YR, Idrees KB, Liu Y, Zou Y, Farha OK, Ren XM. MOF-Polymer Mixed Matrix Membranes as Chemical Protective Layers for Solid-Phase Detoxification of Toxic Organophosphates. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:2933-2939. [PMID: 36602325 PMCID: PMC9869327 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) have been demonstrated as potent catalysts for the hydrolytic detoxification of organophosphorus nerve agents and their simulants. However, the practical implementation of these Zr-MOFs is limited by the poor processability of their powdered form and the necessity of water media buffered by a volatile liquid base in the catalytic reaction. Herein, we demonstrate the efficient solid-state hydrolysis of a nerve agent simulant (dimethyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphate, DMNP) catalyzed by Zr-MOF-based mixed matrix membranes. The mixed matrix membranes were fabricated by incorporating MOF-808 into the blending matrix of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), and imidazole (Im), in which MOF-808 provides highly active catalytic sites, the hydrophilic PVP helps to retain water for promoting the hydrolytic reaction, and Im serves as a base for catalytic site regeneration. Impressively, the mixed matrix membranes displayed excellent catalytic performance for the solid-state hydrolysis of DMNP under high humidity, representing a significant step toward the practical application of Zr-MOFs in chemical protective layers against nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032-8202, United States
| | - Fang-Ru Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ru Kong
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Karam B. Idrees
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032-8202, United States
| | - Yang Zou
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Xiao-Ming Ren
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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28
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Wu T, Qiu F, Xu R, Zhao Q, Guo L, Chen D, Li C, Jiao X. Dual-Function Detoxifying Nanofabrics against Nerve Agent and Blistering Agent Simulants. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:1265-1275. [PMID: 36594244 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of functional materials that can detoxify multiple chemical warfare agents (CWAs) at the same time is of great significance to cope with the uncertainty of CWA use in real-world situations. Although many catalysts capable of detoxifying CWAs have been reported, there is still a lack of effective means to integrate these catalytic-active materials on practical fibers/fabrics to achieve effective protection against coexistence of a variety of CWAs. In this work, by a combination of electrospinning and in situ solvothermal reaction, PAN@Zr(OH)4@MOF-808 nanofiber membranes were prepared for detoxification of both nerve agent and blistering agent simulants dimethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP) and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). Under the catalytic effect of the MOF-808 component, DMNP hydrolysis with a half-life as short as 1.19 min was achieved. Meanwhile, an 89.3% CEES removal rate was obtained within 12 h by adsorption and catalysis of MOF-808 and Zr(OH)4 components at ambient conditions, respectively. PAN@Zr(OH)4@MOF-808 nanofiber membranes also showed a superior blocking effect on CEES compared to bare PAN and PAN@Zr(OH)4 nanofiber membranes. Simultaneous protection against DMNP and CEES showed effective inhibition of both simulants for at least 2 h. The preparation method also imparted intrinsically good interfacial adhesion between the components, contributing to the excellent recycling stability of PAN@Zr(OH)4@MOF-808 nanofiber membranes. Therefore, the prepared composite nanofabrics have great application potential, which provides a new idea for the construction of broad-spectrum protective detoxification materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
| | - Ran Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
| | - Longfei Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
| | - Dairong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
| | - Xiuling Jiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
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29
