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Lin H, Loi PL, Ng J, Shen L, Teo W, Chung A, Raj P, Chang JP. MELD3.0 is superior to MELDNa and MELD for prediction of mortality in patients with cirrhosis: An external validation in a multi-ethnic population. JGH Open 2024; 8:e13098. [PMID: 38832135 PMCID: PMC11144281 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Background and Aim The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) was updated to MELDNa and recently to MELD3.0 to predict survival of cirrhotic patients. We validated the prognostic performance of MELD3.0 and compared with MELDNa and MELD amongst cirrhotic inpatients. Methods Demographical, clinical, biochemical, and survival data of cirrhotic inpatients in Singapore General Hospital (SGH) from 01 January 2018 to 31 December 2018, were studied retrospectively. Patients were followed up from first admission in 2018 until death or until 01 April 2023. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) were computed for the discriminative effects of MELD3.0, MELDNa, and MELD to predict 30-, 90-, and 365-day mortalities. AUROC was compared with DeLong's test. The cutoff MELD3.0 score for patients at high risk of 30-day mortality was determined using Youden's Index. Survival curves of patients with MELD3.0 score above and below the cutoff were estimated with Kaplan-Meier method and compared with log-rank analysis. Results Totally 862 patients were included (median age 71.0 years [interquartile range, IQR: 64.0-79.0], 65.4% males, 75.8% Chinese). Proportion of patients with Child-Turcotte-Pugh classes A/B/C were 55.5%/35.5%/9.0%. Median MELD3.0/MELDNa/MELD scores were 12.2 (IQR: 8.7-18.3)/11.0 (IQR: 8.0-17.5)/10.3 (IQR: 7.8-15.0). Median time of follow-up was 51.9 months (IQR: 8.5-59.6). The proportion of 30-/90-/365-day mortalities was 5.7%/13.2%/26.9%. AUROC of MELD3.0/MELDNa/MELD in predicting 30-, 90-, and 365-day mortalities, respectively, were 0.823/0.793/0.783, 0.754/0.724/0.707, 0.682/0.654/0.644 (P < 0.05). Optimal cutoff to predict 30-day mortality was MELD3.0 > 19 (sensitivity = 67.4%, specificity = 82.4%). Patients with MELD3.0 > 19, compared with patients with MELD3.0 ≤ 19, had shorter median time to death (98.0 days [IQR: 28.8-398.0] vs 390.0 days [IQR: 134.3-927.5]), and higher proportion of 30-day mortality (68.8% vs 43.0%) (P < 0.001). Conclusion MELD3.0 performs better than MELDNa and MELD in predicting mortality in cirrhotic inpatients. MELD3.0 > 19 predicts higher 30-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Yi Lin
- Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Pooi Ling Loi
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySingapore General HospitalSingaporeSingapore
| | - Jeanette Ng
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySingapore General HospitalSingaporeSingapore
| | - Liang Shen
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Wei‐Quan Teo
- SingHealth Duke‐NUS Transplant CentreSingaporeSingapore
| | - Amber Chung
- SingHealth Duke‐NUS Transplant CentreSingaporeSingapore
| | - Prema Raj
- SingHealth Duke‐NUS Transplant CentreSingaporeSingapore
| | - Jason Pik‐Eu Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySingapore General HospitalSingaporeSingapore
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Pelusio C, Endres P, Neyra JA, Allegretti AS. Renal Replacement Therapy in Cirrhosis: A Contemporary Review. ADVANCES IN KIDNEY DISEASE AND HEALTH 2024; 31:133-138. [PMID: 38649217 PMCID: PMC11103613 DOI: 10.1053/j.akdh.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is a common complication of decompensated cirrhosis, frequently requires hospitalization, and carries a high short-term mortality. This population experiences several characteristic types of acute kidney injury: hypovolemic-mediated (prerenal), ischemic/nephrotoxic-mediated (acute-tubular necrosis), and hepatorenal syndrome. Prerenal acute kidney injury is treated with volume resuscitation. Acute-tubular necrosis is treated by optimizing perfusion pressure and discontinuing the offending agent. Hepatorenal syndrome, a unique physiology of decreased effective arterial circulation leading to renal vasoconstriction and ultimately acute kidney injury, is treated with plasma expansion with albumin and splanchnic vasoconstrictors such as terlipressin or norepinephrine. Common acute stressors such as bleeding, infection, and volume depletion often contribute to multifactorial acute kidney injury. Even with optimal medical management, many clinicians are faced with the challenge of initiating renal replacement therapy in these patients. This article reviews the epidemiology, indications, and complex considerations of renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury in decompensated cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Pelusio
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Paul Endres
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Javier A Neyra
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Andrew S Allegretti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
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3
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Chiang HY, Li LC, Hsu CN, Lin CC, Chan YC, Wang CC, Chen CL. Impact of Sirolimus versus Mycophenolate Mofetil on Kidney Function after Calcineurin Inhibitor Dose Reduction in Liver Transplant Recipients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1087. [PMID: 37631002 PMCID: PMC10457954 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired kidney function is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Although immunosuppressants are essential in these patients, they impair kidney function. This study aimed to compare adverse kidney outcomes between patients treated with a reduced dose of tacrolimus (calcineurin inhibitor) plus sirolimus or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in the liver transplant center at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between April 2011 and December 2017. Propensity score matching was used to identify 232 patients. The risk of adverse kidney outcomes was estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression, and changes in kidney function over time were analyzed using linear mixed modeling. Acute kidney disease risks in this study cohort were not significantly different for the two immunosuppressants (aHR 1.04; 95% CI: 0.70-1.55, p = 0.8328). However, sirolimus use was significantly associated with a higher risk of estimated glomerular filtration rate decline > 30% than MMF (aHR, 2.09; 95% CI: 1.33-3.28; p = 0.0014). Our results demonstrate that sirolimus use may have worsened long-term kidney outcomes compared to MMF. Close monitoring of kidney function, dose adjustment, and timely transition to MMF is necessary for LT patients receiving sirolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Yi Chiang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
| | - Lung-Chih Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ning Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Che Lin
- Liver Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Yi-Chia Chan
- Liver Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Chih-Chi Wang
- Liver Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Chao-Long Chen
- Liver Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-L.C.)
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Lv C, Zhou B, Zhang D, Lin J, Sun L, Zhang Z, Ding Y, Sun R, Zhang J, Zhou C, Zhang L, Wang X, Ke L, Li W, Li B. The effects of bicarbonated versus acetated Ringer's solutions on acid-base status and kidney injury following orthotopic liver transplantation: Protocol for a single-centre, randomised controlled trial (The BETTER trial). Front Surg 2022; 9:1019570. [PMID: 36338625 PMCID: PMC9630575 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1019570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ideal crystalloid fluid of choice for fluid therapy during liver transplantation is unknown. Conventional balanced crystalloids are buffered with organic anions, which requires liver metabolism to prevent matabolic acidosis and protect renal function. Therefore they can not function properly during liver transplantation. On the contrary, the bicarbonated Ringer's solution (BRS) can maintain acid-base status regardless of liver function. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that, in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation, compared with acetated Ringer's solutions (ARS), perioperative fluid therapy with BRS could better maintain the acid-base status. METHODS This is a prospective, single-centre, randomised controlled trial. 72 eligible patients will be randomised to receive either BRS or ARS perioperatively. The primary endpoint is the difference in standard base excess (SBE) before and after operation. Secondary endpoints include the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) within 48 h post operation and free and alive days to day 14 for intensive care admission, invasive ventilation, vasopressors, and renal replacement therapy (RRT). DISCUSSION Metabolic acidosis is common perioperatively, potentially leading to decreased renal blood flow and reduced glomerular filtration rate. The use of balanced solutions can prevent hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, thereby avoiding AKI in some patients. However, during liver transplantation, when well-functioning liver metabolism is lacking, the organic anions in conventional balanced solutions may remain strong anions and thus fail to maintain the acid-base status, but no solid clinical evidence exists now. This study will, for the first time, provide evidence on the relative effects of BRS vs. ARS on acid-base status and renal injury in patients undergoing liver transplantation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial has been registered at the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry (ChiCTR2100046889) on 29 May 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lv
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Donghua Zhang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiajia Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuyao Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Ke
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China,Correspondence: Baiqiang Li Weiqin Li Lu Ke
| | - Weiqin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China,Correspondence: Baiqiang Li Weiqin Li Lu Ke
| | - Baiqiang Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China,Correspondence: Baiqiang Li Weiqin Li Lu Ke
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5
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[Kidney failure after liver transplantation]. Nephrol Ther 2022; 18:89-103. [PMID: 35151596 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One third of cirrhotic patients present impaired kidney function. It has multifactorial causes and has a harmful effect on patients' morbi-mortality before and after liver transplant. Kidney function does not improve in all patients after liver transplantation and liver-transplant recipients are at high risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Causes for renal dysfunction can be divided in three groups: preoperative, peroperative and postoperative factors. To date, there is no consensus for the modality of evaluation the risk for chronic kidney disease after liver transplantation, and for its prevention. In the present review, we describe the outcome of kidney function after liver transplantation, and the prognostic factors of chronic kidney disease to determine a risk stratification for each patient. Furthermore, we discuss therapeutic options to prevent kidney dysfunction in this setting, and highlight the indications of combined liver-kidney transplantation.
