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Pisciotta W, Passannante A, Arina P, Alotaibi K, Ambler G, Arulkumaran N. High-flow nasal oxygen versus conventional oxygen therapy and noninvasive ventilation in COVID-19 respiratory failure: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Anaesth 2024; 132:936-944. [PMID: 38307776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive methods of respiratory support, including noninvasive ventilation (NIV), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO), are potential strategies to prevent progression to requirement for invasive mechanical ventilation in acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure. The COVID-19 pandemic provided an opportunity to understand the utility of noninvasive respiratory support among a homogeneous cohort of patients with contemporary management of acute respiratory distress syndrome. We performed a network meta-analysis of studies evaluating the efficacy of NIV (including CPAP) and HFNO, compared with conventional oxygen therapy (COT), in patients with COVID-19. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library were searched in May 2023. Standard random-effects meta-analysis was used first to estimate all direct pairwise associations and the results from all studies were combined using frequentist network meta-analysis. Primary outcome was treatment failure, defined as discontinuation of HFNO, NIV, or COT despite progressive disease. Secondary outcome was mortality. RESULTS We included data from eight RCTs with 2302 patients, (756 [33%] assigned to COT, 371 [16%] to NIV, and 1175 [51%] to HFNO). The odds of treatment failure were similar for NIV (P=0.33) and HFNO (P=0.25), and both were similar to that for COT (reference category). The odds of mortality were similar for all three treatments (odds ratio for NIV vs COT: 1.06 [0.46-2.44] and HFNO vs COT: 0.97 [0.57-1.65]). CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive ventilation, high-flow nasal oxygen, and conventional oxygen therapy are comparable with regards to treatment failure and mortality in COVID-19-associated acute respiratory failure. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42023426495.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Pisciotta
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alberto Passannante
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pietro Arina
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Khalid Alotaibi
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nishkantha Arulkumaran
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
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Prats-Sanchez L, Camps-Renom P, Nash PS, Wilson D, Ambler G, Best JG, Guasch-Jiménez M, Ramos-Pachón A, Martinez-Domeño A, Lambea-Gil Á, Díaz GE, Guisado-Alonso D, Du H, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GY, Ay H, Jung S, Bornstein NM, Gattringer T, Eppinger S, van Dam-Nolen DH, Koga M, Toyoda K, Fluri F, Phan TG, Srikanth VK, Heo JH, Bae HJ, Kelly PJ, Imaizumi T, Staals J, Köhler S, Yakushiji Y, Orken DN, Smith EE, Wardlaw JM, Chappell FM, Makin SD, Mas JL, Calvet D, Bordet R, Chen CP, Veltkamp R, Kandiah N, Simister RJ, De Leeuw FE, Engelter ST, Peters N, Soo YO, Zietz A, Hendrikse J, Mess WH, Werring DJ, Marti-Fabregas J. Statin Therapy for Secondary Prevention in Ischemic Stroke Patients With Cerebral Microbleeds. Neurology 2024; 102:e209173. [PMID: 38471056 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The association between statin use and the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICrH) following ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in patients with cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) remains uncertain. This study investigated the risk of recurrent IS and ICrH in patients receiving statins based on the presence of CMBs. METHODS We conducted a pooled analysis of individual patient data from the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network, comprising 32 hospital-based prospective studies fulfilling the following criteria: adult patients with IS or TIA, availability of appropriate baseline MRI for CMB quantification and distribution, registration of statin use after the index stroke, and collection of stroke event data during a follow-up period of ≥3 months. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of recurrent symptomatic stroke (IS or ICrH), while secondary endpoints included IS alone or ICrH alone. We calculated incidence rates and performed Cox regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, previous stroke, and use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs to explore the association between statin use and stroke events during follow-up in patients with CMBs. RESULTS In total, 16,373 patients were included (mean age 70.5 ± 12.8 years; 42.5% female). Among them, 10,812 received statins at discharge, and 4,668 had 1 or more CMBs. The median follow-up duration was 1.34 years (interquartile range: 0.32-2.44). In patients with CMBs, statin users were compared with nonusers. Compared with nonusers, statin therapy was associated with a reduced risk of any stroke (incidence rate [IR] 53 vs 79 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.68 [95% CI 0.56-0.84]), a reduced risk of IS (IR 39 vs 65 per 1,000 patient-years, aHR 0.65 [95% CI 0.51-0.82]), and no association with the risk of ICrH (IR 11 vs 16 per 1,000 patient-years, aHR 0.73 [95% CI 0.46-1.15]). The results in aHR remained consistent when considering anatomical distribution and high burden (≥5) of CMBs. DISCUSSION These observational data suggest that secondary stroke prevention with statins in patients with IS or TIA and CMBs is associated with a lower risk of any stroke or IS without an increased risk of ICrH. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that for patients with IS or TIA and CMBs, statins lower the risk of any stroke or IS without increasing the risk of ICrH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Prats-Sanchez
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Pol Camps-Renom
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Philip S Nash
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Duncan Wilson
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Gareth Ambler
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan G Best
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Guasch-Jiménez
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Ramos-Pachón
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Domeño
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Álvaro Lambea-Gil
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Garbiñe Ezcurra Díaz
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Guisado-Alonso
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Houwei Du
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Rolf Jäger
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory Y Lip
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hakan Ay
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Jung
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Eppinger
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Dianne H van Dam-Nolen
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Fluri
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Thanh G Phan
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Velandai K Srikanth
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Kelly
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Toshio Imaizumi
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Staals
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Dilek Necioglu Orken
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Eric E Smith
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca M Chappell
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen D Makin
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Louis Mas
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - David Calvet
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Régis Bordet
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher P Chen
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Simister
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Frank-Erik De Leeuw
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Peters
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Yannie O Soo
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Annaelle Zietz
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hendrikse
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Werner H Mess
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - David J Werring
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Marti-Fabregas
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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Ozkan H, Ambler G, Banerjee G, Browning S, Leff AP, Ward NS, Simister RJ, Werring DJ. Prevalence, patterns, and predictors of patient-reported non-motor outcomes at 30 days after acute stroke: Prospective observational hospital cohort study. Int J Stroke 2024; 19:442-451. [PMID: 37950351 DOI: 10.1177/17474930231215660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse non-motor outcomes are common after acute stroke and likely to substantially affect quality of life, yet few studies have comprehensively assessed their prevalence, patterns, and predictors across multiple health domains. AIMS We aimed to identify the prevalence, patterns, and the factors associated with non-motor outcomes 30 days after stroke. METHODS This prospective observational hospital cohort study-Stroke Investigation in North and Central London (SIGNAL)-identified patients with acute ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) admitted to the Hyperacute Stroke Unit (HASU) at University College Hospital (UCH), London, between August 1, 2018 and August 31, 2019. We assessed non-motor outcomes (anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep, participation in social roles and activities, pain, bowel function, and bladder function) at 30-day follow-up using the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System-Version 29 (PROMIS-29) scale and Barthel Index scale. RESULTS We obtained follow-up data for 605/719 (84.1%) eligible patients (mean age 72.0 years; 48.3% female; 521 with ischemic stroke, 84 with ICH). Anxiety (57.0%), fatigue (52.7%), bladder dysfunction (50.2%), reduced social participation (49.2%), and pain (47.9%) were the commonest adverse non-motor outcomes. The rates of adverse non-motor outcomes in ⩾ 1, ⩾ 2 and ⩾ 3 domains were 89%, 66.3%, and 45.8%, respectively; in adjusted analyses, stroke due to ICH (compared to ischemic stroke) and admission stroke severity were the strongest and most consistent predictors. There were significant correlations between bowel dysfunction and bladder dysfunction (κ = 0.908); reduced social participation and bladder dysfunction (κ = 0.844); and anxiety and fatigue (κ = 0.613). We did not identify correlations for other pairs of non-motor domains. CONCLUSION Adverse non-motor outcomes were very common at 30 days after stroke, affecting nearly 90% of evaluated patients in at least one health domain, about two-thirds in two or more domains, and almost 50% in three or more domains. Stroke due to ICH and admission stroke severity were the strongest and most consistent predictors. Adverse outcomes occurred in pairs of domains, such as with anxiety and fatigue. Our findings emphasize the importance of a multi-domain approach to effectively identify adverse non-motor outcomes after stroke to inform the development of more holistic patient care pathways after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Ozkan
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Hyper Acute Stroke Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gargi Banerjee
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Hyper Acute Stroke Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Simone Browning
- Hyper Acute Stroke Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex P Leff
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Hyper Acute Stroke Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nick S Ward
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Hyper Acute Stroke Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Robert J Simister
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Hyper Acute Stroke Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David J Werring
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Hyper Acute Stroke Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Thiankhaw K, Ozkan H, Ambler G, Werring DJ. Relationships between intracranial arterial dolichoectasia and small vessel disease in patients with ischaemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 2024; 271:772-781. [PMID: 38019295 PMCID: PMC10827828 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial arterial dolichoectasia (IADE) is a common arterial finding of dilation, elongation, or both, affecting large intracranial vessels, and associated with vascular risk factors, including hypertension. Associations of IADE with neuroimaging cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) may be relevant for diagnosis and prognosis in patients with stroke. The study aimed to conduct an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to investigate the relationships of IADE with well-defined CSVD markers in patients with ischaemic stroke. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Scopus for studies on IADE in ischaemic stroke patients with fulfilling predefined inclusion criteria. We pooled data to conduct a meta-analysis to compare the prevalence of SVD markers between patients with and without IADE groups using risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS From 157 retrieved abstracts, we included six studies from seven publications comprising 6102 patients with ischaemic stroke. The mean age of patients was 52.8 years, and 3691 (60.5%) were male. IADE was diagnosed in 11.4% (95% CI 8.9-13.9) (761) of included patients; 51.8% (3160) had hypertension. Compared to patients without IADE, individuals diagnosed with IADE had a significantly increased prevalence of lacune (RR 1.67, 95% CI 1.36-2.06, P < 0.01, I2 = 0.00%), cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) (RR 2.56, 95% CI 1.53-4.28, P < 0.01, I2 = 84.95%) and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) (RR 2.17, 95% CI 1.84-2.56, P < 0.01, I2 = 0.00%). CONCLUSIONS In patients with ischaemic stroke, IADE is associated with a higher prevalence of CSVD markers, including lacunes, CMBs, and WMHs. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying these associations and their potential relevance for the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitti Thiankhaw
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Hatice Ozkan
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, Faculty of Mathematical & Physical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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Best JG, Ambler G, Wilson D, Du H, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Teo KC, Mak H, Kim YD, Song TJ, Selcuk Demirelli D, Nishihara M, Yoshikawa M, Kubacka M, Zietz A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GYH, Panos L, Goeldlin MB, Slater LA, Karayiannis CC, Phan TG, Bellut M, Abrigo J, Cheng C, Leung TW, Chu W, Chappell F, Makin SDJ, van Dam-Nolen DHK, Kooi ME, Köhler S, Staals J, Kuchcinski G, Bordet R, Dubost F, Wardlaw JM, Soo YOY, Fluri F, Srikanth VK, Jung S, Peters N, Hara H, Yakushiji Y, Necioglu Orken D, Heo JH, Lau GKK, Bae HJ, Werring DJ. Clinical Associations and Prognostic Value of MRI-Visible Perivascular Spaces in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or TIA: A Pooled Analysis. Neurology 2024; 102:e207795. [PMID: 38165371 PMCID: PMC10834118 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Visible perivascular spaces are an MRI marker of cerebral small vessel disease and might predict future stroke. However, results from existing studies vary. We aimed to clarify this through a large collaborative multicenter analysis. METHODS We pooled individual patient data from a consortium of prospective cohort studies. Participants had recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), underwent baseline MRI, and were followed up for ischemic stroke and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia (BGPVS) and perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale (CSOPVS) were rated locally using a validated visual scale. We investigated clinical and radiologic associations cross-sectionally using multinomial logistic regression and prospective associations with ischemic stroke and ICH using Cox regression. RESULTS We included 7,778 participants (mean age 70.6 years; 42.7% female) from 16 studies, followed up for a median of 1.44 years. Eighty ICH and 424 ischemic strokes occurred. BGPVS were associated with increasing age, hypertension, previous ischemic stroke, previous ICH, lacunes, cerebral microbleeds, and white matter hyperintensities. CSOPVS showed consistently weaker associations. Prospectively, after adjusting for potential confounders including cerebral microbleeds, increasing BGPVS burden was independently associated with future ischemic stroke (versus 0-10 BGPVS, 11-20 BGPVS: HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.93-1.53; 21+ BGPVS: HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.10-2.06; p = 0.040). Higher BGPVS burden was associated with increased ICH risk in univariable analysis, but not in adjusted analyses. CSOPVS were not significantly associated with either outcome. DISCUSSION In patients with ischemic stroke or TIA, increasing BGPVS burden is associated with more severe cerebral small vessel disease and higher ischemic stroke risk. Neither BGPVS nor CSOPVS were independently associated with future ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Best
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gareth Ambler
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Duncan Wilson
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Houwei Du
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kay Cheong Teo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Henry Mak
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Dae Kim
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Derya Selcuk Demirelli
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Masaaki Yoshikawa
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Marta Kubacka
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Annaelle Zietz
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hans Rolf Jäger
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Leonidas Panos
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Martina B Goeldlin
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee-Anne Slater
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher Charles Karayiannis
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh G Phan
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Maximilian Bellut
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jill Abrigo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Cyrus Cheng
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas W Leung
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Winnie Chu
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Francesca Chappell
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen D J Makin
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dianne H K van Dam-Nolen
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - M Eline Kooi
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Julie Staals
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Grégory Kuchcinski
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Régis Bordet
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Dubost
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yannie O Y Soo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Felix Fluri
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Velandai K Srikanth
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Simon Jung
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Nils Peters
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hideo Hara
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dilek Necioglu Orken
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoe Heo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gary Kui Kai Lau
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - David J Werring