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Wu J, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Chen J, Guo L, Xie J. A novel approach for on-site screening of organophosphorus nerve agents based on DTNB modified AgNPs using surface-enhanced Raman spectrometry. Anal Methods 2022; 14:4292-4299. [PMID: 36285727 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01307j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs), such as Sarin (GB), Tabun (GA), Soman (GD) and VX, would cause tremendous harm in military and terrorist attacks, and thus the development of simple methods for the rapid and efficient detection of these hazardous substances is of great necessity. Herein, we present a novel approach for the facile, rapid and sensitive detection of real OPNAs. The detection substrate is fabricated using functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) immobilized with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB). In the absence of OPs, AChE catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine (ATCh) to form thiocholine (TCh), which continues to interact quickly with DTNB to produce a very sensitive Raman probing molecule, TNB. The inhibition of the activity of AChE by OPs could induce an obvious decrease of characteristic Raman peaks of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB) at 1335 cm-1. The introduction of DTNB as an enzyme activity indicator significantly improves the detection sensitivity with distinct characteristic Raman peaks. The LOD of GD, which is one of the most easily aged OPNAs, could reach 0.1 nM due to its strongest inhibition of AChE. Moreover, various OPNAs exhibit different SERS intensities due to their different inhibition capacities of AChE. Hence, the new strategy has great potential in public security early warning and environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Yulong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
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Grabka M, Witkiewicz Z, Jasek K, Piwowarski K. Acoustic Wave Sensors for Detection of Blister Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Simulants. Sensors 2022; 22:s22155607. [PMID: 35957163 PMCID: PMC9371173 DOI: 10.3390/s22155607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On-site detection and initial identification of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) remain difficult despite the many available devices designed for this type of analysis. Devices using well-established analytical techniques such as ion mobility spectrometry, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, or flame photometry, in addition to unquestionable advantages, also have some limitations (complexity, high unit cost, lack of selectivity). One of the emerging techniques of CWA detection is based on acoustic wave sensors, among which surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices and quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are of particular importance. These devices allow for the construction of undemanding and affordable gas sensors whose selectivity, sensitivity, and other metrological parameters can be tailored by application of particular coating material. This review article presents the current state of knowledge and achievements in the field of SAW and QCM-based gas sensors used for the detection of blister agents as well as simulants of these substances. The scope of the review covers the detection of blister agents and their simulants only, as in the available literature no similar paper was found, in contrast to the detection of nerve agents. The article includes description of the principles of operation of acoustic wave sensors, a critical review of individual studies and solutions, and discusses development prospects of this analytical technique in the field of blister agent detection.
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Zhang L, Chen J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Cen J, Shi G, Sun M, Wang X, Meng W, Xiao K. Rapid detection of nerve agents in environmental and biological samples using a fluorescent probe. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 275:121171. [PMID: 35325854 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nerve agents are highly toxic chemical warfare agents that are easy to synthesize and have recently been applied many times in local wars and terrorist attacks. Fluorescent probes have been widely used in life science and medical research due to their features of short reaction time, high sensitivity and good selectivity. Herein, two fluorescent compounds, NMU-1 and NMU-2, were synthesized for the selective detection of nerve agents. NMU-1 exhibited good detection performance for nerve agents. With increasing nerve agent concentration, the fluorescence signal of NMU-1 at 498 nm gradually decreased with an excellent linear relationship. NMU-1 exhibited a low LOD (4.6 μM for DCP and 8.41 μM for soman), a rapid response (less than 3 min) and a large Stokes shift (98 nm) along with obvious color changes. Due to its high sensitivity and good selectivity, NMU-1 was successfully applied to image nerve agents in living PC12 cells. Furthermore, NMU-1 was used as a key element to develop chemical warfare agent test paper, which exhibited significant fluorescent changes under hand-held 365-nm UV light upon contact with nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China.
