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Tanaka K, Miwa K, Koga M, Yoshimura S, Kamiyama K, Yagita Y, Nagakane Y, Hoshino H, Terasaki T, Okada Y, Yakushiji Y, Takahashi S, Ueda T, Hasegawa Y, Shiozawa M, Sasaki M, Kudo K, Tanaka J, Nishihara M, Yamaguchi Y, Fujita K, Honda Y, Kawano H, Ide T, Yoshimoto T, Ihara M, Hirano T, Toyoda K. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Burden for Bleeding Risk during Antithrombotic Therapy: Bleeding with Antithrombotic Therapy 2 Study. Ann Neurol 2024; 95:774-787. [PMID: 38146238 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to determine the excess risk of antithrombotic-related bleeding due to cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) burden. METHODS In this observational, prospective cohort study, patients with cerebrovascular or cardiovascular diseases taking oral antithrombotic agents were enrolled from 52 hospitals across Japan between 2016 and 2019. Baseline multimodal magnetic resonance imaging acquired under prespecified conditions was assessed by a central diagnostic radiology committee to calculate total SVD score. The primary outcome was major bleeding. Secondary outcomes included bleeding at each site and ischemic events. RESULTS Of the analyzed 5,250 patients (1,736 women; median age = 73 years, 9,933 patient-years of follow-up), antiplatelets and anticoagulants were administered at baseline in 3,948 and 1,565, respectively. Median SVD score was 2 (interquartile range = 1-3). Incidence rate of major bleeding was 0.39 (per 100 patinet-years) in score 0, 0.56 in score 1, 0.91 in score 2, 1.35 in score 3, and 2.24 in score 4 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] for score 4 vs 0 = 5.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.26-13.23), that of intracranial hemorrhage was 0.11, 0.33, 0.58, 0.99, and 1.06, respectively (aHR = 9.29, 95% CI = 1.99-43.35), and that of ischemic event was 1.82, 2.27, 3.04, 3.91, and 4.07, respectively (aHR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.08-2.86). In addition, extracranial major bleeding (aHR = 3.43, 95% CI = 1.13-10.38) and gastrointestinal bleeding (aHR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.02-6.35) significantly increased in SVD score 4 compared to score 0. INTERPRETATION Total SVD score was predictive for intracranial hemorrhage and probably for extracranial bleeding, suggesting the broader clinical relevance of cerebral SVD as a marker for safe implementation of antithrombotic therapy. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:774-787.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Tanaka
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kaori Miwa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Sohei Yoshimura
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yagita
- Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | | | - Haruhiko Hoshino
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Terasaki
- Department of Neurology, Kumamoto Red Cross Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ueda
- Department of Strokology, Stroke Center, St Marianna University Toyoko Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kudo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Yamagata Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kyohei Fujita
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Honda
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Kyorin University, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawano
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Kyorin University, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ide
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Hirano
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Kyorin University, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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Ide T, Yakushiji Y, Suzuyama K, Nishihara M, Eriguchi M, Ogata A, Matsumoto A, Hara M, Hara H. Associations for progression of cerebral small vessel disease burden in healthy adults: the Kashima scan study. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:302-310. [PMID: 37673959 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the association between vascular risk factors and progression of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), we conducted a longitudinal study with neurologically healthy cohort composed mostly of middle-aged adults (n = 665, mean age, 57.7 years). Subjects, who had both baseline data of brain health examinations including MRI and follow-up MRI at least 1 year after the baseline MRI, were included this study. The presence of features of SVD, including lacunes, cerebral microbleeds, white matter hyperintensity, and basal ganglia perivascular spaces were summed to obtain "total SVD score" (range, 0-4). Progression of SVD was evaluated among subjects with a total SVD score of ≤ 3 and was defined as a ≥ 1 point increase in that score at follow-up relative to baseline. As the primary analysis, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the associations of progression of SVD at baseline. The median follow-up period was 7.3 years and progression of SVD was observed in 154 subjects (23.2%). Even after adjustment with confounders multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that progression of SVD was associated with age (per 10-year increase, odds ratio [OR]: 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62-2.67), hypertension (OR 1.55, 95%CI 1.05-2.29), systolic blood pressure (BP) (per standard deviation [SD] increase, OR 1.27, 95%CI 1.04-1.54), diastolic BP (per SD increase, OR 1.23, 95%CI 1.01-1.50), and mean arterial pressure (per SD increase, OR 1.27, 95%CI 1.04-1.55). Age and high blood pressure appear to play key roles in the progression of cerebral small vessel burden after mid-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Ide
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan.
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan.
| | - Kohei Suzuyama
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Makoto Eriguchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ogata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Megumi Hara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
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Best JG, Ambler G, Wilson D, Du H, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Teo KC, Mak H, Kim YD, Song TJ, Selcuk Demirelli D, Nishihara M, Yoshikawa M, Kubacka M, Zietz A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GYH, Panos L, Goeldlin MB, Slater LA, Karayiannis CC, Phan TG, Bellut M, Abrigo J, Cheng C, Leung TW, Chu W, Chappell F, Makin SDJ, van Dam-Nolen DHK, Kooi ME, Köhler S, Staals J, Kuchcinski G, Bordet R, Dubost F, Wardlaw JM, Soo YOY, Fluri F, Srikanth VK, Jung S, Peters N, Hara H, Yakushiji Y, Necioglu Orken D, Heo JH, Lau GKK, Bae HJ, Werring DJ. Clinical Associations and Prognostic Value of MRI-Visible Perivascular Spaces in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or TIA: A Pooled Analysis. Neurology 2024; 102:e207795. [PMID: 38165371 PMCID: PMC10834118 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Visible perivascular spaces are an MRI marker of cerebral small vessel disease and might predict future stroke. However, results from existing studies vary. We aimed to clarify this through a large collaborative multicenter analysis. METHODS We pooled individual patient data from a consortium of prospective cohort studies. Participants had recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), underwent baseline MRI, and were followed up for ischemic stroke and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia (BGPVS) and perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale (CSOPVS) were rated locally using a validated visual scale. We investigated clinical and radiologic associations cross-sectionally using multinomial logistic regression and prospective associations with ischemic stroke and ICH using Cox regression. RESULTS We included 7,778 participants (mean age 70.6 years; 42.7% female) from 16 studies, followed up for a median of 1.44 years. Eighty ICH and 424 ischemic strokes occurred. BGPVS were associated with increasing age, hypertension, previous ischemic stroke, previous ICH, lacunes, cerebral microbleeds, and white matter hyperintensities. CSOPVS showed consistently weaker associations. Prospectively, after adjusting for potential confounders including cerebral microbleeds, increasing BGPVS burden was independently associated with future ischemic stroke (versus 0-10 BGPVS, 11-20 BGPVS: HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.93-1.53; 21+ BGPVS: HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.10-2.06; p = 0.040). Higher BGPVS burden was associated with increased ICH risk in univariable analysis, but not in adjusted analyses. CSOPVS were not significantly associated with either outcome. DISCUSSION In patients with ischemic stroke or TIA, increasing BGPVS burden is associated with more severe cerebral small vessel disease and higher ischemic stroke risk. Neither BGPVS nor CSOPVS were independently associated with future ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Best
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gareth Ambler
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Duncan Wilson
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Houwei Du
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kay Cheong Teo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Henry Mak
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Dae Kim
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Derya Selcuk Demirelli
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Masaaki Yoshikawa
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Marta Kubacka
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Annaelle Zietz
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hans Rolf Jäger
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Leonidas Panos
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Martina B Goeldlin
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee-Anne Slater
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher Charles Karayiannis
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh G Phan
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Maximilian Bellut
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jill Abrigo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Cyrus Cheng
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas W Leung
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Winnie Chu
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Francesca Chappell
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen D J Makin
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dianne H K van Dam-Nolen
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - M Eline Kooi
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Julie Staals
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Grégory Kuchcinski
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Régis Bordet
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Dubost
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yannie O Y Soo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Felix Fluri
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Velandai K Srikanth
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Simon Jung
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Nils Peters
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hideo Hara
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dilek Necioglu Orken
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoe Heo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gary Kui Kai Lau
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - David J Werring
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Ide T, Goto Y, Nishihara M, Eriguchi M, Koike H. Co-occurrence of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Acta Neurol Belg 2023:10.1007/s13760-023-02422-8. [PMID: 37980328 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Ide
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuta Goto
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Makoto Eriguchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Haruki Koike
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
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Amadutsumi T, Urashima Y, Urashima K, Suzuki K, Kurachi K, Nishihara M, Neo M, Myotoku M, Kobori T, Obata T. Semisolid Enteral Nutrients Alter the Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered Levetiracetam in Rats. Pharmazie 2023; 78:117-121. [PMID: 37592422 DOI: 10.1691/ph.2023.3575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Enteral nutrients (ENs) affect the plasma drug concentration of orally co-administered drugs, particularly those of antiepileptic drugs, such as phenytoin and carbamazepine. However, few studies have reported the interactions of levetiracetam (LEV), an upcoming antiepileptic drug, with ENs. In this study we aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of LEV in 55 rats after oral co-administration of LEV with liquid or semisolid ENs. Compared with the control group, co-administration with Terumeal ® Soft significantly decreased the plasma LEV concentration at 0.5, 1, and 2 h and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 3 h (AUC0→3h) (P < 0.01). However, the AUC0→3h of LEV remained unchanged following the administration of Terumeal ® Soft 2 h after the initial LEV administration. Moreover, co-administration with semisolid Racol® NF delayed the absorption of LEV without decreasing the AUC0→3h, whereas liquid Racol ® NF did not alter LEV pharmacokinetics. Thus, co-administration of LEV with Terumeal® Soft reduced the absorption of LEV from the gastrointestinal tract, which was prevented by administering Terumeal ® Soft 2 h after LEV administration. Semisolid Racol ® NF altered LEV pharmacokinetics without decreasing its gastrointestinal absorption. Our findings suggested that careful monitoring of the plasma LEV levels is necessary when co-administering LEV with Terumeal ® Soft, semisolid Racol ® NF, or any other semisolid ENs, to prevent the inadvertent effects of the interaction between LEV and ENs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Y Urashima
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiorikita, Tondabayashi, Osaka 584-8540, Japan Tokio Obata, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiorikita, Tondabayashi, Osaka 584-8540, Japan ,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - T Obata
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiorikita, Tondabayashi, Osaka 584-8540, Japan
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6
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Soo Y, Zietz A, Yiu B, Mok VCT, Polymeris AA, Seiffge D, Ambler G, Wilson D, Leung TWH, Tsang SF, Chu W, Abrigo J, Cheng C, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Shiozawa M, Koga M, Chabriat H, Hennerici M, Wong YK, Mak H, Collet R, Inamura S, Yoshifuji K, Arsava EM, Horstmann S, Purrucker J, Lam BYK, Wong A, Kim YD, Song TJ, Lemmens R, Eppinger S, Gattringer T, Uysal E, Demirelli DS, Bornstein NM, Assayag EB, Hallevi H, Molad J, Nishihara M, Tanaka J, Coutts SB, Kappelle LJ, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jager R, Lip GYH, Goeldlin MB, Panos LD, Mas JL, Legrand L, Karayiannis C, Phan T, Bellut M, Chappell F, Makin S, Hayden D, Williams D, van Dam-Nolen DHK, Nederkoorn PJ, Barbato C, Browning S, Wiegertjes K, Tuladhar AM, Mendyk AM, Köhler S, van Oostenburgge R, Zhou Y, Xu C, Hilal S, Gyanwali B, Chen C, Lou M, Staals J, Bordet R, Kandiah N, de Leeuw FE, Simister R, Hendrikse J, Wardlaw J, Kelly P, Fluri F, Srikanth V, Calvet D, Jung S, Kwa VIH, Smith EE, Hara H, Yakushiji Y, Orken DN, Fazekas F, Thijs V, Heo JH, Veltkamp R, Ay H, Imaizumi T, Lau KK, Jouvent E, Toyoda K, Yoshimura S, Bae HJ, Martí-Fàbregas J, Prats-Sánchez L, Lyrer P, Best J, Werring D, Engelter ST, Peters N. Impact of Cerebral Microbleeds in Stroke Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:61-74. [PMID: 36928609 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebral microbleeds are associated with the risks of ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage, causing clinical dilemmas for antithrombotic treatment decisions. We aimed to evaluate the risks of intracranial hemorrhage and ischemic stroke associated with microbleeds in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with vitamin K antagonists, direct oral anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and combination therapy (i.e. concurrent oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet). METHODS We included patients with documented atrial fibrillation from the pooled individual patient data analysis by the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network. Risks of subsequent intracranial hemorrhage and ischemic stroke were compared between patients with and without microbleeds, stratified by antithrombotic use. RESULTS A total of 7,839 patients were included. The presence of microbleeds was associated with an increased relative risk of intracranial hemorrhage (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 2.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.76-4.26) and ischemic stroke (aHR = 1.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.04-1.59). For the entire cohort, the absolute incidence of ischemic stroke was higher than intracranial hemorrhage regardless of microbleed burden. However, for the subgroup of patients taking combination of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy, the absolute risk of intracranial hemorrhage exceeded that of ischemic stroke in those with 2 to 4 microbleeds (25 vs 12 per 1,000 patient-years) and ≥ 11 microbleeds (94 vs 48 per 1,000 patient-years). INTERPRETATION Patients with atrial fibrillation and high burden of microbleeds receiving combination therapy have a tendency of higher rate of intracranial hemorrhage than ischemic stroke, with potential for net harm. Further studies are needed to help optimize stroke preventive strategies in this high-risk group. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:61-74.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannie Soo
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Annaelle Zietz
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian Yiu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent C T Mok
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Lau Tat-chuen Research Centre of Brain Degenerative Diseases in Chinese, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Alexandros A Polymeris
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Seiffge
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK, New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Wai Hong Leung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Suk Fung Tsang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jill Abrigo
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Cyrus Cheng
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Hugues Chabriat
- APHP, Lariboisière Hospital, Translational Neurovascular Centre, F-75475 Paris, France, FHU NeuroVasc, Université de Paris and INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Michael Hennerici
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg/Mannheim Hospital, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yuen Kwun Wong
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Henry Mak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Roger Collet
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shigeru Inamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshifuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Ethem Murat Arsava
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Solveig Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Purrucker
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bonnie Y K Lam
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Lau Tat-chuen Research Centre of Brain Degenerative Diseases in Chinese, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Adrian Wong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Lau Tat-chuen Research Centre of Brain Degenerative Diseases in Chinese, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Young Dae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Eppinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ender Uysal
- Antalya Teaching and Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Derya Selçuk Demirelli
- Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hen Hallevi
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeremy Molad
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - L Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rolf Jager
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Martina B Goeldlin
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leonidas D Panos
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Mas
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Neurology Department and Stroke Unit, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Legrand
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Neuroradiology Department, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chris Karayiannis
- Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thanh Phan
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maximilian Bellut
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Chappell
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Makin
- Centre for Rural Health, Institute for Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Derek Hayden
- Acute Medical Unit and Department of Age-related Healthcare, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Williams
- Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences Dublin, Ireland and Beaumont Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dianne H K van Dam-Nolen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Nederkoorn
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen Barbato
- Department of Neurology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simone Browning
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kim Wiegertjes
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anil Man Tuladhar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert van Oostenburgge
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Saima Hilal
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bibek Gyanwali
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Regis Bordet
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- Dementia Research Centre (Singapore), Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Simister
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jeroen Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh and NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Kelly
- The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Felix Fluri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Calvet
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Neurology Department and Stroke Unit, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Simon Jung
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric E Smith
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | | | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vincent Thijs
- Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji-Hoe Heo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Hakan Ay
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Toshio Imaizumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Eric Jouvent
- Université de Paris-Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, FHU NeuroVasc, INSERM NeuroDiderot U1141, Paris, France
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Sohei Yoshimura
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joan Martí-Fàbregas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Prats-Sánchez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Lyrer
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Best
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Peters
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Stroke Center, Klinik Hirslanden, Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Martí-Fàbregas J, Camps-Renom P, Best JG, Ramos-Pachon A, Guasch-Jiménez M, Martinez-Domeño A, Guisado-Alonso D, Gómez-Ansón BM, Ambler G, Wilson D, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Bae HJ, Shiozawa M, Koga M, Toyoda K, Hennerici MG, Chabriat H, Jouvent E, Wong DYK, Mak H, Lau KK, Kim YD, Song TJ, Heo JH, Eppinger S, Gattringer T, Uysal E, Demirelli DS, Bornstein N, Ben Assayag E, Hallevi H, Molad JA, Nishihara M, Tanaka J, Hara H, Yakushiji Y, Coutts SB, Smith E, Polymeris AA, Wagner B, Seiffge D, Lyrer PA, Peters N, Engelter ST, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GYH, Goeldlin M, Panos L, Karayiannis CC, Phan TG, Srikanth VK, Christ N, Gunkel S, Fluri F, Leung TW, Soo YOY, Chu W, Abrigo J, Barbato C, Browning S, Simister R, Mendyk AM, Bordet R, Hilal S, Gyanwali B, Chen C, Jung S, Necioglu Orken D, Werring D, Prats-Sanchez L. Stroke Risk and Antithrombotic Treatment During Follow-up of Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Cortical Superficial Siderosis. Neurology 2023; 100:e1267-e1281. [PMID: 36535778 PMCID: PMC10033167 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In patients with ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), there are few data regarding the risk of future cerebrovascular events and also about the benefits and safety of antithrombotic drugs for secondary prevention. We investigated the associations of cSS and stroke risk in patients with recent IS or TIA. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network (MICON) database. We selected patients with IS or TIA from cohorts who had MRI-assessed cSS, available data on antithrombotic treatments, recurrent cerebrovascular events (intracranial hemorrhage [ICrH], IS, or any stroke [ICrH or IS]), and mortality. We calculated incidence rates (IRs) and performed univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses. RESULTS Of 12,669 patients (mean age 70.4 ± 12.3 years, 57.3% men), cSS was detected in 273 (2.2%) patients. During a mean follow-up of 24 ± 17 months, IS was more frequent than ICrH in both cSS (IR 57.1 vs 14.6 per 1,000 patient-years) and non-cSS (33.7 vs 6.3 per 1,000 patient-years) groups. Compared with the non-cSS group, cSS was associated with any stroke on multivariable analysis {IR 83 vs 42 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for cSS 1.62 (95% CI: 1.14-2.28; p = 0.006)}. This association was not significant in subgroups of patients treated with antiplatelet drugs (n = 6,554) or with anticoagulants (n = 4,044). Patients with cSS who were treated with both antiplatelet drugs and anticoagulants (n = 1,569) had a higher incidence of ICrH (IR 107.5 vs 4.9 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted HR 13.26; 95% CI: 2.90-60.63; p = 0.001) and of any stroke (IR 198.8 vs 34.7 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted HR 5.03; 95% CI: 2.03-12.44; p < 0.001) compared with the non-cSS group. DISCUSSION Patients with IS or TIA with cSS are at increased risk of stroke (ICrH or IS) during follow-up; the risk of IS exceeds that of ICrH for patients receiving antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatment alone, but the risk of ICrH exceeds that of IS in patients receiving both treatments. The findings suggest that either antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatment alone should not be avoided in patients with cSS, but combined antithrombotic therapy might be hazardous. Our findings need to be confirmed by randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Martí-Fàbregas
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey.