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Ondruskova T, Royston R, Absoud M, Ambler G, Qu C, Barnes J, Hunter R, Panca M, Kyriakopoulos M, Oulton K, Paliokosta E, Sharma AN, Slonims V, Summerson U, Sutcliffe A, Thomas M, Dhandapani B, Leonard H, Hassiotis A. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of an adapted intervention for preschoolers with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities displaying behaviours that challenge: the EPICC-ID RCT. Health Technol Assess 2024; 28:1-94. [PMID: 38329108 PMCID: PMC11017145 DOI: 10.3310/jkty6144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Stepping Stones Triple P is an adapted intervention for parents of young children with developmental disabilities who display behaviours that challenge, aiming at teaching positive parenting techniques and promoting a positive parent-child relationship. Objective To evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of level 4 Stepping Stones Triple P in reducing behaviours that challenge in children with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities. Design, setting, participants A parallel two-arm pragmatic multisite single-blind randomised controlled trial recruited a total of 261 dyads (parent and child). The children were aged 30-59 months and had moderate to severe intellectual disabilities. Participants were randomised, using a 3 : 2 allocation ratio, into the intervention arm (Stepping Stones Triple P; n = 155) or treatment as usual arm (n = 106). Participants were recruited from four study sites in Blackpool, North and South London and Newcastle. Intervention Level 4 Stepping Stones Triple P consists of six group sessions and three individual phone or face-to-face contacts over 9 weeks. These were changed to remote sessions after 16 March 2020 due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Main outcome measure The primary outcome measure was the parent-reported Child Behaviour Checklist, which assesses the severity of behaviours that challenge. Results We found a small non-significant difference in the mean Child Behaviour Checklist scores (-4.23, 95% CI -9.98 to 1.52, p = 0.146) in the intervention arm compared to treatment as usual at 12 months. Per protocol and complier average causal effect sensitivity analyses, which took into consideration the number of sessions attended, showed the Child Behaviour Checklist mean score difference at 12 months was lower in the intervention arm by -10.77 (95% CI -19.12 to -2.42, p = 0.014) and -11.53 (95% CI -26.97 to 3.91, p = 0.143), respectively. The Child Behaviour Checklist mean score difference between participants who were recruited before and after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic was estimated as -7.12 (95% CI -13.44 to -0.81) and 7.61 (95% CI -5.43 to 20.64), respectively (p = 0.046), suggesting that any effect pre-pandemic may have reversed during the pandemic. There were no differences in all secondary measures. Stepping Stones Triple P is probably value for money to deliver (-£1057.88; 95% CI -£3218.6 to -£46.67), but decisions to roll this out as an alternative to existing parenting interventions or treatment as usual may be dependent on policymaker willingness to invest in early interventions to reduce behaviours that challenge. Parents reported the intervention boosted their confidence and skills, and the group format enabled them to learn from others and benefit from peer support. There were 20 serious adverse events reported during the study, but none were associated with the intervention. Limitations There were low attendance rates in the Stepping Stones Triple P arm, as well as the coronavirus disease 2019-related challenges with recruitment and delivery of the intervention. Conclusions Level 4 Stepping Stones Triple P did not reduce early onset behaviours that challenge in very young children with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities. However, there was an effect on child behaviours for those who received a sufficient dose of the intervention. There is a high probability of Stepping Stones Triple P being at least cost neutral and therefore worth considering as an early therapeutic option given the long-term consequences of behaviours that challenge on people and their social networks. Future work Further research should investigate the implementation of parenting groups for behaviours that challenge in this population, as well as the optimal mode of delivery to maximise engagement and subsequent outcomes. Study registration This study is registered as NCT03086876 (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03086876?term=Hassiotis±Angela&draw=1&rank=1). Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: HTA 15/162/02) and is published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 28, No. 6. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Royston
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Absoud
- Evelina Hospital, Guys and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chen Qu
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline Barnes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University, University of London, London, UK
| | - Rachael Hunter
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Medical School, London, UK
| | - Monica Panca
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Medical School, London, UK
| | - Marinos Kyriakopoulos
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Michael Rutter Centre, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vyronas-Kessariani Community Mental Health Centre, Athens, Greece
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Eleni Paliokosta
- The Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, Kentish Town Health Centre, London, UK
| | - Aditya Narain Sharma
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Walkergate Park Centre for Neurorehabilitation and Neuropsychiatry, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Vicky Slonims
- Evelina Hospital, Guys and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Megan Thomas
- Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool, UK
| | | | - Helen Leonard
- Great North Children's Hospital, Victoria Wing, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Walters K, Armstrong M, Gardner B, Ambler G, Hunter R, Maydon B, Davies N, Atkinson C, Brown R, Rookes T, Davis D, Schrag A. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of 'Live Well with Parkinson's' self-management intervention versus treatment as usual for improving quality of life for people with Parkinson's: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2023; 24:793. [PMID: 38053209 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Live Well with Parkinson's Self-Management Toolkit is designed for use in the NHS to support people with Parkinson's, their carers and health professionals in managing motor and non-motor symptoms and promoting well-being. The Toolkit was developed based on theory-based behaviour change and self-management techniques in consultation with people living with Parkinson's and health and social care practitioners. There are digital (e-Toolkit) and paper (manual) versions. METHODS Single-blind two-arm randomised controlled trial RCT of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the Toolkit, facilitated by up to six sessions with a trained non-specialist supporter, in improving quality of life. People with Parkinson's will be assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Assessors will be blind to the treatment group. The primary outcome measure is the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39, Parkinson's related quality of life) score at 12 months. Secondary outcome measures include the MDS Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (Part I, II, III, IV), EQ-5D, and a Client Service Receipt Inventory shortened, adapted for Parkinson's. Carer outcomes include the Zarit Carer Burden Inventory and Carer Quality of Life Questionnaire for Parkinsonism. A total of 338 people with Parkinson's, and their carers if appropriate, will be recruited from diverse settings across England. Those with advanced dementia, at end-of-life or with atypical Parkinsonism will be excluded. A parallel mixed methods process evaluation will explore the factors promoting or inhibiting implementation, uptake, use, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the Toolkit and sessions. DISCUSSION If successful, the Live Well with Parkinson's Toolkit could be used as a model for other complex long-term disorders, including dementia. This would bridge existing gaps in the NHS (as shown by the national Parkinson's audit data), by enabling patients and carers to access personalised information, advice and support on symptom management and 'living well' with Parkinson's. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN92831552. Registered on 26th Oct 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Walters
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Megan Armstrong
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | | | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Rachael Hunter
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Bev Maydon
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Nathan Davies
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | | | - Richard Brown
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tasmin Rookes
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Daniel Davis
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, UCL, London, UK
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Al-Janabi A, Sharief L, Al Qassimi N, Chen YH, Ding T, Ambler G, Ladas D, Lightman S, Tomkins-Netzer O. Can Simvastatin Reduce the Need for Immunomodulatory Drugs to Treat Uveitis?: A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Ophthalmol Sci 2023; 3:100333. [PMID: 37449048 PMCID: PMC10336795 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective To assess the efficacy of simvastatin 80 mg/day versus placebo in patients with noninfectious nonanterior uveitis receiving prednisolone ≥ 10 mg/day. Design Randomized, double-masked, controlled trial. Subjects Adult patients with noninfectious nonanterior uveitis on oral prednisolone dose of ≥ 10 mg/day. Methods Patients were randomly assigned at a 1:1 ratio to receive either simvastatin 80 mg/day or placebo. A total of 32 patients were enrolled (16 in each arm), all of whom completed the primary end point, and 21 reached the 2-year visit (secondary end points). Main Outcome Measures The primary end point was mean reduction in the daily prednisolone dose at 12 months follow-up. Secondary end points were mean reduction in prednisolone dose at 24 months, percent of patients with a reduction in second-line immunomodulatory agents, time to disease relapse, and adverse events. Results Our results show that simvastatin 80 mg/day did not have a significant corticosteroid-sparing effect at 12 months (estimate: 3.62; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -8.15 to 15.38; P = 0.54). There was no significant difference between the groups with regard to prednisolone dose or change in dose at 12 and 24 months. There was no difference between the 2 groups in percent of patients with reduction in second-line agent by 24 months. Among patients who achieved disease quiescence, the median time to first relapse was longer for those receiving simvastatin (38 weeks, 95% CI: 14-54) than placebo (14 weeks, 95% CI: 12-52), although this was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in adverse events or serious adverse events between the 2 groups. Conclusions Simvastatin 80 mg/day did not have an effect on the dose reduction of corticosteroids or conventional immunomodulatory drugs at 1 and 2 years. The results suggest that it may extend the time to disease relapse among those who achieve disease quiescence. Financial Disclosures The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Janabi
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, UCL/Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Lazha Sharief
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, UCL/Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Noura Al Qassimi
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, UCL/Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Yi-Hsing Chen
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, UCL/Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Tao Ding
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dimitris Ladas
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, UCL/Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Sue Lightman
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, UCL/Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Oren Tomkins-Netzer
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, UCL/Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Carmel Medical Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Lingam I, Okell J, Maksym K, Spencer R, Peebles D, Buquis G, Ambler G, Morsing E, Ley D, Singer D, Tenorio V, Dyer J, Ginsberg Y, Weissbach T, Huertas-Ceballos A, Marlow N, David A. Neonatal outcomes following early fetal growth restriction: a subgroup analysis of the EVERREST study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2023; 108:599-606. [PMID: 37185272 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-325285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the risks of mortality, morbidity and postnatal characteristics associated with extreme preterm fetal growth restriction (EP-FGR). DESIGN The EVERREST (Do e s v ascular endothelial growth factor gene therapy saf e ly imp r ove outcome in seve r e e arly-onset fetal growth re st riction?) prospective multicentre study of women diagnosed with EP-FGR (singleton, estimated fetal weight (EFW) <3rd percentile, <600 g, 20+0-26+6 weeks of gestation). The UK subgroup of EP-FGR infants (<36 weeks) were sex-matched and gestation-matched to appropriate for age (AGA) infants born in University College London Hospital (1:2 design, EFW 25th-75th percentile). SETTING Four tertiary perinatal units (UK, Germany, Spain, Sweden). MAIN OUTCOMES Antenatal and postnatal mortality, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), sepsis, surgically treated necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), treated retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). RESULTS Of 135 mothers recruited with EP-FGR, 42 had a stillbirth or termination of pregnancy (31%) and 93 had live births (69%). Postnatal genetic abnormalities were identified in 7/93 (8%) live births. Mean gestational age at birth was 31.4 weeks (SD 4.6). 54 UK-born preterm EP-FGR infants (<36 weeks) were matched to AGA controls. EP-FGR was associated with increased BPD (43% vs 26%, OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.4 to 9.4, p=0.01), surgical NEC (6% vs 0%, p=0.036) and ROP treatment (11% vs 0%, p=0.001). Mortality was probably higher among FGR infants (9% vs 2%, OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.0 to 25.8, p=0.054). FGR infants more frequently received invasive ventilation (65% vs 50%, OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 6.1, p=0.03), took longer to achieve full feeds and had longer neonatal stays (median difference 6.1 days, 95% CI 3.8 to 8.9 and 19 days, 95% CI 9 to 30 days, respectively, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Mortality following diagnosis of EP-FGR is high. Survivors experience increased neonatal morbidity compared with AGA preterm infants. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02097667.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingran Lingam
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
- Woodland Neonatal Unit, West Hertfordshire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford, UK
| | - Jade Okell
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Katarzyna Maksym
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Spencer
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Donald Peebles
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gina Buquis
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eva Morsing
- Department of Paediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Ley
- Department of Paediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dominique Singer
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Violeta Tenorio
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi í Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jade Dyer
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yuval Ginsberg
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tal Weissbach
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Obstetrical and Gynecological Imaging, Diagnostic Ultrasound Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Angela Huertas-Ceballos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neil Marlow
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna David
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
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Khetrapal P, Bains PS, Jubber I, Ambler G, Williams NR, Brew-Graves C, Sridhar A, Ta A, Kelly JD, Catto JWF. Digital Tracking of Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer: Daily Step Counts Before and After Surgery Within the iROC Randomised Controlled Trial. Eur Urol Oncol 2023:S2588-9311(23)00213-4. [PMID: 37852921 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2023.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to improve recovery after radical cystectomy (RC) are needed. OBJECTIVE To investigate wrist-worn wearable activity trackers in RC participants. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS An observational cohort study was conducted within the iROC randomised trial. INTERVENTION Patients undergoing RC at nine cancer centres wore wrist-based trackers for 7 days (d) at intervals before and after surgery. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Step counts were compared with participant and operative features, and recovery outcomes. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Of 308 participants, 284 (92.2%) returned digital activity data at baseline (median 17 d [interquartile range: 8-32] before RC), and postoperatively (5 [5-6] d) and at weeks 5 (43 [38-43] d), 12 (94 [87-106] d), and 26 (192 [181-205] d) after RC. Compliance was affected by the time from surgery and a coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic lockdown (return rates fell to 0-7%, chi-square p < 0.001). Step counts dropped after surgery (mean of 28% of baseline), before recovering at 5 weeks (wk) (71% of baseline) and 12 wk (95% of baseline; all analysis of variance [ANOVA] p < 0.001). Baseline step counts were not associated with postoperative recovery or death. Patients with extended hospital stays had reduced postoperative step counts, with a difference of 2.2 d (95% confidence interval: 0.856-3.482 d) between the lowest third and highest two-third tertiles (linear regression analysis; p < 0.001). Additionally, they spent less time out of the hospital within 90 d of RC (80.3 vs 74.3 d, p = 0.013). Lower step counts at 5, 12, and 26 wk were seen in those seeking medical help and needing readmission (ANOVA p ≤ 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Baseline step counts were not associated with recovery. Lower postoperative step counts were associated with longer length of stay at the hospital and postdischarge readmissions. Studies are required to determine whether low step counts can identify patients at a risk of developing complications. PATIENT SUMMARY Postoperative step counts appear to be a promising tool to identify patients in the community needing medical help or readmission. More work is needed to understand which measures are most useful and how best to collect these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramit Khetrapal
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Parasdeep S Bains
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ibrahim Jubber
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Norman R Williams
- Surgical & Interventional Trials Unit (SITU), Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chris Brew-Graves
- UCL Centre for Medical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ashwin Sridhar
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anthony Ta
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - John D Kelly
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - James W F Catto
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
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11
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Stefanidou T, Ambler G, Bartl G, Barber N, Billings J, Bogatsu T, Carroll R, Chipp B, Conneely M, Downey AM, Evlat G, Hunter R, Le Novere M, Lewis G, Mackay T, Marwaha S, Matin Z, Naughton G, Nekitsing C, O'Sullivan M, Pinfold V, Pan S, Sobers A, Thompson KJ, Vasikaran J, Webber M, Johnson S, Lloyd-Evans B. Randomised controlled trial of the Community Navigator programme to reduce loneliness and depression for adults with treatment-resistant depression in secondary community mental health services: trial protocol. Trials 2023; 24:652. [PMID: 37803385 PMCID: PMC10559405 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New treatments are needed for people with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), who do not benefit from anti-depressants and many of whom do not recover fully with psychological treatments. The Community Navigator programme was co-produced with service users and practitioners. It is a novel social intervention which aims to reduce loneliness and thus improve health outcomes for people with TRD. Participants receive up to 10 individual meetings with a Community Navigator, who helps them to map their social world and set and enact goals to enhance their social connections and reduce loneliness. Participants may also access group meet-ups with others in the programme every 2 months, and may be offered modest financial support to enable activities to support social connections. METHODS A researcher-blind, multi-site, 1:1 randomised controlled trial with N = 306 participants will test the effectiveness of the Community Navigator programme for people with TRD in secondary community mental health teams (CMHTs). Our primary hypothesis is that people who are offered the Community Navigator programme as an addition to usual CMHT care will be less depressed, assessed using the PHQ-9 self-report measure, at 8-month, end-of-treatment follow-up, compared to a control group receiving usual CMHT care and a booklet with information about local social groups and activities. We will follow participants up at end-of-treatment and at 14 months, 6 months after end-of-treatment follow-up. Secondary outcomes include the following: loneliness, anxiety, personal recovery, self-efficacy, social network, social identities. We will collect data about health-related quality of life and service use to investigate the cost-effectiveness of the Community Navigator programme. DISCUSSION This trial will provide definitive evidence about the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the Community Navigator programme and whether it can be recommended for use in practice. The trial is due to finish in August 2025. TRIAL REGISTRATION Prospectively registered on 8th July 2022 at: ISRCTN13205972.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Stefanidou
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Priment Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gergely Bartl
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Nick Barber
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
- The McPin Foundation, London, UK
| | - Jo Billings
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Tumelo Bogatsu
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Beverley Chipp
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
- The McPin Foundation, London, UK
| | - Maev Conneely
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | | | - Gamze Evlat
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachael Hunter
- Priment Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Le Novere
- Priment Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
- Priment Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Steven Marwaha
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zubair Matin
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | | | | | - Millie O'Sullivan
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Shengning Pan
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Priment Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Angela Sobers
- Barnet, Enfield and Haringey, NHS Mental Health Trust, London, UK
| | - Keith J Thompson
- The McPin Foundation, London, UK
- Tees, Esk and Wear Valley, NHS Foundation Trust, Durham, UK
| | - Jerusaa Vasikaran
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Martin Webber
- School for Business and Society, University of York, York, UK
| | - Sonia Johnson
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Brynmor Lloyd-Evans
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK.