| | - Jiasheng Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yurun Wang
- Department of Protective Medicine Against Chemical Agents, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jinfeng Cen
- Department of Protective Medicine Against Chemical Agents, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guiyan Shi
- Department of Protective Medicine Against Chemical Agents, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mingxue Sun
- Department of Protective Medicine Against Chemical Agents, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xianyou Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Wenqi Meng
- Department of Protective Medicine Against Chemical Agents, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Kai Xiao
- Department of Protective Medicine Against Chemical Agents, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Bouchouareb K, Combès A, Pichon V. Determination of nerve agent biomarkers in human urine by a natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction technique. Talanta 2022; 249:123704. [PMID: 35738205 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl methyl phosphonic acids (AMPAs) are the major metabolites of organophosphorus nerve agents. A method based on the use of natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents as supported liquid membrane in parallel artificial liquid microextraction (PALME) combined with LC-MS/MS analysis was developed and applied to their extraction from urine samples. PALME is a miniaturized liquid-phase extraction method performed in a multiwell plate format where the aqueous sample and the aqueous acceptor phase are separated by a flat membrane impregnated with an organic solvent. In this study, we investigated the possibility of replacing the harmful conventional organic solvent by an emerging green solvent, a coumarin/thymol-based deep eutectic solvent, in ordered to raise the greenness of the sample preparation method. Linear response was obtained in an interval of 0.5, 5 or 10-100 ng/ml depending on the AMPAs with a determination coefficients (R2s) ranging from 0.9751 to 0.9989 for their determination in not treated urine samples. Enrichment factors (EFs) up to 12.65 were obtained, and repeatability was within 8.90-16.28% RSD (n = 12). The limit of quantifications (LOQs: S/N ≥ 10) of the whole analytical procedure were in the range from 0.04 to 5.35 ng/ml. In addition to its good sensitivity, the presented method permitted the treatment of 192 samples in 120 min (equivalent to 37.5 s/sample), which places it as one of the most powerful preparation technique for biomonitoring of civilian or military people exposed to nerve agents in case of public health emergency. Indeed, the developed procedure combined sensitivity, high-throughput, greenness, simplicity and practicality for the determination of five acidic polar AMPAs in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khirreddine Bouchouareb
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris PSL, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Combès
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris PSL, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Pichon
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris PSL, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Campus UPMC, Paris, France.
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Pacheco M, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Escarpa A, Pumera M. Micellar Polymer Magnetic Microrobots as Efficient Nerve Agent Microcleaners. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:26128-26134. [PMID: 35612487 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Micro-/nanorobot technology has developed rapidly in recent years due to their great potential to perform multiple tasks. Here, we develop magnetic microrobots prepared as polycaprolactone/Fe3O4 microspheres covered by micellar polyethyleneimine and use them to efficiently remove a nerve agent from contaminated water. The magnetic polymeric microrobots presented in this work removed around 60% of the nerve agent from water samples in a short time. The attractive performance of these magnetic microrobots offers a very promising approach to large-scale water treatment for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pacheco
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28802, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. del Río", University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28802, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Haley RW, Dever JA, Teiber JF. Response to "Comment on 'Evaluation of a Gene-Environment Interaction of PON1 and Low-Level Nerve Agent Exposure with Gulf War Illness: A Prevalence Case-Control Study Drawn from the U.S. Military Health Survey's National Population Sample'". Environ Health Perspect 2022; 130:68004. [PMID: 35703989 PMCID: PMC9199866 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Haley
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jill A. Dever
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John F. Teiber
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Curtis D. Comment on "Evaluation of a Gene-Environment Interaction of PON1 and Low-Level Nerve Agent Exposure with Gulf War Illness: A Prevalence Case-Control Study Drawn from the U.S. Military Health Survey's National Population Sample". Environ Health Perspect 2022; 130:68003. [PMID: 35703987 PMCID: PMC9199865 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Curtis
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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36
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Weisskopf MG. Response to "Comment on 'Evaluation of a Gene-Environment Interaction of PON1 and Low-Level Nerve Agent Exposure with Gulf War Illness: A Prevalence Case-Control Study Drawn from the U.S. Military Health Survey's National Population Sample'". Environ Health Perspect 2022; 130:68005. [PMID: 35703988 PMCID: PMC9199867 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc G. Weisskopf