| | - Pol Camps-Renom
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jonathan G Best
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Anna Ramos-Pachon
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Marina Guasch-Jiménez
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Domeño
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Daniel Guisado-Alonso
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Beatriz M Gómez-Ansón
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Gareth Ambler
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Duncan Wilson
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Michael G Hennerici
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hugues Chabriat
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Eric Jouvent
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Debbie Yuen Kwun Wong
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Henry Mak
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Young Dae Kim
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Ji-Hoe Heo
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Sebastian Eppinger
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Ender Uysal
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Derya Selçuk Demirelli
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Natan Bornstein
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hen Hallevi
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jeremy A Molad
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jun Tanaka
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hideo Hara
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Eric Smith
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Alexandros A Polymeris
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Benjamin Wagner
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - David Seiffge
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Philippe A Lyrer
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Nils Peters
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hans Rudolf Jäger
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Martina Goeldlin
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Leonidas Panos
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Christopher Charles Karayiannis
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Thanh G Phan
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Velandai K Srikanth
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Nicolas Christ
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Sarah Gunkel
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Felix Fluri
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Thomas W Leung
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Yannie O Y Soo
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Winnie Chu
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jill Abrigo
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Carmen Barbato
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Simone Browning
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Robert Simister
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Régis Bordet
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Saima Hilal
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Bibek Gyanwali
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Christopher Chen
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Simon Jung
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Dilek Necioglu Orken
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - David Werring
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Luis Prats-Sanchez
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
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Tanaka K, Miwa K, Yoshimura S, Kamiyama K, Yagita Y, Nagakane Y, Hoshino H, Terasaki T, Okada Y, Yakushiji Y, Takahashi S, Ueda T, Hasegawa Y, Shiozawa M, Sasaki M, Kudo K, Tanaka J, Nishihara M, Yamaguchi Y, Fujita K, Honda Y, Kawano H, Ide T, Yoshimoto T, Ihara M, Koga M, Hirano T, Toyoda K. Abstract 3: Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Burden For Bleeding Risk During Antithrombotic Therapy -BAT2-. Stroke 2023. [DOI: 10.1161/str.54.suppl_1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) has received attention as a risk stratification tool for antithrombotic-related intracranial hemorrhage but may also be a predictor for bleeding in other organs.
Purpose:
To determine the excess risk of antithrombotic-related bleeding due to cerebral SVD burden.
Methods:
Patients with cerebrovascular or cardiovascular diseases taking oral antithrombotic agents were prospectively enrolled from 52 hospitals across Japan between 2016 and 2019. Multimodal brain MRI was acquired at baseline for all patients under prespecified conditions. All MRI examinations were interpreted by a central diagnostic radiology committee for cerebral microbleeds, lacunes, white matter hyperintensities, and enlarged basal ganglia perivascular spaces, for calculation of a total SVD score (range 0-4). The primary outcome was major bleeding during 2-year follow-up. Secondary outcomes included bleeding in each site and ischemic events. Event risks according to SVD score were estimated with multivariable Cox proportional hazards models.
Results:
Of the analyzed 5250 patients (1736 women; median age, 73 years; 9933 patient-years follow-up), antiplatelets and anticoagulants were administered at baseline in 3948 and 1565, respectively. Median of the total SVD score was 2 (IQR 1-3). As SVD score increased, advanced age, hypertension, anemia, and chronic kidney disease were more prevalent (P<0.001 for each). A unit increase of SVD score was associated with a higher risk of major bleeding (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29-1.85) and intracranial hemorrhage (adjusted HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.28-2.03). With SVD score 4 compared to score 0, extracranial major bleeding (adjusted HR 3.37, 95% CI 1.12-10.15) and gastrointestinal bleeding (adjusted HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.02-6.35) were also significantly increased. A higher SVD score was associated with a mild but significant elevation of ischemic event risk (adjusted HR per unit increase 1.17, 95% CI 1.06-1.29).
Conclusions:
The total SVD score was predictive for intracranial hemorrhage and probably for extracranial bleeding, suggesting a broader clinical relevance of cerebral SVD as a marker for safe implementation of antithrombotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Tanaka
- Dept of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Cntr, Suita, Japan
| | - Kaori Miwa
- Dept of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Cntr, Suita, Japan
| | - Sohei Yoshimura
- Dept of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Cntr, Suita, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yasushi Okada
- National Hosp Organization Kyushu Med Cntr, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kohsuke Kudo
- Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Hokkaido Univ Graduate Sch of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Div of Neurology, Dept of Internal Medicine, Saga Univ Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
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9
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Ikeda S, Yakushiji Y, Tanaka J, Nishihara M, Ogata A, Eriguchi M, Ono S, Kosugi M, Suzuyama K, Mizoguchi M, Shichijo C, Ide T, Nagaishi Y, Mori H, Ono N, Yoshikawa M, Ide K, Minagawa H, Iida K, Kawamoto K, Katsuki Y, Irie H, Abe T, Hara H. Hypertension, cerebral Amyloid, aGe Associated Known neuroimaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease Undertaken with stroke REgistry (HAGAKURE) prospective cohort study: Baseline characteristics and association of cerebral small vessel disease with prognosis in an ischemic stroke cohort. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1117851. [PMID: 36936499 PMCID: PMC10018806 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1117851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is one of the leading causes of stroke; each neuroimaging marker of SVD is correlated with vascular risk factors and associated with poor prognosis after stroke. However, longitudinal studies investigating the association between comprehensive SVD burden scoring system, "total SVD score" - which encompasses the established neuroimaging markers of lacunae, cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), white matter hyperintensities (WMH) including periventricular hyperintensities, and perivascular spaces in basal ganglia- and clinical outcomes are limited. The aim of this study is to determine the association between SVD burden and long-term prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods and design This prospective, single-center, observational study enrolled patients with acute ischemic stroke, including cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attack. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed, and then total SVD score (range, 0-4) was calculated. We recorded baseline characteristics and evaluated the relationships of long-term outcomes to SVD neuroimaging markers and total SVD score. Stroke recurrence was thought as primary outcome. Hazard ratios (HRs) of events during follow-up were calculated using Cox proportional hazards modeling with adjustments for age, sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, and smoking. Cumulative event rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Consecutive 564 acute ischemic stroke patients were enrolled according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 467 participants with first-ever ischemic stroke were analyzed (median age 75.0 [interquartile range, 64.0-83.0] years, 59.3% male). Total SVD score was 0 point in 47 individuals (12.0%), 1 point in 83 (21.2%), 2 points in 103 (26.3%), 3 points in 85 (21.7%), and 4 points in 73 (18.7%). Twenty-eight recurrent stroke events were identified during follow-up. Total SVD score ≥ 2, presence of CMBs, and moderate-to-severe WMH were associated with increased risk of recurrent stroke events (HR 9.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.33-64.23; HR 2.81, 95% CI 1.08-7.30; HR 2.90, 95% CI 1.22-6.88, respectively). Conclusion The accumulation of SVD biomarkers as determined by total SVD score offered a reliable predictor of stroke recurrence. This study established a firm understanding of SVD prognosis in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ikeda
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yusuke Yakushiji,
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ogata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Makoto Eriguchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Shohei Ono
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kosugi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kohei Suzuyama
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Megumi Mizoguchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Chika Shichijo
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ide
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nagaishi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hodo Mori
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Natsuki Ono
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kiku Ide
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hiromu Minagawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kotaro Iida
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kawamoto
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Katsuki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Irie
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Abe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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10
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Tanaka K, Miwa K, Takagi M, Sasaki M, Yakushiji Y, Kudo K, Shiozawa M, Tanaka J, Nishihara M, Yamaguchi Y, Fujita K, Honda Y, Kawano H, Ide T, Yoshimura S, Koga M, Hirano T, Toyoda K. Increased Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Burden With Renal Dysfunction and Albuminuria in Patients Taking Antithrombotic Agents: The Bleeding With Antithrombotic Therapy 2. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e024749. [PMID: 35253443 PMCID: PMC9075282 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.024749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine the associations of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) burden with renal dysfunction and albuminuria in patients taking oral antithrombotic agents. Methods and Results Patients who newly started or continued taking oral antiplatelets or anticoagulants were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Obligatorily acquired multimodal magnetic resonance imaging at registration with prespecified imaging conditions was assessed for cerebral microbleeds, white matter hyperintensities, enlarged basal ganglia perivascular spaces, or lacunes, and an ordinal SVD score was calculated (range, 0–4). Multivariable adjusting covariates were age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, current smoking, drinking, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Of 5324 patients (1762 women; median age, 73 years), 4797 (90.1%) patients were taking oral antithrombotic agents for secondary stroke prevention. Cerebral microbleeds were present in 32.7%, confluent white matter hyperintensities in 51.8%, extensive basal ganglia perivascular spaces in 38.9%, and lacunes in 59.4%. Median SVD score was 2. Compared with eGFR category G1 (eGFR ≥90 mL/min per 1.73 m2), adjusted odds ratios for SVD score increment were 1.63 (95% CI, 1.11–2.39) at category G4 (eGFR 15–<30 mL/min per 1.73 m2) and 2.05 (95% CI, 1.33–3.16) at G5 (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1.73 m2). Corresponding odds ratios relative to urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (ACR) category A1 (ACR <30 mg/g) were 1.29 (95% CI, 1.12–1.49) for category A2 (ACR 30–<300 mg/g) and 1.37 (95% CI, 1.05–1.77) for A3 (ACR ≥300 mg/g). When combined eGFR and ACR categories were assessed, risks for SVD score increment generally increased as eGFR decreased and ACR increased. Conclusions Both reduced eGFR and albuminuria were independently associated with increased cerebral SVD burden in patients requiring oral antithrombotic medication mainly for secondary stroke prevention. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01581502; URL: https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr; Unique identifier: UMIN000023669.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Tanaka
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Suita Japan
| | - Kaori Miwa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Suita Japan
| | - Masahito Takagi
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Suita Japan
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Institute for Biomedical SciencesIwate Medical University Yahaba Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology Department of Internal Medicine Saga University Faculty of Medicine Saga Japan
- Department of Neurology Kansai Medical University Hirakata Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kudo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Suita Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Division of Neurology Department of Internal Medicine Saga University Faculty of Medicine Saga Japan
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology Saga University Faculty of Medicine Saga Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurology Yamagata Prefectural Central Hospital Yamagata Japan
| | - Kyohei Fujita
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuko Honda
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine Kyorin University Mitaka Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawano
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine Kyorin University Mitaka Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ide
- Division of Neurology Department of Internal Medicine Saga University Faculty of Medicine Saga Japan
| | - Sohei Yoshimura
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Suita Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Suita Japan
| | - Teruyuki Hirano
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine Kyorin University Mitaka Japan
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Suita Japan
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11
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Best JG, Ambler G, Wilson D, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Shiozawa M, Koga M, Li L, Lovelock C, Chabriat H, Hennerici M, Wong YK, Mak HKF, Prats-Sanchez L, Martínez-Domeño A, Inamura S, Yoshifuji K, Arsava EM, Horstmann S, Purrucker J, Lam BYK, Wong A, Kim YD, Song TJ, Lemmens R, Eppinger S, Gattringer T, Uysal E, Tanriverdi Z, Bornstein NM, Ben Assayag E, Hallevi H, Molad J, Nishihara M, Tanaka J, Coutts SB, Polymeris A, Wagner B, Seiffge DJ, Lyrer P, Algra A, Kappelle LJ, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GYH, Fischer U, El-Koussy M, Mas JL, Legrand L, Karayiannis C, Phan T, Gunkel S, Christ N, Abrigo J, Leung T, Chu W, Chappell F, Makin S, Hayden D, Williams DJ, Mess WH, Nederkoorn PJ, Barbato C, Browning S, Wiegertjes K, Tuladhar AM, Maaijwee N, Guevarra AC, Yatawara C, Mendyk AM, Delmaire C, Köhler S, van Oostenbrugge R, Zhou Y, Xu C, Hilal S, Gyanwali B, Chen C, Lou M, Staals J, Bordet R, Kandiah N, de Leeuw FE, Simister R, Hendrikse J, Kelly PJ, Wardlaw J, Soo Y, Fluri F, Srikanth V, Calvet D, Jung S, Kwa VIH, Engelter ST, Peters N, Smith EE, Hara H, Yakushiji Y, Orken DN, Fazekas F, Thijs V, Heo JH, Mok V, Veltkamp R, Ay H, Imaizumi T, Gomez-Anson B, Lau KK, Jouvent E, Rothwell PM, Toyoda K, Bae HJ, Marti-Fabregas J, Werring DJ. Development of imaging-based risk scores for prediction of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke in patients taking antithrombotic therapy after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from cohort studies. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:294-303. [PMID: 33743239 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balancing the risks of recurrent ischaemic stroke and intracranial haemorrhage is important for patients treated with antithrombotic therapy after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. However, existing predictive models offer insufficient performance, particularly for assessing the risk of intracranial haemorrhage. We aimed to develop new risk scores incorporating clinical variables and cerebral microbleeds, an MRI biomarker of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke risk. METHODS We did a pooled analysis of individual-patient data from the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network (MICON), which includes 38 hospital-based prospective cohort studies from 18 countries. All studies recruited participants with previous ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack, acquired baseline MRI allowing quantification of cerebral microbleeds, and followed-up participants for ischaemic stroke and intracranial haemorrhage. Participants not taking antithrombotic drugs were excluded. We developed Cox regression models to predict the 5-year risks of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke, selecting candidate predictors on biological relevance and simplifying models using backward elimination. We derived integer risk scores for clinical use. We assessed model performance in internal validation, adjusted for optimism using bootstrapping. The study is registered on PROSPERO, CRD42016036602. FINDINGS The included studies recruited participants between Aug 28, 2001, and Feb 4, 2018. 15 766 participants had follow-up for intracranial haemorrhage, and 15 784 for ischaemic stroke. Over a median follow-up of 2 years, 184 intracranial haemorrhages and 1048 ischaemic strokes were reported. The risk models we developed included cerebral microbleed burden and simple clinical variables. Optimism-adjusted c indices were 0·73 (95% CI 0·69-0·77) with a calibration slope of 0·94 (0·81-1·06) for the intracranial haemorrhage model and 0·63 (0·62-0·65) with a calibration slope of 0·97 (0·87-1·07) for the ischaemic stroke model. There was good agreement between predicted and observed risk for both models. INTERPRETATION The MICON risk scores, incorporating clinical variables and cerebral microbleeds, offer predictive value for the long-term risks of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke in patients prescribed antithrombotic therapy for secondary stroke prevention; external validation is warranted. FUNDING British Heart Foundation and Stroke Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Best
