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Lin Y, Filin S, Billen R, Mizoue N. Co-developing an international TLS network for the 3D ecological understanding of global trees: System architecture, remote sensing models, and functional prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 16:100257. [PMID: 36941885 PMCID: PMC10024182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Trees are spread worldwide, as the watchmen that experience the intricate ecological effects caused by various environmental factors. In order to better understand such effects, it is preferential to achieve finely and fully mapped global trees and their environments. For this task, aerial and satellite-based remote sensing (RS) methods have been developed. However, a critical branch regarding the apparent forms of trees has significantly fallen behind due to the technical deficiency found within their global-scale surveying methods. Now, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), a state-of-the-art RS technology, is useful for the in situ three-dimensional (3D) mapping of trees and their environments. Thus, we proposed co-developing an international TLS network as a macroscale ecotechnology to increase the 3D ecological understanding of global trees. First, we generated the system architecture and tested the available RS models to deepen its ground stakes. Then, we verified the ecotechnology regarding the identification of its theoretical feasibility, a review of its technical preparations, and a case testification based on a prototype we designed. Next, we conducted its functional prospects by previewing its scientific and technical potentials and its functional extensibility. Finally, we summarized its technical and scientific challenges, which can be used as the cutting points to promote the improvement of this technology in future studies. Overall, with the implication of establishing a novel cornerstone-sense ecotechnology, the co-development of an international TLS network can revolutionize the 3D ecological understanding of global trees and create new fields of research from 3D global tree structural ecology to 3D macroecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Sagi Filin
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa IL, 32000, Israel
| | - Roland Billen
- Department of Geography, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Nobuya Mizoue
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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2
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Zhou T, Du W, Wang J, Zhang L, Gao J, Shi N, Wang L, Wu Y, Tian B. Divergent responses of plant functional traits and biomass allocation to slope aspects in four perennial herbs of the alpine meadow ecosystem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1092821. [PMID: 36938032 PMCID: PMC10016094 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1092821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Slope aspect can cause environmental heterogeneity over relatively short distances, which in turn affects plant distribution, community structure, and ecosystem function. However, the response and adaptation strategies of plants to slope aspects via regulating their physiological and morphological properties still remain poorly understood, especially in alpine ecosystems. Here, we selected four common species, including Bistorta macrophylla, Bistorta vivipara, Cremanthodium discoideum, and Deschampsia littoralis, to test how biomass allocation and functional traits of height, individual leaf area, individual leaf mass, and specific leaf area (SLA) respond to variation in slope aspect in the Minshan Mountain, eastern Tibetan Plateau. We found that the slope aspect affected SLA and stem, flower mass fraction with higher values at southwest slope aspect, which is potentially related to light environment. The low-temperature environment caused by the slope aspect facilitates the accumulation of root biomass especially at the northeast slope aspect. Cremanthodium discoideum and D. littoralis invested more in belowground biomass in southeast and southwest slope aspects, although a large number of significant isometric allocations were found in B. macrophylla and B. vivipara. Finally, we found that both biotic and abiotic factors are responsible for the variation in total biomass with contrasting effects across different species. These results suggest that slope aspect, as an important topographic variable, strongly influences plant survival, growth, and propagation. Therefore, habitat heterogeneity stemming from topographic factors (slope aspect) can prevent biotic homogenization and thus contribute to the improvement of diverse ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Wentao Du
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinniu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Mangkang Biodiversity and Ecological Station, Tibet Ecological Safety Monitor Network, Changdu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Yangtze Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Shi
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Mangkang Biodiversity and Ecological Station, Tibet Ecological Safety Monitor Network, Changdu, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Aba Teachers University, Wenchuan, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Binghui Tian
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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3