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Haley RW, Kramer G, Xiao J, Dever JA, Teiber JF. Evaluation of a Gene-Environment Interaction of PON1 and Low-Level Nerve Agent Exposure with Gulf War Illness: A Prevalence Case-Control Study Drawn from the U.S. Military Health Survey's National Population Sample. Environ Health Perspect 2022; 130:57001. [PMID: 35543525 PMCID: PMC9093163 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consensus on the etiology of 1991 Gulf War illness (GWI) has been limited by lack of objective individual-level environmental exposure information and assumed recall bias. OBJECTIVES We investigated a prestated hypothesis of the association of GWI with a gene-environment (GxE) interaction of the paraoxonase-1 (PON1) Q192R polymorphism and low-level nerve agent exposure. METHODS A prevalence sample of 508 GWI cases and 508 nonpaired controls was drawn from the 8,020 participants in the U.S. Military Health Survey, a representative sample survey of military veterans who served during the Gulf War. The PON1 Q192R genotype was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the serum Q and R isoenzyme activity levels were measured with PON1-specific substrates. Low-level nerve agent exposure was estimated by survey questions on having heard nerve agent alarms during deployment. RESULTS The GxE interaction of the Q192R genotype and hearing alarms was strongly associated with GWI on both the multiplicative [prevalence odds ratio (POR) of the interaction=3.41; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20, 9.72] and additive (synergy index=4.71; 95% CI: 1.82, 12.19) scales, adjusted for measured confounders. The Q192R genotype and the alarms variable were independent (adjusted POR in the controls=1.18; 95% CI: 0.81, 1.73; p=0.35), and the associations of GWI with the number of R alleles and quartiles of Q isoenzyme were monotonic. The adjusted relative excess risk due to interaction (aRERI) was 7.69 (95% CI: 2.71, 19.13). Substituting Q isoenzyme activity for the genotype in the analyses corroborated the findings. Sensitivity analyses suggested that recall bias had forced the estimate of the GxE interaction toward the null and that unmeasured confounding is unlikely to account for the findings. We found a GxE interaction involving the Q-correlated PON1 diazoxonase activity and a weak possible GxE involving the Khamisiyah plume model, but none involving the PON1 R isoenzyme activity, arylesterase activity, paraoxonase activity, butyrylcholinesterase genotypes or enzyme activity, or pyridostigmine. DISCUSSION Given gene-environment independence and monotonicity, the unconfounded aRERI>0 supports a mechanistic interaction. Together with the direct evidence of exposure to fallout from bombing of chemical weapon storage facilities and the extensive toxicologic evidence of biochemical protection from organophosphates by the Q isoenzyme, the findings provide strong evidence for an etiologic role of low-level nerve agent in GWI. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Haley
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Gerald Kramer
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Junhui Xiao
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jill A. Dever
- RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - John F. Teiber
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Liu Q, Jin Y, Heiderich M, Rodemann T, Yu G. An Adaptive Reference Vector-Guided Evolutionary Algorithm Using Growing Neural Gas for Many-Objective Optimization of Irregular Problems. IEEE Trans Cybern 2022; 52:2698-2711. [PMID: 33001813 DOI: 10.1109/tcyb.2020.3020630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most reference vector-based decomposition algorithms for solving multiobjective optimization problems may not be well suited for solving problems with irregular Pareto fronts (PFs) because the distribution of predefined reference vectors may not match well with the distribution of the Pareto-optimal solutions. Thus, the adaptation of the reference vectors is an intuitive way for decomposition-based algorithms to deal with irregular PFs. However, most existing methods frequently change the reference vectors based on the activeness of the reference vectors within specific generations, slowing down the convergence of the search process. To address this issue, we propose a new method to learn the distribution of the reference vectors using the growing neural gas (GNG) network to achieve automatic yet stable adaptation. To this end, an improved GNG is designed for learning the topology of the PFs with the solutions generated during a period of the search process as the training data. We use the individuals in the current population as well as those in previous generations to train the GNG to strike a balance between exploration and exploitation. Comparative studies conducted on popular benchmark problems and a real-world hybrid vehicle controller design problem with complex and irregular PFs show that the proposed method is very competitive.
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Khajehabdollahi S, Prosi J, Giannakakis E, Martius G, Levina A. When to Be Critical? Performance and Evolvability in Different Regimes of Neural Ising Agents. Artif Life 2022; 28:458-478. [PMID: 35984417 DOI: 10.1162/artl_a_00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It has long been hypothesized that operating close to the critical state is beneficial for natural and artificial evolutionary systems. We put this hypothesis to test in a system of evolving foraging agents controlled by neural networks that can adapt the agents' dynamical regime throughout evolution. Surprisingly, we find that all populations that discover solutions evolve to be subcritical. By a resilience analysis, we find that there are still benefits of starting the evolution in the critical regime. Namely, initially critical agents maintain their fitness level under environmental changes (for example, in the lifespan) and degrade gracefully when their genome is perturbed. At the same time, initially subcritical agents, even when evolved to the same fitness, are often inadequate to withstand the changes in the lifespan and degrade catastrophically with genetic perturbations. Furthermore, we find the optimal distance to criticality depends on the task complexity. To test it we introduce a hard task and a simple task: For the hard task, agents evolve closer to criticality, whereas more subcritical solutions are found for the simple task. We verify that our results are independent of the selected evolutionary mechanisms by testing them on two principally different approaches: a genetic algorithm and an evolutionary strategy. In summary, our study suggests that although optimal behaviour in the simple task is obtained in a subcritical regime, initializing near criticality is important to be efficient at finding optimal solutions for new tasks of unknown complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Khajehabdollahi
- University of Tübingen, Department of Computer Science
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics.