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Fabes J, Ambler G, Shah B, Williams NR, Martin D, Davidson BR, Spiro M. Protocol for a prospective double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled feasibility trial of octreotide infusion during liver transplantation. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e055864. [PMID: 34857585 PMCID: PMC8640665 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver transplantation is a complex operation that can provide significant improvements in quality of life and survival to the recipients. However, serious complications are common and include major haemorrhage, hypotension and renal failure. Blood transfusion and the development of acute kidney injury lead to both short-term and long-term poor patient outcomes, including an increased risk of death, graft failure, length of stay and reduced quality of life. Octreotide may reduce the incidence of renal dysfunction, perioperative haemorrhage and enhance intraoperative blood pressure. However, octreotide does have risks, including resistant bradycardia, hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia and QT prolongation. Hence, a randomised controlled trial of octreotide during liver transplantation is needed to determine the cost-efficacy and safety of its use; this study represents a feasibility study prior to this trial. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We describe a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled feasibility study of continuous infusion of octreotide during liver transplantation surgery. We will recruit 30 adult patients at two liver transplant centres. A blinded infusion during surgery will be administered in a 2:1 ratio of octreotide:placebo. The primary outcomes will determine the feasibility of this study design. These include the recruitment ratio, correct administration of blinded study intervention, adverse event rates, patient and clinician enrolment refusal and completion of data collection. Secondary outcome measures of efficacy and safety will help shape future trials by assessing potential primary outcome measures and monitoring safety end points. No formal statistical tests are planned. This manuscript represents study protocol number 1.3, dated 2 June 2021. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has received Research Ethics Committee approval. The main study outcomes will be submitted to an open-access journal. TRIAL SPONSOR The Joint Research Office, University College London, UK.Neither the sponsor nor the funder have any role in study design, collection, management, analysis and interpretation of data, writing of the study report or the decision to submit the report for publication. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04941911) with recruitment due to start in August 2021 with anticipated completion in July 2022. CLINICAL TRIALS UNIT Surgical and Interventional Group, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Fabes
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK
- Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bina Shah
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Norman R Williams
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Martin
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Brian R Davidson
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Spiro
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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Hizomi Arani R, Abbasi MR, Mansournia MA, Nassiri Toosi M, Jafarian A, Moosaie F, Karimi E, Moazzeni SS, Abbasi Z, Shojamoradi MH. Acute Kidney Injury After Liver Transplant: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Impact on Patient Outcomes. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2021; 19:1277-1285. [PMID: 34775941 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2021.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute kidney injury is a frequent complication of liver transplant. Here, we assessed the rate and contributing factors of acute kidney injury and need for renal replacement therapy in patients undergoing liver transplant at a transplant center in Tehran, Iran. MATERIAL AND METHODS We identified all patients who underwent liver transplant at the Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex from March 2018 to March 2019 and who were followed for 3 months after transplant. Acute kidney injury was defined based on the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria. We collected demographic and pretransplant, intraoperative, and posttransplant data. Univariable and multivariable models were applied to explore independent risk factors for acute kidney injury incidence and need for renal replacement therapy. RESULTS Our study included 173 deceased donor liver transplant recipients. Rates of incidence of acute kidney injury and need for renal replacement therapy were 68.2% and 14.5%, respectively. The 3-month mortality rate among those with severe and mild or moderate acute kidney injury was 44.0% (14/25) and 9.7% (9/ 93), respectively (P < .001). Multivariable analyses indicated that serum albumin (relative risk of 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.87; P = .021), baseline serum creatinine (relative risk of 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.56-2.90; P = .037), and intraoperative mean arterial pressure (relative risk of 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.82; P = .008) were independent factors for predicting posttransplant acute kidney injury. Independent risk factors for requiring renal replacement therapy were pretransplant serum creatinine (relative risk of 1.99; 95% confidence interval, 1.89-4.47; P = .044) and intraoperative vasopressor infusion (relative risk of 1.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.38-2.00; P = .021). CONCLUSIONS We found a high incidence of acute kidney injury among liver transplant recipients in our center. There was a significant association between severity of acute kidney injury and 3-month and in-hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhane Hizomi Arani
- From the Nephrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,the Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Impact of postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery on 1-year survival and renal outcomes: a national multicentre cohort study. BJS Open 2021; 5:6507433. [PMID: 35029656 PMCID: PMC8759520 DOI: 10.1093/bjsopen/zrab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The intermediate-term impact of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients after major gastrointestinal and liver surgery has not been well characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the 1-year mortality rate and renal outcomes associated with postoperative AKI in a national prospective cohort. Methods This prospective multicentre, observational cohort with 1-year postoperative follow-up included adults undergoing major gastrointestinal and liver surgery across the UK and Ireland between 23 September and 18 November 2015. AKI was defined according to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. The primary outcome was death at 1-year after surgery, and the secondary outcome was Major Adverse Kidney Events (MAKE-365). Cox proportionate and multilevel logistic regression were used to account for case mix. Results Of 5745 patients across 173 centres, 1-year follow-up data was completed for 3504 patients (62.2 per cent, 126 centres), with attrition largely explained by centre non-participation (63.1 per cent). Some 13.6 per cent (475 of 3504) patients developed AKI by 7 days after surgery (stage 1: 9.2 per cent; stage 2/3: 4.3 per cent). At 1 year, 10.8 per cent (378 patients) experienced a MAKE-365 endpoint (303 patients had died, 61 had renal replacement therapy and 78 had renal dysfunction). Patients who experienced AKI by 7 days after surgery had a higher hazard of death at 1 year for KDIGO stage 1 (hazard ratio 1.50 (95 per cent c.i. 1.08 to 2.08), P = 0.016) and KDIGO stage 2/3 (hazard ratio 2.96 (95 per cent c.i. 2.02 to 4.33), P < 0.001). Both KDIGO stage 1 (odds ratio 2.09 (95 per cent c.i. 1.50 to 2.92), P < 0.001) and stage 2/3 (odds ratio 9.26 (95 per cent c.i. 6.31 to 13.59), P < 0.001) AKI were independently associated with MAKE-365. Conclusion AKI events within 7 days after gastrointestinal or liver surgery are associated with significantly worse survival and renal outcomes at 1 year.
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9
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Dong V, Nadim MK, Karvellas CJ. Post-Liver Transplant Acute Kidney Injury. Liver Transpl 2021; 27:1653-1664. [PMID: 33963666 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition following liver transplantation (LT). It negatively impacts patient outcomes by increasing the chances of developing chronic kidney disease and reducing graft and patient survival rates. Multiple definitions of AKI have been proposed and used throughout the years, with the International Club of Ascites definition being the most widely now used for patients with cirrhosis. Multiple factors are associated with the development of post-LT AKI and can be categorized into pre-LT comorbidities, donor and recipient characteristics, operative factors, and post-LT factors. Many of these factors can be optimized in an attempt to minimize the risk of AKI occurring and to improve renal function if AKI is already present. A special consideration during the post-LT phase is needed for immunosuppression as certain immunosuppressive medications can be nephrotoxic. The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus (TAC) is the mainstay of immunosuppression but can result in AKI. Several strategies including use of the monoclonoal antibody basilixamab to allow for delayed initiation of tacrolimus therapy and minimization through combination and minimization or elimination of TAC through combination with mycophenolate mofetil or mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors have been implemented to reverse and avoid AKI in the post-LT setting. Renal replacement therapy may ultimately be required to support patients until recovery of AKI after LT. Overall, by improving renal function in post-LT patients with AKI, outcomes can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Dong
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Alberta, Canada.,Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mitra K Nadim
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Constantine J Karvellas
- Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Fiorelli S, Biancofiore G, Feltracco P, Lavezzo B, DE Gasperi A, Pompei L, Masiero L, Testa S, Ricci A, Della Rocca G. Acute kidney injury after liver transplantation, perioperative risk factors, and outcome: prospective observational study of 1681 patients (OLTx Study). Minerva Anestesiol 2021; 88:248-258. [PMID: 34709014 DOI: 10.23736/s0375-9393.21.15860-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a frequent complication after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). This study aimed to evaluate early postoperative AKI incidence during the first 72 h after OLT, perioperative risk factors, and AKI impact on survival. METHODS From January 2011 to December 2013) 1681 patients underwent OLT in 19 centers and were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. RESULTS According to RIFLE criteria, AKI occurred in 367 patients, 21.8% (R: 5.8%, I: 6.4%, F: 4.8%, L: 4.8%). Based on multivariate analysis, intraoperative risk factors for AKI were: administration of 5-10 RBCs (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.3-2.7), dopamine use (OR 1.6, 95%CI 1.2-2.3), post-reperfusion syndrome (OR 1.5, 95%CI 1.0-2.3), surgical complications (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.0), and cardiological complications (OR 2.2, 95%CI 1.2-4.0). Postoperative risk factors were: norepinephrine (OR 1.4, 95%CI 1.0-2.0), furosemide (OR 4.2, 95% CI 3.0-5.9), more than 10 RBCs transfusion, (OR 3.7, 95%CI 1.4-10.5), platelets administration (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.4), fibrinogen administration (OR 3.0, 95%CI, 1.5-6.2), hepatic complications (OR 4.6, 95%CI 2.9-7.5), neurological complications (OR 2.4, 95%CI 1.5-3.7), and infectious complications (OR 2.7, 95%CI 1.8-4.3). NO-AKI patients' 5 years survival rate was higher than AKI patients (68.06, 95% CI 62.7-72.7 and 81.2, 95% CI 78.9-83.3, p< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AKI still remains an important risk factor for morbidity and mortality after OLT. Further researches to develop new strategies aimed at preventing or minimizing post-OLT AKI are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fiorelli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive care, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy -
| | | | | | - Bruna Lavezzo
- AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, presidio Molinette, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Livia Pompei
- Department of Medical Area, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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11
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Abstract
One-third of patients with cirrhosis present kidney failure (AKI and CKD). It has multifactorial causes and a harmful effect on morbidity and mortality before and after liver transplantation. Kidney function does not improve in all patients after liver transplantation, and liver transplant recipients are at a high risk of developing chronic kidney disease. The causes of renal dysfunction can be divided into three groups: pre-operative, perioperative and post-operative factors. To date, there is no consensus on the modality to evaluate the risk of chronic kidney disease after liver transplantation, or for its prevention. In this narrative review, we describe the outcome of kidney function after liver transplantation, and the prognostic factors of chronic kidney disease in order to establish a risk categorization for each patient. Furthermore, we discuss therapeutic options to prevent kidney dysfunction in this context, and highlight the indications of combined liver–kidney transplantation.