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Nash PS, Best JG, Ambler G, Wilson D, Banerjee G, Hostettler IC, Seiffge D, Cohen H, Yousry TA, Salman RAS, Lip GYH, Brown MM, Muir KW, Houlden H, Jäger HR, Werring DJ. Associations of renal function with cerebral small vessel disease and functional outcome in acute intracerebral haemorrhage: A hospital-based prospective cohort study. J Neurol Sci 2023; 452:120743. [PMID: 37531792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a severe clinical consequence of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), but associations between renal impairment and SVD in patients with ICH have not been fully characterised. METHODS Using data from the CROMIS-2 ICH observational study, we compared SVD neuroimaging markers and total burden (score 0-3) identified using CT brain imaging in patients with and without renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR<60). We assessed functional outcome at 6-month follow-up using the modified Rankin scale. RESULTS 1027 participants were included (mean age 72.8, 57.1% male); 274 with and 753 without renal impairment. 18.7% of the eGFR<60 group had moderate-to-severe SVD burden (score 2-3), compared with 14.0% of those with eGFR>60 (p = 0.039). SVD burden was associated with renal impairment after adjusting for hypertension (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.04-1.77, p = 0.023), but not after adjusting for age. Cerebral atrophy was more prevalent in patients with eGFR<60 (81.2% vs. 72.0%, p = 0.002), as were WMH (45.6% vs. 36.6%, p = 0.026). Neither was associated with renal function after adjusting for age and vascular risk factors. Renal impairment was associated with functional outcome (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.47-0.89, p = 0.007), but not after adjusting for age, pre-morbid function and comorbidities (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.65-1.38, p = 0.774). CONCLUSION In acute ICH, renal impairment is associated with a higher cerebral SVD burden independent of hypertension, but not age. Reduced eGFR is associated with worse functional outcome, but not independent of age and comorbidities. Since CT has limited sensitivity to detect SVD severity and distribution, further studies including MRI are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Nash
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan G Best
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, Gower Street, UK
| | - Duncan Wilson
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Gargi Banerjee
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Isabel C Hostettler
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Neurosurgical Department, Canton Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - David Seiffge
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Cohen
- Department of Haematology, University College London, Chenies Mews, UK
| | - Tarek A Yousry
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Clinical Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Martin M Brown
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Keith W Muir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Hans Rolf Jäger
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - David J Werring
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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Spencer R, Maksym K, Hecher K, Maršál K, Figueras F, Ambler G, Whitwell H, Nené NR, Sebire NJ, Hansson SR, Diemert A, Brodszki J, Gratacós E, Ginsberg Y, Weissbach T, Peebles DM, Zachary I, Marlow N, Huertas-Ceballos A, David AL. Maternal PlGF and umbilical Dopplers predict pregnancy outcomes at diagnosis of early-onset fetal growth restriction. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e169199. [PMID: 37712421 PMCID: PMC10503803 DOI: 10.1172/jci169199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDSevere, early-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) causes significant fetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. Predicting the outcome of affected pregnancies at the time of diagnosis is difficult, thus preventing accurate patient counseling. We investigated the use of maternal serum protein and ultrasound measurements at diagnosis to predict fetal or neonatal death and 3 secondary outcomes: fetal death or delivery at or before 28+0 weeks, development of abnormal umbilical artery (UmA) Doppler velocimetry, and slow fetal growth.METHODSWomen with singleton pregnancies (n = 142, estimated fetal weights [EFWs] below the third centile, less than 600 g, 20+0 to 26+6 weeks of gestation, no known chromosomal, genetic, or major structural abnormalities) were recruited from 4 European centers. Maternal serum from the discovery set (n = 63) was analyzed for 7 proteins linked to angiogenesis, 90 additional proteins associated with cardiovascular disease, and 5 proteins identified through pooled liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Patient and clinician stakeholder priorities were used to select models tested in the validation set (n = 60), with final models calculated from combined data.RESULTSThe most discriminative model for fetal or neonatal death included the EFW z score (Hadlock 3 formula/Marsal chart), gestational age, and UmA Doppler category (AUC, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.97) but was less well calibrated than the model containing only the EFW z score (Hadlock 3/Marsal). The most discriminative model for fetal death or delivery at or before 28+0 weeks included maternal serum placental growth factor (PlGF) concentration and UmA Doppler category (AUC, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.94).CONCLUSIONUltrasound measurements and maternal serum PlGF concentration at diagnosis of severe, early-onset FGR predicted pregnancy outcomes of importance to patients and clinicians.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02097667.FUNDINGThe European Union, Rosetrees Trust, Mitchell Charitable Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Spencer
- UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kasia Maksym
- UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt Hecher
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karel Maršál
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Francesc Figueras
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi í Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Whitwell
- UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Phenome Centre and Imperial Clinical Phenotyping Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction and
- Section of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuno Rocha Nené
- UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J. Sebire
- Population, Policy and Practice Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan R. Hansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anke Diemert
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Brodszki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi í Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yuval Ginsberg
- UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tal Weissbach
- UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Donald M. Peebles
- UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Zachary
- Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Marlow
- UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Huertas-Ceballos
- Neonatal Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna L. David
- UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Hamilton NJI, Saccente-Kennedy B, Ambler G. The use of basic fibroblast growth factor to improve vocal function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Otolaryngol 2023; 48:725-733. [PMID: 37246756 DOI: 10.1111/coa.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis examines if intralaryngeal injection of basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) can improve voice outcomes in those with vocal disability. DESIGN A Systematic review of original human studies reporting voice outcomes following intra-laryngeal injection of basic fibroblast growth factor 2 in those with vocal dysfunction. Databases searched were Medline (1946-July 2022), Embase (1947-July 2022), Cochrane database and Google Scholar. SETTING Secondary or tertiary care centres that undertook the management of voice pathology Hospital. PARTICIPANTS Inclusion criteria were original human studies reporting voice outcome measurements following intralaryngeal injection of FGF2 to treat vocal fold atrophy, vocal fold scarring, vocal fold sulcus or vocal fold palsy. Articles not written in English, studies that did not include human subjects and studies where voice outcome measures were not recorded before and after FGF2 injection were excluded from the review. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was maximum phonation time. Secondary outcome measures included acoustic analysis, glottic closure, mucosal wave formation, voice handicap index and GRBAS scale. RESULTS Fourteen articles were included out of a search of 1023 and one article was included from scanning reference lists. All studies had a single arm design without control groups. Conditions treated were vocal fold atrophy (n = 186), vocal cord paralysis (n = 74), vocal fold fibrosis (n = 74) and vocal fold sulcus (n = 56). A meta-analysis of six articles reporting on the use of FGF2 in patients with vocal fold atrophy showed a significant increase of mean maximum phonation time of 5.2 s (95% CI: 3.4-7.0) at 3-6 months following injection. A significant improvement in maximum phonation time, voice handicap index and glottic closure was found following injection in most studies assessed. No major adverse events were reported following injection. CONCLUSIONS To date, intralaryngeal injection of basic FGF2 appears to be safe and it may be able to improve voice outcomes in those with vocal dysfunction, especially vocal fold atrophy. Randomised controlled trials are needed to further evaluate efficacy and support the wider use of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J I Hamilton
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Head & Neck Academic Centre, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Laryngology, Royal National Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Brian Saccente-Kennedy
- Department of Laryngology, Royal National Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- UCL Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
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15
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Fandler-Höfler S, Obergottsberger L, Ambler G, Eppinger S, Wünsch G, Kneihsl M, Seiffge D, Banerjee G, Wilson D, Nash P, Jäger HR, Enzinger C, Werring DJ, Gattringer T. Association of the Presence and Pattern of MRI Markers of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease With Recurrent Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurology 2023; 101:e794-e804. [PMID: 37349111 PMCID: PMC10449438 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Assessing the risk of recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is of high clinical importance. MRI-based cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) markers may help establish ICH etiologic subtypes (including cryptogenic ICH) relevant for recurrence risk. METHODS We investigated the risk of recurrent ICH in a large cohort of consecutive ICH survivors with available MRI at baseline. Patients with macrovascular, structural, or other identified secondary causes (other than SVD) were excluded. Based on MRI findings, ICH etiology was defined as probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) according to the Boston 2.0 criteria, arteriolosclerosis (nonlobar ICH and additional markers of arteriolosclerosis, absent lobar hemorrhagic lesions), mixed SVD (mixed deep and lobar hemorrhagic changes), or cryptogenic ICH (no MRI markers of SVD). Recurrent ICH was determined using electronic health records and confirmed by neuroimaging. Data from an independent multicenter cohort (CROMIS-2 ICH) were used to confirm core findings. RESULTS Of 443 patients with ICH (mean age 67 ± 13 years, 41% female), ICH etiology was mixed SVD in 36.7%, arteriolosclerosis in 23.6%, CAA in 23.0%, and cryptogenic ICH in 16.7%. During a median follow-up period of 5.7 years (interquartile range 2.9-10.0, 2,682 patient-years), recurrent ICH was found in 59 individual patients (13.3%). The highest recurrence rate per 100 person-years was detected in patients with CAA (8.5, 95% CI 6.1-11.7), followed by that in those with mixed SVD (1.8, 95% CI 1.1-2.9) and arteriolosclerosis (0.6, 95% CI 0.3-1.5). No recurrent ICH occurred in patients with cryptogenic ICH during 510 person-years follow-up (97.5% CI 0-0.7); this finding was confirmed in an independent cohort (CROMIS-2 ICH, n = 216), in which also there was no recurrence in patients with cryptogenic ICH. In patients with CAA, cortical superficial siderosis was the imaging feature strongest related to ICH recurrence (hazard ratio 5.7, 95% CI 2.4-13.6). DISCUSSION MRI-based etiologic subtypes are helpful in determining the recurrence risk of ICH; while the highest recurrence risk was found in CAA, recurrence risk was low for arteriolosclerosis and negligible for cryptogenic ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fandler-Höfler
- From the Department of Neurology (S.F.-H., L.O., S.E., M.K., C.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Stroke Research Centre (S.F.-H., D.S., G.B., D. Wilson, P.N., D. Werring), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology (S.E., M.K., T.G.), Department of Radiology; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (G.W.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.S.), University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - Lena Obergottsberger
- From the Department of Neurology (S.F.-H., L.O., S.E., M.K., C.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Stroke Research Centre (S.F.-H., D.S., G.B., D. Wilson, P.N., D. Werring), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology (S.E., M.K., T.G.), Department of Radiology; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (G.W.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.S.), University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Ambler
- From the Department of Neurology (S.F.-H., L.O., S.E., M.K., C.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Stroke Research Centre (S.F.-H., D.S., G.B., D. Wilson, P.N., D. Werring), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology (S.E., M.K., T.G.), Department of Radiology; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (G.W.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.S.), University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Eppinger
- From the Department of Neurology (S.F.-H., L.O., S.E., M.K., C.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Stroke Research Centre (S.F.-H., D.S., G.B., D. Wilson, P.N., D. Werring), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology (S.E., M.K., T.G.), Department of Radiology; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (G.W.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.S.), University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - Gerit Wünsch
- From the Department of Neurology (S.F.-H., L.O., S.E., M.K., C.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Stroke Research Centre (S.F.-H., D.S., G.B., D. Wilson, P.N., D. Werring), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology (S.E., M.K., T.G.), Department of Radiology; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (G.W.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.S.), University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Kneihsl
- From the Department of Neurology (S.F.-H., L.O., S.E., M.K., C.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Stroke Research Centre (S.F.-H., D.S., G.B., D. Wilson, P.N., D. Werring), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology (S.E., M.K., T.G.), Department of Radiology; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (G.W.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.S.), University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - David Seiffge
- From the Department of Neurology (S.F.-H., L.O., S.E., M.K., C.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Stroke Research Centre (S.F.-H., D.S., G.B., D. Wilson, P.N., D. Werring), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology (S.E., M.K., T.G.), Department of Radiology; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (G.W.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.S.), University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - Gargi Banerjee
- From the Department of Neurology (S.F.-H., L.O., S.E., M.K., C.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Stroke Research Centre (S.F.-H., D.S., G.B., D. Wilson, P.N., D. Werring), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology (S.E., M.K., T.G.), Department of Radiology; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (G.W.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.S.), University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Wilson
- From the Department of Neurology (S.F.-H., L.O., S.E., M.K., C.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Stroke Research Centre (S.F.-H., D.S., G.B., D. Wilson, P.N., D. Werring), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology (S.E., M.K., T.G.), Department of Radiology; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (G.W.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.S.), University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Nash
- From the Department of Neurology (S.F.-H., L.O., S.E., M.K., C.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Stroke Research Centre (S.F.-H., D.S., G.B., D. Wilson, P.N., D. Werring), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology (S.E., M.K., T.G.), Department of Radiology; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (G.W.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.S.), University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Rudolf Jäger
- From the Department of Neurology (S.F.-H., L.O., S.E., M.K., C.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Stroke Research Centre (S.F.-H., D.S., G.B., D. Wilson, P.N., D. Werring), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology (S.E., M.K., T.G.), Department of Radiology; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (G.W.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.S.), University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Enzinger
- From the Department of Neurology (S.F.-H., L.O., S.E., M.K., C.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Stroke Research Centre (S.F.-H., D.S., G.B., D. Wilson, P.N., D. Werring), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology (S.E., M.K., T.G.), Department of Radiology; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (G.W.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.S.), University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - David J Werring
- From the Department of Neurology (S.F.-H., L.O., S.E., M.K., C.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Stroke Research Centre (S.F.-H., D.S., G.B., D. Wilson, P.N., D. Werring), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology (S.E., M.K., T.G.), Department of Radiology; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (G.W.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.S.), University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- From the Department of Neurology (S.F.-H., L.O., S.E., M.K., C.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Stroke Research Centre (S.F.-H., D.S., G.B., D. Wilson, P.N., D. Werring), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology (S.E., M.K., T.G.), Department of Radiology; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (G.W.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.S.), University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom.
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Stein DF, Foley C, Byott M, Nastouli E, Ambler G, Arulkumaran N. Biological sex is associated with heterogeneous responses to IL-6 receptor inhibitor treatment in COVID-19-A retrospective cohort study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13504. [PMID: 37598275 PMCID: PMC10439929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is associated with higher inflammatory markers, illness severity and mortality in males compared to females. Differences in immune responses to COVID-19 may underpin sex- specific outcome differences. We hypothesised that anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibodies are associated with heterogenous treatment effects between male and female patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort study assessing the interaction between biological sex and anti-IL-6 receptor antibody treatment with respect to hospital mortality or progression of respiratory failure. We used a Cox proportional hazards regression model to adjust for age, ethnicity, steroid use, baseline C-reactive protein, and COVID-19 variant. We included 1274 patients, of which 58% were male and 15% received anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies. There was a significant interaction between sex and anti-IL-6 receptor antibody use on progression to respiratory failure or death (p = 0.05). For patients who did not receive anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies, the risk of death was slightly higher in males (HR = 1.13 (0.72-1.79)), whereas in patients who did receive anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies, the risk was lower in males (HR = 0.65 (0.32-1.33)). There was a heterogenous treatment effect with anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies between males and females; with anti-IL-6 receptor antibody use having a greater benefit in preventing progression to respiratory failure or death in males (p = 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan F Stein
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Conor Foley
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matt Byott
- Advanced Pathogen Diagnostics Unit, Department of Clinical Virology, UCL Hospitals NHS Trust, London, W1T 4EU, UK
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- Advanced Pathogen Diagnostics Unit, Department of Clinical Virology, UCL Hospitals NHS Trust, London, W1T 4EU, UK
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nishkantha Arulkumaran
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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17
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Soo Y, Zietz A, Yiu B, Mok VCT, Polymeris AA, Seiffge D, Ambler G, Wilson D, Leung TWH, Tsang SF, Chu W, Abrigo J, Cheng C, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Shiozawa M, Koga M, Chabriat H, Hennerici M, Wong YK, Mak H, Collet R, Inamura S, Yoshifuji K, Arsava EM, Horstmann S, Purrucker J, Lam BYK, Wong A, Kim YD, Song TJ, Lemmens R, Eppinger S, Gattringer T, Uysal E, Demirelli DS, Bornstein NM, Assayag EB, Hallevi H, Molad J, Nishihara M, Tanaka J, Coutts SB, Kappelle LJ, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jager R, Lip GYH, Goeldlin MB, Panos LD, Mas JL, Legrand L, Karayiannis C, Phan T, Bellut M, Chappell F, Makin S, Hayden D, Williams D, van Dam-Nolen DHK, Nederkoorn PJ, Barbato C, Browning S, Wiegertjes K, Tuladhar AM, Mendyk AM, Köhler S, van Oostenburgge R, Zhou Y, Xu C, Hilal S, Gyanwali B, Chen C, Lou M, Staals J, Bordet R, Kandiah N, de Leeuw FE, Simister R, Hendrikse J, Wardlaw J, Kelly P, Fluri F, Srikanth V, Calvet D, Jung S, Kwa VIH, Smith EE, Hara H, Yakushiji Y, Orken DN, Fazekas F, Thijs V, Heo JH, Veltkamp R, Ay H, Imaizumi T, Lau KK, Jouvent E, Toyoda K, Yoshimura S, Bae HJ, Martí-Fàbregas J, Prats-Sánchez L, Lyrer P, Best J, Werring D, Engelter ST, Peters N. Impact of Cerebral Microbleeds in Stroke Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:61-74. [PMID: 36928609 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebral microbleeds are associated with the risks of ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage, causing clinical dilemmas for antithrombotic treatment decisions. We aimed to evaluate the risks of intracranial hemorrhage and ischemic stroke associated with microbleeds in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with vitamin K antagonists, direct oral anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and combination therapy (i.e. concurrent oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet). METHODS We included patients with documented atrial fibrillation from the pooled individual patient data analysis by the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network. Risks of subsequent intracranial hemorrhage and ischemic stroke were compared between patients with and without microbleeds, stratified by antithrombotic use. RESULTS A total of 7,839 patients were included. The presence of microbleeds was associated with an increased relative risk of intracranial hemorrhage (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 2.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.76-4.26) and ischemic stroke (aHR = 1.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.04-1.59). For the entire cohort, the absolute incidence of ischemic stroke was higher than intracranial hemorrhage regardless of microbleed burden. However, for the subgroup of patients taking combination of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy, the absolute risk of intracranial hemorrhage exceeded that of ischemic stroke in those with 2 to 4 microbleeds (25 vs 12 per 1,000 patient-years) and ≥ 11 microbleeds (94 vs 48 per 1,000 patient-years). INTERPRETATION Patients with atrial fibrillation and high burden of microbleeds receiving combination therapy have a tendency of higher rate of intracranial hemorrhage than ischemic stroke, with potential for net harm. Further studies are needed to help optimize stroke preventive strategies in this high-risk group. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:61-74.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannie Soo