| | - Jan Prosi
- University of Tübingen, Department of Computer Science
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
| | - Emmanouil Giannakakis
- University of Tübingen, Department of Computer Science
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
| | | | - Anna Levina
- University of Tübingen, Department of Computer Science
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Tübingen
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Liao Y, Yang F, Si Y, Yu J, Ding B. Nanoflake-Engineered Zirconic Fibrous Aerogels with Parallel-Arrayed Conduits for Fast Nerve Agent Degradation. Nano Lett 2021; 21:8839-8847. [PMID: 34617763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) pose huge threats to ecological environments, agriculture, and human health due to the turbulent international situation in contemporary society. Zirconium hydroxide (Zr(OH)4) has captured the prime focus as an effective candidate for CWA decomposition but is often hindered by the isolated powder form. Here, we demonstrate a scalable three-dimensional space-confined synthetic strategy to fabricate nanoflake-engineered zirconic fibrous aerogels (NZFAs). Our strategy enables the stereoscopic Zr(OH)4 nanoflakes vertically and evenly in situ grown on the interconnected fibrous framework, remarkably enlarging the surface area and providing rich active sites for CWA catalysis. The as-synthesized NZFAs exhibit intriguing properties of ultralow density (>0.37 mg cm-3), shape-memory behavior under 90% strain, and robust fatigue resistance over 106 compression cycles at 40% strain. Meanwhile, the high air permeability, prominent adsorptivity, and reusability make them state-of-the-art chemical protective materials. This work may provide an avenue for developing next-generation aerogel-based catalysts and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Fengjin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yang Si
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Jianyong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Bin Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China
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Yang J, He X, Dai J, Tian R, Yuan D. Photo-assisted enhancement performance for rapid detoxification of chemical warfare agent simulants over versatile ZnIn 2S 4/UiO-66-NH 2 nanocomposite catalysts. J Hazard Mater 2021; 417:126056. [PMID: 33992917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Constructing versatile materials with self-detoxification properties are highly desired for emergency destruction of chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Herein, we first reported in-situ fabrication of ZnIn2S4/UiO-66-NH2 nanocomposites (ZnInS/UiO) and their application in catalytic detoxification of two CWA simulants. For nerve agent simulant dimethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP), the optimal ZnInS/UiO-23.9 displayed 5.9 times increase in hydrolysis rate having the turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.0586 s-1 under simulated solar light (SSL), which is superior to the reported UiO-based catalysts. Photo-assisted enhancement in DMNP detoxification was due to photothermal effect of ZnInS and close interfacial contact in ZnInS/UiO heterostructures, facilitating instantaneous heat transfer from ZnInS to UiO catalytic sites. As for mustard gas surrogate 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), under SSL irradiation for 15 min, ZnInS/UiO-23.9 can eliminate 96.7% of CEES in droplet experiment, being 4.17 and 3.24 times of ZnInS and UiO accordingly. It was ascribed to spatial separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs and photothermally-assisted charge transfer in ZnInS/UiO composites, improving catalytic activity for CEES detoxification. Besides, the detected products suggested that CEES conversion underwent reductive dechlorination, radical reactions and hydrolysis. This study can be extended to other multifunctional catalysts based on metal-organic frameworks and provides new opportunities for photoassisted enhanced detoxification of CWAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; Institute of Chemical Safety, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Xiaoqian He
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Jun Dai
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; Institute of Chemical Safety, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China.