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
| | - Duncan Wilson
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Linxin Li
- Wolfson Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline Lovelock
- Wolfson Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugues Chabriat
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Federation Hospitalo-Universitaire NeuroVasc, Université de Paris, Paris, France; INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Michael Hennerici
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yuen Kwun Wong
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Henry Ka Fung Mak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Luis Prats-Sanchez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Domeño
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shigeru Inamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshifuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Ethem Murat Arsava
- A A Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging, Department of Neurology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Solveig Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Purrucker
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bonnie Yin Ka Lam
- Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Adrian Wong
- Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Young Dae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Center for Brain & Disease Research; Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ender Uysal
- Department of Radiology, Saglık Bilimleri University, Sisli Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Tanriverdi
- Department of Neurology, İzmir Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, İzmir Turkey
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hen Hallevi
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeremy Molad
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alexandros Polymeris
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Wagner
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - David J Seiffge
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Lyrer
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ale Algra
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hans R Jäger
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Urs Fischer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marwan El-Koussy
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Mas
- Department of Neurology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Legrand
- Department of Neuroradiology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Thanh Phan
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Gunkel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Christ
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jill Abrigo
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Thomas Leung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Winnie Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Francesca Chappell
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Makin
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Derek Hayden
- The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Williams
- Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences Dublin, Ireland; Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital Dublin, Ireland
| | - Werner H Mess
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Nederkoorn
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Netherlands
| | - Carmen Barbato
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Simone Browning
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kim Wiegertjes
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anil M Tuladhar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje Maaijwee
- Department for Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Neurocenter, Lucerne State Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, University of Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christine Delmaire
- Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, University of Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France; Department of Radiology, Fondation A de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Robert van Oostenbrugge
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Saima Hilal
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bibek Gyanwali
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Régis Bordet
- Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, University of Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Simister
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jeroen Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Kelly
- The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yannie Soo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Felix Fluri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Calvet
- Department of Neurology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Simon Jung
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent I H Kwa
- Department of Neurology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Peters
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric E Smith
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan; Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vincent Thijs
- Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Vincent Mok
- Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hakan Ay
- A A Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging, Department of Neurology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA; Takeda, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Toshio Imaizumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Beatriz Gomez-Anson
- Unit of Neuroradiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Eric Jouvent
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Federation Hospitalo-Universitaire NeuroVasc, Université de Paris, Paris, France; INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Peter M Rothwell
- Wolfson Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Joan Marti-Fabregas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David J Werring
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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12
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Nishida N, Furusho A, Aoki H, Ohno-Urabe S, Nishihara M, Hirakata S, Hayashi M, Ito S, Majima R, Hashimoto Y, Nakao E, Fukumoto Y. The role of B cells and IgG in aortic dissection. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Aortic dissection (AD) is one of the destructive and fatal aortic diseases, for which molecular pathogenesis is largely unknown. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of inflammatory response in AD. We and others reported that B cells and immunoglobulins participate in pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm, another form of aortic destructive disease, by promoting inflammatory response. It is not known whether and how B cells participate in AD pathogenesis.
Methods and results
Immunohistochemical staining of human AD tissue revealed that B cells were clustered together with T cells, macrophages and neutrophils at the entry site of AD with medial disruption. B cell cluster was also observed at the site of medial disruption in mouse model of AD that was induced by continuous infusion of beta-aminopropionitrile and angiotensin II (BAPN+AngII). In muMT mouse, which is deficient for B cells and immunoglobulins due to genetic deletion of immunoglobulin heavy chain, BAPN+AngII induced significantly less severe AD compared to that in wild type. Depositions of IgG and fibrinogen, one of the endogenous antigen for natural IgG, were observed after BAPN+AngII infusion before and after AD development in wild type mice. Deposition of fibrinogen was also observed in mMT mice after BAPN+AngII infusion. The rate of aortic rupture and sudden death was approximately 42% in wild type mice, while that in muMT mouse was 12% (P<0.05). Administration of mouse normal polyclonal IgG to muMT mice resulted in dramatic increase in aortic rupture and sudden death, starting at day 7 of BAPN+AngII infusion, and reaching 69% of rupture rate, indicating the critical role of IgG in AD.
Conclusion
These findings demonstrated B cells and IgG are critically involved in the destructive inflammation of AD pathogenesis. Further, the deposition of fibrinogen, one of the targets of natural IgG, precedes the development of AD. Our findings may provide the conceptual foundation of the diagnostic strategy for on-going tissue destruction and for the therapeutic opportunities to intervene the progressive tissue destruction in AD.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nishida
- Kurume University School of Medicine, cardiovascular medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - A Furusho
- Kurume University School of Medicine, cardiovascular medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - H Aoki
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of the Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - S Ohno-Urabe
- Kurume University School of Medicine, cardiovascular medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - M Nishihara
- Kurume University School of Medicine, cardiovascular medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - S Hirakata
- Kurume University School of Medicine, cardiovascular medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - M Hayashi
- Kurume University School of Medicine, cardiovascular medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - S Ito
- Kurume University School of Medicine, cardiovascular medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - R Majima
- Kurume University School of Medicine, cardiovascular medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Y Hashimoto
- Kurume University School of Medicine, cardiovascular medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - E Nakao
- Kurume University School of Medicine, cardiovascular medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Y Fukumoto
- Kurume University School of Medicine, cardiovascular medicine, Kurume, Japan
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13
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Yakushiji Y, Tanaka J, Wilson D, Charidimou A, Noguchi T, Kawashima M, Nishihara M, Best J, Ide T, Nagaishi Y, Mizoguchi M, Hara H, Werring DJ. Proportion of intracerebral haemorrhage due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the East and West: Comparison between single hospital centres in Japan and the United Kingdom. J Neurol Sci 2020; 416:117037. [PMID: 32711192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether the proportion of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) differs between patients admitted to hospitals in the East and the West. METHODS This international cross-sectional study included consecutive spontaneous ICH patients admitted to one stroke centre in the United Kingdom (Western centre origin) and one in Japan (Eastern centre origin) during the same period. We classified spontaneous ICH into "CAA-related" or "other" using the Edinburgh CT-based diagnostic criteria. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to assess the relationship between CAA-related ICH and geographical location or ethnicity (White vs. East Asian or other ethnicities). Sensitivity analyses were performed using the modified Boston MRI-based diagnostic criteria for CAA-related ICH. RESULTS Of 433 patients (median age, 72 years; Western centre origin, 55%), 15% were classified as CAA-related ICH. In the multivariable logistic regression model, Eastern centre and ethnicity had a lower proportion of CAA-related ICH (odds ratio [OR] vs Western centre origin 0.55, 95%CI 0.31-0.98; OR [vs. White] 0.47, 95%CI 0.25-0.87); these findings remained robust in sensitivity analyses. The estimated incidence of "other" (non-CAA) ICH (attributed to hypertensive arteriopathy) was 2.5-fold higher in East Asian populations. CONCLUSIONS The proportion CAA-related ICH is lower in an Eastern compared to a Western hospital ICH population; this might be explained by a higher incidence of ICH related to hypertensive arteriopathy in East Asian populations, suggesting that optimal ICH prevention strategies might differ between the East and West.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yakushiji
- Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, First Floor, Russell Square House, 10-12 Russell Square, London WC1B 5EH, UK; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan; Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, First Floor, Russell Square House, 10-12 Russell Square, London WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, First Floor, Russell Square House, 10-12 Russell Square, London WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Tomoyuki Noguchi
- Department of Radiology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Masatou Kawashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Jonathan Best
- Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, First Floor, Russell Square House, 10-12 Russell Square, London WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Toshihiro Ide
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nagaishi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Megumi Mizoguchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, First Floor, Russell Square House, 10-12 Russell Square, London WC1B 5EH, UK
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14
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Ogata A, Wakamiya T, Nishihara M, Tanaka T, Mizokami T, Masuoka J, Momozaki N, Sakata S, Irie H, Abe T. Association between Pericytes in Intraplaque Neovessels and Magnetic Resonance Angiography Findings. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061980. [PMID: 32183204 PMCID: PMC7139898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Pericytes are involved in intraplaque neovascularization of advanced and complicated atherosclerotic lesions. However, the role of pericytes in human carotid plaques is unclear. An unstable carotid plaque that shows high-intensity signals on time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is often a cause of ischemic stroke. The aim of the present study is to examine the relationship between the pericytes in intraplaque neovessels and MRA findings. (2) Methods: A total of 46 patients with 49 carotid artery stenoses who underwent carotid endarterectomy at our hospitals were enrolled. The patients with carotid plaques that were histopathologically evaluated were retrospectively analyzed. Intraplaque hemorrhage was evaluated using glycophorin A staining, and intraplaque neovessels were evaluated using CD34 (Cluster of differentiation) stain as an endothelial cell marker or NG2 (Neuron-glial antigen 2) and CD146 stains as pericyte markers. Additionally, the relationships between the TOF-MRA findings and the carotid plaque pathologies were evaluated. (3) Results: Of the 49 stenoses, 28 had high-intensity signals (TOF-HIS group) and 21 had iso-intensity signals (TOF-IIS group) on TOF-MRA. The density of the CD34-positive neovessels was equivalent in both groups. However, the NG2- and CD146-positive neovessels had significantly higher densities in the TOF-HIS group than in the TOF-IIS group. (4) Conclusion: The presence of a high-intensity signal on TOF-MRA in carotid plaques was associated with intraplaque hemorrhage and few pericytes in intraplaque neovessels. These findings may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies focusing on pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ogata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 840-8501, Japan; (T.W.); (T.T.); (T.M.); (J.M.); (T.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomihiro Wakamiya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 840-8501, Japan; (T.W.); (T.T.); (T.M.); (J.M.); (T.A.)
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 840-8501, Japan; (M.N.); (H.I.)
| | - Tatsuya Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 840-8501, Japan; (T.W.); (T.T.); (T.M.); (J.M.); (T.A.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imari Arita Kyoritsu Hospital, Imari 849-4193, Japan;
| | - Taichiro Mizokami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 840-8501, Japan; (T.W.); (T.T.); (T.M.); (J.M.); (T.A.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saga Ken Medical Center Koseikan, Saga 840-8571, Japan;
| | - Jun Masuoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 840-8501, Japan; (T.W.); (T.T.); (T.M.); (J.M.); (T.A.)
| | - Nobuaki Momozaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imari Arita Kyoritsu Hospital, Imari 849-4193, Japan;
| | - Shuji Sakata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saga Ken Medical Center Koseikan, Saga 840-8571, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Irie
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 840-8501, Japan; (M.N.); (H.I.)
| | - Tatsuya Abe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 840-8501, Japan; (T.W.); (T.T.); (T.M.); (J.M.); (T.A.)