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Annaelle Zietz
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian Yiu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent C T Mok
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Lau Tat-chuen Research Centre of Brain Degenerative Diseases in Chinese, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Alexandros A Polymeris
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Seiffge
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK, New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Wai Hong Leung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Suk Fung Tsang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jill Abrigo
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Cyrus Cheng
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Hugues Chabriat
- APHP, Lariboisière Hospital, Translational Neurovascular Centre, F-75475 Paris, France, FHU NeuroVasc, Université de Paris and INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Michael Hennerici
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg/Mannheim Hospital, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yuen Kwun Wong
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Henry Mak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Roger Collet
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shigeru Inamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshifuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Ethem Murat Arsava
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Solveig Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Purrucker
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bonnie Y K Lam
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Lau Tat-chuen Research Centre of Brain Degenerative Diseases in Chinese, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Adrian Wong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Lau Tat-chuen Research Centre of Brain Degenerative Diseases in Chinese, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Young Dae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Eppinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ender Uysal
- Antalya Teaching and Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Derya Selçuk Demirelli
- Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hen Hallevi
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeremy Molad
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - L Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rolf Jager
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Martina B Goeldlin
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leonidas D Panos
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Mas
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Neurology Department and Stroke Unit, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Legrand
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Neuroradiology Department, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chris Karayiannis
- Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thanh Phan
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maximilian Bellut
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Chappell
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Makin
- Centre for Rural Health, Institute for Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Derek Hayden
- Acute Medical Unit and Department of Age-related Healthcare, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Williams
- Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences Dublin, Ireland and Beaumont Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dianne H K van Dam-Nolen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Nederkoorn
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen Barbato
- Department of Neurology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simone Browning
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kim Wiegertjes
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anil Man Tuladhar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert van Oostenburgge
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Saima Hilal
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bibek Gyanwali
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Regis Bordet
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- Dementia Research Centre (Singapore), Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Simister
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jeroen Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh and NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Kelly
- The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Felix Fluri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Calvet
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Neurology Department and Stroke Unit, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Simon Jung
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric E Smith
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | | | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vincent Thijs
- Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji-Hoe Heo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Hakan Ay
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Toshio Imaizumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Eric Jouvent
- Université de Paris-Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, FHU NeuroVasc, INSERM NeuroDiderot U1141, Paris, France
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Sohei Yoshimura
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joan Martí-Fàbregas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Prats-Sánchez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Lyrer
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Best
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Peters
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Stroke Center, Klinik Hirslanden, Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Lyrer F, Zietz A, Seiffge DJ, Koga M, Volbers B, Wilson D, Bonetti B, Schaedelin S, Gensicke H, Yoshimura S, Macha K, Ambler G, Thilemann S, Dittrich T, Inoue M, Miwa K, Wang R, Siedler G, Biburger L, Brown MM, Jäger RH, Muir K, Traenka C, Tanaka K, Shiozawa M, Bonati LH, Peters N, Lip GYH, Lyrer PA, Cappellari M, Toyoda K, Kallmünzer B, Schwab S, Werring DJ, Engelter ST, De Marchis GM, Polymeris AA. Atrial Fibrillation Detected before or after Stroke: Role of Anticoagulation. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:43-54. [PMID: 36975022 PMCID: PMC10953352 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) known before ischemic stroke (KAF) has been postulated to be an independent category with a recurrence risk higher than that of AF detected after stroke (AFDAS). However, it is unknown whether this risk difference is confounded by pre-existing anticoagulation, which is most common in KAF and also indicates a high ischemic stroke recurrence risk. METHODS Individual patient data analysis from 5 prospective cohorts of anticoagulated patients following AF-associated ischemic stroke. We compared the primary (ischemic stroke recurrence) and secondary outcome (all-cause death) among patients with AFDAS versus KAF and among anticoagulation-naïve versus previously anticoagulated patients using multivariable Cox, Fine-Gray models, and goodness-of-fit statistics to investigate the relative independent prognostic importance of AF-category and pre-existing anticoagulation. RESULTS Of 4,357 patients, 1,889 (43%) had AFDAS and 2,468 (57%) had KAF, while 3,105 (71%) were anticoagulation-naïve before stroke and 1,252 (29%) were previously anticoagulated. During 6,071 patient-years of follow-up, we observed 244 recurrent strokes and 661 deaths. Only pre-existing anticoagulation (but not KAF) was independently associated with a higher hazard for stroke recurrence in both Cox and Fine-Gray models. Models incorporating pre-existing anticoagulation showed better fit than those with AF category; adding AF-category did not result in better model fit. Neither pre-existing anticoagulation nor KAF were independently associated with death. CONCLUSION Our findings challenge the notion that KAF and AFDAS are clinically relevant and distinct prognostic entities. Instead of attributing an independently high stroke recurrence risk to KAF, future research should focus on the causes of stroke despite anticoagulation to develop improved preventive treatments. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:43-54.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flurina Lyrer
- Department of Neurology and Stroke CenterUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Annaelle Zietz
- Department of Neurology and Stroke CenterUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Neurology and NeurorehabilitationUniversity Hospital for Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - David J. Seiffge
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital BernUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaJapan
| | - Bastian Volbers
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and RehabilitationUCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondonUK
- New Zealand Brain Research InstituteChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Bruno Bonetti
- Stroke Unit – Department of NeuroscienceAzienda Ospedaliera Universitaria IntegrataVeronaItaly
| | - Sabine Schaedelin
- Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Clinical ResearchUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Henrik Gensicke
- Department of Neurology and Stroke CenterUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Neurology and NeurorehabilitationUniversity Hospital for Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Sohei Yoshimura
- Department of Cerebrovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaJapan
| | - Kosmas Macha
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sebastian Thilemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke CenterUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Tolga Dittrich
- Department of Neurology and Stroke CenterUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Manabu Inoue
- Department of Cerebrovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaJapan
| | - Kaori Miwa
- Department of Cerebrovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaJapan
| | - Ruihao Wang
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - Gabriela Siedler
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - Luise Biburger
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - Martin M. Brown
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and RehabilitationUCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondonUK
| | - Rolf H. Jäger
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic UnitDepartment of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Keith Muir
- Institute of Neuroscience & PsychologyUniversity of Glasgow and Queen Elizabeth University HospitalGlasgowUK
| | - Christopher Traenka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke CenterUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Neurology and NeurorehabilitationUniversity Hospital for Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Kanta Tanaka
- Department of Cerebrovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaJapan
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- Department of Cerebrovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaJapan
| | - Leo H. Bonati
- Department of Neurology and Stroke CenterUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Reha RheinfeldenRheinfeldenSwitzerland
| | - Nils Peters
- Department of Neurology and Stroke CenterUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Neurology and NeurorehabilitationUniversity Hospital for Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Stroke Center, Klinik HirslandenZurichSwitzerland
| | - Gregory Y. H. Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of LiverpoolLiverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest HospitalLiverpoolUK
- Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark
| | - Philippe A. Lyrer
- Department of Neurology and Stroke CenterUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Manuel Cappellari
- Stroke Unit – Department of NeuroscienceAzienda Ospedaliera Universitaria IntegrataVeronaItaly
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaJapan
| | - Bernd Kallmünzer
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - Stefan Schwab
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - David J. Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and RehabilitationUCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondonUK
| | - Stefan T. Engelter
- Department of Neurology and Stroke CenterUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Neurology and NeurorehabilitationUniversity Hospital for Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Gian Marco De Marchis
- Department of Neurology and Stroke CenterUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Alexandros A. Polymeris
- Department of Neurology and Stroke CenterUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
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Le Novere M, Johnson S, Lloyd-Evans B, Marston L, Ambler G, Clarke CS, Osborn D, Lamb D, Hunter RM. Cost-effectiveness of peer-supported self-management for people discharged from a mental health crisis team: methodological challenges and recommendations. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1031159. [PMID: 37333912 PMCID: PMC10272352 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1031159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mental health acute crisis episodes are associated with high inpatient costs. Self-management interventions may reduce readmission by enabling individuals to manage their condition. Delivery of such interventions by Peer Support Workers (PSWs) may be cost-effective. CORE, a randomized control trial of a PSW self-management intervention compared to usual care, found a significant reduction in admissions to acute mental healthcare for participants receiving the intervention. This paper aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the intervention over 12 months from a mental health service perspective. Analysis methods of increasing complexity were used to account for data missingness and distribution. Methods Participants were recruited from six crisis resolution teams in England from 12 March 2014 to 3 July 2015 (trial registration ISRCTN: 01027104). Resource use was collected from patient records at baseline and 12 months. The EQ-5D-3L was collected at baseline and 4 and 18 months, and linear interpolation was used to calculate 12-month values for quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). The primary analysis of adjusted mean incremental costs and QALYs for complete cases are calculated separately using OLS regression. Secondly, a complete-case non-parametric two-stage bootstrap (TSB) was performed. The impacts of missing data and skewed cost data were explored using multiple imputation using chained equations and general linear models, respectively. Results Four hundred and forty-one participants were recruited to CORE; 221 randomized to the PSW intervention and 220 to usual care plus workbook. The probability that the PSW intervention was cost-effective compared with the workbook plus usual care control at 12 months varied with the method used, and ranged from 57% to 96% at a cost-effectiveness threshold of £20,000 per QALY gained. Discussion There was a minimum 57% chance that the intervention was cost-effective compared to the control using 12-month costs and QALYs. The probability varied by 40% when methods were employed to account for the relationship between costs and QALYs, but which restricted the sample to those who provided both complete cost and utility data. Caution should therefore be applied when selecting methods for the evaluation of healthcare interventions that aim to increase precision but may introduce bias if missing data are heavily unbalanced between costs and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Le Novere
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Johnson
- Divison of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brynmor Lloyd-Evans
- Divison of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Marston
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, Faculty of Mathematical & Physical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S. Clarke
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Osborn
- Divison of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Lamb
- Department of Applied Health Research, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Maree Hunter
- Department of Applied Health Research, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Horsfall LJ, Clarke CS, Nazareth I, Ambler G. The value of blood-based measures of liver function and urate in lung cancer risk prediction: A cohort study and health economic analysis. Cancer Epidemiol 2023; 84:102354. [PMID: 36989955 PMCID: PMC10636591 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2023.102354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported associations between low-cost blood-based measurements and lung cancer but their role in risk prediction is unclear. We examined the value of expanding lung cancer risk models for targeting low-dose computed tomography (LDCT), including blood measurements of liver function and urate. METHODS We analysed a cohort of 388,199 UK Biobank participants with 1873 events and calculated the c-index and fraction of new information (FNI) for models expanded to include combinations of blood measurements, lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s - FEV1), alcohol status and waist circumference. We calculated the hypothetical cost per lung cancer case detected by LDCT for different scenarios using a threshold of ≥ 1.51 % risk at 6 years. RESULTS The c-index was 0.805 (95 %CI:0.794-0.816) for the model containing conventional predictors. Expanding to include blood measurements increased the c-index to 0.815 (95 %CI: 0.804-0.826;p < 0.0001;FNI:0.06). Expanding to include FEV1, alcohol status, and waist circumference increased the c-index to 0.811 (95 %CI: 0.800-0.822;p < 0.0001;FNI: 0.04). The c-index for the fully expanded model containing all variables was 0.819 (95 %CI:0.808-0.830;p < 0.0001;FNI:0.09). Model expansion had a greater impact on the c-index and FNI for people with a history of smoking cigarettes relative to the full cohort. Compared with the conventional risk model, the expanded models reduced the number of participants meeting the criteria for LDCT screening by 15-21 %, and lung cancer cases detected by 7-8 %. The additional cost per lung cancer case detected relative to the conventional model was £ 1018 for adding blood tests and £ 9775 for the fully expanded model. CONCLUSION Blood measurements of liver function and urate made a modest improvement to lung cancer risk prediction compared with a model containing conventional risk factors. There was no evidence that model expansion would improve the cost per lung cancer case detected in UK healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Horsfall
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, UK.
| | - Caroline S Clarke
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, UK
| | - Irwin Nazareth
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, UK
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21
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Dixon S, Hill H, Flight L, Khetrapal P, Ambler G, Williams NR, Brew-Graves C, Kelly JD, Catto JWF. Cost-Effectiveness of Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy vs Open Radical Cystectomy for Patients With Bladder Cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2317255. [PMID: 37389878 PMCID: PMC10314306 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.17255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance The value to payers of robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion (iRARC) when compared with open radical cystectomy (ORC) for patients with bladder cancer is unclear. Objectives To compare the cost-effectiveness of iRARC with that of ORC. Design, Setting, and Participants This economic evaluation used individual patient data from a randomized clinical trial at 9 surgical centers in the United Kingdom. Patients with nonmetastatic bladder cancer were recruited from March 20, 2017, to January 29, 2020. The analysis used a health service perspective and a 90-day time horizon, with supplementary analyses exploring patient benefits up to 1 year. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were undertaken. Data were analyzed from January 13, 2022, to March 10, 2023. Interventions Patients were randomized to receive either iRARC (n = 169) or ORC (n = 169). Main Outcomes and Measures Costs of surgery were calculated using surgery timings and equipment costs, with other hospital data based on counts of activity. Quality-adjusted life-years were calculated from European Quality of Life 5-Dimension 5-Level instrument responses. Prespecified subgroup analyses were undertaken based on patient characteristics and type of diversion. Results A total of 305 patients with available outcome data were included in the analysis, with a mean (SD) age of 68.3 (8.1) years, and of whom 241 (79.0%) were men. Robot-assisted radical cystectomy was associated with statistically significant reductions in admissions to intensive therapy (6.35% [95% CI, 0.42%-12.28%]), and readmissions to hospital (14.56% [95% CI, 5.00%-24.11%]), but increases in theater time (31.35 [95% CI, 13.67-49.02] minutes). The additional cost of iRARC per patient was £1124 (95% CI, -£576 to £2824 [US $1622 (95% CI, -$831 to $4075)]) with an associated gain in quality-adjusted life-years of 0.01124 (95% CI, 0.00391-0.01857). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was £100 008 (US $144 312) per quality-adjusted life-year gained. Robot-assisted radical cystectomy had a much higher probability of being cost-effective for subgroups defined by age, tumor stage, and performance status. Conclusions and Relevance In this economic evaluation of surgery for patients with bladder cancer, iRARC reduced short-term morbidity and some associated costs. While the resulting cost-effectiveness ratio was in excess of thresholds used by many publicly funded health systems, patient subgroups were identified for which iRARC had a high probability of being cost-effective. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03049410.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dixon
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
- PRICELESS SA (Priority Cost Effective Lessons for System Strengthening South Africa), School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Harry Hill
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
| | - Laura Flight
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
- National Institute for Health Care Excellence, Manchester, England
| | - Pramit Khetrapal
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, England
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, England
| | - Norman R. Williams
- Surgical & Interventional Trials Unit, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, England
| | - Chris Brew-Graves
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, England
| | - John D. Kelly
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, England