| | - Ran Tian
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Dongsheng Yuan
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
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Meng W, Pei Z, Wang Y, Sun M, Xu Q, Cen J, Guo K, Xiao K, Li Z. Two birds with one stone: The detection of nerve agents and AChE activity with an ICT-ESIPT-based fluorescence sensor. J Hazard Mater 2021; 410:124811. [PMID: 33450470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nerve agents are among the world's deadliest poisons, and the target enzyme is acetylcholinesterase (AChE). To better diagnosis nerve agent poisonings, a reliable diagnostic method for both nerve agents and AChE is desirable. Herein, we synthesized a series of fluorescent sensors for both real nerve agents and acetylcholinesterase activity detection. Among these sensors, HBQ-AE exhibited a fast response rate (within 10 s for nerve agent and 8 min for AChE), good sensitivity (the limit of detection is 6 nM and 0.2 U/mL) and a high off/on contrast. To the best of our knowledge, HBQ-AE is the first fluorescence sensor for nerve agents and AChE activity detection. The fluorescent change of HBQ-AE from nonfluorescence to blue fluorescence (nerve agent) or orange fluorescence (AChE) by excitation at 365 nm can be easily observed with the naked eye. HBQ-AE was successfully applied to image nerve agents and AChE activity in living cells. Moreover, HBQ-AE is the vital member to construct a test paper that can be employed to detect and diagnose chemical warfare agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China; Lab of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Pei
- Lab of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yurun Wang
- Lab of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxue Sun
- Lab of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqiang Xu
- Lab of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfeng Cen
- Lab of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Lab of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eddleston
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention and Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; National Poisons Information Service-Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Toxicology Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Abstract
Phosphylation of the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by nerve agents (NAs) leads to irreversible inhibition of the enzyme and accumulation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which induces cholinergic crisis, that is, overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic membrane receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. In severe cases, subsequent desensitisation of the receptors results in hypoxia, vasodepression, and respiratory arrest, followed by death. Prompt action is therefore critical to improve the chances of victim's survival and recovery. Standard therapy of NA poisoning generally involves administration of anticholinergic atropine and an oxime reactivator of phosphylated AChE. Anticholinesterase compounds or NA bioscavengers can also be applied to preserve native AChE from inhibition. With this review of 70 years of research we aim to present current and potential approaches to counteracting NA poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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Kim J, Park H, Kim J, Seo BI, Kim JH. SAW Chemical Array Device Coated with Polymeric Sensing Materials for the Detection of Nerve Agents. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20247028. [PMID: 33302508 PMCID: PMC7764754 DOI: 10.3390/s20247028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
G nerve agents are colorless, odorless, and lethal chemical warfare agents (CWAs). The threat of CWAs, which cause critical damage to humans, continues to exist, e.g., in warfare or terrorist attacks. Therefore, it is important to be able to detect these agents rapidly and with a high degree of sensitivity. In this study, a surface acoustic wave (SAW) array device with three SAW sensors coated with different sensing materials and one uncoated sensor was tested to determine the most suitable material for the detection of nerve agents and related simulants. The three materials used were polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), 1-benzyl-3-phenylthiourea (TU-1), and 1-ethyl-3-(4-fluorobenzyl) thiourea (TU-2). The SAW sensor coated with the POSS-based polymer showed the highest sensitivity and the fastest response time at concentrations below the median lethal concentration (LCt50) for tabun (GA) and sarin (GB). Also, it maintained good performance over the 180 days of exposure tests for dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). A comparison of the sensitivities of analyte vapors also confirmed that the sensitivity for DMMP was similar to that for GB. Considering that DMMP is a simulant which physically and chemically resembles GB, the sensitivity to a real agent of the sensor coated with POSS could be predicted. Therefore, POSS, which has strong hydrogen bond acid properties and which showed similar reaction characteristics between the simulant and the nerve agent, can be considered a suitable material for nerve agent detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinuk Kim
- Laboratory of Intelligent Devices and Thermal Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, INHA University, inha-ro 100, Incheon 22212, Korea; (J.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyewon Park
- Laboratory of Intelligent Devices and Thermal Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, INHA University, inha-ro 100, Incheon 22212, Korea; (J.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Inha Institute of Space Science and Technology (Inha IST), INHA University, inha-ro 100, Incheon 22212, Korea; (J.K.); (B.-I.S.)
| | - Byung-Il Seo
- Inha Institute of Space Science and Technology (Inha IST), INHA University, inha-ro 100, Incheon 22212, Korea; (J.K.); (B.-I.S.)
| | - Joo-Hyung Kim
- Laboratory of Intelligent Devices and Thermal Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, INHA University, inha-ro 100, Incheon 22212, Korea; (J.K.); (H.P.)