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12
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Chopinet S, Bobot M, Reydellet L, Bollon E, Gérolami R, Decoster C, Blasco V, Moal V, Grégoire E, Hardwigsen J. Peri-operative risk factors of chronic kidney disease after liver transplantation. J Nephrol 2021; 35:607-617. [PMID: 34426948 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-021-01127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a frequent long-term complication after liver transplantation (LT) and is associated with poor long-term survival. The aim of our study was to identify the risk factors of developing post-transplant CKD at 1 year, during the pre-operative, peri-operative, and post-LT phases. METHODS All consecutive patients who underwent primary LT between July 2013 and February 2018 were analyzed. To assess the impact of peri- and post-operative factors on renal function at 1 year we performed a propensity score matching on gender, age of the recipient, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, etiology of the hepatic disease, and estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) at baseline. RESULTS Among the 245 patients who underwent LT, 215 had available data at one year (Y1), and 46% of them had CKD. Eighty-three patients in the CKD group and 83 in the normal renal function group were then matched. The median follow-up was 35 months (27-77). Patients with CKD at Y1 had a decreased 5-year survival compared to patients with normal renal function at one year: figures were 62% and 90%, respectively, p = 0.001. The independent predictors of CKD at Y1 were major complications (OR = 2.2, 95% CI [1.2-4.2]), p = 0.015, intensive care unit (ICU) stay > 5 days (OR = 2.2, 95% CI [1.3-5.1]), p = 0.046, ICU serum lactate level at 24 h ≥ 2.5 mmol/L (OR = 3.8 95% CI [1.1-8]), p = 0.034, need for post-LT renal replacement therapy (OR = 6.4 95% CI [1.4-25]), and MELD score ≥ 20 (OR = 2.1 95% CI [1.1-3.9]), p = 0.019. CONCLUSIONS The peri-operative period has a major impact on CKD incidence. Early recognition of patients at high risk of CKD may be critical for implementation of nephroprotective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Chopinet
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hôpital la Timone, 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France. .,European Center for Medical Imaging Research CERIMED/LIIE, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France. .,Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.
| | - Mickaël Bobot
- Department of Nephrology, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France.,C2VN, INSERM 1263 INRAE 1260 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Reydellet
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hôpital la Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Bollon
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hôpital la Timone, 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - René Gérolami
- Department of Hepatology Gastroenterology, Hôpital la Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Decoster
- Department of Hepatology Gastroenterology, Hôpital la Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Valéry Blasco
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hôpital la Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Moal
- Department of Nephrology, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Grégoire
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hôpital la Timone, 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.,European Center for Medical Imaging Research CERIMED/LIIE, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Hardwigsen
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hôpital la Timone, 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
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13
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Kowalewski G, Kaliciński P, Stefanowicz M, Grenda R, Czubkowski P, Szymczak M. Long-Term Follow-Up of Renal Function in Children after Liver Transplantation-A Single Center Retrospective Study. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8080633. [PMID: 34438524 PMCID: PMC8391198 DOI: 10.3390/children8080633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common complication after liver transplantation (LT). Its prevalence with modern immunosuppression regimens, especially in children, is variable depending on the transplantation era. The study included 61 pediatric patients with at least 10 years of follow-up after liver transplantation remaining under constant care of the Department of Pediatric Surgery and Organ Transplantation. The analysis included several tests: estimated glomerular function (eGFR), results of screening for renal tubular defects and blood concentrations of basic immunosuppressive drug-tacrolimus. CKD was diagnosed in 3% of children at 12 years after LT. The maintaining of tacrolimus concentrations >4 ng/mL in long-term observation was associated with a significant increase of microalbuminuria. The presence of microalbuminuria, regarded as a risk factor of CKD, confirmed the necessity of regular comprehensive assessment of patients in long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kowalewski
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Piotr Kaliciński
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Marek Stefanowicz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Ryszard Grenda
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Transplantation and Hypertension, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Czubkowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Pediatrics, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Szymczak
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.)
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Yeh H, Chiang CC, Yen TH. Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with renal dysfunction: Pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment challenges. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4104-4142. [PMID: 34326614 PMCID: PMC8311541 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i26.4104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The population of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) overlaps to a high degree with those for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The degrees of renal dysfunction vary, from the various stages of CKD to dialysis-dependent ESRD, which often affects the prognosis and treatment choice of patients with HCC. In addition, renal dysfunction makes treatment more difficult and may negatively affect treatment outcomes. This study summarized the possible causes of the high comorbidity of HCC and renal dysfunction. The possible mechanisms of CKD causing HCC involve uremia itself, long-term dialysis status, immunosuppressive agents for postrenal transplant status, and miscellaneous factors such as hormone alterations and dysbiosis. The possible mechanisms of HCC affecting renal function include direct tumor invasion and hepatorenal syndrome. Finally, we categorized the risk factors that could lead to both HCC and CKD into four categories: Environmental toxins, viral hepatitis, metabolic syndrome, and vasoactive factors. Both CKD and ESRD have been reported to negatively affect HCC prognosis, but more research is warranted to confirm this. Furthermore, ESRD status itself ought not to prevent patients receiving aggressive treatments. This study then adopted the well-known Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer guidelines as a framework to discuss the indicators for each stage of HCC treatment, treatment-related adverse renal effects, and concerns that are specific to patients with pre-existing renal dysfunction when undergoing aggressive treatments against CKD and ESRD. Such aggressive treatments include liver resection, simultaneous liver kidney transplantation, radiofrequency ablation, and transarterial chemoembolization. Finally, focusing on patients unable to receive active treatment, this study compiled information on the latest systemic pharmacological therapies, including targeted and immunotherapeutic drugs. Based on available clinical studies and Food and Drug Administration labels, this study details the drug indications, side effects, and dose adjustments for patients with renal dysfunction. It also provides a comprehensive review of information on HCC patients with renal dysfunction from disease onset to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan Yeh
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taipei 105, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Hai Yen
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taipei 105, Taiwan
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15
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Perioperative ABO Blood Group Isoagglutinin Titer and the Risk of Acute Kidney Injury after ABO-Incompatible Living Donor Liver Transplantation. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081679. [PMID: 33919744 PMCID: PMC8070732 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For ABO-incompatible liver transplantation (ABO-i LT), therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is performed preoperatively to reduce the isoagglutinin titer of anti-ABO blood type antibodies. We evaluated whether perioperative high isoagglutinin titer is associated with postoperative risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). In 130 cases of ABO-i LT, we collected immunoglobulin (Ig) G and Ig M isoagglutinin titers of baseline, pre-LT, and postoperative peak values. These values were compared between the patients with and without postoperative AKI. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between perioperative isoagglutinin titers and postoperative AKI. Clinical and graft-related outcomes were compared between high and low baseline and postoperative peak isoagglutinin groups. The incidence of AKI was 42.3%. Preoperative baseline and postoperative peak isoagglutinin titers of both Ig M and Ig G were significantly higher in the patients with AKI than those without AKI. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative baseline and postoperative peak Ig M isoagglutinin titers were significantly associated with the risk of AKI (baseline: odds ratio 1.06, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.09; postoperative peak: odds ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.13). Cubic spline function curves show a positive relationship between the baseline and postoperative peak isoagglutinin titers and the risk of AKI. Clinical outcomes other than AKI were not significantly different according to the baseline and postoperative peak isoagglutinin titers. Preoperative high initial and postoperative peak Ig M isoagglutinin titers were significantly associated with the development of AKI. As the causal relationship between high isoagglutinin titers and risk of AKI is unclear, the high baseline and postoperative isoagglutinin titers could be used simply as a warning sign for the risk of AKI after liver transplantation.