| | - James W. F. Catto
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
- Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS (National Health Service) Foundation Trust, Sheffield, England
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22
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Gu F, Lin H, Chen Z, Ambler G, Chen X, Chen X, Xia P, Liu N, Du H. Future COVID-19 Booster Vaccine Refusal in Healthcare Workers after a Massive Breakthrough Infection Wave, a Nationwide Survey-Based Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050987. [PMID: 37243091 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: An unprecedented coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) wave occurred in China between December 2022 and January 2023, challenging the efficacy of the primary series of COVID-19 vaccines. The attitudes toward future COVID-19 booster vaccines (CBV) after the massive breakthrough infection among healthcare workers remain unknown. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and determinants of future CBV refusal after the unprecedented COVID-19 wave among healthcare workers. Methods: Between 9 and 19 February 2023, a cross-sectional nationwide online survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire vaccine among healthcare workers in China. Sociodemographics, profession, presence of chronic medical conditions, previous COVID-19 infection, attitudes towards future CBV, and reasons for future CBV refusal were collected. We estimated odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence interval [CI] using a multivariable logistic regression model to explore the factors associated with future CBV refusal. Results: Among the 1618 participants who completed the survey, 1511 respondents with two or more doses of COVID-19 vaccines were analyzed. A total of 648 (41.8%) of respondents were unwilling to receive a future CBV. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed the association of CBV refusal with profession (vs. other staff, physician-adjusted OR 1.17, 95%CI 0.79-1.72, nurse-adjusted OR 1.88, 95%CI 1.24-2.85, p = 0.008), history of allergy (adjusted OR 1.72, 95%CI 1.05-2.83, p = 0.032), a lower self-perceived risk of future COVID-19 infection (p < 0.001), and a lower belief in CBV effectiveness (p = 0.014), safety (p < 0.001), and necessities for healthcare workers and the public (p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: Our findings highlight that a considerable proportion of healthcare workers were against a future booster dose after an unprecedented COVID-19 wave. Self-perception of future COVID-19 risk, and potential harm or doubtful efficacy of vaccines are the main determinants. Our findings may help public health authorities to establish future COVID-19 vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuying Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Huiying Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Zhenqiang Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Statistical Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Xinyan Chen
- Statistical Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Pincang Xia
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Houwei Du
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
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23
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Zhang B, Lei H, Ambler G, Werring DJ, Fang S, Li H, Chen R, Wei J, Chen G, Liu N, Du H. Association between Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Early Neurological Outcomes after Thrombolysis in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12103471. [PMID: 37240578 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a novel biomarker of insulin resistance which might plausibly influence endogenous fibrinolysis and thus early neurological outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treated with intravenous thrombolysis using recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator. METHODS We included consecutive AIS patients within 4.5 h of symptom onset undergoing intravenous thrombolysis between January 2015 and June 2022 in this multi-center retrospective observational study. Our primary outcome was early neurological deterioration (END), defined as ≥2 (END2) or ≥ 4 (END4) National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score worsening compared to the initial NIHSS score within 24 h of intravenous thrombolysis. Our secondary outcome was early neurological improvement (ENI), defined as a lower NIHSS score at discharge. TyG index was calculated using the log scale of fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2. We evaluated the association of END and ENI with TyG index using a logistic regression model. RESULTS A total of 676 patients with AIS were evaluated. The median age was 68 (Interquartile range, IQR (60-76) years old), and 432 (63.9%) were males. A total of 89 (13.2%) patients developed END2, 61 (9.0%) patients developed END4, and 492 (72.7%) experienced ENI. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, after adjustment for confounding factors, TyG index was significantly associated with increased risks of END2 (categorical variable, vs. lowest tertile, medium tertile odds ratio [OR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.54-2.02, highest tertile OR 2.94, 95%CI 1.64-5.27, overall p < 0.001) and END4 (categorical variable, vs. lowest tertile, medium tertile OR 1.21, 95%CI 0.54-2.74, highest tertile OR 3.80, 95%CI 1.85-7.79, overall p < 0.001), and a lower probability of ENI (categorical variable, vs. lowest tertile, medium tertile OR 1.00, 95%CI 0.63-1.58, highest tertile OR 0.59, 95%CI 0.38-0.93, overall p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS Increasing TyG index was associated with a higher risk of END and a lower probability of ENI in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixiang Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364099, China
| | - Hanhan Lei
- Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Shuangfang Fang
- Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Hangfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364099, China
| | - Ronghua Chen
- Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Guangliang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Houwei Du
- Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
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24
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Schwarz G, Kanber B, Prados F, Browning S, Simister R, Jäger HR, Ambler G, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott CAM, Werring DJ. Whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging predicts 6-month functional outcome in acute intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol 2023; 270:2640-2648. [PMID: 36806785 PMCID: PMC10129992 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small vessel disease (SVD) causes most spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) and is associated with widespread microstructural brain tissue disruption, which can be quantified via diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics: mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA). Little is known about the impact of whole-brain microstructural alterations after SVD-related ICH. We aimed to investigate: (1) association between whole-brain DTI metrics and functional outcome after ICH; and (2) predictive ability of these metrics compared to the pre-existing ICH score. METHODS Sixty-eight patients (38.2% lobar) were retrospectively included. We assessed whole-brain DTI metrics (obtained within 5 days after ICH) in cortical and deep grey matter and white matter. We used univariable logistic regression to assess the associations between DTI and clinical-radiological variables and poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale > 2). We determined the optimal predictive variables (via LASSO estimation) in: model 1 (DTI variables only), model 2 (DTI plus non-DTI variables), model 3 (DTI plus ICH score). Optimism-adjusted C-statistics were calculated for each model and compared (likelihood ratio test) against the ICH score. RESULTS Deep grey matter MD (OR 1.04 [95% CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.010) and white matter MD (OR 1.11 [95% CI 1.01-1.23], p = 0.044) were associated (univariate analysis) with poor outcome. Discrimination values for model 1 (0.67 [95% CI 0.52-0.83]), model 2 (0.71 [95% CI 0.57-0.85) and model 3 (0.66 [95% CI 0.52-0.82]) were all significantly higher than the ICH score (0.62 [95% CI 0.49-0.75]). CONCLUSION Our exploratory study suggests that whole-brain microstructural disruption measured by DTI is associated with poor 6-month functional outcome after SVD-related ICH. Whole-brain DTI metrics performed better at predicting recovery than the existing ICH score.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schwarz
- Neurologia-Stroke Unit ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - B Kanber
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL, London, UK
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Medical Image Computing, UCL, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - F Prados
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL, London, UK
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Medical Image Computing, UCL, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
- E-Health Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Browning
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - R Simister
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - H R Jäger
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - G Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
| | - C A M Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL, London, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - D J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
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25
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Martí-Fàbregas J, Camps-Renom P, Best JG, Ramos-Pachon A, Guasch-Jiménez M, Martinez-Domeño A, Guisado-Alonso D, Gómez-Ansón BM, Ambler G, Wilson D, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Bae HJ, Shiozawa M, Koga M, Toyoda K, Hennerici MG, Chabriat H, Jouvent E, Wong DYK, Mak H, Lau KK, Kim YD, Song TJ, Heo JH, Eppinger S, Gattringer T, Uysal E, Demirelli DS, Bornstein N, Ben Assayag E, Hallevi H, Molad JA, Nishihara M, Tanaka J, Hara H, Yakushiji Y, Coutts SB, Smith E, Polymeris AA, Wagner B, Seiffge D, Lyrer PA, Peters N, Engelter ST, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GYH, Goeldlin M, Panos L, Karayiannis CC, Phan TG, Srikanth VK, Christ N, Gunkel S, Fluri F, Leung TW, Soo YOY, Chu W, Abrigo J, Barbato C, Browning S, Simister R, Mendyk AM, Bordet R, Hilal S, Gyanwali B, Chen C, Jung S, Necioglu Orken D, Werring D, Prats-Sanchez L. Stroke Risk and Antithrombotic Treatment During Follow-up of Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Cortical Superficial Siderosis. Neurology 2023; 100:e1267-e1281. [PMID: 36535778 PMCID: PMC10033167 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In patients with ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), there are few data regarding the risk of future cerebrovascular events and also about the benefits and safety of antithrombotic drugs for secondary prevention. We investigated the associations of cSS and stroke risk in patients with recent IS or TIA. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network (MICON) database. We selected patients with IS or TIA from cohorts who had MRI-assessed cSS, available data on antithrombotic treatments, recurrent cerebrovascular events (intracranial hemorrhage [ICrH], IS, or any stroke [ICrH or IS]), and mortality. We calculated incidence rates (IRs) and performed univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses. RESULTS Of 12,669 patients (mean age 70.4 ± 12.3 years, 57.3% men), cSS was detected in 273 (2.2%) patients. During a mean follow-up of 24 ± 17 months, IS was more frequent than ICrH in both cSS (IR 57.1 vs 14.6 per 1,000 patient-years) and non-cSS (33.7 vs 6.3 per 1,000 patient-years) groups. Compared with the non-cSS group, cSS was associated with any stroke on multivariable analysis {IR 83 vs 42 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for cSS 1.62 (95% CI: 1.14-2.28; p = 0.006)}. This association was not significant in subgroups of patients treated with antiplatelet drugs (n = 6,554) or with anticoagulants (n = 4,044). Patients with cSS who were treated with both antiplatelet drugs and anticoagulants (n = 1,569) had a higher incidence of ICrH (IR 107.5 vs 4.9 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted HR 13.26; 95% CI: 2.90-60.63; p = 0.001) and of any stroke (IR 198.8 vs 34.7 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted HR 5.03; 95% CI: 2.03-12.44; p < 0.001) compared with the non-cSS group. DISCUSSION Patients with IS or TIA with cSS are at increased risk of stroke (ICrH or IS) during follow-up; the risk of IS exceeds that of ICrH for patients receiving antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatment alone, but the risk of ICrH exceeds that of IS in patients receiving both treatments. The findings suggest that either antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatment alone should not be avoided in patients with cSS, but combined antithrombotic therapy might be hazardous. Our findings need to be confirmed by randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Martí-Fàbregas
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey.
| | - Pol Camps-Renom
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jonathan G Best
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Anna Ramos-Pachon
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Marina Guasch-Jiménez
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Domeño
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Daniel Guisado-Alonso
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Beatriz M Gómez-Ansón
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Gareth Ambler
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Duncan Wilson
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Michael G Hennerici
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hugues Chabriat
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Eric Jouvent
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Debbie Yuen Kwun Wong
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Henry Mak
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Young Dae Kim
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Ji-Hoe Heo
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Sebastian Eppinger
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Ender Uysal
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Derya Selçuk Demirelli
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Natan Bornstein
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hen Hallevi
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jeremy A Molad
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jun Tanaka
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hideo Hara
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Eric Smith
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Alexandros A Polymeris
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Benjamin Wagner
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - David Seiffge
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Philippe A Lyrer
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Nils Peters
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hans Rudolf Jäger
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Martina Goeldlin
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Leonidas Panos
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Christopher Charles Karayiannis
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Thanh G Phan
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Velandai K Srikanth
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Nicolas Christ
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Sarah Gunkel
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Felix Fluri
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Thomas W Leung
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Yannie O Y Soo
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Winnie Chu
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jill Abrigo
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Carmen Barbato
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Simone Browning
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Robert Simister
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Régis Bordet
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Saima Hilal
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Bibek Gyanwali
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Christopher Chen
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Simon Jung
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Dilek Necioglu Orken
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - David Werring
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Luis Prats-Sanchez
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
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Saleem N, Kulkarni A, Snow TAC, Ambler G, Singer M, Arulkumaran N. Effect of Corticosteroids on Mortality and Clinical Cure in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression of Randomized Control Trials. Chest 2023; 163:484-497. [PMID: 36087797 PMCID: PMC10808071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.08.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Corticosteroids may be a beneficial adjunct in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia. RESEARCH QUESTION Is there any benefit of corticosteroid therapy in the management of bacterial CAP among patients requiring hospitalization? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase were searched to identify randomized controlled trials assessing the use of systemic corticosteroids compared with standard care in the management of CAP. A systematic review, meta-analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA) were performed. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, treatment failure, readmission, and adverse events. Data are presented as risk ratio (RR) with 95% CI, P value, heterogeneity (I2), and TSA-adjusted CIs. RESULTS Sixteen trials met the eligibility criteria. All-cause mortality (16 studies [3,842 patients]; RR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.67-1.07]; P = .17; I2 = 14%; TSA-adjusted CI, 0.61-1.09), ICU admission (six studies [2,619 patients]; RR, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.45-0.97]; P = .04; I2 = 0%; TSA-adjusted CI, 0.37-1.12), treatment failure (six studies [2,093 patients]; RR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.37-1.67]; P = .52; I2 = 68%; TSA-adjusted CI, 0.02-25.5), and the incidence of adverse events (six studies [2,487 patients]; RR, 1.10 [95% CI, 0.97-1.25]; P = .14; I2 = 53%; TSA-adjusted CI, 0.82-2.41) were similar between patients receiving corticosteroids and patients assigned to the control group. The need for mechanical ventilation (eight studies [1,457 patients]; RR, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.33-0.77]; P = .001; I2 = 0%; TSA-adjusted CI, 0.20-0.85) was lower among patients receiving corticosteroids compared with those receiving standard care. However, corticosteroid use may be associated with higher rates of hospital readmission (five studies [2,853 patients]; RR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.05-1.38]; P = .008; I2 = 0%; TSA-adjusted CI, 0.89-1.98). INTERPRETATION Corticosteroid therapy is associated with a lower incidence of progression to requiring mechanical ventilation among patients hospitalized with CAP. No association was found between corticosteroid therapy and mortality, treatment failure, or adverse events. TRIAL REGISTRY PROSPERO; No.: CRD42021279359; URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Saleem
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, England
| | - Adarsh Kulkarni
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, England
| | - Timothy Arthur Chandos Snow
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, England
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, England
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, England
| | - Nishkantha Arulkumaran
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, England.
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Hostettler IC, Lange N, Schwendinger N, Ambler G, Hirle T, Frangoulis S, Trost D, Gempt J, Kreiser K, Meyer B, Winter C, Wostrack M. VPS dependency after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and influence of admission hyperglycaemia. Eur Stroke J 2023; 8:301-308. [PMID: 37021154 PMCID: PMC10069185 DOI: 10.1177/23969873221147087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) is a common complication which may lead to insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS). Our aim is to evaluate a possible influence of specific clinical and biochemical factors on VPS dependency with special emphasis on hyperglycaemia on admission. Patients and methods Retrospective analysis of a monocentric database of aSAH patients. Using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis we evaluated factors influencing VPS dependency, with a special focus on hyperglycaemia on blood sample within 24 h of admission, dichotomised at 126 mg/dl. Factors evaluated in the univariable analysis were age, sex, known diabetes, Hunt and Hess grade, Barrow Neurological Institute scale, treatment modality, extra-ventricular drain (EVD) insertion, complications (rebleeding, vasospasm, infarction, decompressive craniectomy, ventriculitis), outcome variables and laboratory parameters (glucose, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin). Results We included 510 consecutive patients treated with acute aSAH requiring a VPS (mean age 58.2 years, 66% were female). An EVD was inserted in 387 (75.9%) patients. In the univariable analysis, VPS dependency was associated with hyperglycaemia on admission (OR 2.56, 95%CI 1.58-4.14, p < 0.001). In the multivariable regression analysis after stepwise backward regression, factors associated with VPS dependency were hyperglycaemia >126 mg/dl on admission (OR 1.93, 95%CI 1.13-3.30, p = 0.02), ventriculitis (OR 2.33, 95%CI 1.33-4.04, p = 0.003), Hunt and Hess grade (overall p-value 0.02) and decompressive craniectomy (OR 2.68, 95%CI 1.55-4.64, p < 0.001). Conclusion Hyperglycaemia on admission was associated with an increased probability of VPS placement. If confirmed, this finding might facilitate treatment of these patients by accelerating insertion of a permanent draining system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Charlotte Hostettler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Lange
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Schwendinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Theresa Hirle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Samira Frangoulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Trost
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Gempt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kornelia Kreiser
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Meyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Winter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Wostrack