- Inha Institute of Space Science and Technology (Inha IST), INHA University, inha-ro 100, Incheon 22212, Korea; (J.K.); (B.-I.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-032-860-7315
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Jett D, Sibrizzi C, Blain RB, Hartman P, Lein P, Taylor K, Rooney A. A national toxicology program systematic review of the evidence for long-term effects after acute exposure to sarin nerve agent. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:474-490. [PMID: 32755358 PMCID: PMC8011809 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1787330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sarin is a highly toxic nerve agent that was developed for chemical warfare during World War II and is used in present conflicts. Immediate effects of acute sarin exposure are established; however, whether effects persist after initial signs have subsided is debated. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) conducted a systematic review to evaluate the evidence for long-term neurological effects following acute (<24 hour) exposure to sarin. The literature search and screening process identified 32 data sets within the 34 human studies and 47 data sets within the 51 animal studies (from 6837 potentially relevant references) that met the objective and the inclusion criteria. Four main health effect categories of neurological response were identified as having sufficient data to reach hazard conclusions: (1) cholinesterase levels; (2) visual and ocular effects; (3) effects on learning, memory, and intelligence; and (4) morphology and histopathology in nervous system tissues. NTP concluded that acute sarin exposure is known to be a neurological hazard to humans in the period following exposure up to 7 days and suspected to be a hazard week to years after exposure, given a lower level of evidence in later time periods. Effects included reduced cholinesterase, visual and ocular effects, impaired learning and memory, and altered nervous system morphology. Further mechanistic, targeted animal studies, translational research, and rapid research responses after human exposures may reduce uncertainties on long-term consequences of sarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.A. Jett
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health
| | | | | | | | - P.J. Lein
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K.W. Taylor
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, RTP, NC, USA
| | - A.A. Rooney
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, RTP, NC, USA
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Cavalcante SFDA, Simas ABC, Barcellos MC, de Oliveira VGM, Sousa RB, Cabral PADM, Kuča K, França TCC. Acetylcholinesterase: The "Hub" for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Chemical Weapons Convention. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030414. [PMID: 32155996 PMCID: PMC7175162 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme involved in parasympathetic neurotransmission, its activity, and how its inhibition can be pharmacologically useful for treating dementia, caused by Alzheimer’s disease, or as a warfare method due to the action of nerve agents. The chemical concepts related to the irreversible inhibition of AChE, its reactivation, and aging are discussed, along with a relationship to the current international legislation on chemical weapons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir F. de A. Cavalcante
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil; (M.C.B.); (V.G.M.d.O.); (R.B.S.); (P.A.d.M.C.)
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco H, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (S.F.d.A.C.); (A.B.C.S.); (K.K.); (T.C.C.F.); Tel.: +55-21-998-419-561 (S.F.d.A.C.); +55-21-998-744-886 (A.B.C.S.); +420-603-289-166 (K.K.)
| | - Alessandro B. C. Simas
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco H, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Correspondence: (S.F.d.A.C.); (A.B.C.S.); (K.K.); (T.C.C.F.); Tel.: +55-21-998-419-561 (S.F.d.A.C.); +55-21-998-744-886 (A.B.C.S.); +420-603-289-166 (K.K.)
| | - Marcos C. Barcellos
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil; (M.C.B.); (V.G.M.d.O.); (R.B.S.); (P.A.d.M.C.)
| | - Victor G. M. de Oliveira
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil; (M.C.B.); (V.G.M.d.O.); (R.B.S.); (P.A.d.M.C.)
| | - Roberto B. Sousa
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil; (M.C.B.); (V.G.M.d.O.); (R.B.S.); (P.A.d.M.C.)
| | - Paulo A. de M. Cabral
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil; (M.C.B.); (V.G.M.d.O.); (R.B.S.); (P.A.d.M.C.)