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16
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Shankar V, Raj A, Singhal S, Sahni R, Goyal N, Venuthurimilli A, Olson MT, Chatterji C. Doppler-derived renal resistive index helps predict acute kidney injury in patients undergoing living-related liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2021; 35:e14263. [PMID: 33608962 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is commonly associated with increased postoperative morbidity in liver transplant (LT) recipients. The aim of this study was to identify the role of renal resistive index (RRI) in predicting AKI and to study the factors associated with AKI in LT recipients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a single-center, prospective study, including adult living donor LT recipients at our center between January 2018 and September 2019 with no preoperative renal dysfunction. RRI was calculated on ultrasound doppler once preoperatively, and once daily in the postoperative period through postoperative day (POD) six. Patients were grouped into AKI and non-AKI groups for comparison. RESULTS Fifty patients were included in the study (mean age, 44 years; 20% females). AKI developed in 25 patients (50%). Both groups were similar in baseline characteristics. RRI of ≥ 0.69 on POD 2 predicted AKI (sensitivity 88%; specificity 92%). RRI on the day before AKI diagnosis (0.71 vs. 0.65) and on the day of diagnosis (0.72 vs. 0.65) were significantly increased relative to preoperative baseline. CONCLUSIONS Doppler-derived RRI is a rapid, non-invasive, and bedside procedure capable of predicting the occurrence of postoperative AKI in LT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Shankar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupam Raj
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Singhal
- Liver Transplant and Hepatopancreaticobiliary Unit, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Reeti Sahni
- Department of Radiology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Neerav Goyal
- Liver Transplant and Hepatopancreaticobiliary Unit, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Venuthurimilli
- Liver Transplant and Hepatopancreaticobiliary Unit, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Michael T Olson
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine -Phoenix Campus, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Chitra Chatterji
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
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17
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Niewiński G, Smyk W, Graczyńska A, Kostrzewa K, Raszeja-Wyszomirska J, Ołdakowska-Jedynak U, Małyszko J, Wójcicki M, Zieniewicz K. Kidney Function After Liver Transplantation in a Single Center. Ann Transplant 2021; 26:e926928. [PMID: 33619240 PMCID: PMC7911851 DOI: 10.12659/aot.926928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal dysfunction in the peri-transplant period appears to complicate both short- and long-term outcome of liver transplantation (LT). The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of selected clinical features in the peri-liver transplant period, as well calcineurin inhibitor, particularly tacrolimus given after LT, on kidney function in a single liver transplant center’s experience. Material/Methods A total 125 consecutive liver-grafted individuals (82 M, 43 F), mean age 50±13 y (with alcohol-related liver disease in 48 (38%) patients) were included into the study. Their clinical data were collected in the database until 46 months of follow-up, and the Python packages Pandas (version 0.22.0) and scikit-learn (version 0.21.3) were used for data analysis. Results More advanced liver disease as judged by Child-Pugh class and MELD score differed significantly patients with preserved (serum creatinine SCr <1.5 mg/dL) and impaired (SCr ≥1.5 mg/dL) kidney function before LT. Older age and higher SCr pre-LT were associated with higher levels of SCr after LT in 2 time-points. SCr before LT was correlated with delta SCr for the highest and last recorded value (P<0.0001). Higher amounts of transfused colloids during surgery were associated with increased delta SCr for the highest value (P=0.019) after grafting in logistic regression analysis. There were no associations between SCr after LT and duration of anhepatic phase, urine output ≤100 mL/h, or post-reperfusion syndrome during transplantation (all P>0.05). There were no associations between SCr after LT and tacrolimus trough levels in analyses of correlations and linear regression analyses (all P>0.05). Conclusions We found that pretransplant serum creatinine was the only factor affecting kidney function after LT in our liver transplant center. The restricted fluid policy was safe and effective in terms of long-term renal function. The role of kidney-saving immunosuppressive protocols in preserving renal function long-term after LT was also confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Niewiński
- II Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Smyk
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Graczyńska
- II Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Jolanta Małyszko
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Wójcicki
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zieniewicz
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Tovikkai C, Limsrichamrern S, Dumronggittigule W, Sirivatanauksorn Y, Kositamongkol P, Mahawithitwong P, Sangserestid P, Assawasirisin C. Delayed Calcineurin Inhibitor Introduction Without Antibody Induction in Liver Transplantation Is Safe and Helps Preserve Kidney Function. Transplant Proc 2020; 53:645-648. [PMID: 33358420 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common after liver transplantation and affects outcome after liver transplantation. Antibody induction is commonly used to reduce dose and/or to delay introduction of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) but is very expensive. We propose a modified immunosuppressive protocol that delays administration of CNI for 48 to 72 hours without antibody induction. This study evaluates the results of our new protocol. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective case-control study was performed. Study patients had induction with steroid and mycophenolate mofetil without antibody induction, and CNI administration was delayed for 48 to 72 hours. Control patients received CNI and steroid induction without antibody induction, and CNI was continued posttransplant. AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine level of at least 1.5 times the pretransplant baseline within the first postoperative week. RESULTS Sixty liver transplant recipients from 2013 to 2015 were included in this study (30 in the delayed CNI group and 30 in the control group). The patient characteristics and intraoperative factors were comparable in both groups. AKI developed in 11 patients in the study group and in 20 patients in the control group (37% vs 66.7%; P = .02). There was no acute rejection observed in the first month in either group. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that delayed CNI introduction without antibody induction is safe and helps preserve kidney function. Antibody induction can be omitted safely in a delayed CNI introduction protocol to reduce the cost of liver transplantation without increasing the risk of acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutwichai Tovikkai
- Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery Unit, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Limsrichamrern
- Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery Unit, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Wethit Dumronggittigule
- Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery Unit, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yongyut Sirivatanauksorn
- Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery Unit, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prawat Kositamongkol
- Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery Unit, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prawej Mahawithitwong
- Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery Unit, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pholasith Sangserestid
- Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery Unit, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Charnwit Assawasirisin
- Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery Unit, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Csikány N, Kiss Á, Déri M, Fekete F, Minus A, Tóth K, Temesvári M, Sárváry E, Bihari L, Gerlei Z, Kóbori L, Monostory K. Clinical significance of personalized tacrolimus dosing by adjusting to donor CYP3A-status in liver transplant recipients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:1790-1800. [PMID: 32986876 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor's CYP3A-status (CYP3A5 genotype and CYP3A4 expression) can provide prognostic information regarding tacrolimus-metabolizing capacity of the liver graft and initial tacrolimus dosing for therapeutic blood concentrations in liver transplants. The present work prospectively investigated whether CYP3A-status guided tacrolimus therapy has any potential clinical benefit for recipients in the early postoperative period. METHODS The contribution of preliminary assaying of donor CYP3A-status to the optimization of initial tacrolimus therapy and to the reduction of adverse events (acute rejection, infection, nephrotoxicity) was investigated in 112 liver transplant recipients (CYPtest group) comparing to 101 control patients on tacrolimus concentration guided therapy. RESULTS The time for achieving therapeutic tacrolimus concentration was significantly reduced, confirming potential benefit of initial tacrolimus therapy adjusted to donor's CYP3A-status over classical clinical practice of tacrolimus concentration guided treatment (4 vs 8 days, P < 0.0001). Acute rejection episodes (3.6 vs 23.8%, P < 0.0001) and tacrolimus induced nephrotoxicity (8 vs 27%, P = 0.0004) were less frequent in CYPtest group than in control patients, whereas occurrence of infectious disease was not influenced by tacrolimus dosing strategy (3.6 vs 5.9% in CYPtest and control groups, P > 0.05). Acute rejection was often accompanied with tacrolimus blood concentrations lower than 10 ng mL-1 (20/24 of control and 2/4 of CYPtest patients), while nephrotoxicity was associated with high tacrolimus concentrations (>20 ng mL-1 ) in the first week after transplantation (13/27 of control and 2/9 of CYPtest patients). CONCLUSION CYP3A-status guided therapy significantly improved the risk of misdosing induced early adverse effects (acute rejection, nephrotoxicity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Csikány
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Kiss
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Déri
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fekete
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Annamária Minus
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Tóth
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Manna Temesvári
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Sárváry
- Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Bihari
- Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Gerlei
- Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Kóbori
- Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Monostory
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Trends and Outcomes in Simultaneous Liver and Kidney Transplantation in Australia and New Zealand. Transplant Proc 2020; 53:136-140. [PMID: 32933766 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Rates of simultaneous liver and kidney transplantation (SLKT) have increased, but indications for SLKT remain poorly defined. Additional data are needed to determine which patients benefit from SLKT to best direct use of scarce donor kidneys. METHODS Data were extracted from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA) database for all SLKT performed until the end of 2017. Patients were divided by pretransplant dialysis status into no dialysis before SLKT (preemptive kidney transplant) and any dialysis before SLKT (nonpreemptive). Baseline characteristics and outcomes were compared. RESULTS Between 1989 and 2017, inclusive, 84 SLKT procedures were performed in Australia, of which 24% were preemptive. Preemptive and nonpreemptive SLKT recipients did not significantly differ in age (P = .267), sex (P = .526), or ethnicity (P = .870). Over a median follow-up time of 4.5 years, preemptively transplanted patients had a statistically equivalent risk of kidney graft failure (hazard ratio (HR) 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36-12.86, P = .474) and all-cause mortality (HR 1.69, 95% CI: 0.51-5.6, P = .226) compared to nonpreemptive patients. Overall, 1- and 5-year survival rates for all SLKTs were 92% (95% CI: 86-96) and 60% (95% CI: 45-75), respectively. CONCLUSION Kidney graft and overall patient survival were similar between patients with preemptive kidney transplant and those who were dialysis dependent.
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21
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Intraoperative Hemodynamic Parameters and Acute Kidney Injury After Living Donor Liver Transplantation. Transplantation 2020; 103:1877-1886. [PMID: 30720690 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is associated with increased mortality. We sought to identify associations between intraoperative hemodynamic variables and postoperative AKI. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 734 cases of LDLT. Intraoperative hemodynamic variables of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressure, central venous pressure (CVP), and pulmonary artery catheter-derived parameters including mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), right ventricular end-diastolic volume (RVEDV), stroke volume, systemic vascular resistance, right ventricular ejection fraction, and stroke work index were collected. Propensity score matching analysis was performed between patients with (n = 265) and without (n = 265) postoperative AKI. Hemodynamic variables were compared between patients with AKI, defined by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria, and those without AKI in the matched sample. RESULTS The incidence of AKI was 36.1% (265/734). Baseline CVP, baseline RVEDV, and SvO2 at 5 minutes before reperfusion were significantly different between patients with and without AKI in the matched sample of 265 pairs. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that baseline CVP, baseline RVEDV, and SvO2 at 5 minutes before reperfusion were independent predictors of AKI (CVP per 5 cm H2O increase: odds ratio [OR], 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.32; SvO2: OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.27-1.71; RVEDV: OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.24-1.78). CONCLUSIONS The elevated baseline CVP, elevated baseline RVEDV after anesthesia induction, and decreased SvO2 during anhepatic phase were associated with postoperative AKI. Prospective trials are required to evaluate whether the optimization of these variables may decrease the risk of AKI after LDLT.
