1
|
Chang M, Chen B, Shaffner J, Dworkin LD, Gong R. Melanocortin System in Kidney Homeostasis and Disease: Novel Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Physiol 2021; 12:651236. [PMID: 33716796 PMCID: PMC7943476 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.651236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin peptides, melanocortin receptors, melanocortin receptor accessory proteins, and endogenous antagonists of melanocortin receptors are the key components constituting the melanocortin hormone system, one of the most complex and important hormonal systems in our body. A plethora of evidence suggests that melanocortins possess a protective activity in a variety of kidney diseases in both rodent models and human patients. In particular, the steroidogenic melanocortin peptide adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), has been shown to exert a beneficial effect in a number of kidney diseases, possibly via a mechanism independent of its steroidogenic activity. In patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic glomerulopathy, ACTH monotherapy is still effective in inducing proteinuria remission. This has inspired research on potential implications of the melanocortin system in glomerular diseases. However, our understanding of the role of the melanocortinergic pathway in kidney disease is very limited, and there are still huge unknowns to be explored. The most controversial among these is the identification of effector cells in the kidney as well as the melanocortin receptors responsible for conveying the renoprotective action. This review article introduces the melanocortin hormone system, summarizes the existing evidence for the expression of melanocortin receptors in the kidney, and evaluates the potential strategy of melanocortin therapy for kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Bohan Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - James Shaffner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Lance D Dworkin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Rujun Gong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McCullough PA, Bennett-Guerrero E, Chawla LS, Beaver T, Mehta RL, Molitoris BA, Eldred A, Ball G, Lee HJ, Houser MT, Khan S. ABT-719 for the Prevention of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing High-Risk Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Phase 2b Clinical Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003549. [PMID: 27543797 PMCID: PMC5015281 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients undergoing cardiac surgeries with cardiopulmonary bypass (on‐pump) have a high risk for acute kidney injury (AKI). We tested ABT‐719, a novel α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone analog, for prevention of AKI in postoperative cardiac surgery patients. Methods and Results This phase 2b randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial included adult patients with stable renal function undergoing high‐risk on‐pump cardiac surgery in the United States and Denmark. Participants received placebo (n=61) or cumulative ABT‐719 doses of 800 (n=59), 1600 (n=61), or 2100 μg/kg (n=59). Primary outcome was development of AKI based on Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria, measured utilizing preoperative creatinine value and maximum value within 48 hours and urine output within the first 42 hours postsurgery. Secondary outcomes included incidence of AKI based on maximal changes from baseline in novel AKI biomarkers over a 72‐hour period after clamp release and length of intensive care unit stays through 90 days postsurgery. A total of 65.5%, 62.7%, and 69.6% of patients in the 800‐, 1600‐, and 2100‐μg/kg groups, respectively, developed AKI (stages 1, 2, and 3 combined) versus 65.5% in the placebo group (for each pair‐wise comparison with placebo, P=0.966, 0.815, and 0.605, respectively). Adverse events occurred at a similar rate in all treatment groups. Conclusions ABT‐719 treatment did not lower AKI incidence using AKIN criteria, influence the elevations of novel biomarkers, or change 90‐day outcomes in patients after cardiac surgery. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique Identifier: NCT01777165.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A McCullough
- Texas A&M, Department of Internal Medicine Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, TX The Heart Hospital, Plano, TX
| | | | - Lakhmir S Chawla
- George Washington School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Thomas Beaver
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Ravindra L Mehta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ann Eldred
- Renal Clinical Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL
| | - Greg Ball
- Statistics, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL
| | - Ho-Jin Lee
- Statistics, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL
| | - Mark T Houser
- Renal Clinical Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL
| | - Samina Khan
- Renal Clinical Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qiao Y, Berg AL, Wang P, Ge Y, Quan S, Zhou S, Wang H, Liu Z, Gong R. MC1R is dispensable for the proteinuria reducing and glomerular protective effect of melanocortin therapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27589. [PMID: 27270328 PMCID: PMC4897792 DOI: 10.1038/srep27589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin therapy by using adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or non-steroidogenic melanocortin peptides attenuates proteinuria and glomerular injury in experimental glomerular diseases and induces remission of nephrotic syndrome in patients with diverse glomerulopathies, even those resistant to steroids. The underlying mechanism remains elusive, but the role of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) has been implicated and was examined here. Four patients with congenital red hair color and nephrotic syndrome caused by idiopathic membranous nephropathy or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis were confirmed by gene sequencing to bear dominant-negative MC1R mutations. Despite prior corticosteroid resistance, all patients responded to ACTH monotherapy and ultimately achieved clinical remission, inferring a steroidogenic-independent and MC1R-dispensable anti-proteinuric effect of melanocortin signaling. In confirmatory animal studies, the protective effect of [Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (NDP-MSH), a potent non-steroidogenic pan-melanocortin receptor agonist, on the lipopolysaccharide elicited podocytopathy was completely preserved in MC1R-null mice, marked by reduced albuminuria and diminished histologic signs of podocyte injury. Moreover, in complementary in vitro studies, NDP-MSH attenuated the lipopolysaccharide elicited apoptosis, hypermotility and impairment of filtration barrier function equally in primary podocytes derived from MC1R-null and wild-type mice. Collectively, our findings suggest that melanocortin therapy confers a proteinuria reducing and podoprotective effect in proteinuric glomerulopathies via MC1R-independent mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjin Qiao