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15
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Suzuyama K, Yakushiji Y, Ogata A, Nishihara M, Eriguchi M, Kawaguchi A, Noguchi T, Nakajima J, Hara H. Total small vessel disease score and cerebro-cardiovascular events in healthy adults: The Kashima scan study. Int J Stroke 2020; 15:973-979. [PMID: 32075572 DOI: 10.1177/1747493020908144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We explored the association between the total small vessel disease score obtained from baseline magnetic resonance imaging and subsequent cerebro-cardiovascular events in neurologically healthy Japanese adults. METHODS The presence of small vessel disease features, including lacunae, cerebral microbleeds, white matter changes, and basal ganglia perivascular spaces on magnetic resonance imaging, was summed to obtain a "total small vessel disease score" (range, 0-4). After excluding participants with previous stroke or ischemic heart disease, intracranial artery stenosis (≥50%), or cerebral aneurysm (≥4 mm), a total of 1349 participants (mean age, 57.7 years; range, 22.8-85.0 years; 46.9% male) were classified into three groups by total small vessel disease score: 0 (n = 984), 1 (n = 269), and ≥2 (n = 96). Cerebro-cardiovascular events (i.e., any stroke, transient ischemic attack, ischemic heart disease, acute heart failure, and aortic dissection) were defined as the primary end point. The hazard ratio (HR) of events during follow-up was calculated using Cox proportional hazards modeling with adjustments for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. Cumulative event-free rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS During follow-up (mean, 6.7 years), 35 cerebro-cardiovascular (16 cerebrovascular) events were identified. Higher small vessel disease score was associated with increased risk of cerebro-cardiovascular events (HR per unit increase, 2.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-3.46; P = 0.001). Events were more frequent among participants with higher score (P < 0.001, log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS This study offered additional evidence for the clinical relevance of total small vessel disease score, suggesting the score as a promising tool to predict the risk of subsequent vascular events even in healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Suzuyama
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, 476002Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, 476002Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ogata
- Department of Neurosurgery, 476002Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, 476002Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Makoto Eriguchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, 476002Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Education and Research Center for Community Medicine, 476002Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Noguchi
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junko Nakajima
- Department of Radiology, Yuai-Kai Oda Hospital, Kashima, Japan
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, 476002Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
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Yakushiji Y, Tanaka J, Wilson D, Charidimou A, Noguchi T, Kawashima M, Nishihara M, Best J, Ide T, Nagaishi Y, Mizoguchi M, Hara H, Werring DJ. Abstract TP330: Proportion of Intracerebral Haemorrhage Due to Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in the East and West. Stroke 2020. [DOI: 10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.tp330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
We investigated whether the proportion of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) differs between patients of Eastern and Western origin.
Methods:
This is a retrospective international cross-sectional study of consecutive first-ever spontaneous ICH patients (including patients with surgical intervention) admitted to one stroke centre in the United Kingdom (Western centre origin) and one in Japan (Eastern centre origin) during the same period. We classified spontaneous ICH into “CAA-related ICH” defined by the Edinburgh CT diagnostic criteria, and “other ICH”. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to assess the relationship between CAA-ICH and geographical location (Western or Eastern centre origin) or ethnicity (Western [reference], East Asian, or other) with adjustment for confounders.
Results:
Of 334 patients (median age, 71 years; male, 54%; Western centre origin, 58%), 15% were classified as CAA-ICH, and 85% were defined as other ICH. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, Eastern centre and ethnicity had a lower proportion of CAA-ICH (odds ratio [OR] vs Western centre origin 0.47, 95%CI 0.23-0.98; OR [vs. white] 0.41, 95%CI 0.20-0.97, respectively).The estimated incidence of CAA-related ICH in East Asian was similar to that in White populations, but the rate of other ICH was 2.5-fold higher in East Asian populations. Sensitivity analyses using the modified Boston criteria for diagnosis of CAA-related ICH showed similar results.
Conclusions:
The proportion CAA-ICH is lower in an Eastern compared to a Western population; this appears to be explained by a higher incidence of ICH due to hypertensive (deep perforator) arteriopathy in East Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yakushiji
- Div of Neurology, Dept of Internal Medicine, Saga Univ Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Div of Neurology, Dept of Internal Medicine, Saga Univ Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Stroke Rsch Cntr, Dept of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hosp for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- Stroke Rsch Cntr, Dept of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hosp for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan Best
- Stroke Rsch Cntr, Dept of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hosp for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Toshihiro Ide
- Div of Neurology, Dept of Internal Medicine, Saga Univ Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nagaishi
- Div of Neurology, Dept of Internal Medicine, Saga Univ Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Megumi Mizoguchi
- Div of Neurology, Dept of Internal Medicine, Saga Univ Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Hideo Hara
- Div of Neurology, Dept of Internal Medicine, Saga Univ Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Rsch Cntr, Dept of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hosp for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Urashima Y, Urashima K, Ohnishi M, Matsushita K, Suzuki K, Kurachi K, Nishihara M, Katsumata T, Myotoku M, Ikeda K, Hirotani Y. Interaction between phenytoin and enteral nutrients and its influence on gastrointestinal absorption. Pharmazie 2019; 74:559-562. [PMID: 31484597 DOI: 10.1691/ph.2019.9532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal absorption of phenytoin (PHT), an antiepileptic drug, is often affected by its interaction with co-administered enteral nutrients through a nasogastric (NG) tube, resulting in decreased plasma PHT concentration. In this study, we measured the recovery rate (%) of PHT (Aleviatin® powder) passed through an NG tube when co-administered with distilled water or enteral nutrients (F2α®, Racol® NF, Ensure Liquid® and Renalen® LP). We also measured plasma PHT levels in rats, after oral co-administration of PHT with enteral nutrients. We demonstrate that PHT recovery rate was close to 100 % in all cases after passage through the NG tube. In the rat study, the AUC0→∞ of PHT concentration after oral administration significantly decreased when it was co-administered with F2α® and Racol® NF compared to distilled water. However, the AUC0→∞ of PHT was unchanged when co-administered with F2α® 2 h after initial PHT administration. We therefore conclude that the co-administration of PHT with F2α® and Racol® NF caused a reduction in the absorption of PHT from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood, without adsorption to the NG tube. The administration of enteral nutrients 2 h after PHT is one clear way to prevent a decrease in plasma PHT concentration.
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Nishihara M, Morikawa N, Yokoyama S, Nishikura K, Yasuhara M, Matsuo H. Risk factors increasing blood pressure in Japanese colorectal cancer patients treated with bevacizumab. Pharmazie 2019; 73:671-675. [PMID: 30396388 DOI: 10.1691/ph.2018.8664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Bevacizumab has been reported to increase blood pressure. However, the factors, including patient characteristics and laboratory data contributing to this side effect remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the relationships between increased blood pressure and bevacizumab administration, patient characteristics, and laboratory data. Between April 2007 and January 2018, factor analysis was retrospectively conducted by monitoring increases in blood pressure, the status of bevacizumab administration, patient characteristics, and laboratory data before the first administration in Japanese patients with colorectal cancer who satisfied the criteria for this study. Sixty-seven patients were included, 34 of whom (50.7%) had an increase in blood pressure after bevacizumab administration. On univariate analysis, liver metastasis, antihypertensive drug use, systolic blood pressure at rest before the first bevacizumab administration, body mass index, creatinine, and blood platelet count were significantly different between the two groups. Multivariate analysis was conducted using increased blood pressure as an objective variable and the factors extracted by the univariate analysis as explanatory variables. The results suggested that liver metastasis, antihypertensive drugs, systolic blood pressure at rest before the first bevacizumab administration, and creatinine were associated with the increase in blood pressure. Furthermore, a log-rank test performed based on Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that liver metastasis in patients not taking antihypertensive drugs and antihypertensive drug use in patients without liver metastasis were significantly associated with increased blood pressure. Additionally, liver metastasis in patients with antihypertensive drug use was significantly associated with increased blood pressure. Our findings suggest that liver metastasis and antihypertensive drug use, which was previously reported, are risk factors for increased blood pressure.
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19
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Ebashi R, Ogata A, Nishihara M, Inoue K, Yoshioka F, Takase Y, Masuoka J, Yakushiji Y, Irie H, Hara H, Abe T. Significance of simulated conventional images on dual energy CT after endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke. J Neurointerv Surg 2019; 11:898-902. [PMID: 30670626 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE CT scans often reveal post-interventional cerebral hyperdensities (PCHDs) immediately after intra-arterial thrombectomy (IAT) for ischemic stroke. Dual energy CT (DE-CT) can indicate whether PCHDs are caused by hemorrhage or iodinated contrast. Hyperdense lesions, detected on DE-CT with the use of iodinated contrast, could be associated with delayed hemorrhagic transformation and poor outcome. However, the quantitative indicators in DE-CT for predicting delayed hemorrhagic transformation remain unclear. We assessed such indicators for predicting delayed hemorrhagic transformation. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 52 consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent IAT. Simulated conventional CT (sCCT) images were obtained immediately after a DE-CT scan. Virtual, unenhanced, non-contrast (VNC) imaging was performed after reconstruction. Hounsfield units (HU) of the infarct areas observed on the sCCT were measured. The association of HU on sCCT with hemorrhage on VNC and delayed parenchymal hemorrhage (PH) was evaluated. RESULTS The HU of sCCT with hemorrhage on VNC was significantly higher than without it (377.9±385 HU vs 83.5±37.9 HU; P<0.0001). The cut-off index was 80 HU, which displayed 100% sensitivity, 63.8% specificity, 22.3% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value (P=0.0001, area under the curve (AUC)=0.89). The HU with delayed PH was substantially higher than without it (250.8±382.2 HU vs 93.7±64.8 HU; P=0.01). The cut-off index was 78 HU, which showed 100% sensitivity, 61% specificity, 25% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value (P=0.049, AUC=0.76). CONCLUSION sCCT images on DE-CT are useful for excluding intracerebral hemorrhage and delayed PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ebashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ogata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kohei Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Yoshioka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yukinori Takase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Jun Masuoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Irie
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Abe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Tateishi H, Nishihara M, Kawaguchi A, Matsushima J, Murakawa T, Haraguchi Y, Kunitake Y, Maekawa T, Kato TA, Asami T, Mizoguchi Y, Monji A. Improvement Of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction And White Matter Integrity By rTMS In Treatment-Resistant Depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:3079-3087. [PMID: 31806977 PMCID: PMC6842748 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s228501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The impairment experienced by many individuals with depression is closely related to the cognitive symptoms of the disorder. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation method providing a promising technique for improving cognitive symptoms in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). In the present study, we investigated whether a relationship exists between improvements in frontal lobe dysfunction induced by rTMS and improvement of white matter integrity revealed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in TRD patients receiving rTMS treatment. METHODS A total of 12 patients with TRD were enrolled in a high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS study (August 2013-January 2019). Frontal lobe function and depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and at the endpoint of rTMS treatment. Fractional anisotropy (FA), as a measure of white matter integrity obtained from DTI, was investigated using a region-of-interest (ROI) approach. RESULTS rTMS treatment significantly improved depressive symptom scores and some subscales of frontal lobe dysfunction. Category scores in the Word Fluency Test and scores on part 3 of the Color Stroop Test were improved independently of the improvement of depressive symptoms. In the ROI analysis, none of the FA increases in any region were correlated with improvement of any frontal lobe function (n = 12). CONCLUSION Although rTMS resulted in partial improvement of frontal lobe dysfunction as well as white matter integrity, we found no correlation between improved frontal lobe dysfunction and improved white matter integrity in TRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tateishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Saga University Hospital, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Saga University Hospital, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Center of Comprehensive Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Matsushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Murakawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Haraguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kunitake
- Department of Psychiatry, Saga University Hospital, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Maekawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 842-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 842-8582, Japan
| | - Toyoko Asami
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Saga University Hospital, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshito Mizoguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Monji
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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Ohno-Urabe S, Aoki H, Nishihara M, Furusho A, Hirakata S, Nishida N, Ito S, Hayashi M, Hashimoto Y, Majima R, Fukumoto Y. P4418Overactivation of macrophage promotes aortic dissection through the induction of Ink4a/Arf and impairment of smooth muscle proliferation in mouse aorta. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy563.p4418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Ohno-Urabe
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - H Aoki
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of the Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - M Nishihara
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - A Furusho
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - S Hirakata
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - N Nishida
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - S Ito
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - M Hayashi
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Y Hashimoto
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - R Majima
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Y Fukumoto
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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22
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Ito S, Aoki H, Nishihara M, Ohno S, Furusho A, Hirakata S, Nishida N, Hayashi M, Hashimoto Y, Majima R, Kuwahara K, Fukumoto Y. P3779MRTF-A mediates aortic smooth muscle cell apoptosis and inflammatory response to develop aortic dissection. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy563.p3779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Ito
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - H Aoki
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of the Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - M Nishihara
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - S Ohno
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - A Furusho
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - S Hirakata
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - N Nishida
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - M Hayashi
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Y Hashimoto
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - R Majima
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | | | - Y Fukumoto
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Yakushiji Y, Charidimou A, Noguchi T, Nishihara M, Eriguchi M, Nanri Y, Kawaguchi A, Hirotsu T, Werring DJ, Hara H. Total Small Vessel Disease Score in Neurologically Healthy Japanese Adults in the Kashima Scan Study. Intern Med 2018; 57:189-196. [PMID: 29033410 PMCID: PMC5820035 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8393-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We explored the association between the total small vessel disease (SVD) score obtained with magnetic resonance imaging and risk factors and outcomes in the Japanese population. Methods The presence of SVD features, including lacunes, cerebral microbleeds, white matter changes, and basal ganglia perivascular spaces on MRI, was summed to obtain a "total SVD score" (range 0-4). Ordinal and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association of higher total SVD scores with vascular risk factors, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, and cerebral atrophy. Results We included 1,451 neurologically healthy adults (mean age, 57.1 years; 47% male). A multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that the total SVD score was associated with aging, hypertension, blood pressure (BP), diabetes mellitus, MMSE score, and deep cerebral atrophy, but the equal slopes assumption between scores did not hold. A multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis (total SVD score 0=reference) showed that aging, hypertension, and BP were positively associated with scores of 1, 2, or ≥3. These effects, presented as odds ratios (ORs), increased as the score increased and were strongest with a score of ≥3 [aging (per 10-year increment), OR 4.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.47-6.46; hypertension, OR 5.68, 95% CI 2.52-12.80; systolic BP (per standard deviation increase), OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.41-2.74, respectively]. Diabetes mellitus and deep cerebral atrophy tended to be associated with the SVD scores. The MMSE score showed no consistent associations. Conclusion The total SVD score may be a promising tool for indexing SVD, even in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Noguchi
- Department of Radiology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Eriguchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nanri
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Center for Comprehensive Community Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UK
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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Nishihara M, Terayama Y, Haji T, Lyth SM, Satokawa S, Matsumoto H. Proton-conductive nano zeolite-PVA composite film as a new water-absorbing electrolyte for water electrolysis. EXPRESS POLYM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2018.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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25
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Ohno S, Aoki H, Nishihara M, Furusho A, Hirakata S, Nishida N, Ito S, Hayashi M, Akashi H, Tanaka H, Fukumoto Y. P690Macrophage Stat3 promotes progression of aortic dissection via M1 differentiation and smooth muscle dedifferentiation. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx501.p690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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26
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Nishida N, Aoki H, Ohno S, Nishihara M, Furusho A, Hirakata S, Hayashi M, Ito S, Yasukawa H, Fukumoto Y. P5396Synergistic effect of high salt and IL-17 worsens aortic dissection by dysregulation of extracellular matrix. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx493.p5396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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27
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Ito S, Aoki H, Nishihara M, Ohno S, Furusho A, Hirakata S, Nishida N, Hayashi M, Fukumoto Y. 3851Myocardin-related transcription factor-A is required for development of aortic dissection. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.3851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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Furusho A, Aoki H, Nishihara M, Ohno S, Hirakata S, Nishida N, Ito S, Hayashi M, Akashi H, Tanaka H, Fukumoto Y. 3849Involvement of B cell/Syk axis in development of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.3849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Matsuwaki T, Komatsuda M, Fujisawa A, Doke M, Yamanouchi K, Nishihara M. Molecular species of prostaglandins involved in modulating luteinising hormone pulses of female rats under infectious stress conditions. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28544399 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian reproductive function is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which is suppressed under infectious stress conditions. By analysing the pulsatility of luteinising hormone (LH), we have previously demonstrated that prostaglandins (PGs) in the central nervous system mediate infectious stress to suppress the activity of the HPG axis. The present study aimed to characterise the types of PGs responsible for suppression of the HPG axis. We focused on three major types of PGs: PGE2 , PGD2 and PGF2α . We used female rats overiectomised bilaterally 1 week before the experiments. Lipopolysaccharide (100 μg kg-1 ) suppressed LH pulses at the same time as enhancing the concentration of all three PGs in the cerebrospinal fluid, which was restored by indomethacin (10 mg kg-1 ). Subsequently, we observed LH pulsatility after a single injection of each PG and after co-injection of PGE2 with PGF2α into the third cerebral ventricle. A single injection of PGE2 dose-dependently induced a transient increase in mean LH concentration and LH pulse amplitude, and PGD2 significantly increased the amplitude of LH pulses, wereas PGF2α did not affect LH pulsatility. On the other hand, co-injection of PGE2 and PGF2α induced a significant suppression of both the frequency and amplitude of LH pulses. These results suggest that PGE2 and PGF2α can represent two of the mediators that suppress the HPG axis in situations of infectious stress. Moreover, the results imply that there are two contradictory effects of PGE2 on LH pulsatility: (i) enhancive when working alone and (ii) suppressive when working together with PGF2α .