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Price CA, Drake P, Veneklaas EJ, Renton M. Flow similarity, stochastic branching, and quarter-power scaling in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1854-1865. [PMID: 35920766 PMCID: PMC9614476 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The origin of allometric scaling patterns that are multiples of one-fourth has long fascinated biologists. While not universal, quarter-power scaling relationships are common and have been described in all major clades. Several models have been advanced to explain the origin of such patterns, but questions regarding the discordance between model predictions and empirical data have limited their widespread acceptance. Notable among these is a fractal branching model that predicts power-law scaling of both metabolism and physical dimensions. While a power law is a useful first approximation to some data sets, nonlinear data compilations suggest the possibility of alternative mechanisms. Here, we show that quarter-power scaling can be derived using only the preservation of volume flow rate and velocity as model constraints. Applying our model to land plants, we show that incorporating biomechanical principles and allowing different parts of plant branching networks to be optimized to serve different functions predicts nonlinearity in allometric relationships and helps explain why interspecific scaling exponents covary along a fractal continuum. We also demonstrate that while branching may be a stochastic process, due to the conservation of volume, data may still be consistent with the expectations for a fractal network when one examines sub-trees within a tree. Data from numerous sources at the level of plant shoots, stems, and petioles show strong agreement with our model predictions. This theoretical framework provides an easily testable alternative to current general models of plant metabolic allometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Drake
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland and Forest Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Erik J Veneklaas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland and Forest Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Renton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland and Forest Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Vasseur F, Westgeest AJ, Vile D, Violle C. Solving the grand challenge of phenotypic integration: allometry across scales. Genetica 2022; 150:161-169. [PMID: 35857239 PMCID: PMC9355930 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-022-00158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic integration is a concept related to the cascade of trait relationships from the lowest organizational levels, i.e. genes, to the highest, i.e. whole-organism traits. However, the cause-and-effect linkages between traits are notoriously difficult to determine. In particular, we still lack a mathematical framework to model the relationships involved in the integration of phenotypic traits. Here, we argue that allometric models developed in ecology offer testable mathematical equations of trait relationships across scales. We first show that allometric relationships are pervasive in biology at different organizational scales and in different taxa. We then present mechanistic models that explain the origin of allometric relationships. In addition, we emphasized that recent studies showed that natural variation does exist for allometric parameters, suggesting a role for genetic variability, selection and evolution. Consequently, we advocate that it is time to examine the genetic determinism of allometries, as well as to question in more detail the role of genome size in subsequent scaling relationships. More broadly, a possible-but so far neglected-solution to understand phenotypic integration is to examine allometric relationships at different organizational levels (cell, tissue, organ, organism) and in contrasted species.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Vasseur
- CEFE, University Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Denis Vile
- LEPSE, University Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, University Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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5
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Effects of Thinning on the Growth and Relative Change in the Diameter of a Mahogany Plantation. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Honduras mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) is an important forestry tree species in low altitude areas in central and southern Taiwan and has good potential for sustainable forestry in tropical regions. The aim of this study was to understand changes in the diameter at breast height (DBH) and stand structure of large-leafed mahogany. A lower layer thinning experiment was conducted in 2011 in a 14-year-old mahogany plantation in Guanmiao, Tainan City, Taiwan. Four zones of heavy, moderate, and light thinning, as well as a control were established and DBH surveys were conducted in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2017 at tree ages of 14, 15, 16, 18, and 20 years, respectively. The DBH trend was observed using simple linear regression with continuous slope values and the Weibull density function was used to match the distribution of diameter classes and compare the average DBH growth under different thinning treatments. The results showed that the growth of small diameter trees remained slow after felling, whereas medium-intensity thinning could result in a similar increase in DBH for larger diameter trees within a certain period. The stand structure remained skewed (c < 3.6) six years after harvesting and spatial allocation needed to be re-adjusted to alleviate competition pressure. The mean periodic growth of a single tree DBH after thinning was significantly different from that of the un-thinned trees at tree ages of 16, 18, and 20 years (p value < 0.05). However, the difference between thinning treatments was not significant and the effect of moderate thinning and intensive thinning was a similar in terms of promoting the mean periodic growth of single wood.