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (S.F.d.A.C.); (A.B.C.S.); (K.K.); (T.C.C.F.); Tel.: +55-21-998-419-561 (S.F.d.A.C.); +55-21-998-744-886 (A.B.C.S.); +420-603-289-166 (K.K.)
| | - Tanos C. C. França
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMACBD), Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
- Correspondence: (S.F.d.A.C.); (A.B.C.S.); (K.K.); (T.C.C.F.); Tel.: +55-21-998-419-561 (S.F.d.A.C.); +55-21-998-744-886 (A.B.C.S.); +420-603-289-166 (K.K.)
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Uwaydah NI, Hoskins SL, Bruttig SP, Farrar H, Copper NC, Deyo DJ, Dubick MA, Kramer GC. Intramuscular versus Intraosseous Delivery of Nerve Agent Antidote Pralidoxime Chloride in Swine. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2016; 20:485-92. [PMID: 27158860 DOI: 10.3109/10903127.2014.942479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to nerve agents requires prompt treatment. We hypothesized that intraosseous (IO) injections of drug antidotes into the vascularized bone marrow will provide a more rapid and effective means to treat exposure to nerve agents than standard intramuscular (IM) injections. We compared the pharmacokinetics of IM and IO administration of pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl) during normovolemia and hypovolemia, as well as their combined administration during normovolemia in swine. METHODS Ten normovolemic swine were randomly administered 2 mL, 660 mg 2-PAM Cl via the IM or IO route and monitored for 180 minutes. IM versus IO also was compared in 8 hypovolemic swine bled to a mean arterial pressure of 50 mmHg. In a combined group, an IO injection was administered followed by an IM injection 60 minutes later. Blood samples were collected at times over a 180-minute period to calculate standard pharmacokinetic variables to compare the 2 routes of administration. RESULTS In the normovolemic swine, IM injection achieved therapeutic levels (4 μg/mL) in 2 minutes, whereas IO infusion achieved these levels in less than 15 seconds. 2-PAM-Cl concentrations fell below these levels at 60 minutes post-injection in both groups. In the hypovolemic swine, IM injection achieved therapeutic levels in 4 minutes compared to less than 15 seconds in the IO group. 2-PAM-Cl concentrations fell below therapeutic levels at 12 and 90 minutes post-injection in the IM and IO groups, respectively. In the combined IO-IM treatment, plasma levels remained above therapeutic levels for the entire experiment and had two concentration peaks that corresponded to IO and IM injections. CONCLUSIONS The IO route for the delivery of 2-PAM Cl provides a significant time and high initial blood concentrations advantage compared to the IM route for the prehospital treatment of nerve agent exposure even under hypovolemic conditions. The initial concentration peak associated with IO, but not IM, may provide greater initial therapy at the most critical time.
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Jha N, Ramaprabhu S. Development of MWNT based disposable biosensor on glassy carbon electrode for the detection of organophosphorus nerve agents. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2009; 9:5676-5680. [PMID: 19928287 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2009.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of a disposable Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) based biosensor is described. Synthesis, purification and further functionalization with oxygen containing hydrophilic functional groups of Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been detailed. Biosensing activity of functionalized multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) towards the detection of Organo phosphorus (OP) compound, paraoxon, has been tested using Amperometric method. Functional groups on the surface of MWNTs creates favorable surface for enzyme immobilization and enhances the enzyme electrode interaction by increasing the electron transfer rate due to high electrical conductivity of the MWNTs. Inhibition of AChE by paraoxon is determined by the decrease in catalytic activity of AChE. This results in less production of enzymatic product thiocholine, which leads to reduction in the electroxidation current. The ability of MWNTs based sensor to reliably measure concentration in the range 7 to 0.5 nM has been demonstrated. The detection limit of biosensor has been found to be as low as 0.5 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Jha
- Nano Functional Materials Technology Center, Alternative Energy and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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