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsuwaki
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Komatsuda
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Fujisawa
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Doke
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Yamanouchi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Nishihara
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Grochowiecki T, Gotoh M, Dono K, Takeda Y, Nishihara M, Ohta Y, Kimura F, Ohzato H, Umeshita K, Sakon M, Monden M. Pretreatment of Crude Pancreatic Islets with Mitomycin C (Mmc) Prolongs Islet Graft Survival in a Xenogeneic Rat-To-Mouse Model. Cell Transplant 2017; 7:411-2. [PMID: 9710312 DOI: 10.1177/096368979800700411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effect of mitomycin C (MMC) treatment on graft survival and evaluated its efficacy in immunomodulation of islet graft for transplantation. Male WS rats were used as islet donors and streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice as recipients. The isolated islets were treated with MMC at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, 3.2, 10, 32, 100, 320, and 1000 μg/mL for 30 min, and were cultured for 20 h. Then, 300–400 islets were transplanted into the renal subcapsular space of diabetic mice. Significant prolongation of graft survival was obtained when the islets were treated with MMC at a concentration of 10, 32, or 100 μg/mL (MST 23 ± 7.4, 17.5 ± 5.4, 29.6 ± 9.7 days: p < 0.003, p < 0.012, p < 0.001, respectively, vs. 12.3 ± 2.7 days for culturing alone). Islets treated with MMC at a concentration of 320 μg/mL or more failed to restore normoglycemia in the diabetic recipient mice after transplantation. Viability of islets incubated with doses up to 100 μg/mL, assessed under the confocal microscope after propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342 staining, was maintained well comparable to that of freshly isolated islets, while those treated at 320 μg/mL was significantly decreased. Thus, a therapeutic window for MMC efficacy was found at concentrations from 10 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL. This modality is simple and effective and underlying molecular mechanisms need to be determined in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Grochowiecki
- Department of Surgery II, Osaka University Medical School, Yamadaoka, Suita, Japan
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Eriguchi M, Yakushiji Y, Tanaka J, Nishihara M, Hara H. Thrombolysis-related Multiple Lobar Hemorrhaging in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy with Extensive Strictly Lobar Cerebral Microbleeding. Intern Med 2017; 56:1907-1910. [PMID: 28717091 PMCID: PMC5548688 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.8007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A hemi-paralyzed 86-year-old man was diagnosed with ischemic stroke and underwent thrombolysis. Pre-thrombolysis brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed extensive strictly lobar cerebral microbleeding (CMB). Post-thrombolytic computed tomography revealed asymptomatic multiple intracerebral hemorrhaging (ICH). His age, CMB topography, and decreased cerebral spinal fluid amyloid-β 40 and 42 levels were compatible with a diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). There is no consensus on the safety of thrombolysis for acute stroke patients with CAA. Patients with CAA might have a higher incidence of thrombolysis-related ICH than those without CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Eriguchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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Nishihara M, Noguchi T, Kawashima M, Azama S, Matsushima K, Irie H. Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging Assessment for Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia: Value of Three-Dimensional T2-Reversed MR Imaging (3D-T2R) in Conjunction with Other Modes of 3D MR Imaging. Pol J Radiol 2017; 82:638-644. [PMID: 29657629 PMCID: PMC5894067 DOI: 10.12659/pjr.902896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To retrospectively examine the usefulness of gray-scale reversal imaging of T2-weighted images (3D-T2R) in conjunction with other modes of 3D MRI for preoperative assessments in patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) due to neurovascular compression. Material/Methods Imaging findings on 3D-T2R, constructive interference in steady state (CISS), and MRA were analyzed with reference to operative charts in 10 patients with GPN. Results Offending vessels were associated with the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in 9 of 10 patients (90%). Eight of the 10 patients (80%) had offending vessels located at the supraolivary fossette. Of those eight patients, six (75%) had a shift of the ipsilateral vertebral artery to the affected side. Five (42%) and seven (48%) contact points were associated with the root entry/exit zone and the peripheral nerve system segment, respectively. In six of nine contact points (67%), 3D-T2R demonstrated the pathomorphological features at the contact points better than CISS. Conclusions The offending vessels were mostly associated with posterior inferior cerebellar arteries, were frequently located at the supraolivary fossette, and had attachments at the root entry/exit zone and at the peripheral segment of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which was well demonstrated on 3D-T2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Noguchi
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatou Kawashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Shinya Azama
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Ken Matsushima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Irie
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Kanoto M, Kirii K, Toyoguchi Y, Nishihara M, Sakurai K, Murayama K, Noguchi T, Matsuda K, Sakurada K, Sonoda Y, Hosoya T. Radiological imaging features of glioblastoma with oligodendroglioma component: a comparison with conventional glioblastoma. Acta Radiol Open 2016; 5:2058460116675191. [PMID: 27900202 PMCID: PMC5122177 DOI: 10.1177/2058460116675191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma with oligodendroglioma component (GBMO) is a subtype of conventional glioblastoma (cGBM), which is categorized as WHO grade IV. GBMO can be histopathologically distinguished from cGBM and the prognosis of GBMO is better than that of cGBM. However, no systematic review of GBMO imaging findings has been published to date. Purpose To clarify the radiological imaging features of GBMO compared with those of cGBM. Material and Methods The participants were 15 patients with GBMO and 32 patients with cGBM as a control group, all of whom were histopathologically diagnosed. A radiologist retrospectively reviewed the imaging findings of both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for density, signal intensity, contrast medium enhancement (CE), cortical swelling, and cortical swelling without CE. We statistically analyzed the imaging findings by Chi-squared test. Results Cortical swelling without CE in GBMO was significantly greater than that in cGBM (P = 0.004). Non-CE and heterogeneous solid enhancement were observed significantly more often in GBMO (P = 0.004). No other findings were significant. Conclusion There was significant difference in the findings of the CE, which exhibited solid heterogeneous enhancement in GBMO. Cortical swelling without CE can be considered significantly characteristic of GBMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Kanoto
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kazukuni Kirii
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yuuki Toyoguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Keita Sakurai
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Japan
| | | | - Tomoyuki Noguchi
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Matsuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kaori Sakurada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Sonoda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hosoya
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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Sasayama T, Tanaka K, Nishihara M, Nagashima H, Sakata J, Mizowaki T, Mizukawa K, Kohmura E. OS4.7 CXCL13 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a biomarker for primary central nervous system cell lymphoma (PCNSL). Neuro Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now188.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ogata A, Kawashima M, Wakamiya T, Nishihara M, Masuoka J, Nakahara Y, Ebashi R, Inoue K, Takase Y, Irie H, Abe T. Carotid artery stenosis with a high-intensity signal plaque on time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography and association with evidence of intraplaque hypoxia. J Neurosurg 2016; 126:1873-1878. [DOI: 10.3171/2016.4.jns16349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEHypoxia induces angiogenesis and plays a major role in the progression of carotid plaques. During carotid intervention, plaques with high-intensity signals on time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) often cause ischemic stroke and embolic complications. However, the role of intraplaque hypoxia before carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting is not presently understood. In this study the authors aimed to investigate the relationship between intraplaque hypoxia and MRA findings.METHODSNineteen consecutive patients with 20 carotid artery stenoses who underwent CEA at Saga University Hospital between August 2008 and December 2014 were enrolled in the study. The expressions of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were analyzed by immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, the relationship between the findings on TOF MRA and pathology for the carotid plaques was analyzed.RESULTSHigh-intensity plaques on TOF MRA showed higher expression levels of HIF-1α (p = 0.015) and VEGF (p = 0.007) compared with isointensity plaques. The rate of intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) on TOF MRA was also significantly higher in the high-intensity plaques than in the isointensity plaques (p = 0.024). Finally, the mean number of neovessels was significantly higher in those without plaque hemorrhage than in those with plaque hemorrhage (p = 0.010).CONCLUSIONSPlaques with high-intensity signals on TOF MRA were associated with IPH and evidence of intraplaque hypoxia. This fact may represent an opportunity to establish novel therapeutic agents targeting intraplaque hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hiroyuki Irie
- 2Radiology, School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Noguchi T, Yakushiji Y, Nishihara M, Togao O, Yamashita K, Kikuchi K, Matsuo M, Azama S, Irie H. Arterial Spin-labeling in Central Nervous System Infection. Magn Reson Med Sci 2016; 15:386-394. [PMID: 27001393 PMCID: PMC5608113 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.mp.2015-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the characteristics of arterial spin-labeling magnetic resonance imaging (ASL-MRI) in central nervous system (CNS) infection. Methods: Thirty-two patients with CNS infections underwent a pulsed ASL-MRI. The findings on ASL-MRI were retrospectively assessed for the pathogens as well as each of the following four pathology classified based on conventional MRI findings: non-purulent parenchymal involvement, meningeal involvement, abscess formation, and ventricular involvement. Results: Among the 17 patients with non-purulent parenchymal involvement, ASL-MRI revealed high perfusion in 8 patients (47%) and low perfusion 1 patient (6%). Especially, four of five patients (80%) with definite or suspected herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection showed high perfusion on ASL-MRI. Seventeen of 22 patients (77%) with meningeal involvement showed high perfusion along the cerebral sulci irrespective of the pathogens. Meanwhile, 4 of 16 lesions (25%) with abscess formation showed low perfusion and one of six patients (17%) with ventricular involvement had high perfusion. Conclusions: The characteristics of ASL-MRI in CNS infections were clearly delineated. ASL-MRI could be helpful for monitoring the brain function in CNS infections noninvasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Noguchi
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
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Vanini R, Kabbara S, Elia E, Piancastelli A, Guglielminetti D, Tuveri M, Tuveri A, Nicolo E, Tomizawa K, Kuroyanagi H, Matoba S, Moriyama J, Toda S, Hanaoka Y, Fukui Y, Haruta S, Clara ES, Tang S, Tan WB, Wijerathne S, Hu J, Shabbir A, Lomanto D, Son G, Park S, Pietrantoni S, Pietrantoni C, Nishihara M, Takehara H, Nakagawa H, Kuniyoshi N, Aka H, Takushi Y, Miyahira T, Hanashiro N, Okushima N, Mayer F, Lechner M, Öfner D, Bittner R, Köhler G, Fortelny R, Köckerling F, Lim R, Berney C, Kato J, Iuamoto L, Meyer A, Floridi A, Bombelli E, Giuliani D, Galli I, Monti M, Longo A, Pisano G, Li J, Tian D. Topic: Inguinal Hernia - Tailored surgery. Hernia 2015; 19 Suppl 1:S287-92. [PMID: 26518825 DOI: 10.1007/bf03355373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Vanini
- Casa di Cura Privata Malatesta Novello, Cesena, Italy
| | - S Kabbara
- Casa di Cura Privata Malatesta Novello, Cesena, Italy
| | - E Elia
- Casa di Cura Privata Malatesta Novello, Cesena, Italy
| | | | | | - M Tuveri
- U.O. Chirurgia Generale, Ospedale N.S. di Bonaria, San Gavino Monreale, Italy
| | - A Tuveri
- U. O. Chirurgia Generale, CDC Sant'Elena, Quartu Sant Elena, Italy
| | - E Nicolo
- Dept. of General Surgery, Jefferson Hospital, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - K Tomizawa
- Toranomon Hospital Surgery, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - E Sta Clara
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Department of Surgery, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore.,Minimally Invasive Surgical Centre, Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Tang
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Department of Surgery, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore.,Minimally Invasive Surgical Centre, Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - W B Tan
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Department of Surgery, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore.,Minimally Invasive Surgical Centre, Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Wijerathne
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Department of Surgery, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Hu
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Department of Surgery, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore.,Minimally Invasive Surgical Centre, Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Shabbir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Department of Surgery, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore.,Minimally Invasive Surgical Centre, Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - D Lomanto
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Department of Surgery, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore.,Minimally Invasive Surgical Centre, Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - G Son
- Yangsan Busan National Univ. Hospital, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
| | - S Park
- Yangsan Busan National Univ. Hospital, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
| | - S Pietrantoni
- General Surgery Department (Director: C. Pietrantoni), S.S. Filippo e Nicola Hospital, Avezzano, AQ, Italy
| | | | | | - H Takehara
- Heart-life Hospital, Nakagami-gun, Japan
| | - H Nakagawa
- Heart-life Hospital, Nakagami-gun, Japan
| | | | - H Aka
- Heart-life Hospital, Nakagami-gun, Japan
| | - Y Takushi
- Heart-life Hospital, Nakagami-gun, Japan
| | - T Miyahira
- Heart-life Hospital, Nakagami-gun, Japan
| | | | - N Okushima
- Heart-life Hospital, Nakagami-gun, Japan
| | - F Mayer
- Department of Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - M Lechner
- Department of Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - D Öfner
- Department of Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - R Bittner
- Winghofer Medicum Hernia Center, Rottenburg, Germany
| | - G Köhler
- Department Surgery, Sisters of Charity Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - R Fortelny
- Department of General Surgery, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Köckerling
- Department of Surgery and Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Vivantes Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Lim
- Department of Surgery, University of N.S.W., Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, Bankstown, Australia
| | - C Berney
- Department of Surgery, University of N.S.W., Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, Bankstown, Australia
| | - J Kato
- University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Iuamoto
- University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Meyer
- Director of Abdominal Wall Repair Center, Samaritano Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Floridi
- U.O. Chirugia Genarele, A.O. Ospedale Maggiore di Crema, Crema, Italy
| | - E Bombelli
- U.O. Chirugia Genarele, A.O. Ospedale Maggiore di Crema, Crema, Italy
| | - D Giuliani
- U.O. Chirugia Genarele, A.O. Ospedale Maggiore di Crema, Crema, Italy
| | - I Galli
- U.O. Chirugia Genarele, A.O. Ospedale Maggiore di Crema, Crema, Italy
| | - M Monti
- U.O. Chirugia Genarele, A.O. Ospedale Maggiore di Crema, Crema, Italy
| | - A Longo
- U.O. Chirugia Genarele, A.O. Ospedale Maggiore di Crema, Crema, Italy
| | - G Pisano
- U.O. Chirugia Genarele, A.O. Ospedale Maggiore di Crema, Crema, Italy
| | - J Li
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Noguchi T, Nishihara M, Egashira Y, Azama S, Hirai T, Kitano I, Yakushiji Y, Kawashima M, Irie H. Arterial spin-labeling MR imaging of cerebral hemorrhages. Neuroradiology 2015; 57:1135-44. [PMID: 26280515 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-015-1574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of brain perfusion measured by arterial spin-labeling magnetic resonance imaging (ASL-MRI) in cerebral hemorrhages. METHODS Brain blood flow values (CBF-ASL values) for cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres and segmented cerebral regions were measured by ASL-MRI in 19 putaminal hemorrhage patients and 20 thalamic hemorrhage patients in acute or subacute stages. We assessed the lateralities of CBF-ASL values and the relationships between CBF-ASL values and other imaging findings and clinical manifestations. RESULTS Both the 19 putaminal hemorrhage patients and the 20 thalamic hemorrhage patients had significantly low CBF-ASL values of the contralateral cerebellum in subacute stage, suggesting that ASL-MRI might delineate crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD). Ipsilateral low CBF-ASL values were observed in frontal lobes and thalami with a putaminal hemorrhage and lentiform nuclei, temporal lobes, and parietal lobes with a thalamic hemorrhage, suggesting that ASL-MRI showed the ipsilateral cerebral diaschisis (ICD). In the putaminal hemorrhage patients, the hematoma volume negatively affected both the bilateral cerebellar and cerebral hemispheric CBF-ASL values. In the thalamic hemorrhage patients, a concomitant intraventricular hemorrhage caused low cerebral hemispheric CBF-ASL values. CONCLUSION The use of ASL-MRI is sensitive to the perfusion abnormalities and could thus be helpful to estimate functional abnormalities in cerebral hemorrhage patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Noguchi
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan. .,Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Egashira
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Shinya Azama
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Tetsuyoshi Hirai
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Isao Kitano
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Masatou Kawashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Irie
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Noguchi T, Kawashima M, Nishihara M, Egashira Y, Azama S, Irie H. Noninvasive method for mapping CVR in moyamoya disease using ASL-MRI. Eur J Radiol 2015; 84:1137-43. [PMID: 25816991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To project a noninvasive method for mapping cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) in moyamoya disease (MMD) using ASL-MRI. METHODS 16 MMD patients underwent cerebral blood flow (CBF) examinations by standard ASL-MRI, pulse-wave-synchronized ASL-MRI (pulsy ASL-MRI) which tagged the arterial blood coincident with a peak of a pulse wave, and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imagings with iodine-123-N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine in the resting (rest-IMP) and after acetazolamide challenge (ACZ-IMP). Hemispheric 32-sided cerebral blood flow (CBF) values were measured with normalized CBF maps created from standard ASL-MRI (standard-ASL value), pulsy ASL-MRI (pulsy-ASL value), rest-IMP (rest-IMP value), and ACZ-IMP (ACZ-IMP value). CVR based on rest-IMP and ACZ-IMP values (IMP-CVR) was calculated. ASL-CVR was also calculated on the basis of corrected standard-ASL values and pulsy-ASL values, which were adjusted to the ACZ-IMP values and rest-IMP values, respectively, by the least-squares method. We assessed the relationships between rest-IMP values and pulsy-ASL values, ACZ-IMP values and standard-ASL values, and IMP-CVR and ASL-CVR. RESULTS Significant relationships were observed between rest-IMP values and pulsy-ASL values (correlation coefficient (r=0.557, p<0.01)), ACZ-IMP values and standard-ASL values (r=0.825, p<0.01), and IMP-CVR and ASL-CVR (r=0.736, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS ASL-MRI is equivalent to SPECT and that it might serve as a noninvasive method for mapping CVR in MMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Noguchi
- Department of Radiology, National center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan(1).
