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Mohammadi S, Tabatabaei Yazdi SM, Balagholi S, Saremi S, Dabbaghi R, Ferdowsi S, Eshghi P. Assessment of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Preparing Hygienic Condition in the Blood Donation Centers during the Outbreak of COVID-19. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2023; 17:167-176. [PMID: 37817974 PMCID: PMC10560646 DOI: 10.18502/ijhoscr.v17i3.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has led to an alteration in hygienic conditions. In this situation, improving standard operating procedures (SOPs) in blood donation centers is critical. The purpose of this study was the assessment of SOPs in the blood donation centers during the outbreak of COVID-19 by regular blood donors as external audits. Materials and Methods: Regular donors were selected as external inspectors in 31 provinces of Iran. The questionnaire containing 10 closed questions was provided to assess the hygienic SOPs of blood transfusion centers in the prevention of COVID-19 transmission. Comparison and evaluation of questionnaires were conducted by assigning an importance coefficient (IC) score to each question. Results: Assessment of SOPs in blood donation departments by regular donors in 31 provinces of Iran showed that 18 centers (58.1%) received IC scores >10(Strong performance), seven centers (22.6%) received the range of IC scores between7-10(acceptable performance), and six centers (19.4%) received IC scores <7(poor performance). The difference in IC scores between provinces was not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study confirms that the assessment of blood donation centers through regular blood donor inspection is a reliable method to identify the strengths and weaknesses of blood transfusion center services and ultimately leads to corrective intervention and improvement of hygienic SOPs to prevent COVID-19 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Mohammadi
- Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cell Therapy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sahar Balagholi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Saremi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasul Dabbaghi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Ferdowsi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Eshghi
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The sex and gender dimensions of COVID-19: A narrative review of the potential underlying factors. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 103:105338. [PMID: 35863677 PMCID: PMC9288935 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence indicate that the male sex is a significant risk factor for severe disease and mortality due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the precise explanation for the discrepancy is currently unclear. Immunologically, the female-biased protection against COVID-19 could presumably be due to a more rapid and robust immune response to viruses exhibited by males. The female hormones, e.g., estrogens and progesterone, may have protective roles against viral infections. In contrast, male hormones, e.g., testosterone, can act oppositely. Besides, the expression of the ACE-2 receptor in the lung and airway lining, which the SARS-CoV-2 uses to enter cells, is more pronounced in males. Estrogen potentially plays a role in downregulating the expression of ACE-2, which could be a plausible biological explanation for the reduced severity of COVID-19 in females. Comorbidities, e.g., cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and kidney disorders, are considered significant risk factors for severe outcomes in COVID-19. Age-adjusted data shows that males are statistically more predisposed to these morbidities-amplifying risks for males with COVID-19. In addition, many sociocultural factors and gender-constructed behavior of men and women impact exposure to infections and outcomes. In many parts of the world, women are more likely to abide by health regulations, e.g., mask-wearing and handwashing, than men. In contrast, men, in general, are more involved with high-risk behaviors, e.g., smoking and alcohol consumption, and high-risk jobs that require admixing with people, which increases their risk of exposure to the infection. Overall, males and females suffer differently from COVID-19 due to a complex interplay between many biological and sociocultural factors.
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Mawalla WF, Njiro BJ, Bwire GM, Nasser A, Sunguya B. No evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through transfusion of human blood products: A systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:601-606. [PMID: 34518827 PMCID: PMC8426699 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The presence of viral nucleic material in the circulation poses a theoretical risk of transmission through transfusion. However, little is known about the possibility of the actual transmission through transfusion or transplantation of blood products. A PROSPERO registered systematic review pooled evidence from PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar and CINAHL. The search included studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) transmission through human blood products. In total 537 studies were extracted, and only eight articles (1.5%) were eligible for the final analysis. A total of 14 patients received blood products from coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) virus‐positive donors, and six (42.9%) tested negative for COVID‐19 RT‐PCR for up to 14 days post‐transfusion/transplantation. There were no documented clinical details on the COVID‐19 test for eight (57.1%) blood products recipients. Of the eight patients, none of them developed any COVID‐19‐related symptoms. In conclusion, there is limited evidence of transfusion transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 via human blood products. Consolidation of further evidence, as it emerges, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Frank Mawalla
- School of Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | - Belinda J Njiro
- School of Public Health and Social Services Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | - George M Bwire
- School of Pharmacy Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | - Ahlam Nasser
- School of Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | - Bruno Sunguya
- School of Public Health and Social Services Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania