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Peng JC, Li YJ, Wang JM, Zhu ML, Gao Y. Incidence of chronic kidney disease after orthotopic liver transplantation in a Chinese cohort. Clin Exp Nephrol 2020; 24:806-812. [PMID: 32504202 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-020-01910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney dysfunction frequently occurred after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Chronic renal disease (CKD) is a complicated problem and is associated with increased mortality. The aim of this study is to find the risk factors for the incidence of CKD at 1 year after OLT in China. METHODS From January 2017 to December 2017, we retrospectively assessed 280 recipients in our single center. Chronic renal failure was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for 3 months, regardless of the presence or absence of structural kidney damage. Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify the factors to the incidence of CKD after liver transplantations. Kaplan-Meier plots with log-rank test were presented to evaluate patient survival time in those with and without CKD. RESULTS With a median follow-up of 17.4 months, 48 patients developed CKD after liver transplantations, representing 17.1% of the cohort. The cox-regression model showed that recipients age (HR = 1.097, P < 0.01), AKI (HR = 1.542, P < 0.01) and MELD score (HR = 1.077, P < 0.01) were significantly associated with the development of post-transplant CKD at 1 year. Recipient survival at 1 year was significantly worse in recipients with CKD compared to those without CKD (P < 0.01) after adjustment by age and gender. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that age, AKI and MELD score were associated with the incidence of CKD 1 year after OLT in a Chinese cohort. Recipients with CKD were associated with worse survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Chen Peng
- Department of Critical Care, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yu- Jie Li
- Department of Critical Care, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jie -Min Wang
- Department of Critical Care, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ming-Li Zhu
- Department of Critical Care, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Critical Care, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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The Association Between Vena Cava Implantation Technique and Acute Kidney Injury After Liver Transplantation. Transplantation 2020; 104:e308-e316. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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Protective Role of the Portocaval Shunt in Liver Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2020; 52:1455-1458. [PMID: 32217010 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in medical management and surgical technique have resulted in stepwise improvements in early post-transplant survival rates. Modifications in the surgical technique, such as the realization of the portocaval shunt (PCS), could influence survival rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mortality rate for 12 months after liver transplantation, analyzing the causes and risk factors related to its development and assessing the impact that PCS could have on them. METHODS A total of 231 recipients were included in the retrospective, longitudinal, and nonrandomized study. RESULTS The overall survival of the transplant was 85.2% (197 patients). The most frequent cause of death was infection (38.2%), followed by the multiorgan failure of multiple etiology (23.5%). Most of the risk factors related to mortality correspond to variables of the postoperative period. The results of the multivariate analysis identified the main risk factors for death: the presence of surgical complications and the need for renal replacement therapy. In contrast, the performance of PCS exerted a protective effect, reducing the probability of death by 70%. CONCLUSIONS Despite the good results obtained in several studies, there is still debate regarding the benefit of its realization. In our study, PCS was a factor associated with a reduction in mortality, with a markedly lower probability of adverse events. However, we agree with other authors on the need for larger and randomized studies to adequately determine the validity of such results.
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25
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Renal damage after liver transplantation. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:221614. [PMID: 31851363 PMCID: PMC6944654 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients following liver transplantation are at risk to develop acute kidney injury (AKI). The aim of our study was to assess risk factors for the development of AKI and the impact of AKI on the outcome of patients after liver transplantation (OLT). Patients and methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed 149 patients undergoing OLT from 1/2004 to 12/2007. AKI was defined according to the KDIGO definition representing the AKIN and the RIFLE classification, and according to the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT). Results: According to the AKIN criteria alone 14 patients, according to the RIFLE criteria alone no patient and according to both definitions 30 patients developed AKI. RRT was required in 54 patients experiencing AKI, whereas 51 patients did not develop AKI. Pre OLT serum creatinine (SCr) significantly predicted the development of AKI requiring RRT, but not AKI without RRT requirement. Survival rate was significantly inferior after 28 days, one or three years in patients with AKI requiring RRT (70.4, 46.4, 44.4% vs. 100, 92.2, 90.2%, P < 0.001). There was no difference in survival between patients experiencing AKI according to the RIFLE or AKIN criteria without RRT requirement and patients without AKI. Conclusion: Pre OLT renal dysfunction assessed by SCr was the most important risk factor predicting severe forms of AKI, but not milder forms of AKI. AKI requiring RRT had a detrimental impact on patients’ survival, whereas milder forms of AKI were not associated with a worse outcome.
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26
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Min JY, Woo AM, Chae MS, Hong SH, Park CS, Choi JH, Chung HS. Predictive Impact of Modified-Prognostic Nutritional Index for Acute Kidney Injury within 1-week after Living Donor Liver Transplantation. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:82-88. [PMID: 31929741 PMCID: PMC6945553 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.39014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the common complications after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) has been used as a predictive model for postoperative complications. Here, we create a new predictive model based on the PNI and compared its predictive accuracy to other models in patients who underwent LDLT. Material and Methods: The data from 423 patients were collected retrospectively. The patients were dichotomized into the non-AKI and the AKI groups. Multivariate adjustment for significant postoperative variables based on univariate analysis was performed. A new predictive model was created using the results from logistic regression analysis, dubbed the modified-PNI model (mPNI). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was generated to determine the diagnostic accuracy and cutoff value of individual models. The net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were calculated to investigate diagnostic improvement by the mPNI. Results: Fifty-four patients (12.7 %) were diagnosed with AKI within 1-week after LDLT. The mPNI had the highest predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.823). The model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores and PNI were 0.793 and 0.749, respectively, and the INR and serum bilirubin were 0.705 and 0.637, respectively. The differences in the AUCs were statistically significant among the mPNI, PNI, INR, and serum bilirubin. The cutoff value for mPNI was 8.7. The NRI was 10.4% and the IDI was 3.3%. Conclusions: The mPNI predicted AKI within 1-week better than other scoring systems in patients who underwent LDLT. The recommended cutoff value of mPNI is 8.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Min
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - AMi Woo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Chae
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soo Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Chung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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27
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Effects of Intraoperative Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy on Outcomes in Liver Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2020; 52:265-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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MacDonald AJ, Karvellas CJ. Acute kidney injury: A critical care perspective for orthotopic liver transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2019; 34:69-78. [PMID: 32334788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with high perioperative mortality in patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT). In the era of Model of End-stage Liver Disease score-based allocation, more patients with impaired renal function are receiving LT. The majority of preoperative AKI is secondary to azotemia, including hepatorenal syndrome - a progressive form of renal impairment unique to liver failure. Prompt recognition and initiation of cause-directed therapies are central to improving post-transplant survival. Given that, the healthcare providers must develop an expertise in liver failure-related renal complications, specifically their management and perioperative implications. Notably, AKI may complicate intraoperative course, exacerbating hemodynamic instability, metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte and coagulation abnormalities. Adjunctive intraoperative continuous renal replacement therapy has been employed; however, prospective studies remain necessary to validate potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Constantine J Karvellas
- Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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29
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Nepogodiev D. Challenges of one-year longitudinal follow-up of a prospective, observational cohort study using an anonymised database: recommendations for trainee research collaboratives. BMC Med Res Methodol 2019; 19:237. [PMID: 31830925 PMCID: PMC6909648 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-019-0857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trainee research collaboratives (TRCs) have pioneered high quality, prospective 'snap-shot' surgical cohort studies in the UK. Outcomes After Kidney injury in Surgery (OAKS) was the first TRC cohort study to attempt to collect one-year follow-up data. The aims of this study were to evaluate one-year follow-up and data completion rates, and to identify factors associated with improved follow-up rates. METHODS In this multicentre study, patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery were prospectively identified and followed up at one-year following surgery for six clinical outcomes. The primary outcome for this report was the follow-up rate for mortality at 1 year. The secondary outcome was the data completeness rate in those patients who were followed-up. An electronic survey was disseminated to investigators to identify strategies associated with improved follow-up. RESULTS Of the 173 centres that collected baseline data, 126 centres registered to participate in one-year follow-up. Overall 62.3% (3482/5585) of patients were followed-up at 1 year; in centres registered to collect one-year outcomes, the follow-up rate was 82.6% (3482/4213). There were no differences in sex, comorbidity, operative urgency, or 7-day postoperative AKI rate between patients who were lost to follow-up and those who were successfully followed-up. In centres registered to collect one-year follow-up outcomes, overall data completeness was 83.1%, with 57.9% (73/126) of centres having ≥95% data completeness. Factors associated with increased likelihood of achieving ≥95% data completeness were total number of patients to be followed-up (77.4% in centres with < 15 patients, 59.0% with 15-29 patients, 51.4% with 30-59 patients, and 36.8% with > 60 patients, p = 0.030), and central versus local storage of patient identifiers (72.5% vs 48.0%, respectively, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS TRC methodology can be used to follow-up patients identified in prospective cohort studies at one-year. Follow-up rates are maximized by central storage of patient identifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Nepogodiev
- Academic Department of Surgery, Heritage Building, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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30
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Kalisvaart M, Schlegel A, Umbro I, de Haan JE, Polak WG, IJzermans JN, Mirza DF, Perera MTP, Isaac JR, Ferguson J, Mitterhofer AP, de Jonge J, Muiesan P. The AKI Prediction Score: a new prediction model for acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. HPB (Oxford) 2019; 21:1707-1717. [PMID: 31153834 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication after liver transplantation. Although numerous risk factors for AKI have been identified, their cumulative impact remains unclear. Our aim was therefore to design a new model to predict post-transplant AKI. METHODS Risk analysis was performed in patients undergoing liver transplantation in two centres (n = 1230). A model to predict severe AKI was calculated, based on weight of donor and recipient risk factors in a multivariable regression analysis according to the Framingham risk-scheme. RESULTS Overall, 34% developed severe AKI, including 18% requiring postoperative renal replacement therapy (RRT). Five factors were identified as strongest predictors: donor and recipient BMI, DCD grafts, FFP requirements, and recipient warm ischemia time, leading to a range of 0-25 score points with an AUC of 0.70. Three risk classes were identified: low, intermediate and high-risk. Severe AKI was less frequently observed if recipients with an intermediate or high-risk were treated with a renal-sparing immunosuppression regimen (29 vs. 45%; p = 0.007). CONCLUSION The AKI Prediction Score is a new instrument to identify recipients at risk for severe post-transplant AKI. This score is readily available at end of the transplant procedure, as a tool to timely decide on the use of kidney-sparing immunosuppression and early RRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Kalisvaart
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Schlegel
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Umbro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jubi E de Haan
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wojciech G Polak
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan N IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Darius F Mirza
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - M Thamara Pr Perera
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John R Isaac
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James Ferguson
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anna P Mitterhofer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paolo Muiesan
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Impact of early remote organ dysfunction on long-term survival after liver transplantation. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2019; 43:730-737. [PMID: 30954392 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention is focused on graft function although extrahepatic organ dysfunction often occurs. Renal failure, cardiovascular events and sepsis have individually shown a significant impact on short- and long-term outcomes. The aim of the study was to identify how extrahepatic organ dysfunction (EROD) and allograft dysfunction (EAD) may be associated and their relative impact on long-term survival. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted in a unicentric cohort of 294 patients transplanted between 2009 and 2014. The composite endpoint EROD was defined as requirement during the hospitalization of de novo renal replacement therapy, reintubation/ventilation > 7 days or cardiovascular event. Donor and recipient characteristics were evaluated as predictive of EROD in uni- and multivariate analysis. Main endpoint was overall survival evaluated by Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS EROD occurred in 91 patients (31%) among whom 42 also experienced EAD (46%). Predicting factors associated with EROD were IL6 level (P = 0.002) and lab-MELD (P < 0.001). Only patients experiencing both EAD and EROD had a worse survival (P = 0.001). In patients without EAD, time to normalization of bilirubin and INR were longer in patients with EROD compared to those without EROD (P = 0.002 and P = 0.008 respectively). CONCLUSIONS The composite endpoint described as early remote organ dysfunction could be used as a predictive factor after transplantation and should be included in future studies together with early allograft dysfunction. Identifying patients in whom EROD and EAD occur together or one after the other could help to better predict long-term outcomes.