| | - Masatou Kawashima
- Department of Neurosugery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan(1).
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan(1).
| | - Yoshiaki Egashira
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan(1).
| | - Shinya Azama
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan(1).
| | - Hiroyuki Irie
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan(1).
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Noguchi T, Nishihara M, Hara Y, Hirai T, Egashira Y, Azama S, Irie H. A technical perspective for understanding quantitative arterial spin-labeling MR imaging using Q2TIPS. Magn Reson Med Sci 2014; 14:1-12. [PMID: 25500774 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.2013-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We illustrate the fundamental theoretical principles of arterial spin-labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and show a system that employs the second version of quantitative imaging of perfusion using a single subtraction (Q2TIPS) to quantify cerebral blood flow (CBF). We also discuss the effects of the parameters used in Q2TIPS on CBF values as measured with ASL-MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Noguchi
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM) 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Saga University.
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Yakushiji Y, Charidimou A, Hara M, Noguchi T, Nishihara M, Eriguchi M, Nanri Y, Nishiyama M, Werring DJ, Hara H. Topography and associations of perivascular spaces in healthy adults: the Kashima scan study. Neurology 2014; 83:2116-23. [PMID: 25361776 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether the topography of MRI-visible perivascular spaces (PVS) is associated with markers of specific underlying small vessel disease, including cerebral microbleed (CMB) distribution, in neurologically healthy adults. METHODS We analyzed baseline data of an ongoing Japanese population-based cohort study. PVS were rated in the basal ganglia (BG-PVS) and centrum semiovale (CSO-PVS) on axial T2-weighted MRI using a validated rating scale (score 0-4). BG-PVS degree was classified as low (score <2) or high (score ≥2). CSO-PVS degree was classified as low (score <3) or high (score ≥3). Independent demographic, clinical, and imaging factors for high degree of BG-PVS and CSO-PVS were investigated. RESULTS A total of 1,575 neurologically healthy adults were included (mean age 57.1 years, SD 9.7; 47% male). In multivariable analyses, high degree of BG-PVS (n = 212, 14%) was associated with deep or infratentorial CMBs (odds ratio [OR] 2.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62-4.74), a marker of hypertensive arteriopathy; by contrast, high degree of CSO-PVS (n = 357, 23%) was associated with strictly lobar CMBs (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.35-4.61), which share risk factors with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Both high degree of BG-PVS and CSO-PVS were associated with hypertension (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.46-2.82 and OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.07-1.81, respectively), lacunes (OR 3.35, 95% CI 1.92-5.86; OR 1.83 95% CI 1.08-3.08), and severe white matter hyperintensities (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.42-3.31; OR 1.35, 95% CI 0.93-1.96), but these associations were stronger for high degree of BG-PVS. CONCLUSIONS In a neurologically healthy cohort, the associations of PVS differ according to their topography. PVS distribution may be useful for the early detection and classification of small vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yakushiji
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.Y., M.E., Y.N., H.H.), and Departments of Preventive Medicine (M.H.) and Radiology (T.N., M. Nishihara), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Yuai-Kai Oda Hospital (M. Nishiyama), Kashima, Saga, Japan; and Stroke Research Group (Y.Y., A.C., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.Y., M.E., Y.N., H.H.), and Departments of Preventive Medicine (M.H.) and Radiology (T.N., M. Nishihara), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Yuai-Kai Oda Hospital (M. Nishiyama), Kashima, Saga, Japan; and Stroke Research Group (Y.Y., A.C., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Megumi Hara
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.Y., M.E., Y.N., H.H.), and Departments of Preventive Medicine (M.H.) and Radiology (T.N., M. Nishihara), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Yuai-Kai Oda Hospital (M. Nishiyama), Kashima, Saga, Japan; and Stroke Research Group (Y.Y., A.C., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Tomoyuki Noguchi
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.Y., M.E., Y.N., H.H.), and Departments of Preventive Medicine (M.H.) and Radiology (T.N., M. Nishihara), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Yuai-Kai Oda Hospital (M. Nishiyama), Kashima, Saga, Japan; and Stroke Research Group (Y.Y., A.C., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.Y., M.E., Y.N., H.H.), and Departments of Preventive Medicine (M.H.) and Radiology (T.N., M. Nishihara), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Yuai-Kai Oda Hospital (M. Nishiyama), Kashima, Saga, Japan; and Stroke Research Group (Y.Y., A.C., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Makoto Eriguchi
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.Y., M.E., Y.N., H.H.), and Departments of Preventive Medicine (M.H.) and Radiology (T.N., M. Nishihara), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Yuai-Kai Oda Hospital (M. Nishiyama), Kashima, Saga, Japan; and Stroke Research Group (Y.Y., A.C., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Yusuke Nanri
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.Y., M.E., Y.N., H.H.), and Departments of Preventive Medicine (M.H.) and Radiology (T.N., M. Nishihara), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Yuai-Kai Oda Hospital (M. Nishiyama), Kashima, Saga, Japan; and Stroke Research Group (Y.Y., A.C., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Masanori Nishiyama
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.Y., M.E., Y.N., H.H.), and Departments of Preventive Medicine (M.H.) and Radiology (T.N., M. Nishihara), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Yuai-Kai Oda Hospital (M. Nishiyama), Kashima, Saga, Japan; and Stroke Research Group (Y.Y., A.C., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - David J Werring
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.Y., M.E., Y.N., H.H.), and Departments of Preventive Medicine (M.H.) and Radiology (T.N., M. Nishihara), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Yuai-Kai Oda Hospital (M. Nishiyama), Kashima, Saga, Japan; and Stroke Research Group (Y.Y., A.C., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Hideo Hara
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.Y., M.E., Y.N., H.H.), and Departments of Preventive Medicine (M.H.) and Radiology (T.N., M. Nishihara), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Yuai-Kai Oda Hospital (M. Nishiyama), Kashima, Saga, Japan; and Stroke Research Group (Y.Y., A.C., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
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Locatelli F, Choukroun G, Fliser D, Moecks J, Wiggenhauser A, Gupta A, Swinkels DW, Lin V, Guss C, Pratt R, Carrilho P, Martins AR, Alves M, Mateus A, Gusmao L, Parreira L, Assuncao J, Rodrigues I, Stamopoulos D, Mpakirtzi N, Afentakis N, Grapsa E, Zitt E, Sturm G, Kronenberg F, Neyer U, Knoll F, Lhotta K, Weiss G, Robinson BM, Larkina M, Bieber B, Kleophas W, Li Y, Locatelli F, McCullough K, Nolen JG, Port FK, Pisoni RL, Kalicki RM, Uehlinger DE, Ogawa C, Kanda F, Tomosugi N, Maeda T, Kuji T, Fujikawa T, Shino M, Shibata K, Kaneda T, Nishihara M, Satta H, Kawata SI, Koguchi N, Tamura K, Hirawa N, Toya Y, Umemura S, Chanliau J, Martin H, Stamatelou K, Gonzalez-Tabares L, Manamley N, Farouk M, Addison J, Donck J, Schneider A, Gutjahr-Lengsfeld L, Ritz E, Scharnagl H, Gelbrich G, Pilz S, Macdougall IC, Wanner C, Drechsler C, Kuntsevich V, Charen E, Kobena D, Sheth N, Siktel H, Levin NW, Winchester JF, Kotanko P, Kaysen G, Kuragano T, Kida A, Yahiro M, Nanami M, Nagasawa Y, Hasuike Y, Nakanishi T, Stamopoulos D, Mpakirtzi N, Dimitratou V, Griveas I, Lianos E, Grapsa E, Sasaki Y, Yamazaki S, Fujita K, Kurasawa M, Yorozu K, Shimonaka Y, Suzuki N, Yamamoto M, Zwiech R, Szczepa ska J, Bruzda-Zwiech A, Rao A, Gilg J, Caskey F, Kirkpantur A, Balci MM, Turkvatan A, Afsar B, Alkis M, Mandiroglu F, Kim YO, Yoon SA, Kim YS, Choi SJ, Min JW, Cheong MA, Hasuike Y, Kida A, Oue M, Yamamoto K, Kimura T, Fukao W, Yahiro M, Kaibe S, Nanami M, Nakanishi T, Djuric PS, Ikonomovski J, Tosic J, Jankovic A, Majster Z, Stankovic Popovic V, Dimkovic N, Aicardi Spalloni V, Del Vecchio L, Longhi S, Violo L, La Milia V, Pontoriero G, Locatelli F, Shino M, Kuji T, Fujikawa T, Toya Y, Umemura S, Macdougall I, Rumjon A, Mangahis E, Goldstein L, Ryzlewicz T, Becker F, Kilgallon W, Fukasawa M, Otake Y, Yamagishi T, Kamiyama M, Kobayashi H, Takeda M, Toida T, Sato Y, Fujimoto S. DIALYSIS ANAEMIA. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Buiten MS, De Bie MK, Van Dam B, Bouma-De Krijger A, Dekker FW, Jukema JW, Rabelink TJ, Rotmans JI, Parfrey PS, Drueke T, Block GA, Kubo Y, Chertow GM, Kosmadakis G, Carceles O, Da Costa Correia E, Somda F, Aguilera D, Shibata K, Sohara H, Satta H, Nishihara M, Koguchi N, Kuji T, Kaneda T, Kawata S, Yasuda G, Shinzato T, Messa M, Tomei P, Motton M, Ortalda V, Gangemi C, Lupo A. DIALYSIS CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Fontsere N, Mestres G, Burrel M, Barrufet M, Montana X, Arias M, Ojeda R, Maduell F, Campistol JM, Nagaraja P, Rees D, Husein T, Chess J, Lin CC, Yang WC, Khosravi M, Kandil H, Cross J, Hopkins S, Collier S, Lopes D, Pereira S, Gomes AM, Ventura A, Martins V, Seabra J, Rothuizen TC, Damanik F, Visser MJT, Lavrijsen T, Cox MAJ, Moroni L, Rabelink TJ, Rotmans JI, Fontsere N, Cardozo C, Donate J, Soriano A, Muros M, Pons M, Mensa J, Campistol JM, Navarro-Gonzalez JF, Maduell F, Wijewardane A, Murley A, Powers S, Allen C, Baharani J, Wilmink T, Esenturk M, Zengin M, Dal M, Tahtal N, Shibata K, Shinzato T, Satta H, Nishihara M, Koguchi N, Kuji T, Kawata S, Kaneda T, Yasuda G, Scrivano J, Pettorini L, Rutigliano T, Ciavarella GM, De Biase L, Punzo G, Mene P, Pirozzi N, El Haggan W, Belazrague K, Ehoussou S, Foucher V, El Salhy M, Ouellet G, Davis J, Caron P, Leblanc M, Pettorini L, Romitelli F, Fazzari L, Scrivano J, Ortu G, Di Stasio E, Punzo G, Mene P, Pirozzi N, Loizzo G, Vigano SM, Bacchini G, Rocchi E, Sala V, Pontoriero G, Letachowicz K, Go biowski T, Kusztal M, Letachowicz W, Weyde W, Klinger M, Murley A, Wijewardane A, Powers S, Allen C, Hollingsworth L, Wilmink T, Baharani J, Roca-Tey R, Samon R, Ibrik O, Roda A, Gonzalez-Oliva JC, Martinez-Cercos R, Viladoms J, Renaud CJ, Lim EK, Seow TY, Teh HS, Tosic J, Jankovic A, Djuric P, Radovic Maslarevic V, Popovic J, Dimkovic N, Kazantzi A, Trigka K, Buono F, Laurino S, Toriello G, Di Luccio R, Galise A, Kim YO, Yoon SA, Kim YS, Choi SJ, Min JW, Cheong MA, Asano M, Oguchi K, Saito A, Onishi Y, Yamamoto Y, Fukuhara S, Akiba T, Akizawa T, Kurokawa K, Guedes Marques M, Ibeas J, Maia P, Ponce P, Chang KY, Park HS, Kim HW, Choi BS, Park CW, Yang CW, Jin DC, Likaj E, Seferi S, Caco G, Petrela E, Barbullushi M, Idrizi A, Thereska N, Lomonte C, Casucci F, Libutti P, Lisi P, Basile C, Ancarani P, Valsuani G, Cavallo L, Parodi D, Lorusso C, Renaud C, Lai BC, Tho S, Yeoh L, Guedes Marques M, Botelho C, Maia P, Ponce P, Yankovoy A, Alexandr S, Smoliacov A, Stepanov V, Rees D, Parker C, Davies P, Taylor S, Mikhail A, Kim YO, Yoon SA, Kim YS, Choi SJ, Min JW, Cheong MA, Gubensek J, Persic V, Vajdic B, Ponikvar R, Buturovic-Ponikvar J, Hadimeri U, Warme AV, Stegmayr B, Jankovic A, Suvakov S, Tosic J, Damjanovic T, Djuric P, Bajcetic S, Radovic-Maslarevic V, Popovic J, Simic T, Dimkovic N, Likaj E, Seferi S, Petrela E, Idrizi A, Rroji M, Barbullushi M, Thereska N, Chua HL, Kanda H, See SL, Liew NC, Tsuchida K, Tomo T, Fukasawa M, Kawashima S, Minakuchi J, Thanaraj V, Dhaygude A, Ikeda K, Forneris G, Cecere P, Pozzato M, Trogolo M, Vallero A, Mesiano P, Roccatello D, Esenturk M, Zengin M, Keskin L, Loizzo G, Vigano SM, Bacchini G, Rocchi E, Sala V, Pontoriero G, Casey JR, Hanson CS, Winkelmayer WC, Craig J, Palmer S, Strippoli G, Tong A, Ferrara D, Scamarda S, Bernardino L, Amico L, Lorito MC, Incalcaterra F, Visconti L, Visconti G, Valenza F, D'Amato F, Di Napoli A, Tazza L, Chicca S, Lapucci E, Silvestri P, Di Lallo D, Michelozzi P, Davoli M. DIALYSIS VASCULAR ACCESS. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Yakushiji Y, Horikawa E, Eriguchi M, Nanri Y, Nishihara M, Hirotsu T, Hara H. Norms of the Mini-Mental state Examination for Japanese subjects that underwent comprehensive brain examinations: the Kashima Scan Study. Intern Med 2014; 53:2447-53. [PMID: 25366002 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.53.2683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The distribution of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores by age and educational level was investigated in subjects that underwent comprehensive brain examinations. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1,414 adults without neurological disorders who underwent health-screening tests of the brain, referred to as the "Brain Dock," in our center. The MMSE scores were compared between age groups (40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 65-69, or ≥70 years) and educational levels [the low education level group (6-12 years) and the high education level group (≥13 years)]. RESULTS The median age was 59 years, and 763 (54%) were women. There was no significant difference in the MMSE total score between women and men. The stepwise method of the multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that a higher age [β value, -0.129; standard error (S.E.), 0.020; p<0.001], low education level (6-12 years) (β value, -0.226; S.E., 0.075; p=0.003), and women (β values, 0.148; S.E., 0.066; p=0.024) was significantly associated with decreased MMSE score. In general, both the percentile scores and mean scores decreased with aging and were lower in the low education level group than in the high education level group. The degree of decrement in scores with age was stronger in the low education level group than in the high education level group. CONCLUSION The provided data for age- and education-specific reference norms will be useful for both clinicians and investigators who perform comprehensive brain examinations to assess the cognitive function of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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Nishihara M, Takahashi J, Kondo T, Mouri K, Asahi S. Main metabolic pathways of TAK-802, a novel drug candidate for voiding dysfunction, in humans: the involvement of carbonyl reduction by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2013; 64:476-84. [PMID: 24357138 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1363221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate species differences in the metabolism of TAK-802, in vitro and in vivo metabolic profiles were compared between humans and animals. TAK-802 was mainly metabolized to M-I, M-II, M-III and M-IV in human and animal liver microsomes. Especially the M-IV formation in humans was greater than that in animals. Likewise, M-IV was detected to a lower extent in the plasma and excreta of animals administered with TAK-802, whereas the AUC0-48 h of M-IV was approximately five-fold higher than that of TAK-802 in human plasma. These results indicate that the in vitro metabolic profile reflects the in vivo condition. Thus, to identify the metabolic pathway of TAK-802 in humans, the responsible enzyme to form M-IV was elucidated in vitro. Since M-IV is a reductive metabolite formed in microsomes, the possibility of involvement of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD), a carbonyl reductase located in microsomes, was first investigated. Consequently, M-IV formation was confirmed by incubation with human 11β-HSD1-expressing microsomes and was concentration-dependently inhibited by glycyrrhetinic acid, an inhibitor for 11β-HSD enzymes, indicating the involvement of 11β-HSD1 in the M-IV formation. In contrast, little M-IV formation was observed using rat 11β-HSD1, suggesting species differences between humans and rats. In addition, M-II was formed via M-IV, not via M-I and the CYP identification studies revealed that both M-I formation from TAK-802 and M-II formation from M-IV were mainly catalyzed by CYP3A4. In conclusion, 11β-HSD1 and CYP3A4 are principally responsible for the metabolism of TAK-802 in humans and 11β-HSD1 may be responsible for the observed species difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nishihara
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - J Takahashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - T Kondo
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - K Mouri
- Takeda Development Center Japan, Pharmaceutical Development Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Asahi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
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Kataoka N, Hosomi M, Urashima K, Kobayashi T, Goto E, Nishihara M, Uehara H, Komura K, Azuma H, Katumata T. Adverse Events Associated with GC Therapy for Urothelial Cancer. Ann Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt460.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Ambady P, Holdhoff M, Ferrigno C, Grossman S, Anderson MD, Liu D, Conrad C, Penas-Prado M, Gilbert MR, Yung AWK, de Groot J, Aoki T, Nishikawa R, Sugiyama K, Nonoguchi N, Kawabata N, Mishima K, Adachi JI, Kurisu K, Yamasaki F, Tominaga T, Kumabe T, Ueki K, Higuchi F, Yamamoto T, Ishikawa E, Takeshima H, Yamashita S, Arita K, Hirano H, Yamada S, Matsutani M, Apok V, Mills S, Soh C, Karabatsou K, Arimappamagan A, Arya S, Majaid M, Somanna S, Santosh V, Schaff L, Armentano F, Harrison C, Lassman A, McKhann G, Iwamoto F, Armstrong T, Yuan Y, Liu D, Acquaye A, Vera-Bolanos E, Diefes K, Heathcock L, Cahill D, Gilbert M, Aldape K, Arrillaga-Romany I, Ruddy K, Greenberg S, Nayak L, Avgeropoulos N, Avgeropoulos G, Riggs G, Reilly C, Banerji N, Bruns P, Hoag M, Gilliland K, Trusheim J, Bekaert L, Borha A, Emery E, Busson A, Guillamo JS, Bell M, Harrison C, Armentano F, Lassman A, Connolly ES, Khandji A, Iwamoto F, Blakeley J, Ye X, Bergner A, Dombi E, Zalewski C, Follmer K, Halpin C, Fayad L, Jacobs M, Baldwin A, Langmead S, Whitcomb T, Jennings D, Widemann B, Plotkin S, Brandes AA, Mason W, Pichler J, Nowak AK, Gil M, Saran F, Revil C, Lutiger B, Carpentier AF, Milojkovic-Kerklaan B, Aftimos P, Altintas S, Jager A, Gladdines W, Lonnqvist F, Soetekouw P, van Linde M, Awada A, Schellens J, Brandsma D, Brenner A, Sun J, Floyd J, Hart C, Eng C, Fichtel L, Gruslova A, Lodi A, Tiziani S, Bridge CA, Baldock A, Kumthekar P, Dilfer P, Johnston SK, Jacobs J, Corwin D, Guyman L, Rockne R, Sonabend A, Cloney M, Canoll P, Swanson KR, Bromberg J, Schouten H, Schaafsma R, Baars J, Brandsma D, Lugtenburg P, van Montfort C, van den Bent M, Doorduijn J, Spalding A, LaRocca R, Haninger D, Saaraswat T, Coombs L, Rai S, Burton E, Burzynski G, Burzynski S, Janicki T, Marszalek A, Burzynski S, Janicki T, Burzynski G, Marszalek A, Cachia D, Smith T, Cardona AF, Mayor LC, Jimenez E, Hakim F, Yepes C, Bermudez S, Useche N, Asencio JL, Mejia JA, Vargas C, Otero JM, Carranza H, Ortiz LD, Cardona AF, Ortiz LD, Jimenez E, Hakim F, Yepes C, Useche N, Bermudez S, Asencio JL, Carranza H, Vargas C, Otero JM, Bartels C, Quintero A, Restrepo CE, Gomez S, Bernal-Vaca L, Lema M, Cardona AF, Ortiz LD, Useche N, Bermudez S, Jimenez E, Hakim F, Yepes C, Mejia JA, Bernal-Vaca L, Restrepo CE, Gomez S, Quintero A, Bartels C, Carranza H, Vargas C, Otero JM, Carlo M, Omuro A, Grommes C, Kris M, Nolan C, Pentsova E, Pietanza M, Kaley T, Carrabba G, Giammattei L, Draghi R, Conte V, Martinelli I, Caroli M, Bertani G, Locatelli M, Rampini P, Artoni A, Carrabba G, Bertani G, Cogiamanian F, Ardolino G, Zarino B, Locatelli M, Caroli M, Rampini P, Chamberlain M, Raizer J, Soffetti R, Ruda R, Brandsma D, Boogerd W, Taillibert S, Le Rhun E, Jaeckle K, van den Bent M, Wen P, Chamberlain M, Chinot OL, Wick W, Mason W, Henriksson R, Saran F, Nishikawa R, Carpentier AF, Hoang-Xuan K, Kavan P, Cernea D, Brandes AA, Hilton M, Kerloeguen Y, Guijarro A, Cloughsey T, Choi JH, Hong YK, Conrad C, Yung WKA, deGroot J, Gilbert M, Loghin M, Penas-Prado M, Tremont I, Silberman S, Picker D, Costa R, Lycette J, Gancher S, Cullen J, Winer E, Hochberg F, Sachs G, Jeyapalan S, Dahiya S, Stevens G, Peereboom D, Ahluwalia M, Daras M, Hsu M, Kaley T, Panageas K, Curry R, Avila E, Fuente MDL, Omuro A, DeAngelis L, Desjardins A, Sampson J, Peters K, Ranjan T, Vlahovic G, Threatt S, Herndon J, Boulton S, Lally-Goss D, McSherry F, Friedman A, Friedman H, Bigner D, Gromeier M, Prust M, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Poloskova P, Jafari-Khouzani K, Gerstner E, Dietrich J, Fabi A, Villani V, Vaccaro V, Vidiri A, Giannarelli D, Piludu F, Anelli V, Carapella C, Cognetti F, Pace A, Flowers A, Flowers A, Killory B, Furuse M, Miyatake SI, Kawabata S, Kuroiwa T, Garciarena P, Anderson MD, Hamilton J, Schellingerhout D, Fuller GN, Sawaya R, Gilbert MR, Gilbert M, Pugh S, Won M, Blumenthal D, Vogelbaum M, Aldape K, Colman H, Chakravarti A, Jeraj R, Dignam J, Armstrong T, Wefel J, Brown P, Jaeckle K, Schiff D, Brachman D, Werner-Wasik M, Tremont-Lukats I, Sulman E, Mehta M, Gill B, Yun J, Goldstein H, Malone H, Pisapia D, Sonabend AM, Mckhann GK, Sisti MB, Sims P, Canoll P, Bruce JN, Girvan A, Carter G, Li L, Kaltenboeck A, Chawla A, Ivanova J, Koh M, Stevens J, Lahn M, Gore M, Hariharan S, Porta C, Bjarnason G, Bracarda S, Hawkins R, Oudard S, Zhang K, Fly K, Matczak E, Szczylik C, Grossman R, Ram Z, Hamza M, O'Brien B, Mandel J, DeGroot J, Han S, Molinaro A, Berger M, Prados M, Chang S, Clarke J, Butowski N, Hashimoto N, Chiba Y, Tsuboi A, Kinoshita M, Hirayama R, Kagawa N, Oka Y, Oji Y, Sugiyama H, Yoshimine T, Hawkins-Daarud A, Jackson PR, Swanson KR, Sarmiento JM, Ly D, Jutla J, Ortega A, Carico C, Dickinson H, Phuphanich S, Rudnick J, Patil C, Hu J, Iglseder S, Nowosielski M, Nevinny-Stickel M, Stockhammer G, Jain R, Poisson L, Scarpace L, Mikkelsen T, Kirby J, Freymann J, Hwang S, Gutman D, Jaffe C, Brat D, Flanders A, Janicki T, Burzynski S, Burzynski G, Marszalek A, Jiang C, Wang H, Jo J, Williams B, Smolkin M, Wintermark M, Shaffrey M, Schiff D, Juratli T, Soucek S, Kirsch M, Schackert G, Kakkar A, Kumar S, Bhagat U, Kumar A, Suri A, Singh M, Sharma M, Sarkar C, Suri V, Kaley T, Barani I, Chamberlain