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Khetrapal P, Catto J, Ambler G, Williams N, Al-Hammouri T, Khan M, Thurairaja R, Nair R, Nathan S, Sridhar A, Ahmed I, Charlesworth P, Blick C, Cumberbatch M, Hussain S, Kotwal S, Bains P, Rowe E, Koupparis A, Noon A, Vasdev N, Hanchanale V, Mcgrath J, Kelly J. Comparing objective recovery of activity levels using wearable devices in open vs. intracorporeal robotic cystectomy: An analysis of the secondary outcomes of the iROC randomized trial. Eur Urol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(23)00208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Gazzard G, Konstantakopoulou E, Garway-Heath D, Adeleke M, Vickerstaff V, Ambler G, Hunter R, Bunce C, Nathwani N, Barton K. Laser in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension (LiGHT) Trial: Six-Year Results of Primary Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty versus Eye Drops for the Treatment of Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension. Ophthalmology 2023; 130:139-151. [PMID: 36122660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Laser in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension (LiGHT) Trial has shown selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) to be clinically and cost-effective as a primary treatment of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT) at 3 years. This article reports health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and clinical effectiveness of initial treatment with SLT compared with intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering eye drops after 6 years of treatment. DESIGN Prospective, multicenter randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS Treatment-naive eyes with OAG or OHT initially treated with SLT or IOP-lowering drops. METHODS Patients were allocated randomly to initial SLT or eye drops. After the initial 3 years of the trial, patients in the SLT arm were permitted a third SLT if necessary; patients in the drops arm were allowed SLT as a treatment switch or escalation. This study is registered at controlled-trials.com (identifier, ISRCTN32038223). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was HRQoL at 6 years; secondary outcomes were clinical effectiveness and adverse events. RESULTS Of the 692 patients completing 3 years in the LiGHT Trial, 633 patients (91.5%) entered the extension, and 524 patients completed 6 years in the trial (82.8% of those entering the extension phase). At 6 years, no significant differences were found for the EuroQol EQ-5D 5 Levels, Glaucoma Utility Index, and Glaucoma Quality of Life-15 (P > 0.05 for all). The SLT arm showed better Glaucoma Symptom Scale scores than the drops arm (83.6 ± 18.1 vs. 81.3 ± 17.3, respectively). Of eyes in the SLT arm, 69.8% remained at or less than the target IOP without the need for medical or surgical treatment. More eyes in the drops arm exhibited disease progression (26.8% vs. 19.6%, respectively; P = 0.006). Trabeculectomy was required in 32 eyes in the drops arm compared with 13 eyes in the SLT arm (P < 0.001); more cataract surgeries occurred in the drops arm (95 compared with 57 eyes; P = 0.03). No serious laser-related adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS Selective laser trabeculoplasty is a safe treatment for OAG and OHT, providing better long-term disease control than initial drop therapy, with reduced need for incisional glaucoma and cataract surgery over 6 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gus Gazzard
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Evgenia Konstantakopoulou
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Optics and Optometry, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - David Garway-Heath
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariam Adeleke
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; PRIMENT Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Vickerstaff
- The Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, UCL Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Hunter
- PRIMENT Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catey Bunce
- Research Data and Statistics Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Nathwani
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Barton
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Zheng W, Lei H, Ambler G, Werring DJ, Lin H, Lin X, Tang Y, Wu J, Lin Z, Liu N, Du H. A comparison of low- versus standard-dose bridging alteplase in acute ischemic stroke mechanical thrombectomy using indirect methods. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2023; 16:17562864221144806. [PMID: 36741353 PMCID: PMC9896089 DOI: 10.1177/17562864221144806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whether low-dose alteplase is similar to standard-dose bridging alteplase prior to endovascular mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains uncertain. Aims The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety outcomes of low- versus standard-dose bridging alteplase therapy (BT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who are eligible for intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) within 4.5 h after onset. Methods We conducted an indirect comparison of low- versus standard-dose bridging alteplase before mechanical thrombectomy in AIS of current available clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared direct mechanical thrombectomy treatment (dMT) to BT. Primary efficacy outcomes were functional independence and excellent recovery defined as a dichotomized modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0-2 and 0-1 at 90 days. Safety outcomes included symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and any intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Results We included six RCTs of 2334 AIS patients in this analysis, including one trial using low-dose bridging alteplase (n = 103) and five trials using standard-dose bridging alteplase (n = 1067) against a common comparator (dMT). Indirect comparisons of low- to standard-dose bridging alteplase yielded an odds ratio (OR) of 0.84 (95% CI 0.47-1.50) for 90-day mRS 0-2, 1.18 (95% CI 0.65-2.12) for 90-day mRS 0-1, 1.21 (95% CI 0.44-3.36) for mortality, and 1.11 (95% CI 0.39-3.14) for successful recanalization. There were no significant differences in the odds for sICH (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.32-3.41) or any ICH (OR 1.71, 95% CI 0.94-3.10) between low- and standard-dose bridging alteplase. Conclusion Indirect evidence shows that the effects of low- and standard-dose bridging alteplase are similar for key efficacy and safety outcomes. Due to the wide confidence intervals, larger randomized trials comparing low- and standard-dose alteplase bridging therapy are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial
Geriatric Hospital, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Medical University Teaching Hospital,
Fuzhou, China
| | - Hanhan Lei
- Stroke Research Center, Department of
Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University
College London, London, UK
| | - David J. Werring
- Stroke Research Center, UCL Queen Square
Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Huiying Lin
- Stroke Research Center, Department of
Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial
Geriatric Hospital, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Medical University Teaching Hospital,
Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial
Geriatric Hospital, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Medical University Teaching Hospital,
Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial
Geriatric Hospital, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Medical University Teaching Hospital,
Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhaomin Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial
Geriatric Hospital, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Medical University Teaching Hospital,
Fuzhou, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Stroke Research Center, Department of
Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical
University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Pavlou M, Ambler G, Omar RZ, Goodwin AT, Trivedi U, Ludman P, de Belder M. Outlier identification and monitoring of institutional or clinician performance: an overview of statistical methods and application to national audit data. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:23. [PMID: 36627627 PMCID: PMC9832645 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Institutions or clinicians (units) are often compared according to a performance indicator such as in-hospital mortality. Several approaches have been proposed for the detection of outlying units, whose performance deviates from the overall performance. METHODS We provide an overview of three approaches commonly used to monitor institutional performances for outlier detection. These are the common-mean model, the 'Normal-Poisson' random effects model and the 'Logistic' random effects model. For the latter we also propose a visualisation technique. The common-mean model assumes that the underlying true performance of all units is equal and that any observed variation between units is due to chance. Even after applying case-mix adjustment, this assumption is often violated due to overdispersion and a post-hoc correction may need to be applied. The random effects models relax this assumption and explicitly allow the true performance to differ between units, thus offering a more flexible approach. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and illustrate their application using audit data from England and Wales on Adult Cardiac Surgery (ACS) and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI). RESULTS In general, the overdispersion-corrected common-mean model and the random effects approaches produced similar p-values for the detection of outliers. For the ACS dataset (41 hospitals) three outliers were identified in total but only one was identified by all methods above. For the PCI dataset (88 hospitals), seven outliers were identified in total but only two were identified by all methods. The common-mean model uncorrected for overdispersion produced several more outliers. The reason for observing similar p-values for all three approaches could be attributed to the fact that the between-hospital variance was relatively small in both datasets, resulting only in a mild violation of the common-mean assumption; in this situation, the overdispersion correction worked well. CONCLUSION If the common-mean assumption is likely to hold, all three methods are appropriate to use for outlier detection and their results should be similar. Random effect methods may be the preferred approach when the common-mean assumption is likely to be violated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew T. Goodwin
- grid.440194.c0000 0004 4647 6776Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough, UK ,grid.139534.90000 0001 0372 5777National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (NICOR), Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Uday Trivedi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Peter Ludman
- grid.139534.90000 0001 0372 5777National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (NICOR), Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark de Belder
- grid.139534.90000 0001 0372 5777National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (NICOR), Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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32
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Buckman JEJ, Cohen ZD, O'Driscoll C, Fried EI, Saunders R, Ambler G, DeRubeis RJ, Gilbody S, Hollon SD, Kendrick T, Watkins E, Eley T, Peel AJ, Rayner C, Kessler D, Wiles N, Lewis G, Pilling S. Predicting prognosis for adults with depression using individual symptom data: a comparison of modelling approaches. Psychol Med 2023; 53:408-418. [PMID: 33952358 PMCID: PMC9899563 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721001616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to develop, validate and compare the performance of models predicting post-treatment outcomes for depressed adults based on pre-treatment data. METHODS Individual patient data from all six eligible randomised controlled trials were used to develop (k = 3, n = 1722) and test (k = 3, n = 918) nine models. Predictors included depressive and anxiety symptoms, social support, life events and alcohol use. Weighted sum scores were developed using coefficient weights derived from network centrality statistics (models 1-3) and factor loadings from a confirmatory factor analysis (model 4). Unweighted sum score models were tested using elastic net regularised (ENR) and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression (models 5 and 6). Individual items were then included in ENR and OLS (models 7 and 8). All models were compared to one another and to a null model (mean post-baseline Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition (BDI-II) score in the training data: model 9). Primary outcome: BDI-II scores at 3-4 months. RESULTS Models 1-7 all outperformed the null model and model 8. Model performance was very similar across models 1-6, meaning that differential weights applied to the baseline sum scores had little impact. CONCLUSIONS Any of the modelling techniques (models 1-7) could be used to inform prognostic predictions for depressed adults with differences in the proportions of patients reaching remission based on the predicted severity of depressive symptoms post-treatment. However, the majority of variance in prognosis remained unexplained. It may be necessary to include a broader range of biopsychosocial variables to better adjudicate between competing models, and to derive models with greater clinical utility for treatment-seeking adults with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. E. J. Buckman
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK
- iCope – Camden & Islington Psychological Therapies Services – Camden & Islington NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, London, UK
| | - Z. D. Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C. O'Driscoll
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK
| | - E. I. Fried
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R. Saunders
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK
| | - G. Ambler
- Statistical Science, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK
| | - R. J. DeRubeis
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, 425 S. University Avenue, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - S. Gilbody
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, UK
| | - S. D. Hollon
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - T. Kendrick
- Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - E. Watkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Sir Henry Wellcome Building for Mood Disorders Research, Perry Road, Exeter, UK
| | - T.C. Eley
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A. J. Peel
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C. Rayner
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D. Kessler
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Bristol, UK
| | - N. Wiles
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
| | - G. Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, London, UK
| | - S. Pilling
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK
- Camden & Islington NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, London, UK
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Schwarz G, Banerjee G, Hostettler IC, Ambler G, Seiffge DJ, Ozkan H, Browning S, Simister R, Wilson D, Cohen H, Yousry T, Al-Shahi Salman R, Lip GYH, Brown MM, Muir KW, Houlden H, Jäger R, Werring DJ. MRI and CT imaging biomarkers of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Stroke 2023; 18:85-94. [PMID: 34994246 DOI: 10.1177/17474930211062478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), is diagnosed using the Boston criteria including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers (cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and cortical superficial siderosis (cSS). The simplified Edinburgh criteria include computed tomography (CT) biomarkers (subarachnoid extension (SAE) and finger-like projections (FLPs)). The underlying mechanisms and diagnostic accuracy of CT compared to MRI biomarkers of CAA are unknown. METHODS We included 140 survivors of spontaneous lobar supratentorial ICH with both acute CT and MRI. We assessed associations between MRI and CT biomarkers and the diagnostic accuracy of CT- compared to MRI-based criteria. RESULTS FLPs were more common in patients with strictly lobar CMB (44.7% vs 23.5%; p = 0.014) and SAE was more common in patients with cSS (61.3% vs 31.2%; p = 0.002). The high probability of the CAA category of the simplified Edinburgh criteria showed 87.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 78.3-93.4) specificity, 29.6% (95% CI: 18.0-43.6) sensitivity, 59.3% (95% CI: 38.8-77.6) positive predictive value, and 66.4% (95%: CI 56.9-75.0) negative predictive value, 2.3 (95% CI: 1.2-4.6) positive likelihood ratio and 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-1.0) negative likelihood ratio for probable CAA (vs non-probable CAA), defined by the modified Boston criteria; the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was 0.62 (95% CI: 0.54-0.71). CONCLUSION In lobar ICH survivors, we found associations between putative biomarkers of parenchymal CAA (FLP and strictly lobar CMBs) and putative biomarkers of leptomeningeal CAA (SAE and cSS). In a hospital population, CT biomarkers might help rule-in probable CAA (diagnosed using the Boston criteria), but their absence is probably not as useful to rule it out, suggesting an important continued role for MRI in ICH survivors with suspected CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghil Schwarz
- Stroke Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Gargi Banerjee
- Stroke Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Isabel C Hostettler
- Stroke Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - David J Seiffge
- Stroke Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hatice Ozkan
- Stroke Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simone Browning
- Stroke Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Simister
- Stroke Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Stroke Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Hannah Cohen
- Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tarek Yousry
- Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Martin M Brown
- Stroke Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Keith W Muir
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow and Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Rolf Jäger
- Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Gwilym BL, Pallmann P, Waldron CA, Thomas-Jones E, Milosevic S, Brookes-Howell L, Harris D, Massey I, Burton J, Stewart P, Samuel K, Jones S, Cox D, Clothier A, Edwards A, Twine CP, Bosanquet DC, Benson R, Birmpili P, Blair R, Bosanquet DC, Dattani N, Dovell G, Forsythe R, Gwilym BL, Hitchman L, Machin M, Nandhra S, Onida S, Preece R, Saratzis A, Shalhoub J, Singh A, Forget P, Gannon M, Celnik A, Duguid M, Campbell A, Duncan K, Renwick B, Moore J, Maresch M, Kamal D, Kabis M, Hatem M, Juszczak M, Dattani N, Travers H, Shalan A, Elsabbagh M, Rocha-Neves J, Pereira-Neves A, Teixeira J, Lyons O, Lim E, Hamdulay K, Makar R, Zaki S, Francis CT, Azer A, Ghatwary-Tantawy T, Elsayed K, Mittapalli D, Melvin R, Barakat H, Taylor J, Veal S, Hamid HKS, Baili E, Kastrisios G, Maltezos C, Maltezos K, Anastasiadou C, Pachi A, Skotsimara A, Saratzis A, Vijaynagar B, Lau S, Velineni R, Bright E, Montague-Johnstone E, Stewart K, King W, Karkos C, Mitka M, Papadimitriou C, Smith G, Chan E, Shalhoub J, Machin M, Agbeko AE, Amoako J, Vijay A, Roditis K, Papaioannou V, Antoniou A, Tsiantoula P, Bessias N, Papas T, Dovell G, Goodchild F, Nandhra S, Rammell J, Dawkins C, Lapolla P, Sapienza P, Brachini G, Mingoli A, Hussey K, Meldrum A, Dearie L, Nair M, Duncan A, Webb B, Klimach S, Hardy T, Guest F, Hopkins L, Contractor U, Clothier A, McBride O, Hallatt M, Forsythe R, Pang D, Tan LE, Altaf N, Wong J, Thurston B, Ash O, Popplewell M, Grewal A, Jones S, Wardle B, Twine C, Ambler G, Condie N, Lam K, Heigberg-Gibbons F, Saha P, Hayes T, Patel S, Black S, Musajee M, Choudhry A, Hammond E, Costanza M, Shaw P, Feghali A, Chawla A, Surowiec S, Encalada RZ, Benson R, Cadwallader C, Clayton P, Van Herzeele I, Geenens M, Vermeir L, Moreels N, Geers S, Jawien A, Arentewicz T, Kontopodis N, Lioudaki S, Tavlas E, Nyktari V, Oberhuber A, Ibrahim A, Neu J, Nierhoff T, Moulakakis K, Kakkos S, Nikolakopoulos K, Papadoulas S, D'Oria M, Lepidi S, Lowry D, Ooi S, Patterson B, Williams S, Elrefaey GH, Gaba KA, Williams GF, Rodriguez DU, Khashram M, Gormley S, Hart O, Suthers E, French S. Short-term risk prediction after major lower limb amputation: PERCEIVE study. Br J Surg 2022; 109:1300-1311. [PMID: 36065602 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accuracy with which healthcare professionals (HCPs) and risk prediction tools predict outcomes after major lower limb amputation (MLLA) is uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of predicting short-term (30 days after MLLA) mortality, morbidity, and revisional surgery. METHODS The PERCEIVE (PrEdiction of Risk and Communication of outcomE following major lower limb amputation: a collaboratIVE) study was launched on 1 October 2020. It was an international multicentre study, including adults undergoing MLLA for complications of peripheral arterial disease and/or diabetes. Preoperative predictions of 30-day mortality, morbidity, and MLLA revision by surgeons and anaesthetists were recorded. Probabilities from relevant risk prediction tools were calculated. Evaluation of accuracy included measures of discrimination, calibration, and overall performance. RESULTS Some 537 patients were included. HCPs had acceptable discrimination in predicting mortality (931 predictions; C-statistic 0.758) and MLLA revision (565 predictions; C-statistic 0.756), but were poor at predicting morbidity (980 predictions; C-statistic 0.616). They overpredicted the risk of all outcomes. All except three risk prediction tools had worse discrimination than HCPs for predicting mortality (C-statistics 0.789, 0.774, and 0.773); two of these significantly overestimated the risk compared with HCPs. SORT version 2 (the only tool incorporating HCP predictions) demonstrated better calibration and overall performance (Brier score 0.082) than HCPs. Tools predicting morbidity and MLLA revision had poor discrimination (C-statistics 0.520 and 0.679). CONCLUSION Clinicians predicted mortality and MLLA revision well, but predicted morbidity poorly. They overestimated the risk of mortality, morbidity, and MLLA revision. Most short-term risk prediction tools had poorer discrimination or calibration than HCPs. The best method of predicting mortality was a statistical tool that incorporated HCP estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenig L Gwilym
- South East Wales Vascular Network, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Debbie Harris
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ian Massey
- Artificial Limb and Appliance Centre, Rookwood Hospital, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jo Burton
- Artificial Limb and Appliance Centre, Rookwood Hospital, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Phillippa Stewart
- Artificial Limb and Appliance Centre, Rookwood Hospital, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Katie Samuel
- Department of Anaesthesia, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Sian Jones
- c/o INVOLVE Health and Care Research Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Cox
- c/o INVOLVE Health and Care Research Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Annie Clothier
- South East Wales Vascular Network, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK
| | - Adrian Edwards
- Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Christopher P Twine
- Bristol, Bath and Weston Vascular Network, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - David C Bosanquet
- South East Wales Vascular Network, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK
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Catto JWF, Khetrapal P, Ambler G, Williams NR, Brew-Graves C, Kelly JD. Reply to Andreas Skolarikos's Words of Wisdom re: Effect of Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy with Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion vs Open Radical Cystectomy on 90-Day Morbidity and Mortality Among Patients with Bladder Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Eur Urol. In press. Eur Urol 2022; 82:e139-e140. [PMID: 35945082 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James W F Catto
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Pramit Khetrapal
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Norman R Williams
- Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chris Brew-Graves
- National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - John D Kelly
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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Wenzl F, Kraler S, Weston C, Ambler G, Raeber L, Muller O, Paneni F, Camici GG, Puhan MA, Roffi M, Rickli H, De Belder M, Radovanovic D, Deanfield J, Luescher TF. Sex inequities in the performance of the GRACE 2.0 score in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: a multinational observational study in contemporary cohorts from four European countries. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score was developed and validated in predominantly male patient populations. Growing evidence indicates distinct pathophysiologic and clinical characteristics of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS) in women and men.
Purpose
We aimed to assess sex differences in the performance of the GRACE score in NSTE-ACS in contemporary populations.