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32
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Yu JH, Kwon Y, Kim J, Yang SM, Kim WH, Jung CW, Suh KS, Lee KH. Influence of Transfusion on the Risk of Acute Kidney Injury: ABO-Compatible versus ABO-Incompatible Liver Transplantation. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111785. [PMID: 31731500 PMCID: PMC6912207 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
ABO-incompatible liver transplantation (ABO-i LT) is associated with a higher risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) compared to ABO-compatible liver transplantation (ABO-c LT). We compared the risk of AKI associated with transfusion between ABO-c and ABO-i living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). In 885 cases of LDLT, we used a propensity score analysis to match patients who underwent ABO-c (n = 766) and ABO-i (n = 119) LDLT. Baseline medical status, laboratory findings, and surgical- and anesthesia-related parameters were used as contributors for propensity score matching. AKI was defined according to the "Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes" criteria. After 1:2 propensity score matching, a conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the intraoperative transfusion of packed red blood cells (pRBCs) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) on the risk of AKI. The incidence of AKI was higher in ABO-i LT than in ABO-c LT before and after matching (after matching, 65.8% in ABO-i vs 39.7% in ABO-c, p < 0.001). The incidence of AKI increased in direct proportion to the amount of transfusion, and this increase was more pronounced in ABO-i LT. The risk of pRBC transfusion for AKI was greater in ABO-i LT (multivariable adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.32 per unit) than in ABO-c LT (OR 1.11 per unit). The risk of FFP transfusion was even greater in ABO-i LT (OR 1.44 per unit) than in ABO-c LT (OR 1.07 per unit). In conclusion, the association between transfusion and risk of AKI was stronger in patients with ABO-i LT than with ABO-c LT. Interventions to reduce perioperative transfusions may attenuate the risk of AKI in patients with ABO-i LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Hyuk Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.H.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.K.); (S.-M.Y.); (C.-W.J.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Yongsuk Kwon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.H.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.K.); (S.-M.Y.); (C.-W.J.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Jay Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.H.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.K.); (S.-M.Y.); (C.-W.J.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Seong-Mi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.H.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.K.); (S.-M.Y.); (C.-W.J.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Won Ho Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.H.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.K.); (S.-M.Y.); (C.-W.J.); (K.H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2072-2462; Fax: +82-2-747-5639
| | - Chul-Woo Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.H.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.K.); (S.-M.Y.); (C.-W.J.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Kyung-Suk Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Kook Hyun Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.H.Y.); (Y.K.); (J.K.); (S.-M.Y.); (C.-W.J.); (K.H.L.)
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33
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Wang Y, Li Q, Ma T, Liu X, Wang B, Wu Z, Dang S, Lv Y, Wu R. Transfusion of Older Red Blood Cells Increases the Risk of Acute Kidney Injury After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: A Propensity Score Analysis. Anesth Analg 2019; 127:202-209. [PMID: 28863026 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Transfusion of older red blood cells (RBCs) has been implicated in poor outcomes in trauma, cardiac surgery, and critically ill patients. However, whether transfusion of older RBCs plays any role in post-OLT AKI remained unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the age of transfused RBCs on post-OLT AKI. METHODS The clinical data of consecutive adult patients who received donation after cardiac death and underwent OLT from December 2011 to December 2015 were analyzed. These patients were divided into 2 groups: the newer blood group, who received exclusively RBCs that had been stored for <14 days; and the older blood group, who received RBCs that had been stored for 14 days or more. The incidence of post-OLT AKI, severe AKI, lengths of intensive care unit and hospital stay, and in-hospital mortality after OLT were analyzed. RESULTS Postoperative AKI occurred in 65.1% of patients in the older blood group and 40.5% of patients in the newer blood group (P < .01). The incidence of severe AKI after OLT was significantly higher, and the duration of intensive care unit stay was significantly longer, in the older blood group. After adjustment by the multivariable regression logistic analysis, transfusion of older blood was independently associated with post-OLT AKI (odds ratio [OR] = 2.47 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.13-5.41]; P = .024) and severe AKI (OR = 5.88 [95% CI, 2.06-16.80]; P = .001). After adjustment by the inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis, patients in the older blood group still had significantly higher incidences of postoperative AKI (OR = 2.13 [95% CI, 1.07-4.22]; P = .030) and severe AKI (OR = 3.34 [95% CI, 1.47-7.60]; P = .003) than those in the newer blood group. CONCLUSIONS Transfusion of older RBCs significantly increased the risk of postoperative AKI in liver transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- From the Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingshan Li
- From the Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Ma
- From the Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuemin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaonong Dang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Public Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi Lv
- From the Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rongqian Wu
- From the Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an, China
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Incidence and Impact of Acute Kidney Injury after Liver Transplantation: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8030372. [PMID: 30884912 PMCID: PMC6463182 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The study’s aim was to summarize the incidence and impacts of post-liver transplant (LTx) acute kidney injury (AKI) on outcomes after LTx. Methods: A literature search was performed using the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Databases from inception until December 2018 to identify studies assessing the incidence of AKI (using a standard AKI definition) in adult patients undergoing LTx. Effect estimates from the individual studies were derived and consolidated utilizing random-effect, the generic inverse variance approach of DerSimonian and Laird. The protocol for this systematic review is registered with PROSPERO (no. CRD42018100664). Results: Thirty-eight cohort studies, with a total of 13,422 LTx patients, were enrolled. Overall, the pooled estimated incidence rates of post-LTx AKI and severe AKI requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) were 40.7% (95% CI: 35.4%–46.2%) and 7.7% (95% CI: 5.1%–11.4%), respectively. Meta-regression showed that the year of study did not significantly affect the incidence of post-LTx AKI (p = 0.81). The pooled estimated in-hospital or 30-day mortality, and 1-year mortality rates of patients with post-LTx AKI were 16.5% (95% CI: 10.8%–24.3%) and 31.1% (95% CI: 22.4%–41.5%), respectively. Post-LTx AKI and severe AKI requiring RRT were associated with significantly higher mortality with pooled ORs of 2.96 (95% CI: 2.32–3.77) and 8.15 (95%CI: 4.52–14.69), respectively. Compared to those without post-LTx AKI, recipients with post-LTx AKI had significantly increased risk of liver graft failure and chronic kidney disease with pooled ORs of 3.76 (95% CI: 1.56–9.03) and 2.35 (95% CI: 1.53–3.61), respectively. Conclusion: The overall estimated incidence rates of post-LTx AKI and severe AKI requiring RRT are 40.8% and 7.0%, respectively. There are significant associations of post-LTx AKI with increased mortality and graft failure after transplantation. Furthermore, the incidence of post-LTx AKI has remained stable over the ten years of the study.
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Early Persistent Progressive Acute Kidney Injury and Graft Failure Post Liver Transplantation. Transplant Direct 2019; 5:e429. [PMID: 30882034 PMCID: PMC6411224 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) in the setting of liver transplantation is a common and multifaceted complication. Studies in the general population have demonstrated worse prognosis with AKI episodes that persist for a longer duration. Our primary objective was to evaluate the impact of early AKI episodes that are persistent or progressive in nature, on patient outcomes and graft survival. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study including all patients who received a liver transplant between 2011 and 2015 at our center. Moderate to severe AKI episodes (AKIN II or III) were recorded immediately before transplantation and after surgery until hospital discharge. We evaluated the incidence density rate (IDR) of graft failure and the time to graft failure in patients with persistent or progressive AKI (ppAKI) as compared to controls. Results Two hundred seventy-nine patients received 301 deceased donor liver allografts. Progressive or persistent AKI was documented in more than half of transplant cases (152/301). The rate of graft loss was 3 times higher in the ppAKI group (25%) versus the controls (8.7%). The IDR of graft failure was 13.79 per 100 case-years in the ppAKI group as compared with 3.79 per 100 case-years in the controls (IDR ratio, 3.64; 95 % confidence interval, 1.88–7.50). After adjusting for hepatic artery thrombosis, ischemic cholangiopathy, infectious complications and Model for End-stage Liver Disease, ppAKI was associated with a decreased graft survival time. Conclusions Persistent or progressive AKI after liver transplantation is associated with an increased incidence rate of graft failure and is an independent predictor of decreased graft survival time.