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Norghauer JM. Intraspecific allometries reveal hyper‐slender stems in forest gaps and the impact on tree growth from insect herbivores. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian M. Norghauer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Statistical Scientific Editing Montréal Québec Canada
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7
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Will forest size structure follow the −2 power-law distribution under ideal demographic equilibrium state? J Theor Biol 2018; 452:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Malhi Y, Jackson T, Patrick Bentley L, Lau A, Shenkin A, Herold M, Calders K, Bartholomeus H, Disney MI. New perspectives on the ecology of tree structure and tree communities through terrestrial laser scanning. Interface Focus 2018; 8:20170052. [PMID: 29503728 PMCID: PMC5829190 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2017.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) opens up the possibility of describing the three-dimensional structures of trees in natural environments with unprecedented detail and accuracy. It is already being extensively applied to describe how ecosystem biomass and structure vary between sites, but can also facilitate major advances in developing and testing mechanistic theories of tree form and forest structure, thereby enabling us to understand why trees and forests have the biomass and three-dimensional structure they do. Here we focus on the ecological challenges and benefits of understanding tree form, and highlight some advances related to capturing and describing tree shape that are becoming possible with the advent of TLS. We present examples of ongoing work that applies, or could potentially apply, new TLS measurements to better understand the constraints on optimization of tree form. Theories of resource distribution networks, such as metabolic scaling theory, can be tested and further refined. TLS can also provide new approaches to the scaling of woody surface area and crown area, and thereby better quantify the metabolism of trees. Finally, we demonstrate how we can develop a more mechanistic understanding of the effects of avoidance of wind risk on tree form and maximum size. Over the next few years, TLS promises to deliver both major empirical and conceptual advances in the quantitative understanding of trees and tree-dominated ecosystems, leading to advances in understanding the ecology of why trees and ecosystems look and grow the way they do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxon OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Tobias Jackson
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxon OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Lisa Patrick Bentley
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxon OX1 3QY, UK.,Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Avenue, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
| | - Alvaro Lau
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Alexander Shenkin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxon OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Martin Herold
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Calders
- Earth Observation, Climate and Optical Group, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.,Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Harm Bartholomeus
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathias I Disney
- Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO)
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9
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Sun H, Wang X, Fan Y, Liu C, Wu P, Li Q, Yin W. Effects of biophysical constraints, climate and phylogeny on forest shrub allometries along an altitudinal gradient in Northeast China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43769. [PMID: 28266604 PMCID: PMC5339776 DOI: 10.1038/srep43769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether there is a general allometry law across plant species with different sizes and under different environment has long been controversial and shrubs are particularly useful to examine these questions. Here we sampled 939 individuals from 50 forest shrub species along a large altitudinal gradient. We tested several allometry models with four relationships simultaneously (between stem diameter, height, leaf, stem and aboveground biomass), including geometric, elastic and stress similarity, and metabolic scaling theory's predictions on small plants (MSTs) and trees (MSTt). We also tested if allometric exponents change markedly with climate and phylogeny. The predicted exponents of MSTt, elastic similarity and stress similarity (models for trees) were not supported by our data, while MSTs and geometric similarity gained more support, suggesting the finite size effect is more important for shrub allometries than being a woody plant. The influence of climate and phylogeny on allometric exponents were not significant or very weak, again suggesting strong biophysical constraints on shrub allometries. Our results reveal clear differences of shrub allometries from previous findings on trees (e.g. much weaker climatic and phylogenic control). Comparisons of herbs, shrubs and trees along a same climatic gradient are needed for better understanding of plant allometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sun
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangping Wang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanwen Fan
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiaoyan Li
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weilun Yin
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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10