- Institute of Nephrology, Blood Purification Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Anna-Lena Berg
- Department of Nephrology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pei Wang
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Yan Ge
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Songxia Quan
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sijie Zhou
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Blood Purification Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rujun Gong
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu M, Alwahsh SM, Ramadori G, Kollmar O, Slotta JE. Upregulation of hepatic melanocortin 4 receptor during rat liver regeneration. J Surg Res 2016; 203:222-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
5
|
Botte DAC, Noronha IL, Malheiros DMAC, Peixoto TV, de Mello SBV. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone ameliorates disease activity in an induced murine lupus-like model. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:381-90. [PMID: 24666423 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a neuropeptide exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity in experimental models of autoimmune diseases. However, no studies thus far have examined the effects of α-MSH on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed to determine the effects of an α-MSH agonist in induced murine lupus. Here we employed female Balb/cAn mice in which lupus was induced by pristane. Groups of lupus animals were treated daily with the α-MSH analogue [Nle4, DPhe7]-α-MSH (NDP-MSH) (1·25 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally or saline for 180 days. Normal animals comprised the control group. Arthritis incidence, plasma immunoglobulin (Ig)G isotypes, anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and plasma cytokines were evaluated. Renal function was assessed by proteinuria and histopathological lesion. Glomerular levels of IgG, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), C3, CD3, melanocortin receptors (MCR)1, corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and α-MSH was estimated by immunohistochemistry. When compared with normal controls, lupus animals exhibited increased arthritis, IgG levels, ANA, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, proteinuria and mesangial cell proliferation together with glomerular expression of α-SMA and iNOS. Glomerular expression of MCR1 was reduced in lupus animals. NDP-MSH treatment reduced arthritis scores by 70% and also diminished IgG1 and IgG2a levels and ANA incidence. In the glomerulus, NDP-MSH treatment reduced cellularity by 50% together with reducing IgG deposits, and expression levels of α-SMA, iNOS and CRF were also all decreased. Taken together, our results suggest for the first time that α-MSH treatment improves several parameters of SLE disease activity in mice, and indicate that this hormone is an interesting potential future treatment option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A C Botte
- Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
van Rijt WG, Secher N, Keller AK, Møldrup U, Chynau Y, Ploeg RJ, van Goor H, Nørregaard R, Birn H, Frøkiaer J, Nielsen S, Leuvenink HGD, Jespersen B. α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone treatment in pigs does not improve early graft function in kidney transplants from brain dead donors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94609. [PMID: 24728087 PMCID: PMC3984270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed graft function and primary non-function are serious complications following transplantation of kidneys derived from deceased brain dead (DBD) donors. α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide and its renoprotective effects have been demonstrated in models of acute kidney injury. We hypothesized that α-MSH treatment of the recipient improves early graft function and reduces inflammation following DBD kidney transplantation. Eight Danish landrace pigs served as DBD donors. After four hours of brain death both kidneys were removed and stored for 18 hours at 4°C in Custodiol preservation solution. Sixteen recipients were randomized in a paired design into two treatment groups, transplanted simultaneously. α-MSH or a vehicle was administered at start of surgery, during reperfusion and two hours post-reperfusion. The recipients were observed for ten hours following reperfusion. Blood, urine and kidney tissue samples were collected during and at the end of follow-up. α-MSH treatment reduced urine flow and impaired recovery of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) compared to controls. After each dose of α-MSH, a trend towards reduced mean arterial blood pressure and increased heart rate was observed. α-MSH did not affect expression of inflammatory markers. Surprisingly, α-MSH impaired recovery of renal function in the first ten hours following DBD kidney transplantation possibly due to hemodynamic changes. Thus, in a porcine experimental model α-MSH did not reduce renal inflammation and did not improve short-term graft function following DBD kidney transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willem G. van Rijt
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Niels Secher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna K. Keller
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulla Møldrup
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yahor Chynau
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rutger J. Ploeg
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rikke Nørregaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Birn
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Water and Salt Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Frøkiaer
- The Water and Salt Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- The Water and Salt Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henri G. D. Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bente Jespersen