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Rogers W, Robertson MP, Ballantyne A, Blakely B, Catsanos R, Clay-Williams R, Fiatarone Singh M. Compliance with ethical standards in the reporting of donor sources and ethics review in peer-reviewed publications involving organ transplantation in China: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024473. [PMID: 30723071 PMCID: PMC6377532 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to investigate whether papers reporting research on Chinese transplant recipients comply with international professional standards aimed at excluding publication of research that: (1) involves any biological material from executed prisoners; (2) lacks Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval and (3) lacks consent of donors. DESIGN Scoping review based on Arksey and O'Mallee's methodological framework. DATA SOURCES Medline, Scopus and Embase were searched from January 2000 to April 2017. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included research papers published in peer-reviewed English-language journals reporting on outcomes of research involving recipients of transplanted hearts, livers or lungs in mainland China. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were extracted by individual authors working independently following training and benchmarking. Descriptive statistics were compiled using Excel. RESULTS 445 included studies reported on outcomes of 85 477 transplants. 412 (92.5%) failed to report whether or not organs were sourced from executed prisoners; and 439 (99%) failed to report that organ sources gave consent for transplantation. In contrast, 324 (73%) reported approval from an IRB. Of the papers claiming that no prisoners' organs were involved in the transplants, 19 of them involved 2688 transplants that took place prior to 2010, when there was no volunteer donor programme in China. DISCUSSION The transplant research community has failed to implement ethical standards banning publication of research using material from executed prisoners. As a result, a large body of unethical research now exists, raising issues of complicity and moral hazard to the extent that the transplant community uses and benefits from the results of this research. We call for retraction of this literature pending investigation of individual papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Rogers
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Angela Ballantyne
- Department of Primary Health Care and General Practice, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Brette Blakely
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Robyn Clay-Williams
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maria Fiatarone Singh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Kim WH, Lee HC, Lim L, Ryu HG, Jung CW. Intraoperative Oliguria with Decreased SvO₂ Predicts Acute Kidney Injury after Living Donor Liver Transplantation. J Clin Med 2018; 8:jcm8010029. [PMID: 30597881 PMCID: PMC6351957 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), and is associated with increased mortality. However, the association between intraoperative oliguria and the risk of AKI remains uncertain for LDLT. We sought to determine the association between intraoperative oliguria alone and oliguria coupled with hemodynamic derangement and the risk of AKI after LDLT. We evaluated the hemodynamic variables, including mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, and mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2). We reviewed 583 adult patients without baseline renal dysfunction and who did not receive hydroxyethyl starch during surgery. AKI was defined using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria according to the serum creatinine criteria. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed with and without oliguria and oliguria coupled with a decrease in SvO2. The performance was compared with respect to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Intraoperative oliguria <0.5 and <0.3 mL/kg/h were significantly associated with the risk of AKI; however, their performance in predicting AKI was poor. The AUC of single predictors increased significantly when oliguria was combined with decreased SvO2 (AUC 0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68–0.75 vs. AUC of oliguria alone 0.61; 95% CI 0.56–0.61; p < 0.0001; vs. AUC of SvO2 alone 0.66; 95% CI 0.61–0.70; p < 0.0001). Addition of oliguria coupled with SvO2 reduction also increased the AUC of multivariable prediction (AUC 0.87; 95% CI 0.84–0.90 vs. AUC with oliguria 0.73; 95% CI 0.69–0.77; p < 0.0001; vs. AUC with neither oliguria nor SvO2 reduction 0.68; 95% CI 0.64–0.72; p < 0.0001). Intraoperative oliguria coupled with a decrease in SvO2 may suggest the risk of AKI after LDLT more reliably than oliguria alone or decrease in SvO2 alone. Intraoperative oliguria should be interpreted in conjunction with SvO2 to predict AKI in patients with normal preoperative renal function and who did not receive hydroxyethyl starch during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Ho Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Hyung-Chul Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Leerang Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Ho-Geol Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Chul-Woo Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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Lu HY, Ning XY, Chen YQ, Han SJ, Chi P, Zhu SN, Yue Y. Predictive Value of Serum Creatinine, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Uric Acid, and β 2-Microglobulin in the Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury after Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:1059-1066. [PMID: 29692377 PMCID: PMC5937314 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.230726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As a major complication after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequently defined by serum creatinine (Cr); however, the accuracy of commonly used blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) remains to be explored. This retrospective study compared the accuracy of these parameters for post-OLT AKI evaluation. Methods Patients who underwent OLT in three centers between July 2003 and December 2013 were enrolled. The postoperative AKI group was diagnosed by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria and classified by stage. Measurement data were analyzed using the t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test; enumerated data were analyzed using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Diagnostic reliability and predictive accuracy were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results This study excluded 976 cases and analyzed 697 patients (578 men and 119 women); the post-OLT AKI incidence was 0.409. Compared with the no-AKI group, the AKI group showed very significant differences in Model for End-stage Liver Disease score (14.74 ± 9.91 vs. 11.07 ± 9.54, Z = 5.404; P < 0.001), hepatic encephalopathy (45 [15.8%] vs. 30 [7.3%], χ2 = 12.699; P < 0.001), hemofiltration (28 [9.8%] vs. 0 [0.0%], χ2 = 42.171; P < 0.001), and 28-day mortality (23 [8.1%] vs. 9 [2.2%], χ2 = 13.323; P <0.001). Moreover, mean values of Cr, BUN, UA, and β2-MG in the AKI group differed significantly at postoperative days 1, 3, and 7 (all P < 0.001). ROC curve area was 0.847 of Cr for the detection of AKI Stage 1 (sensitivity 80.1%, specificity 75.7%, cutoff value 88.23 μmol/L), 0.916 for Stage 2 (sensitivity 87.6%, specificity 82.6%, cutoff value 99.9 μmol/L), and 0.972 for Stage 3 (sensitivity 94.1%, specificity 88.2%, cutoff value 122.90 μmol/L). Conclusion The sensitivity and specificity of serum Cr might be a high-value indicator for the diagnosis and grading of post-OLT AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Lu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020; Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069; Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Xin-Yu Ning
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020; Department of Anaesthesiology, The General Hospital of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ying-Qi Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Shu-Jun Han
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The General Hospital of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ping Chi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Sai-Nan Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yun Yue
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
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Acute kidney injury after pediatric liver transplantation: incidence, risk factors, and association with outcome. J Anesth 2017; 31:758-763. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-017-2395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Habib S, Khan K, Hsu CH, Meister E, Rana A, Boyer T. Differential Simultaneous Liver and Kidney Transplant Benefit Based on Severity of Liver Damage at the Time of Transplantation. Gastroenterology Res 2017; 10:106-115. [PMID: 28496531 PMCID: PMC5412543 DOI: 10.14740/gr803w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated the concept of whether liver failure patients with a superimposed kidney injury receiving a simultaneous liver and kidney transplant (SLKT) have similar outcomes compared to patients with liver failure without a kidney injury receiving a liver transplantation (LT) alone. Methods Using data from the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) database, patients were divided into five groups based on pre-transplant model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores and categorized as not having (serum creatinine (sCr) ≤ 1.5 mg/dL) or having (sCr > 1.5 mg/dL) renal dysfunction. Of 30,958 patients undergoing LT, 14,679 (47.5%) had renal dysfunction, and of those, 5,084 (16.4%) had dialysis. Results Survival in those (liver failure with renal dysfunction) receiving SLKT was significantly worse (P < 0.001) as compared to those with sCr < 1.5 mg/dL (liver failure only). The highest mortality rate observed was 21% in the 36+ MELD group with renal dysfunction with or without SLKT. In high MELD recipients (MELD > 30) with renal dysfunction, presence of renal dysfunction affects the outcome and SLKT does not improve survival. In low MELD recipients (16 - 20), presence of renal dysfunction at the time of transplantation does affect post-transplant survival, but survival is improved with SLKT. Conclusions SLKT improved 1-year survival only in low MELD (16 - 20) recipients but not in other groups. Performance of SLKT should be limited to patients where a benefit in survival and post-transplant outcomes can be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Habib
- Liver Institute, PLLC, 2830 North Swan Road, Suite 180, Tucson, AZ 85712, USA
| | - Khalid Khan
- Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd, Main, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Chiu-Hsieh Hsu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85742, USA
| | - Edward Meister
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85742, USA.,Deceased (biostatistician)
| | - Abbas Rana
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thomas Boyer
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85742, USA
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de Haan JE, Hoorn EJ, de Geus HRH. Acute kidney injury after liver transplantation: Recent insights and future perspectives. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017. [PMID: 28624104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common postoperative complication after liver transplantation (LT). The occurrence of postoperative AKI after LT (Post-LT AKI) is associated with inferior patient and graft outcomes. Post-LT AKI is multifactorial in origin and has been related to the severity of liver disease, pre-LT renal dysfunction, graft quality, perioperative events and toxicity of immunosuppressive therapy. Furthermore it is thought that hepatic ischaemia reperfusion injury might be a driving force in the aetiology of post-LT AKI. Novel biomarkers for AKI are emerging and can be useful for early identification and characterization of AKI. There is a clear need for strategies aimed at preventing or treating post-LT AKI. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions have been studied, but so far failed to show any benefit in the prevention of post-LT AKI. Further studies are needed to develop and evaluate new interventions aimed at preventing post-LT AKI and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubi E de Haan
- Department of Adult Intensive Care, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde R H de Geus
- Department of Adult Intensive Care, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:1337-1346. [PMID: 28289896 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the incidence and outcomes linked with acute kidney injury (AKI) after liver transplantation (LT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. METHODS From January 2003 to February 2011, HCC patients undergoing LT were retrospectively enrolled. Patient with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 was excluded. AKI was defined and classified according to the AKIN criteria. RESULTS Of the 566 eligible patients, AKI was found in 109 (19.26%) patients (stage I, 66 cases; stage II, 15 cases; and stage III, 28 cases). Risk factors for AKI were the long anhepatic time (OR = 3.59, P = 0.009) and prolonged duration of systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 90 mmHg (OR = 1.07, P < 0.0001). Post-LT AKI was an independent risk factor associated with 30-day mortality (HR = 4.05, P = 0.047). Complete recovery occurred in 84 (77.06%) of all AKI episodes within 1 month after operation, while 25 patients (22.94%) suffered from prolonged AKI. Patients with prolonged AKI had a poorer 1-year survival than those with transient AKI (40 vs 86.90%; P < 0.0001). Patients with severe AKI more often developed prolonged AKI. 13 patients (52%) of the prolonged AKI progressed to chronic kidney disease (CKD) defined as eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 after 1 year post-operation. CONCLUSIONS Post-LT AKI is not an uncommon complication. Intra-operative hemodynamic instability is crucial in the development of post-LT AKI and deserves more attention. Most post-LT AKI is transient and reversible, while the prolonged form may predict a decrease survival.