Methods
We calculated GRACE 2.0 risk estimates for patients with NSTE-ACS in contemporary nation-wide ACS cohorts from England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (MINAP, 2005–2017, n=400,054) and from Switzerland (AMIS Plus, 2005–2020, n=20,727; SPUM-ACS, 2009–2017, n=2,239). Sex disaggregated analyses were stratified according to the mortality endpoint of the score (in-hospital death, death at 6 months, death at 1 year), the clinical setting (calculated at admission and calculated for hospital survivors, respectively), the geographic region (United Kingdom and Switzerland, respectively) and the level of care (all hospitals and PCI-capable university hospitals, respectively). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), the average prediction error (APE), and the misclassification rate (MCR) were compared between women and men.
Results
The discriminatory performance of GRACE 2.0 for in-hospital death was lower and the APE and MCR were higher in women as compared to men in the United Kingdom (AUC female: 80.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 80.0 to 80.8, AUC male: 84.7%, 95% CI, 84.4 to 85.1, p<0.001; APE female: 0.0512, 95% CI, 0.0501–0.0522, APE male: 0.0357, 95% CI, 0.0351 to 0.0363; MCR female: 5.81%, 95% CI, 5.68 to 5.94, MCR male: 3.96, 95% CI, 3.89 to 4.03) and in Switzerland (AUC female: 84.2%, 95% CI, 81.4 to 86.8, AUC male: 88.5%, 95% CI 87.1–89.7, p=0.003; APE female: 0.0420, 95% CI 0.0376 to 0.0465, APE male: 0.0312, 95% CI 0.0289 to 0.0335; MCR female: 4.98%, 95% CI 4.39 to 5.56, MCR male: 3.69%, 95% CI, 3.39 to 4.00). Similar results were obtained for 6-month death and 1-year death endpoints across clinical settings, geographic regions, and levels of care. The risk of in-hospital death relative to males was increased in females that GRACE 2.0 classified as low-to-intermediate risk (suggesting no early invasive management strategy) in the United Kingdom (relative risk [RR]: 1.61, 95% CI, 1.50 to 1.74, p<0.001) and in Switzerland (RR: 1.84, 95% CI, 1.28 to 2.64, p<0.001).
Conclusion
Thus far, this is the largest investigation on the GRACE risk score. We confirmed good overall score performance and found decreased performance in contemporary female patients with NSTE-ACS irrespective of the mortality endpoint, the clinical setting, the geographic region, and the level of care.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Swiss National Science FoundationSwiss Heart Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wenzl
- University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - S Kraler
- University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - C Weston
- West Wales General Hospital , Carmarthen , United Kingdom
| | - G Ambler
- University College London, Department of Statistical Science , London , United Kingdom
| | - L Raeber
- Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Cardiology , Bern , Switzerland
| | - O Muller
- University Hospital of Lausanne, Department of Cardiology , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - F Paneni
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - G G Camici
- University of Zurich, Center for Molecular Cardiology , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - M A Puhan
- University of Zurich, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - M Roffi
- University Hospital of Geneva, Division of Cardiology , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - H Rickli
- Kantonsspital, Cardiology Division , St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - M De Belder
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research , London , United Kingdom
| | - D Radovanovic
- University of Zurich, AMIS Plus Data Center, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - J Deanfield
- University College London, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , London , United Kingdom
| | - T F Luescher
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital , London , United Kingdom
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Catto JWF, Khetrapal P, Ambler G. Effect of Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy vs Open Radical Cystectomy on 90-Day Morbidity and Mortality Among Patients With Bladder Cancer-Reply. JAMA 2022; 328:1258-1259. [PMID: 36166034 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James W F Catto
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
| | - Pramit Khetrapal
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, England
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, England
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Hostettler IC, Seiffge D, Wong A, Ambler G, Wilson D, Shakeshaft C, Banerjee G, Sharma N, Jäger HR, Cohen H, Yousry TA, Al-Shahi Salman R, Lip GYH, Brown MM, Muir K, Houlden H, Werring DJ. APOE and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Markers in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurology 2022; 99:e1290-e1298. [PMID: 36123141 PMCID: PMC9576291 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations between the APOE genotype, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and neuroimaging markers of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). METHODS We included patients from a prospective, multicenter UK observational cohort study of patients with ICH and representative UK population controls. First, we assessed the association of the APOE genotype with ICH (compared with controls without ICH). Second, among patients with ICH, we assessed the association of APOE status with the hematoma location (lobar or deep) and brain CT markers of CAA (finger-like projections [FLP] and subarachnoid extension [SAE]). RESULTS We included 907 patients with ICH and 2,636 controls. The mean age was 73.2 (12.4 SD) years for ICH cases vs 69.6 (0.2 SD) for population controls; 50.3% of cases and 42.1% of controls were female. Compared with controls, any APOE ε2 allele was associated with all ICH (lobar and nonlobar) and lobar ICH on its own in the dominant model (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.13-1.7, p = 0.002 and OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.1-2.04, p = 0.01, respectively) but not deep ICH in an age-adjusted analyses (OR 1.26, 95% CI 0.97-1.63, p = 0.08). In the cases-only analysis, the APOE ε4 allele was associated with lobar compared with deep ICH in an age-adjusted analyses (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.1-2.2, p = 0.01). When assessing CAA markers, APOE alleles were independently associated with FLP (ε4: OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.04-2.93, p = 0.04 and ε2/ε4: 2.56, 95% CI 0.99-6.61, p = 0.05). We did not find an association between APOE alleles and SAE. DISCUSSION We confirmed associations between APOE alleles and ICH including lobar ICH. Our analysis shows selective associations between APOE ε2 and ε4 alleles with FLP, a CT marker of CAA. Our findings suggest that different APOE alleles might have diverging influences on individual neuroimaging biomarkers of CAA-associated ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Charlotte Hostettler
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - David Seiffge
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Duncan Wilson
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Clare Shakeshaft
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Gargi Banerjee
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Hans Rolf Jäger
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Hannah Cohen
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Tarek A Yousry
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Martin M Brown
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Keith Muir
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - David J Werring
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK.
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Catto JWF, Khetrapal P, Ambler G, Williams NR, Brew-Graves C, Kelly JD. Reply to Bernardo Rocco and Maria Chiara Sighinolfi's Letter to the Editor re: James W.F. Catto, Pramit Khetrapal, Federico Ricciardi, et al. Effect of Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy with Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion vs Open Radical Cystectomy on 90-Day Morbidity and Mortality Among Patients with Bladder Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2022;327:2092-103: Lacking the Evidence for Neobladder Use After Radical Cystectomy. Eur Urol 2022; 82:e167-e168. [PMID: 36114078 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James W F Catto
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Pramit Khetrapal
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Norman R Williams
- Surgical & Interventional Trials Unit, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chris Brew-Graves
- National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - John D Kelly
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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Wenzl FA, Kraler S, Ambler G, Weston C, Herzog SA, Räber L, Muller O, Camici GG, Roffi M, Rickli H, Fox KAA, de Belder M, Radovanovic D, Deanfield J, Lüscher TF. Sex-specific evaluation and redevelopment of the GRACE score in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes in populations from the UK and Switzerland: a multinational analysis with external cohort validation. Lancet 2022; 400:744-756. [PMID: 36049493 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) 2.0 score was developed and validated in predominantly male patient populations. We aimed to assess its sex-specific performance in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS) and to develop an improved score (GRACE 3.0) that accounts for sex differences in disease characteristics. METHODS We evaluated the GRACE 2.0 score in 420 781 consecutive patients with NSTE-ACS in contemporary nationwide cohorts from the UK and Switzerland. Machine learning models to predict in-hospital mortality were informed by the GRACE variables and developed in sex-disaggregated data from 386 591 patients from England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (split into a training cohort of 309 083 [80·0%] patients and a validation cohort of 77 508 [20·0%] patients). External validation of the GRACE 3.0 score was done in 20 727 patients from Switzerland. FINDINGS Between Jan 1, 2005, and Aug 27, 2020, 400 054 patients with NSTE-ACS in the UK and 20 727 patients with NSTE-ACS in Switzerland were included in the study. Discrimination of in-hospital death by the GRACE 2.0 score was good in male patients (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] 0·86, 95% CI 0·86-0·86) and notably lower in female patients (0·82, 95% CI 0·81-0·82; p<0·0001). The GRACE 2.0 score underestimated in-hospital mortality risk in female patients, favouring their incorrect stratification to the low-to-intermediate risk group, for which the score does not indicate early invasive treatment. Accounting for sex differences, GRACE 3.0 showed superior discrimination and good calibration with an AUC of 0·91 (95% CI 0·89-0·92) in male patients and 0·87 (95% CI 0·84-0·89) in female patients in an external cohort validation. GRACE 3·0 led to a clinically relevant reclassification of female patients to the high-risk group. INTERPRETATION The GRACE 2.0 score has limited discriminatory performance and underestimates in-hospital mortality in female patients with NSTE-ACS. The GRACE 3.0 score performs better in men and women and reduces sex inequalities in risk stratification. FUNDING Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Heart Foundation, Lindenhof Foundation, Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, and Theodor-Ida-Herzog-Egli Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Wenzl
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Simon Kraler
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sereina A Herzog
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lorenz Räber
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Muller
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland; Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Roffi
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hans Rickli
- Cardiology Division, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Keith A A Fox
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark de Belder
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Dragana Radovanovic
- AMIS Plus Data Center, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John Deanfield
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland; Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK; School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK.
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Riazi A, Aspden T, Rubin G, Ambler G, Jichi F, Mynors-Wallice L, O’Driscoll M, Walters K. Problem-Solving Treatment for People Recently Diagnosed with Visual Impairment: Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091431. [PMID: 36143215 PMCID: PMC9504279 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Problem-Solving Treatment (PST) has been used to treat and prevent depression in a variety of settings. However, the impact of PST on improving psychological well-being in those with recent vision loss remains unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether PST may lead to better psychological well-being in people with recent vision loss through a pilot parallel-group randomised controlled trial. Methods: Participants who were diagnosed with visual impairment during the previous 3 months were randomly allocated to either an 8-week PST or treatment as usual (N = 61). Outcome measures were administered at baseline, 3, 6, and 9-months. Results: A linear mixed model demonstrated that PST significantly improved psychological well-being (measured by the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale) (treatment effect = 2.44; 95% CI = 0.40–4.47; p = 0.019). Significant improvements in the PST group for symptoms of distress, quality of life and self-efficacy were also observed. There was no significant difference in mobility. The treatment effect was consistent at all follow-ups. Attrition rate was low (13%). Conclusions: PST was associated with a significant and sustained improvement in a range of outcomes in people with recent vision loss. Further large scale RCT is now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Riazi
- Department of Psychology, Richmond American University London, London W4 5AN, UK
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Trefor Aspden
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Gary Rubin
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University of London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Fatima Jichi
- Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University of London Research Support Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Miriam O’Driscoll
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Kate Walters
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Schwarz G, Kanber B, Prados F, Browning S, Simister R, Jäger R, Ambler G, Wheeler-Kingshott CAMG, Werring DJ. Acute corticospinal tract diffusion tensor imaging predicts 6-month functional outcome after intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol 2022; 269:6058-6066. [PMID: 35861854 PMCID: PMC9553831 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can assess the structural integrity of the corticospinal tract (CST) in vivo. We aimed to investigate whether CST DTI metrics after intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) are associated with 6-month functional outcome and can improve the predictive performance of the existing ICH score. METHODS We retrospectively included 42 patients with DTI performed within 5 days after deep supratentorial spontaneous ICH. Ipsilesional-to-contralesional ratios were calculated for fractional anisotropy (rFA) and mean diffusivity (rMD) in the pontine segment (PS) of the CST. We determined the most predictive variables for poor 6-month functional outcome [modified Rankin Scale (mRS) > 2] using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method. We calculated discrimination using optimism-adjusted estimation of the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS Patients with 6-month mRS > 2 had lower rFA (0.945 [± 0.139] vs 1.045 [± 0.130]; OR 0.004 [95% CI 0.00-0.77]; p = 0.04) and higher rMD (1.233 [± 0.418] vs 0.963 [± 0.211]; OR 22.5 [95% CI 1.46-519.68]; p = 0.02). Discrimination (AUC) values were: 0.76 (95% CI 0.61-0.91) for the ICH score, 0.71 (95% CI 0.54-0.89) for rFA, and 0.72 (95% CI 0.61-0.91) for rMD. Combined models with DTI and non-DTI variables offer an improvement in discrimination: for the best model, the AUC was 0.82 ([95% CI 0.68-0.95]; p = 0.15). CONCLUSION In our exploratory study, PS-CST rFA and rMD had comparable predictive ability to the ICH score for 6-month functional outcome. Adding DTI metrics to clinical-radiological scores might improve discrimination, but this needs to be investigated in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schwarz
- Neurologia, Stroke Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Stroke Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N, UK
| | - B Kanber
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Faculty of Brain Sciences, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, UK.,Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Medical Image Computing, UCL, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - F Prados
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Faculty of Brain Sciences, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, UK.,Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Medical Image Computing, UCL, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.,e-Health Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Browning
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Stroke Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N, UK
| | - R Simister
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Stroke Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N, UK
| | - R Jäger
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - G Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
| | - C A M Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Faculty of Brain Sciences, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, UK.,Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - David J Werring
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Stroke Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N, UK.