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gong R. Leveraging melanocortin pathways to treat glomerular diseases. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2014; 21:134-51. [PMID: 24602463 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system is a neuroimmunoendocrine hormone system that constitutes the fulcrum in the homeostatic control of a diverse array of physiological functions, including melanogenesis, inflammation, immunomodulation, adrenocortical steroidogenesis, hemodynamics, natriuresis, energy homeostasis, sexual function, and exocrine secretion. The kidney is a quintessential effector organ of the melanocortin hormone system with melanocortin receptors abundantly expressed by multiple kidney parenchymal cells, including podocytes, mesangial cells, glomerular endothelial cells, and renal tubular cells. Converging evidence unequivocally demonstrates that the melanocortin-based therapy using the melanocortin peptide adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is prominently effective in inducing remission of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome caused by various glomerular diseases, including membranous nephropathy, minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, suggesting a steroidogenic-independent mechanism. Mechanistically, ACTH and other synthetic melanocortin analogues possess potent proteinuria-reducing and renoprotective activities that could be attributable to direct protection of glomerular cells and systemic immunomodulation. Thus, leveraging melanocortin signaling pathways using ACTH or novel synthetic melanocortin analogues represents a promising and pragmatic therapeutic strategy for glomerular diseases. This review article introduces the biophysiology of the melanocortin hormone system with an emphasis on the kidney as a target organ, discusses the existing data on melanocortin therapy for glomerular diseases, and elucidates the potential mechanisms of action.
Collapse
|
8
|
Caban A, Dolińska B, Budziński G, Oczkowicz G, Ostróżka-Cieślik A, Cierpka L, Ryszka F. The effect of HTK solution modification by addition of thyrotropin and corticotropin on biochemical indices reflecting ischemic damage to porcine kidney. Transplant Proc 2014; 45:1720-2. [PMID: 23769031 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of perfusion with HTK (histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate, Custodiol®, Dr. Franz Kohler Chemie, Germany) solution, modified by the addition of porcine thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and corticotropin (ACTH), on selected biochemical parameters of porcine renal damage within 24 and 48 hours after the onset of cold ischemia time. METHODS Each study group consisted of 10 adult pigs. During harvesting the kidneys were rinsed with Ringer solution (group 1), HTK (group 2), HTK-TSH (1 μg/dL) or HTK-ACTH (1 μg/dL) in groups 3 and 4. The solutions were cooled to 4°C-6°C. Within 30 minutes of the first perfusion, the discharged fluid was clear and the kidneys cooled to 4°C. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase, asparagine and alanine aminotransferases, lactates, total protein, potassium, calcium, and pH were determined in the perfusate. After 24 and 48 hours the rinsing procedure and the above-mentioned tests were repeated. Differences between the means of 2 independent samples were tested with a nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS As the result of hormone addition, in both time intervals it was possible to observe considerably lower protein concentrations (g/L) in perfusates compared with HTK solution, without an addition. At 24 hours, we measured following values: 36 ± 4, 8 ± 3 and 6 ± 1 versus 48 hours, 34 ± 1, 2 ± 1, and 4 ± 1 in groups 2, 3, and 4. A similar pattern was observed with LDH (U/L) at 48 hours: 662 ± 89, 374 ± 151, and 386 ± 111, respectively. Lactate concentrations (mmol/L) were then significantly higher: 1.4 ± 0.3 in the TSH group and 1.2 ± 0.5 in the ACTH group as opposed to 0.2 ± 0.1 in unmodified HTK group. CONCLUSION We observed the possibility of cytoprotective actions of TSH and ACTH addition to the perfusion fluid during cold ischemia, positive effects that were especially visible upon prolonged 48-hour storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Caban
- Department of General Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Kasztanowa.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Melanocortins and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 681:71-87. [PMID: 21222261 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6354-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence indicates that small concentrations of inflammatory molecules produced by damaged tissues activate afferent signals through ascending vagus nerve fibers, that act as the sensory arm of an "inflammatory reflex". The subsequent activation of vagal efferent fibers, which represent the motor arm of the inflammatory reflex, rapidly leads to acetylcholine release in organs of the reticuloendothelial system. Acetylcholine interacts with α7 subunit-containing nicotinic receptors in tissue macrophages and other immune cells and rapidly inhibits the synthesis/release of tumor necrosis factor-α and other inflammatory cytokines. This neural anti-inflammatory response called "cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway" is fast and integrated through the central nervous system. Preclinical studies are in progress, with the aim to develop therapeutic agents able to activate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Melanocortin peptides bearing the adrenocorticotropin/α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone sequences exert a protective and life-saving effect in animals and humans in conditions of circulatory shock. These neuropeptides are likewise protective in other severe hypoxic conditions, such as prolonged respiratory arrest, myocardial ischemia, renal ischemia and ischemic stroke, as well as in experimental heart transplantation. Moreover, experimental evidence indicates that melanocortins reverse circulatory shock, prevent myocardial ischemia/reperfusion damage and exert neuroprotection against ischemic stroke through activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. This action occurs via stimulation of brain melanocortin MC3/MC4 receptors. Investigations that determine the molecular mechanisms of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway activation could help design of superselective activators of this pathway.