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Roller J, Glanemann M. Keep the pressure! Correlation of hemodynamic instability after reperfusion and severity of acute kidney injury following liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2017; 30:658-659. [PMID: 28267230 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Roller
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
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Perioperative Renal Replacement Therapy in Liver Transplantation. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2017; 55:81-91. [PMID: 28225534 DOI: 10.1097/aia.0000000000000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Garimella PS, Jaber BL, Tighiouart H, Liangos O, Bennett MR, Devarajan P, El-Achkar TM, Sarnak MJ. Association of Preoperative Urinary Uromodulin with AKI after Cardiac Surgery. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 12:10-18. [PMID: 27797887 PMCID: PMC5220649 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.02520316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES AKI is a serious complication after cardiac surgery. Although high urinary concentrations of the tubular protein uromodulin, a marker of tubular health, are associated with less AKI in animal models, its relationship in humans is unknown. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS A post hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study of 218 adults undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery between 2004 and 2011 was conducted. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations of preoperative urinary uromodulin-to-creatinine ratio with postoperative AKI (defined as a rise in serum creatinine of >0.3 mg/dl or >1.5 times baseline); severe AKI (doubling of creatinine or need for dialysis) and peak postoperative serum creatinine over the first 72 hours. RESULTS Mean age was 68 years, 27% were women, 95% were white, and the median uromodulin-to-creatinine ratio was 10.0 μg/g. AKI developed in 64 (29%) patients. Lower urinary uromodulin-to-creatinine ratio was associated with higher odds for AKI (odds ratio, 1.49 per 1-SD lower uromodulin; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 2.13), which was marginally attenuated after multivariable adjustment (odds ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.99 to 2.07). The lowest uromodulin-to-creatinine ratio quartile was also associated with higher odds for AKI relative to the highest quartile (odds ratio, 2.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.19 to 7.26), which was slightly attenuated after multivariable adjustment (odds ratio, 2.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 6.48). A uromodulin-to-creatinine ratio below the median was associated with higher adjusted odds for severe AKI, although this did not reach statistical significance (odds ratio, 4.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.87 to 18.70). Each 1-SD lower uromodulin-to-creatinine ratio was associated with a higher adjusted mean peak serum creatinine (0.07 mg/dl per SD; 95% confidence interval, 0.02 to 0.13). CONCLUSIONS Lower uromodulin-to-creatinine ratio is associated with higher odds of AKI and higher peak serum creatinine after cardiac surgery. Additional studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bertrand L. Jaber
- Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hocine Tighiouart
- The Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Orfeas Liangos
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, III Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Coburg, Coburg, Germany
| | - Michael R. Bennett
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Prasad Devarajan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Tarek M. El-Achkar
- Division of Nephrology, Roudebush Indianapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Mizota T, Hamada M, Matsukawa S, Seo H, Tanaka T, Segawa H. Relationship Between Intraoperative Hypotension and Acute Kidney Injury After Living Donor Liver Transplantation: A Retrospective Analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 31:582-589. [PMID: 28216198 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common after liver transplantation (LT) and has a significant impact on outcomes. Although several risk factors for post-LT AKI have been identified, the effect of intraoperative hemodynamic status on post-LT AKI remains unknown. Therefore, the authors aimed to investigate the relationship between hemodynamic parameters during LT and postoperative AKI. DESIGN A retrospective observational study. SETTING University hospital. PARTICIPANTS Patients who underwent living donor LT (n = 231). INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Severe AKI (stages 2-3 according to recent guidelines) was the primary outcome. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to control for confounding variables to obtain the independent relationship between intraoperative hemodynamic parameters (mean arterial pressure [MAP] and cardiac index) and severe AKI. The prevalence of severe AKI was 30.7%. Nadir MAP during the surgery was independently predictive of severe AKI (adjusted odds ratio, 2.11 [95% confidence interval, 1.32-3.47] per 10-mmHg decrease; p = 0.002). Subgroup analyses based on various patient or operative variables and extensive sensitivity analyses showed substantially similar results. Severe hypotension (MAP<40 mmHg), even for fewer than 10 minutes, was related significantly to severe AKI (adjusted odds ratio, 3.80 [95% confidence interval, 1.17-12.30]; p = 0.026). In contrast, nadir cardiac index was not related significantly to severe AKI. CONCLUSIONS The authors found an independent relationship between degree of intraoperative hypotension and risk of severe AKI in living donor LT recipients. Severe hypotension, even for a short duration, was related significantly to severe AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Mizota
- Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Miho Hamada
- Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shino Matsukawa
- Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideya Seo
- Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Tanaka
- Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Segawa
- Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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Thorat A, Jeng LB. Management of renal dysfunction in patients with liver cirrhosis: role of pretransplantation hemodialysis and outcomes after liver transplantation. Semin Vasc Surg 2016; 29:227-235. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Trinh E, Alam A, Tchervenkov J, Cantarovich M. Impact of acute kidney injury following liver transplantation on long-term outcomes. Clin Transplant 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Trinh
- Division of Nephrology; Multi-Organ Transplant Program; McGill University Health Center; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Ahsan Alam
- Division of Nephrology; Multi-Organ Transplant Program; McGill University Health Center; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Jean Tchervenkov
- Division of General Surgery; Multi-Organ Transplant Program; McGill University Health Center; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Marcelo Cantarovich
- Division of Nephrology; Multi-Organ Transplant Program; McGill University Health Center; Montreal QC Canada
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Caragata R, Wyssusek KH, Kruger P. Acute kidney injury following liver transplantation: a systematic review of published predictive models. Anaesth Intensive Care 2016; 44:251-61. [PMID: 27029658 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1604400212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is a frequent postoperative complication amongst liver transplant recipients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This systematic review analysed the existing predictive models, in order to solidify current understanding. Articles were selected for inclusion if they described the primary development of a clinical prediction model (either an algorithm or risk score) to predict AKI post liver transplantation. The database search yielded a total of seven studies describing the primary development of a prediction model or risk score for the development of AKI following liver transplantation. The models span thirteen years of clinical research and highlight a gradual change in the definitions of AKI, emphasising the need to employ standardised definitions for subsequent studies. Collectively, the models identify a diverse range of predictive factors with several common trends. They emphasise the impact of preoperative renal dysfunction, liver disease severity and aetiology, metabolic risk factors as well as intraoperative variables including measures of haemodynamic instability and graft quality. Although several of the models address postoperative parameters, their utility in predictive modelling seems to be of questionable relevance. The common risk factors identified within this systematic review provide a minimum list of variables, which future studies should address. Research in this area would benefit from prospective, multi-site studies with larger cohorts as well as the subsequent internal and external validation of predictive models. Ultimately, the ability to identify patients at high risk of post-transplant AKI may enable early intervention and perhaps prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Caragata
- Department of Anaesthesia, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - K H Wyssusek
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - P Kruger
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston Rd, 4006 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Wiesen P, Massion PB, Joris J, Detry O, Damas P. Incidence and risk factors for early renal dysfunction after liver transplantation. World J Transplant 2016; 6:220-232. [PMID: 27011921 PMCID: PMC4801799 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v6.i1.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine renal dysfunction post liver transplantation, its incidence and risk factors in patients from a Belgian University Hospital.
METHODS: Orthotopic liver transplantations performed from January 2006 until September 2012 were retrospectively reviewed (n = 187). Patients with no renal replacement therapy (RRT) before transplantation were classified into four groups according to their highest creatinine plasma level during the first postoperative week. The first group had a peak creatinine level below 12 mg/L, the second group between 12 and 20 mg/L, the third group between 20 and 35 mg/L, and the fourth above 35 mg/L. In addition, patients who needed RRT during the first week after transplantation were also classified into the fourth group. Perioperative parameters were recorded as risk factors, namely age, sex, body mass index (BMI), length of preoperative hospital stay, prior bacterial infection within one month, preoperative ascites, preoperative treatment with β-blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, preoperative creatinine and bilirubin levels, donor status (cardiac death or brain death), postoperative lactate level, need for intraoperative vasopressive drugs, surgical revision, mechanical ventilation for more than 24 h, postoperative bilirubin and transaminase peak levels, postoperative hemoglobin level, amount of perioperative blood transfusions and type of immunosuppression. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed using logistic ordinal regression method. Post hoc analysis of the hemostatic agent used was also done.
RESULTS: There were 78 patients in group 1 (41.7%), 46 in group 2 (24.6%), 38 in group 3 (20.3%) and 25 in group 4 (13.4%). Twenty patients required RRT: 13 (7%) during the first week after transplantation. Using univariate analysis, the severity of renal dysfunction was correlated with presence of ascites and prior bacterial infection, preoperative bilirubin, urea and creatinine level, need for surgical revision, use of vasopressor, postoperative mechanical ventilation, postoperative bilirubin and urea, aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), and hemoglobin levels and the need for transfusion. The multivariate analysis showed that BMI (OR = 1.1, P = 0.004), preoperative creatinine level (OR = 11.1, P < 0.0001), use of vasopressor (OR = 3.31, P = 0.0002), maximal postoperative bilirubin level (OR = 1.44, P = 0.044) and minimal postoperative hemoglobin level (OR = 0.059, P = 0.0005) were independent predictors of early post-liver transplantation renal dysfunction. Neither donor status nor ASAT levels had significant impact on early postoperative renal dysfunction in multivariate analysis. Absence of renal dysfunction (group 1) was also predicted by the intraoperative hemostatic agent used, independently of the extent of bleeding and of the preoperative creatinine level.
CONCLUSION: More than half of receivers experienced some degree of early renal dysfunction after liver transplantation. Main predictors were preoperative renal dysfunction, postoperative anemia and vasopressor requirement.
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