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Rawal R, Armstrong M, Read J, Chesterman E, Walters K, Schrag A, Ambler G. The effectiveness of aromatherapy and reflexology in neurodegenerative disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2022; 12:253-265. [PMID: 35770590 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2021-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative conditions are chronic disorders and result in a range of debilitating symptoms, with many people turning to complementary therapies. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the evidence on effectiveness of aromatherapy and reflexology on all neurodegenerative conditions. We identified nine eligible studies (total sample n = 504 participants) all of which were on multiple sclerosis only. A meta-analysis was conducted including data from six studies, which demonstrated no significant benefit of aromatherapy/reflexology; however, the sample sizes were small and of low quality. This systematic review confirmed that it is not possible to draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of reflexology and aromatherapy in multiple sclerosis. Larger high-quality studies are required to test these widely used therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Rawal
- Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Megan Armstrong
- Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joy Read
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kate Walters
- Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anette Schrag
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
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Catto JWF, Khetrapal P, Ricciardi F, Ambler G, Williams NR, Al-Hammouri T, Khan MS, Thurairaja R, Nair R, Feber A, Dixon S, Nathan S, Briggs T, Sridhar A, Ahmad I, Bhatt J, Charlesworth P, Blick C, Cumberbatch MG, Hussain SA, Kotwal S, Koupparis A, McGrath J, Noon AP, Rowe E, Vasdev N, Hanchanale V, Hagan D, Brew-Graves C, Kelly JD. Effect of Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy With Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion vs Open Radical Cystectomy on 90-Day Morbidity and Mortality Among Patients With Bladder Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2022; 327:2092-2103. [PMID: 35569079 PMCID: PMC9109000 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.7393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Robot-assisted radical cystectomy is being performed with increasing frequency, but it is unclear whether total intracorporeal surgery improves recovery compared with open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. OBJECTIVES To compare recovery and morbidity after robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal reconstruction vs open radical cystectomy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized clinical trial of patients with nonmetastatic bladder cancer recruited at 9 sites in the UK, from March 2017-March 2020. Follow-up was conducted at 90 days, 6 months, and 12 months, with final follow-up on September 23, 2021. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized to receive robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal reconstruction (n = 169) or open radical cystectomy (n = 169). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was the number of days alive and out of the hospital within 90 days of surgery. There were 20 secondary outcomes, including complications, quality of life, disability, stamina, activity levels, and survival. Analyses were adjusted for the type of diversion and center. RESULTS Among 338 randomized participants, 317 underwent radical cystectomy (mean age, 69 years; 67 women [21%]; 107 [34%] received neoadjuvant chemotherapy; 282 [89%] underwent ileal conduit reconstruction); the primary outcome was analyzed in 305 (96%). The median number of days alive and out of the hospital within 90 days of surgery was 82 (IQR, 76-84) for patients undergoing robotic surgery vs 80 (IQR, 72-83) for open surgery (adjusted difference, 2.2 days [95% CI, 0.50-3.85]; P = .01). Thromboembolic complications (1.9% vs 8.3%; difference, -6.5% [95% CI, -11.4% to -1.4%]) and wound complications (5.6% vs 16.0%; difference, -11.7% [95% CI, -18.6% to -4.6%]) were less common with robotic surgery than open surgery. Participants undergoing open surgery reported worse quality of life vs robotic surgery at 5 weeks (difference in mean European Quality of Life 5-Dimension, 5-Level instrument scores, -0.07 [95% CI, -0.11 to -0.03]; P = .003) and greater disability at 5 weeks (difference in World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 scores, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.15-0.73]; P = .003) and at 12 weeks (difference in WHODAS 2.0 scores, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.09-0.68]; P = .01); the differences were not significant after 12 weeks. There were no statistically significant differences in cancer recurrence (29/161 [18%] vs 25/156 [16%] after robotic and open surgery, respectively) and overall mortality (23/161 [14.3%] vs 23/156 [14.7%]), respectively) at median follow-up of 18.4 months (IQR, 12.8-21.1). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients with nonmetastatic bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy, treatment with robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion vs open radical cystectomy resulted in a statistically significant increase in days alive and out of the hospital over 90 days. However, the clinical importance of these findings remains uncertain. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN Identifier: ISRCTN13680280; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03049410.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. F. Catto
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
- Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, England
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, England
| | - Pramit Khetrapal
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, England
| | | | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, England
| | - Norman R. Williams
- Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (SITU), Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, England
| | - Tarek Al-Hammouri
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, England
| | - Muhammad Shamim Khan
- Department of Urology, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, England
| | - Ramesh Thurairaja
- Department of Urology, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, England
| | - Rajesh Nair
- Department of Urology, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, England
| | - Andrew Feber
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, England
| | - Simon Dixon
- Health Economics and Decision Science, NIHR Research Design Service Yorkshire and the Humber, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
| | - Senthil Nathan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, England
| | - Tim Briggs
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, England
| | - Ashwin Sridhar
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, England
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Jaimin Bhatt
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Philip Charlesworth
- The Harold Hopkins Department of Urology, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, England
| | - Christopher Blick
- The Harold Hopkins Department of Urology, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, England
| | - Marcus G. Cumberbatch
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
- Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, England
| | - Syed A. Hussain
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, England
| | - Sanjeev Kotwal
- Pyrah Department of Urology, St James University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, England
| | | | - John McGrath
- Department of Urology, Royal Devon University Hospitals Foundation Trust and University of Exeter, Exeter, England
| | - Aidan P. Noon
- Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, England
| | - Edward Rowe
- Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, England
| | - Nikhil Vasdev
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Lister Hospital, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, England
| | | | - Daryl Hagan
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, England
| | - Chris Brew-Graves
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, England
| | - John D. Kelly
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, England
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Buckman JEJ, Saunders R, Stott J, Cohen ZD, Arundell LL, Eley TC, Hollon SD, Kendrick T, Ambler G, Watkins E, Gilbody S, Kessler D, Wiles N, Richards D, Brabyn S, Littlewood E, DeRubeis RJ, Lewis G, Pilling S. Socioeconomic Indicators of Treatment Prognosis for Adults With Depression: A Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:406-416. [PMID: 35262620 PMCID: PMC8908224 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Importance Socioeconomic factors are associated with the prevalence of depression, but their associations with prognosis are unknown. Understanding this association would aid in the clinical management of depression. Objective To determine whether employment status, financial strain, housing status, and educational attainment inform prognosis for adults treated for depression in primary care, independent of treatment and after accounting for clinical prognostic factors. Data Sources The Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane (CENTRAL) databases were searched from database inception to October 8, 2021. Study Selection Inclusion criteria were as follows: randomized clinical trials that used the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R; the most common comprehensive screening and diagnostic measure of depressive and anxiety symptoms in primary care randomized clinical trials), measured socioeconomic factors at baseline, and sampled patients with unipolar depression who sought treatment for depression from general physicians/practitioners or who scored 12 or more points on the CIS-R. Exclusion criteria included patients with depression secondary to a personality or psychotic disorder or neurologic condition, studies of bipolar or psychotic depression, studies that included children or adolescents, and feasibility studies. Studies were independently assessed against inclusion and exclusion criteria by 2 reviewers. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data were extracted and cleaned by data managers for each included study, further cleaned by multiple reviewers, and cross-checked by study chief investigators. Risk of bias and quality were assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tools, respectively. This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses-Individual Participant Data (PRISMA-IPD) reporting guidelines. Main Outcomes and Measures Depressive symptoms at 3 to 4 months after baseline. Results This systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis identified 9 eligible studies that provided individual patient data for 4864 patients (mean [SD] age, 42.5 (14.0) years; 3279 women [67.4%]). The 2-stage random-effects meta-analysis end point depressive symptom scale scores were 28% (95% CI, 20%-36%) higher for unemployed patients than for employed patients and 18% (95% CI, 6%-30%) lower for patients who were homeowners than for patients living with family or friends, in hostels, or homeless, which were equivalent to 4.2 points (95% CI, 3.6-6.2 points) and 2.9 points (95% CI, 1.1-4.9 points) on the Beck Depression Inventory II, respectively. Financial strain and educational attainment were associated with prognosis independent of treatment, but unlike employment and housing status, there was little evidence of associations after adjusting for clinical prognostic factors. Conclusions and Relevance Results of this systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that unemployment was associated with a poor prognosis whereas home ownership was associated with improved prognosis. These differences were clinically important and independent of the type of treatment received. Interventions that address employment or housing difficulties could improve outcomes for patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. J. Buckman
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- iCope Camden & Islington NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Saunders
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Stott
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Laura-Louise Arundell
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thalia C. Eley
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D. Hollon
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tony Kendrick
- Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Statistical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Watkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gilbody
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - David Kessler
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Wiles
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David Richards
- Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sally Brabyn
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert J. DeRubeis
- University of Pennsylvania College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Pilling
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Camden & Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Du H, Wu S, Lei H, Ambler G, Werring DJ, Li H, Chen Y, Chen D, Yuan Q, Fang S, Chen R, Zhang Y, Wei J, Chen G, Chen J, Liu N. Total Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Score and Cerebral Bleeding Risk in Patients With Acute Stroke Treated With Intravenous Thrombolysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:790262. [PMID: 35478697 PMCID: PMC9037754 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.790262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the association of total cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) score with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in patients with acute ischemic stroke who received intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) using recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator (rt-PA).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed clinical data from two stroke registries of patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with IVT. We assessed the baseline magnetic resonance (MR) visible cSVD markers and total cSVD score (ranging from 0 to 4) between patients with and without ICH after IVT. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association of total cSVD score with the risk of ICH after IVT, adjusted for cofounders selected by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). We additionally performed an E-value analysis to fully explain away a specific exposure-outcome association. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to quantify the predictive potential of the total cSVD score for any ICH after IVT.ResultsAmong 271 eligible patients, 55 (20.3%) patients experienced any ICH, 16 (5.9%) patients experienced a symptomatic ICH (sICH), and 5 (1.85%) patients had remote intracranial parenchymal hemorrhage (rPH). Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of any ICH increased with increasing cSVD score [per unit increase, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.03, 95% CI 1.22–3.41, P = 0.007]. Sensitivity analyses using E-value revealed that it would need moderately robust unobserved confounding to render the exposure-outcome (cSVD-any ICH) association null. ROC analysis showed that compared with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score alone, a combination of cSVD and NIHSS score had a larger area under the curve for any ICH (0.811, 95% CI 0.756–0.866 vs. 0.784, 95% CI 0.723–0.846, P = 0.0004).ConclusionThe total cSVD score is associated with an increased risk of any ICH after IVT and improves prediction for any ICH compared with NIHSS alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houwei Du
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Research Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sangru Wu
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Research Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial Governmental Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hanhan Lei
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Research Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Werring
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hangfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Longyan First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Yangui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Longyan First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Dongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, Longyan First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Qilin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Research Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuangfang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Research Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ronghua Chen
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Research Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yixian Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guangliang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Research Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Nan Liu,
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47
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Schwarz G, Banerjee G, Hostettler IC, Ambler G, Seiffge DJ, Brookes TS, Wilson D, Cohen H, Yousry T, Salman RAS, Lip GYH, Brown MM, Muir KW, Houlden H, Jäger R, Werring DJ, Staals J. Magnetic resonance imaging-based scores of small vessel diseases: Associations with intracerebral haemorrhage location. J Neurol Sci 2022; 434:120165. [PMID: 35121207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Total small vessel disease (SVD) score and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) score are magnetic resonance imaging-based composite scores built to preferentially capture deep perforator arteriopathy-related and CAA-related SVD burden, respectively. Non-lobar intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is related to deep perforator arteriopathy, while lobar ICH can be associated with deep perforator arteriopathy or CAA; however, the associations between ICH location and these scores are not established. METHODS In this post-hoc analysis from a prospective cohort study, we included 153 spontaneous non-cerebellar ICH patients. Wald test, univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to investigate the association between each score (and individual score components) and ICH location. RESULTS Total SVD score was associated with non-lobar ICH location (Wald test: unadjusted, p = 0.017; adjusted, p = 0.003); however, no individual component of total SVD score was significantly associated with non-lobar ICH. CAA score was not significantly associated with lobar location (Wald test: unadjusted, p = 0.056; adjusted, p = 0.126); cortical superficial siderosis (OR 8.85 [95%CI 1.23-63.65], p = 0.030) and ≥ 2 strictly lobar microbleeds (OR 1.63 [95%CI 1.04-2.55], p = 0.035) were related with lobar ICH location, while white matter hyperintensities showed an inverse relation (OR 0.53 [95%CI 0.26-1.08; p = 0.081]). CONCLUSIONS Total SVD score was associated with non-lobar ICH location. The lack of significant association between CAA score and lobar ICH may in part be due to the mixed aetiology of lobar ICH, and to the inclusion of white matter hyperintensities, a non-specific marker of SVD type, in the CAA score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghil Schwarz
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Neurologia and Stroke Unit ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Gargi Banerjee
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Isabel Charlotte Hostettler
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - David J Seiffge
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tenzin S Brookes
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK; New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Hannah Cohen
- Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tarek Yousry
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Martin M Brown
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Keith W Muir
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Rolf Jäger
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology and School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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48
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Keeney E, Memtsa M, Goodhart V, Jurkovic D, Ambler G, Khan N, Round J. An observational cohort study of health outcomes and costs associated with early pregnancy assessment units in the UK. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:319. [PMID: 35264163 PMCID: PMC8905996 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-07709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to assess the impact of consultant presence, volume of patients seen and weekend opening on the health and cost-related outcomes associated with different Early Pregnancy Assessment Unit (EPAU) configurations. Methods This was an observational study with a prospective cohort design. Six thousand six hundred six pregnant women (16 years of age and over) attending EPAUs because of suspected early pregnancy complications were recruited from 44 EPAUs across the UK. The main outcome measures were quality of life, costs, and anxiety. Results Costs, quality of life and anxiety scores were similar across configurations with little evidence to suggest an impact of consultant presence, weekend opening or volume of patients seen. Mean overall costs varied from £92 (95% CI £85 - £98) for a diagnosis of normally developing pregnancy to £1793 (95% CI £1346 - £2240) for a molar pregnancy. EQ-5D-5L score increased from 0.85 (95% CI 0.84–0.86) at baseline to 0.91 (95% CI 0.90–0.92) at 4 weeks for the 573 women who completed questionnaires at both time points, largely due to improvements in the pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression dimensions. 78% of women reported a decrease in their anxiety score immediately following their EPAU appointment. Conclusions EPAU configuration, as specified in this study, had limited impact on any of the outcomes examined. However, it is clear that care provided in the EPAU has a positive overall effect on women’s health and emotional wellbeing, with significant improvements in EQ-5D and anxiety shown following an EPAU visit. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-07709-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Keeney
- Health Economics Bristol, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Maria Memtsa
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Venetia Goodhart
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Davor Jurkovic
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nazim Khan
- Modelling and Analytical Systems Solutions Ltd, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeff Round
- Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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49
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Buckman JEJ, Saunders R, Arundell LL, Oshinowo ID, Cohen ZD, O'Driscoll C, Barnett P, Stott J, Ambler G, Gilbody S, Hollon SD, Kendrick T, Watkins E, Eley TC, Skelton M, Wiles N, Kessler D, DeRubeis RJ, Lewis G, Pilling S. Life events and treatment prognosis for depression: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2022; 299:298-308. [PMID: 34920035 PMCID: PMC9113943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between major life events and prognosis independent of treatment type: (1) after adjusting for clinical prognostic factors and socio-demographics; (2) amongst patients with depressive episodes at least six-months long; and (3) patients with a first life-time depressive episode. METHODS Six RCTs of adults seeking treatment for depression in primary care met eligibility criteria, individual patient data (IPD) were collated from all six (n = 2858). Participants were randomized to any treatment and completed the same baseline assessment of life events, demographics and clinical prognostic factors. Two-stage random effects meta-analyses were conducted. RESULTS Reporting any major life events was associated with poorer prognosis regardless of treatment type. Controlling for baseline clinical factors, socio-demographics and social support resulted in minimal residual evidence of associations between life events and treatment prognosis. However, removing factors that might mediate the relationships between life events and outcomes reporting: arguments/disputes, problem debt, violent crime, losing one's job, and three or more life events were associated with considerably worse prognoses (percentage difference in 3-4 months depressive symptoms compared to no reported life events =30.3%(95%CI: 18.4-43.3)). CONCLUSIONS Assessing for clinical prognostic factors, social support, and socio-demographics is likely to be more informative for prognosis than assessing self-reported recent major life events. However, clinicians might find it useful to ask about such events, and if they are still affecting the patient, consider interventions to tackle problems related to those events (e.g. employment support, mediation, or debt advice). Further investigations of the efficacy of such interventions will be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E J Buckman
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom; iCope - Camden & Islington Psychological Therapies Services, Camden & Islington NHS Foundation Trust, 4St Pancras Way, London NW1 0PE, United Kingdom.
| | - Rob Saunders
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Laura-Louise Arundell
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Iyinoluwa D Oshinowo
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Zachary D Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ciaran O'Driscoll
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Phoebe Barnett
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Stott
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Statistical Science, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gilbody
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D Hollon
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 407817, United States
| | - Tony Kendrick
- Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 5ST, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Watkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, United Kingdom
| | - Thalia C Eley
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Skelton
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Wiles
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David Kessler
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J DeRubeis
- School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-60185, United States
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London W1T 7NF, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Pilling
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (CORE), Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom; Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, 4St Pancras Way, London NW1 0PE United Kingdom
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50
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Schrag AE, Martino D, Wang H, Ambler G, Benaroya-Milshtein N, Buttiglione M, Cardona F, Creti R, E A, Hedderly T, Heyman I, Huyser C, Mir P, Morer A, Moll N, Mueller NE, Muller-Vahl KR, von Plessen K, Porcelli C, Rizzo R, Roessner V, Schwarz MJ, Tarnok Z, Walitza S, Dietrich A, Hoekstra PJ. Lack of Association of Group A Streptococcal Infections and Onset of Tics: European Multicenter Tics in Children Study. Neurology 2022; 98:e1175-e1183. [PMID: 35110379 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000013298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo investigate the association between Group-A streptococcal (GAS) infections and tic incidence among unaffected children with a family history of chronic tic disorders (CTD).MethodsIn a prospective cohort study, children with no history for tics aged 3 to 10 years with a first-degree relative with CTD were recruited from the European Multicentre Tics in Children Study (EMTICS) across 16 European centres. Presence of GAS infection was assessed using throat swabs, serum Anti-streptolysin O titres (ASOT) and Anti-DNAse B (ADB) titres blinded to clinical status. GAS exposure was defined using four different definitions based on these parameters. Cox regression analyses with time-varying GAS exposure were conducted to examine the association of onset of tics and GAS exposure during follow-up. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using Cox regression and logistic regression analyses.ResultsA total of 260 children were recruited whilst one subject was found to have tic onsets before study entry and therefore was excluded. 61 children (23.6%) developed tics over an average follow-up period of 1 (SD 0.7) year. There was a strong association of sex and onset of tics, with girls having an approximately 60% lower risk of developing tics compared to boys (HR: 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.7). However, there was no statistical evidence to suggest an association of any of the four GAS exposure definitions with tic onset (GAS exposure definition 1: HR=0.310, 95% CI: 0.037-2.590; definition 2: HR=0.561, 95% CI: 0.219-1.436; definition 3: HR=0.853, 95% CI: 0.466-1.561; definition 4: HR=0.725, 95% CI: 0.384-1.370).ConclusionThese results do not suggest an association of GAS exposure and development of tics.Classification of EvidenceThis study provides Class I evidence that Group-A streptococcal exposure does not associate with the development of tics in children with first-degree relatives with chronic tic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Eleonore Schrag
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Davide Martino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hanyuying Wang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Noa Benaroya-Milshtein
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva. Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Maura Buttiglione
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardona
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Creti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Androulla E
- WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections, Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Tammy Hedderly
- Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT, Kings Health Partners AHSC, London, UK
| | - Isobel Heyman
- Psychological Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Chaim Huyser
- Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pablo Mir
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS). Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla. Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Astrid Morer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto Carlos III, Spain
| | - Natalie Moll
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Norbert E Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten R Muller-Vahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin von Plessen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cesare Porcelli
- ASL BA, Mental Health Department; Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit; Bari, Italy
| | - Renata Rizzo
- Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus J Schwarz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zsanett Tarnok
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Dietrich
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
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