M, McDermott M, Raizer J, Rogers L, Schiff D, Vogelbaum M, Weber D, Wen P, Kalita O, Vaverka M, Hrabalek L, Zlevorova M, Trojanec R, Hajduch M, Kneblova M, Ehrmann J, Kanner AA, Wong ET, Villano JL, Ram Z, Khatua S, Fuller G, Dasgupta S, Rytting M, Vats T, Zaky W, Khatua S, Sandberg D, Foresman L, Zaky W, Kieran M, Geoerger B, Casanova M, Chisholm J, Aerts I, Bouffet E, Brandes AA, Leary SES, Sullivan M, Bailey S, Cohen K, Mason W, Kalambakas S, Deshpande P, Tai F, Hurh E, McDonald TJ, Kieran M, Hargrave D, Wen PY, Goldman S, Amakye D, Patton M, Tai F, Moreno L, Kim CY, Kim T, Han JH, Kim YJ, Kim IA, Yun CH, Jung HW, Koekkoek JAF, Reijneveld JC, Dirven L, Postma TJ, Vos MJ, Heimans JJ, Taphoorn MJB, Koeppen S, Hense J, Kong XT, Davidson T, Lai A, Cloughesy T, Nghiemphu PL, Kong DS, Choi YL, Seol HJ, Lee JI, Nam DH, Kool M, Jones DTW, Jager N, Northcott PA, Pugh T, Hovestadt V, Markant S, Esparza LA, Bourdeaut F, Remke M, Taylor MD, Cho YJ, Pomeroy SL, Schuller U, Korshunov A, Eils R, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Lichter P, Pfister SM, Krel R, Krutoshinskaya Y, Rosiello A, Seidman R, Kowalska A, Kudo T, Hata Y, Maehara T, Kumthekar P, Bridge C, Patel V, Rademaker A, Helenowski I, Mrugala M, Rockhill J, Swanson K, Grimm S, Raizer J, Meletath S, Bennett M, Nestor VA, Fink KL, Lee E, Reardon D, Schiff D, Drappatz J, Muzikansky A, Hammond S, Grimm S, Norden A, Beroukhim R, McCluskey C, Chi A, Batchelor T, Smith K, Gaffey S, Gerard M, Snodgras S, Raizer J, Wen P, Leeper H, Johnson D, Lima J, Porensky E, Cavaliere R, Lin A, Liu J, Evans J, Leuthardt E, Dacey R, Dowling J, Kim A, Zipfel G, Grubb R, Huang J, Robinson C, Simpson J, Linette G, Chicoine M, Tran D, Liubinas SV, D'Abaco GM, Moffat B, Gonzales M, Feleppa F, Nowell CJ, Gorelick A, Drummond KJ, Morokoff AP, O'Brien TJ, Kaye AH, Loghin M, Melhem-Bertrandt A, Penas-Prado M, Zaidi T, Katz R, Lupica K, Stevens G, Ly I, Hamilton S, Rostomily R, Rockhill J, Mrugala M, Mandel J, Yust-Katz S, de Groot J, Yung A, Gilbert M, Burzynski S, Janicki T, Burzynski G, Marszalek A, Pachow D, Kliese N, Kirches E, Mawrin C, McNamara MG, Lwin Z, Jiang H, Chung C, Millar BA, Sahgal A, Laperriere N, Mason WP, Megyesi J, Salehi F, Merker V, Slusarz K, Muzikansky A, Francis S, Plotkin S, Mishima K, Adachi JI, Suzuki T, Uchida E, Yanagawa T, Watanabe Y, Fukuoka K, Yanagisawa T, Wakiya K, Fujimaki T, Nishikawa R, Moiyadi A, Kannan S, Sridhar E, Gupta T, Shetty P, Jalali R, Alshami J, Lecavalier-Barsoum M, Guiot MC, Tampieri D, Kavan P, Muanza T, Nagane M, Kobayashi K, Takayama N, Shiokawa Y, Nakamura H, Makino K, Hideo T, Kuroda JI, Shinojima N, Yano S, Kuratsu JI, Nambudiri N, Arrilaga I, Dunn I, Folkerth R, Chi S, Reardon D, Nayak L, Omuro A, DeAngelis L, Robins HI, Govindan R, Gadgeel S, Kelly K, Rigas J, Reimers HJ, Peereboom D, Rosenfeld S, Garst J, Ramnath N, Wing P, Zheng M, Urban P, Abrey L, Wen P, Nayak L, DeAngelis LM, Wen PY, Brandes AA, Soffietti R, Peereboom DM, Lin NU, Chamberlain M, Macdonald D, Galanis E, Perry J, Jaeckle K, Mehta M, Stupp R, van den Bent M, Reardon DA, Norden A, Hammond S, Drappatz J, Phuphanich S, Reardon D, Wong E, Plotkin S, Lesser G, Raizer J, Batchelor T, Lee E, Kaley T, Muzikansky A, Doherty L, LaFrankie D, Ruland S, Smith K, Gerard M, McCluskey C, Wen P, Norden A, Schiff D, Ahluwalia M, Lesser G, Nayak L, Lee E, Muzikansky A, Dietrich J, Smith K, Gaffey S, McCluskey C, Ligon K, Reardon D, Wen P, Bush NAO, Kesari S, Scott B, Ohno M, Narita Y, Miyakita Y, Arita H, Matsushita Y, Yoshida A, Fukushima S, Ichimura K, Shibui S, Okamura T, Kaneko S, Omuro A, Chinot O, Taillandier L, Ghesquieres H, Soussain C, Delwail V, Lamy T, Gressin R, Choquet S, Soubeyran P, Maire JP, Benouaich-Amiel A, Lebouvier-Sadot S, Gyan E, Barrie M, del Rio MS, Gonzalez-Aguilar A, Houllier C, Tanguy ML, 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Schwartz M, Grimm S, Kumthekar P, Fralin S, Rice L, Drawz A, Helenowski I, Rademaker A, Raizer J, Schwartz K, Chang H, Nikolai M, Kurniali P, Olson K, Pernicone J, Sweeley C, Noel M, Sharma M, Gupta R, Suri V, Singh M, Sarkar C, Shibahara I, Sonoda Y, Saito R, Kanamori M, Yamashita Y, Kumabe T, Watanabe M, Suzuki H, Watanabe T, Ishioka C, Tominaga T, Shih K, Chowdhary S, Rosenblatt P, Weir AB, Shepard G, Williams JT, Shastry M, Hainsworth JD, Singer S, Riely GJ, Kris MG, Grommes C, Sanders MWCB, Arik Y, Seute T, Robe PAJT, Leijten FSS, Snijders TJ, Sturla L, Culhane JJ, Donahue J, Jeyapalan S, Suchorska B, Jansen N, Wenter V, Eigenbrod S, Schmid-Tannwald C, Zwergal A, Niyazi M, Bartenstein P, Schnell O, Kreth FW, LaFougere C, Tonn JC, Taillandier L, Wittwer B, Blonski M, Faure G, De Carvalho M, Le Rhun E, Tanaka K, Sasayama T, Nishihara M, Mizukawa K, Kohmura E, Taylor S, Newell K, Graves L, Timmer M, Cramer C, Rohn G, Goldbrunner R, Turner S, Gergel T, Lacroix M, Toms S, Ueki K, Higuchi F, Sakamoto S, Kim P, Salgado MAV, Rueda AG, Urzaiz LL, Villanueva MG, Millan JMS, Cervantes ER, Pampliega RA, de Pedro MDA, Berrocal VR, Mena AC, van Zanten SV, Jansen M, van Vuurden D, Huisman M, Hoekstra O, van Dongen G, Kaspers GJ, Schlamann A, von Bueren AO, Hagel C, Kramm C, Kortmann RD, Muller K, Friedrich C, Muller K, von Hoff K, Kwiecien R, Pietsch T, Warmuth-Metz M, Gerber NU, Hau P, Kuehl J, Kortmann RD, von Bueren AO, Rutkowski S, von Bueren AO, Friedrich C, von Hoff K, Kwiecien R, Muller K, Pietsch T, Warmuth-Metz M, Kuehl J, Kortmann RD, Rutkowski S, Walker J, Tremont I, Armstrong T, Wang H, Jiang C, Wang H, Jiang C, Warren P, Robert S, Lahti A, White D, Reid M, Nabors L, Sontheimer H, Wen P, Yung A, Mellinghoff I, Lamborn K, Ramkissoon S, Cloughesy T, Rinne M, Omuro A, DeAngelis L, Gilbert M, Chi A, Batchelor T, Colman H, Chang S, Nayak L, Massacesi C, DiTomaso E, Prados M, Reardon D, Ligon K, Wong ET, Elzinga G, Chung A, Barron L, Bloom J, Swanson KD, Elzinga G, Chung A, Wong ET, Wu W, Galanis E, Wen P, Das A, Fine H, Cloughesy T, Sargent D, Yoon WS, Yang SH, Chung DS, Jeun SS, Hong YK, Yust-Katz S, Milbourne A, Diane L, Gilbert M, Armstrong T, Zaky W, Weinberg J, Fuller G, Ketonen L, McAleer MF, Ahmed N, Khatua S, Zaky W, Olar A, Stewart J, Sandberg D, Foresman L, Ketonen L, Khatua S. NEURO/MEDICAL ONCOLOGY. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:iii98-iii135. [PMCID: PMC3823897 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
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Adachi K, Sasaki H, Nagahisa S, Yoshida K, Hattori N, Nishiyama Y, Kawase T, Hasegawa M, Abe M, Hirose Y, Alentorn A, Marie Y, Poggioli S, Alshehhi H, Boisselier B, Carpentier C, Mokhtari K, Capelle L, Figarella-Branger D, Hoang-Xuan K, Sanson M, Delattre JY, Idbaih A, Yust-Katz S, Anderson M, Olar A, Eterovic A, Ezzeddine N, Chen K, Zhao H, Fuller G, Aldape K, de Groot J, Andor N, Harness J, Lopez SG, Fung TL, Mewes HW, Petritsch C, Arivazhagan A, Somasundaram K, Thennarasu K, Pandey P, Anandh B, Santosh V, Chandramouli B, Hegde A, Kondaiah P, Rao M, Bell R, Kang R, Hong C, Song J, Costello J, Bell R, Nagarajan R, Zhang B, Diaz A, Wang T, Song J, Costello J, Bie L, Li Y, Li Y, Liu H, Luyo WFC, Carnero MH, Iruegas MEP, Morell AR, Figueiras MC, Lopez RL, Valverde CF, Chan AKY, Pang JCS, Chung NYF, Li KKW, Poon WS, Chan DTM, Wang Y, Ng HAK, Chaumeil M, Larson P, Yoshihara H, Vigneron D, Nelson S, Pieper R, Phillips J, Ronen S, Clark V, Omay ZE, Serin A, Gunel J, Omay B, Grady C, 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S, Shin M, Saito N, Ozawa T, Riester M, Cheng YK, Huse J, Helmy K, Charles N, Squatrito M, Michor F, Holland E, Perrech M, Dreher L, Rohn G, Goldbrunner R, Timmer M, Pollo B, Palumbo V, Calatozzolo C, Patane M, Nunziata R, Farinotti M, Silvani A, Lodrini S, Finocchiaro G, Lopez E, Rioscovian A, Ruiz R, Siordia G, de Leon AP, Rostomily C, Rostomily R, Silbergeld D, Kolstoe D, Chamberlain M, Silber J, Roth P, Keller A, Hoheisel J, Codo P, Bauer A, Backes C, Leidinger P, Meese E, Thiel E, Korfel A, Weller M, Saito K, Mukasa A, Nagae G, Nagane M, Aihara K, Takayanagi S, Tanaka S, Aburatani H, Saito N, Salama S, Sanborn JZ, Grifford M, Brennan C, Mikkelsen T, Jhanwar S, Chin L, Haussler D, Sasayama T, Tanaka K, Nakamizo S, Nishihara M, Tanaka H, Mizukawa K, Kohmura E, Schliesser M, Grimm C, Weiss E, Claus R, Weichenhan D, Weiler M, Hielscher T, Sahm F, Wiestler B, Klein AC, Blaes J, Weller M, Plass C, Wick W, Stragliotto G, Rahbar A, Soderberg-Naucler C, Sulman E, Won M, Ezhilarasan R, Sun P, Blumenthal D, Vogelbaum M, Colman H, Jenkins R, Chakravarti A, Jeraj R, Brown P, Jaeckle K, Schiff D, Dignam J, Atkins J, Brachman D, Werner-Wasik M, Gilbert M, Mehta M, Aldape K, Terashima K, Shen J, Luan J, Yu A, Suzuki T, Nishikawa R, Matsutani M, Liang Y, Man TK, Lau C, Trister A, Tokita M, Mikheeva S, Mikheev A, Friend S, Rostomily R, van den Bent M, Erdem L, Gorlia T, Taphoorn M, Kros J, Wesseling P, Dubbink H, Ibdaih A, Sanson M, French P, van Thuijl H, Mazor T, Johnson B, Fouse S, Heimans J, Wesseling P, Ylstra B, Reijneveld J, Taylor B, Berger M, Chang S, Costello J, Prabowo A, van Thuijl H, Scheinin I, van Essen H, Spliet W, Ferrier C, van Rijen P, Veersema T, Thom M, Meeteren ASV, Reijneveld J, Ylstra B, Wesseling P, Aronica E, Kim H, Zheng S, Mikkelsen T, Brat DJ, Virk S, Amini S, Sougnez C, Chin L, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Verhaak RGW, Watts C, Sottoriva A, Spiteri I, Piccirillo S, Touloumis A, Collins P, Marioni J, Curtis C, Tavare S, Weiss E, Grimm C, Schliesser M, Hielscher T, Claus R, Sahm F, Wiestler B, Klein AC, Blaes J, Tews B, Weiler M, Weichenhan D, Hartmann C, Weller M, Plass C, Wick W, Yeung TPC, Al-Khazraji B, Morrison L, Hoffman L, Jackson D, Lee TY, Yartsev S, Bauman G, Zheng S, Fu J, Vegesna R, Mao Y, Heathcock LE, Torres-Garcia W, Ezhilarasan R, Wang S, McKenna A, Chin L, Brennan CW, Yung WKA, Weinstein JN, Aldape KD, Sulman EP, Chen K, Koul D, Verhaak RGW. OMICS AND PROGNSTIC MARKERS. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:iii136-iii155. [PMCID: PMC3823898 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
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Agarwal M, Nitta R, Dovat S, Li G, Arita H, Narita Y, Fukushima S, Tateishi K, Matsushita Y, Yoshida A, Miyakita Y, Ohno M, Collins VP, Kawahara N, Shibui S, Ichimura K, Kahn SA, Gholamin S, Junier MP, Chneiweiss H, Weissman I, Mitra S, Cheshier S, Avril T, Hamlat A, Le Reste PJ, Mosser J, Quillien V, Carrato C, Munoz-Marmol A, Serrano L, Pijuan L, Hostalot C, Villa SL, Ariza A, Etxaniz O, Balana C, Benveniste ET, Zheng Y, McFarland B, Drygin D, Bellis S, Bredel M, Lotsch D, Engelmaier C, Allerstorfer S, Grusch M, Pichler J, Weis S, Hainfellner J, Marosi C, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Berger W, Bronisz A, Nowicki MO, Wang Y, Ansari K, Chiocca EA, Godlewski J, Brown K, Kwatra M, Brown K, Kwatra M, Bui T, Nitta R, Li G, Zhu S, Kozono D, Li J, Kushwaha D, Carter B, Chen C, Schulte J, Srikanth M, Das S, Zhang J, Lathia J, Yin L, Rich J, Olson E, Kessler J, Chenn A, Cherry A, Haas B, Lin YH, Ong SE, Stella N, Cifarelli CP, Griffin RJ, Cong D, Zhu W, Shi Y, Clark P, Kuo J, Hu S, Sun D, Bookland M, 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S, Harada H, Ohue S, Ohnishi T, Li P, Ng J, Yuelling L, Du F, Curran T, Yang ZJ, Zhu D, Castellino RC, Van Meir EG, Zhu W, Begum G, Wang Q, Clark P, Yang SS, Lin SH, Kahle K, Kuo J, Sun D. CELL BIOLOGY AND SIGNALING. Neuro Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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