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Aćimović SG, VanWoerkom AH, Garavaglia T, Vandervoort C, Sundin GW, Wise JC. Seasonal and Cross-Seasonal Timing of Fungicide Trunk Injections in Apple Trees to Optimize Management of Apple Scab. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:1606-1616. [PMID: 30686216 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-15-1061-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To optimize the number and timing of trunk injections for season-long control of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), we evaluated 1 to 2 and 4 seasonal and cross-seasonal injections of potassium phosphites and synthetic fungicides and quantified residues in leaves and fruit. Phosphites accumulated in the canopy at the highest concentrations, aligned well in time with scab suppression, and gave better leaf scab control of 41.8 to 73.5% than propiconazole (16.9 to 51.5%) or cyprodinil + difenoconazole (5.4 to 17.4%). More injections of phosphites controlled leaf scab better than fewer (23.7% versus 48.2%), and more fungicide injections resulted in 21.9 to 51.1% better leaf scab control than fewer. Leaf scab control with phosphites was only 3.2 to 13.9% better with 4 cross-seasonal compared with 4 seasonal injections, while 1 to 2 seasonal compared with 1 to 2 cross-seasonal injections improved scab control only for 4.2 to 22.1%. On shoots, injected phosphites provided comparable or for 4.4 to 10.5% and 22.3 to 41.4% better scab control than spray standards. On fruit, injected phosphites slightly improved control compared with sprayed phosphites or the sprayed fungicide standard (33.4 to 40.8%). Two seasonal injections of phosphites controlled shoot scab 5.7% better than 9 spray applications. Five sprays of cyprodinil + difenoconazole controlled scab better than their injections. Fruit residues of phosphites reached 2.8 ppm and declined in all treatments except in 2 seasonal injections and phosphite sprays. Cyprodinil and difenoconazole fruit residues reached 0.02 and 0.07 ppm and declined sharply toward the end of the season. These were far below the United States, Codex, and EU MRL-s of 1, 0.8, and 0.5 ppm for difenoconazole, and 1.7, 2, and 1 ppm for cyprodinil, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srđan G Aćimović
- Michigan State University, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824-1311
| | | | - Thomas Garavaglia
- Michigan State University, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824-1311
| | - Christine Vandervoort
- Michigan State University, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824-1311
| | - George W Sundin
- Michigan State University, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824-1311
| | - John C Wise
- Michigan State University, Department of Entomology, East Lansing, MI 48824-1311
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11
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Forest dynamics and its driving forces of sub-tropical forest in South China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22561. [PMID: 26940005 PMCID: PMC4778038 DOI: 10.1038/srep22561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree mortality and recruitment are key factors influencing forest dynamics, but the driving mechanisms of these processes remain unclear. To better understand these driving mechanisms, we studied forest dynamics over a 5-year period in a 20-ha sub-tropical forest in the Dinghushan Nature Reserve, South China. The goal was to identify determinants of tree mortality/recruitment at the local scale using neighborhood analyses on some locally dominant tree species. Results show that the study plot was more dynamic than some temperate and tropical forests in a comparison to large, long-term forest dynamics plots. Over the 5-year period, mortality rates ranged from 1.67 to 12.33% per year while recruitment rates ranged from 0 to 20.26% per year. Tree size had the most consistent effect on mortality across species. Recruitment into the ≥1-cm size class consistently occurred where local con-specific density was high. This suggests that recruitment may be limited by seed dispersal. Hetero-specific individuals also influenced recruitment significantly for some species. Canopy species had low recruitment into the ≥1-cm size class over the 5-year period. In conclusion, tree mortality and recruitment for sixteen species in this plot was likely limited by seed dispersal and density-dependence.
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12
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Evaluating general allometric models: interspecific and intraspecific data tell different stories due to interspecific variation in stem tissue density and leaf size. Oecologia 2015; 180:671-84. [PMID: 26572635 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of general scaling models to capture the central tendency or dispersion in biological data has been questioned. In fact, the appropriate domain of such models has never been clearly articulated and they have been supported and challenged using both interspecific and/or intraspecific data. Here, we evaluate several simplifying assumptions and predictions of two prominent scaling models: West, Brown and Enquist's fractal model (WBE) and a null model of geometric similarity (GEOM). Using data for 53 herbaceous angiosperm species from the Songnen Grasslands of Northern China, we compared both the interspecific and intraspecific scaling relationships for plant geometry and biomass partitioning. Specifically, we considered biomass investment in shoots and leaves as well as related several traits not commonly collected in plant allometric analyses: shoot volume, leaf number, and mean leaf mass. At the interspecific level, we find substantial variation in regression slopes, and the simplifying assumptions of WBE and predictions of both the WBE and GEOM models do not hold. In contrast, we find substantial support for the WBE model at the intraspecific level, and to a lesser extent for GEOM. The differences between our results at interspecific and intraspecific levels are due to the fact that leaf size and stem tissue density vary considerably across species in contrast to the simplifying assumptions of WBE. These results highlight the domain within which simplifying model assumptions might be most appropriate, and suggest allometric models may be useful points of departure within some species, growth forms or taxonomic groups.