Collapse
|
10
|
Turkoglu E, Serbes G, Dolgun H, Oztuna S, Bagdatoglu OT, Yilmaz N, Bagdatoglu C, Sekerci Z. Effects of α-MSH on ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat sciatic nerve. Surg Neurol Int 2012; 3:74. [PMID: 22937475 PMCID: PMC3424683 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.98501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) causes the production of toxic free radicals and leads to pathological changes in nerve tissue. We investigated the effect of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in a rat model for sciatic nerve I/R and discuss the possible cytoprotective and antioxidant mechanism of α-MSH against ischemic fiber degeneration. Methods: Experiments were performed using 42 adult male Wistar rats. Rats were divided into six experimental groups: control group, ischemia group, I/R groups, and α-MSH treated groups. Ischemia was produced by clamping of the femoral vessels. Immediately after ischemia that lasted 3 h, 75 μg/kg of α-MSH was administered subcutaneously before reperfusion and the tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) level was evaluated as an indicator of lipid peroxidation in groups with different reperfusion periods. Results: The reperfusion injury did not begin in the first hour of reperfusion after 3 h of ischemia, and MDA levels increased on the first day of reperfusion. During the first day, blood MDA levels were decreased in the α-MSH group compared to the control group. The tissue from animals pre-treated with α-MSH showed fewer morphological alterations. Myelin breakdown was significantly diminished after treatment with α-MSH, and the ultrastructural features of axons showed remarkable improvement. Two-way analysis of variance was used for comparing three or more groups. When a significant difference existed, the post-hoc multiple-comparison test was applied to demonstrate the differences. Conclusions: The results confirm that pre-treatment with α-MSH after ischemia protected the peripheral nerves against I/R injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Turkoglu
- Ministry of Health Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Research and Educational Hospital 1 Neurosurgery Clinic, 06610, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Giuliani D, Minutoli L, Ottani A, Spaccapelo L, Bitto A, Galantucci M, Altavilla D, Squadrito F, Guarini S. Melanocortins as potential therapeutic agents in severe hypoxic conditions. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:179-93. [PMID: 22531139 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortin peptides with the adrenocorticotropin/melanocyte-stimulating hormone (ACTH/MSH) sequences and synthetic analogs have protective and life-saving effects in experimental conditions of circulatory shock, myocardial ischemia, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, respiratory arrest, renal ischemia, intestinal ischemia and testicular ischemia, as well as in experimental heart transplantation. Moreover, melanocortins improve functional recovery and stimulate neurogenesis in experimental models of cerebral ischemia. These beneficial effects of ACTH/MSH-like peptides are mostly mediated by brain melanocortin MC(3)/MC(4) receptors, whose activation triggers protective pathways that counteract the main ischemia/reperfusion-related mechanisms of damage. Induction of signaling pathways and other molecular regulators of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation and integration seems to be the key mechanism of neurogenesis stimulation. Synthesis of stable and highly selective agonists at MC(3) and MC(4) receptors could provide the potential for development of a new class of drugs for a novel approach to management of severe ischemic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giuliani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Refractory nephrotic syndrome continues to be a therapeutic challenge despite advances in immunosuppression and blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a pituitary neuroimmunoendocrine polypeptide, was widely used in the 1950s as an effective therapy for childhood nephrotic syndrome, but has since been replaced by synthetic glucocorticoid analogues. In addition to controlling steroidogenesis, ACTH also acts as an important physiological agonist of the melanocortin system. Clinical and experimental evidence now suggests that ACTH has antiproteinuric, lipid-lowering and renoprotective properties, which are not fully explained by its steroidogenic effects. ACTH therapy is effective in inducing remission of nephrotic syndrome in patients with a variety of proteinuric nephropathies, even those resistant to steroids and other immunosuppressants. This Perspectives article describes the biophysiology of ACTH, with an emphasis on its melanocortin actions, particularly in renal parenchymal cells, which could potentially explain the therapeutic effects of ACTH in nephrotic glomerulopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rujun Gong
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Patel HB, Leoni G, Melendez TM, Sampaio ALF, Perretti M. Melanocortin Control of Cell Trafficking in Vascular Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 681:88-106. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6354-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|