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Balagholi S, Maghsudlu M, Amini-Kafiabad S, Nazemi AM, Sotoudeh Anvari M. COVID-19 related callback in blood donors; Outcomes in blood donors and patients. Transfus Apher Sci 2021; 60:103129. [PMID: 33879420 PMCID: PMC8019242 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2021.103129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Call back as a procedure to report post donation symptoms or illness by donors has been established since 2009 in Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO). During the first phase of COVID-19 outbreak, all blood donors were requested to report any respiratory infection symptoms after donation. The study investigated the callback data of COVID-19 in Tehran Blood Center during the first 3 months of the outbreak in Iran. The purpose of this study was to estimate the frequency of post donation COVID-19 related call back reports and determine its implications for blood donors and patients. A telephone interview was conducted with donors who had reported COVID-19 symptoms. Some questions were asked to evaluate donor's health at the time of blood donation. The donors categorized into three groups: laboratory-confirmed, suspected, and COVID-19 irrelevant based on their answers. In cases that the blood component obtained from a laboratory-confirmed donor had been released, the hospital was notified and asked to follow up the recipient for COVID-19. The results showed 30 donors (0.08 %) had callback related to COVID-19 and 76.63 % of the obtained component was disposed. The results also showed that only one donor had a laboratory-confirmed result with the RBC unit processed from her whole blood released for transfusion. The RBC unit recipient did not show any signs or symptoms of infection during a 46-day follow-up. Concluded that callback system was effective to remove most of the components obtained from the donors who reported to be COVID-19 suspected or confirmed. Moreover, the result did not support virus transmission through blood transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Balagholi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Maghsudlu
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sedigheh Amini-Kafiabad
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Masoud Nazemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sotoudeh Anvari
- Pathology Department, Children Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bao Y, Ling Y, Chen YY, Tian D, Zhao GP, Zhang XH, Hang H, Li Y, Su B, Lu HZ, Xu J, Wang Y. Dynamic anti-spike protein antibody profiles in COVID-19 patients. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 103:540-548. [PMID: 33310028 PMCID: PMC7836795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study intended to investigate the dynamics of anti-spike (S) IgG and IgM antibodies in COVID-19 patients. METHODS Anti-S IgG/IgM was determined by a semi-quantitative fluorescence immunoassay in the plasma of COVID-19 patients at the manifestation and rehabilitation stages. The immunoreactivity to full-length S proteins, C-terminal domain (CTD), and N-terminal domain (NTD) of S1 fragments were determined by an ELISA assay. Clinical properties at admission and discharge were collected simultaneously. RESULTS The positive rates of anti-S IgG/IgM in COVID-19 patients were elevated after rehabilitation compared to the in-patients. Anti-S IgG and IgM were not apparent until day 14 and day ten, respectively, according to Simple Moving Average analysis with five days' slide window deduction. More than 90% of the rehabilitation patients exhibited IgG and IgM responses targeting CTD-S1 fragments. Decreased total peripheral lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts were seen in COVID-19 patients at admission and recovered after the rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS Anti-S IgG and IgM do not appear at the onset with the decrease in T cells, making early serological screening less significant. However, the presence of high IgG and IgM to S1-CTD in the recovered patients highlights humoral responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection, which might be associated with efficient immune protection in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Bao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, 201052, China
| | - Ying-Ying Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Di Tian
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, 201052, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhao
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiang-Hui Zhang
- WuXi Diagnostics Lab (Shanghai) Co., Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Hong Hang
- WuXi Diagnostics Lab (Shanghai) Co., Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Yu Li
- WuXi Diagnostics Lab (Shanghai) Co., Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hong-Zhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, 201052, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Biggerstaff BJ. Estimation of time-dependent arbovirus infection risk in blood and tissue donations. STATISTICAL COMMUNICATIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 12:10.1515/scid-2020-0001. [PMID: 38618187 PMCID: PMC11010585 DOI: 10.1515/scid-2020-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks raise the concern of WNV infection in donated blood and blood products destined for transfusion. We describe methods we developed to estimate time-dependent risk of WNV infection in donated blood, including improvements not previously detailed. The methods are then extended for use in estimation of the risk of WNV infection in donated cadaveric tissues by introducing stratification and stratum-specific weighting to address novel aspects of this application. Data from the WNV outbreak in Colorado in 2003 are used to estimate risk for donated cardiac tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J. Biggerstaff
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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No evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transfusion transmission despite RNA detection in blood donors showing symptoms after donation. Blood 2020; 136:1888-1891. [PMID: 32871595 PMCID: PMC7568032 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of chronic mountain sickness (CMS) is based on a score including 7 clinical features (breathlessness, sleep disturbance, cyanosis, venous dilatation, paresthesia, headache, and tinnitus) in the setting of extreme erythrocytosis. Examining individuals in La Rinconada, Peru, the highest city in the world, the authors demonstrated that CMS at extreme altitude is not linked to elevation of hemoglobin, since CMS+ and CMS− individuals had similar levels of erythrocytosis.
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Kates OS, Fisher CE, Rakita RM, Reyes JD, Limaye AP. Use of SARS-CoV-2-infected deceased organ donors: Should we always "just say no?". Am J Transplant 2020; 20:1787-1794. [PMID: 32400087 PMCID: PMC7272824 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the context of a rapidly evolving pandemic, multiple organizations have released guidelines stating that all organs from potential deceased donors with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection should be deferred, including from otherwise medically eligible donors found to have mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 discovered on routine donor screening. In this article, we critically examine the available data on the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through organ transplantation. The isolation of SARS-CoV-2 from nonlung clinical specimens, the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in autopsy specimens, previous experience with the related coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and the vast experience with other common RNA respiratory viruses are all addressed. Taken together, these data provide little evidence to suggest the presence of intact transmissible SARS-CoV in organs that can potentially be transplanted, specifically liver and heart. Other considerations including ethical, financial, societal, and logistical concerns are also addressed. We conclude that, for selected patients with high waitlist mortality, transplant programs should consider accepting heart or liver transplants from deceased donors with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S. Kates
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,Correspondence Olivia S. Kates
| | - Cynthia E. Fisher
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert M. Rakita
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jorge D. Reyes
- Division of Transplant Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ajit P. Limaye
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Chowdhury SF, Anwar S. Management of Hemoglobin Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:306. [PMID: 32582745 PMCID: PMC7295899 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease that has become a global public health concern after being first reported in China and has subsequently spread worldwide. It causes mild to severe respiratory illness with some flu-like symptoms. The causal virus behind this disease, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), conceivably attacks the receptors of the respiratory system of the human body but has no strict evidence of attacking the blood cells yet. However, patients with hemoglobin disorders (e.g., sickle cell anemia, thalassemia) are vulnerable to this global health situation due to their clinical complications. Such patients are generally more prone to viral and bacterial infections, which can worsen their physical condition. Some of these patients present immunocompromised conditions, e.g., splenectomized or post-transplant patients. Therefore, they should follow some preventive steps such as shielding as well as the general guidelines for the COVID-19 pandemic. Transfusion dependent patients require regular monitoring for iron overload, and iron chelation therapy may be stopped by the physician depending on the situation. This article reviews the management strategies and provides some crucial recommendations for people in the corner with hemoglobin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Fatema Chowdhury
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Saeed Anwar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Chang L, Yan Y, Wang L. Coronavirus Disease 2019: Coronaviruses and Blood Safety. Transfus Med Rev 2020; 34:75-80. [PMID: 32107119 PMCID: PMC7135848 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the outbreak of unknown pneumonia in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, a new coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), aroused the attention of the entire world. The current outbreak of infections with SARS-CoV-2 is termed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 in China as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Two other coronavirus infections-SARS in 2002-2003 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012-both caused severe respiratory syndrome in humans. All 3 of these emerging infectious diseases leading to a global spread are caused by β-coronaviruses. Although coronaviruses usually infect the upper or lower respiratory tract, viral shedding in plasma or serum is common. Therefore, there is still a theoretical risk of transmission of coronaviruses through the transfusion of labile blood products. Because more and more asymptomatic infections are being found among COVID-19 cases, considerations of blood safety and coronaviruses have arisen especially in endemic areas. In this review, we detail current evidence and understanding of the transmission of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 through blood products as of February 10, 2020, and also discuss pathogen inactivation methods on coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Chang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, PR China
| | - Ying Yan
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, PR China
| | - Lunan Wang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, PR China; Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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11
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Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Blood Donation: Topic for Further Study and Discussion. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2016; 32:318-9. [PMID: 27408424 PMCID: PMC4925468 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-014-0453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
As one of the fastest growing cities in Pearl River Delta of southern China, Shenzhen accommodates a higher percentage and increasing number of internal migrants, mainly coming from the inland areas. The public health issues that challenge its local government include the special population structure, high incidence of infectious diseases, high prevalence of mental problems, rising chronic disease burdens, and maternal and children’s health issues, although progress has been made in the past years. The health authority of Shenzhen has realized that provision of high quality equitable public health services to its residents, including migrants is of high priority, and should be supported by innovations in the health insurance system and establishment of community-based primary care networks. Making changes within the national-level health reform framework and learning from international experiences are necessary and important.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zhang
- Shenzhen Commission of Health, Population and Family Planning, Shenzhen, China
| | - J Mou
- Shenzhen Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China; School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J Q Cheng
- Shenzhen Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - S M Griffiths
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Kleinman S, Cameron C, Custer B, Busch M, Katz L, Kralj B, Matheson I, Murphy K, Preiksaitis J, Devine D. Modeling the risk of an emerging pathogen entering the Canadian blood supply. Transfusion 2010; 50:2592-606. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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