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13
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Anderson‐Teixeira KJ, McGarvey JC, Muller‐Landau HC, Park JY, Gonzalez‐Akre EB, Herrmann V, Bennett AC, So CV, Bourg NA, Thompson JR, McMahon SM, McShea WJ. Size‐related scaling of tree form and function in a mixed‐age forest. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira
- Center for Tropical Forest Science‐Forest Global Earth Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama Republic of Panama 9100 Panama City PlWashingtonDC 20521‐9100 USA
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Rd. Front Royal VA 22630USA
| | - Jennifer C. McGarvey
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Rd. Front Royal VA 22630USA
| | - Helene C. Muller‐Landau
- Center for Tropical Forest Science‐Forest Global Earth Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama Republic of Panama 9100 Panama City PlWashingtonDC 20521‐9100 USA
| | - Janice Y. Park
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Rd. Front Royal VA 22630USA
| | - Erika B. Gonzalez‐Akre
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Rd. Front Royal VA 22630USA
| | - Valentine Herrmann
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Rd. Front Royal VA 22630USA
| | - Amy C. Bennett
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Rd. Front Royal VA 22630USA
| | - Christopher V. So
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Rd. Front Royal VA 22630USA
| | - Norman A. Bourg
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Rd. Front Royal VA 22630USA
| | | | - Sean M. McMahon
- Center for Tropical Forest Science‐Forest Global Earth Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama Republic of Panama 9100 Panama City PlWashingtonDC 20521‐9100 USA
- Forest Ecology Group Smithsonian Environmental Research Center PO Box 28 Edgewater MD 21037USA
| | - William J. McShea
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Rd. Front Royal VA 22630USA
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14
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Cook GD, Liedloff AC, Cuff NJ, Brocklehurst PS, Williams RJ. Stocks and dynamics of carbon in trees across a rainfall gradient in a tropical savanna. AUSTRAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garry D. Cook
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship; Darwin Northern Territory 0822 Australia
| | - Adam C. Liedloff
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship; Darwin Northern Territory 0822 Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Cuff
- Northern Territory Department of Land Resource Management; Palmerston Northern Territory Australia
| | - Peter S. Brocklehurst
- Northern Territory Department of Land Resource Management; Palmerston Northern Territory Australia
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15
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Matsushita M, Takata K, Hitsuma G, Yagihashi T, Noguchi M, Shibata M, Masaki T. A novel growth model evaluating age–size effect on long‐term trends in tree growth. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michinari Matsushita
- Department of Biological Environment Akita Prefectural University Shimoshinjo‐Nakano Akita 010‐0195 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Takata
- Institute of Wood Technology Akita Prefectural University Noshiro 016‐0876 Japan
| | - Gaku Hitsuma
- Tohoku Research Center Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Morioka 020‐0123 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yagihashi
- Tohoku Research Center Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Morioka 020‐0123 Japan
| | - Mahoko Noguchi
- Tohoku Research Center Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Morioka 020‐0123 Japan
| | - Mitsue Shibata
- Tohoku Research Center Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Morioka 020‐0123 Japan
| | - Takashi Masaki
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Tsukuba 305‐8687 Japan
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Issoufou HBA, Rambal S, Le Dantec V, Oï M, Laurent JP, Saadou M, Seghieri J. Is the WBE model appropriate for semi-arid shrubs subjected to clear cutting? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:197-208. [PMID: 25716875 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
It is crucial to understand the adaptive mechanisms of woody plants facing periodic drought to assess their vulnerability to the increasing climate variability predicted in the Sahel. Guiera senegalensis J.F.Gmel is a semi-evergreen Combretaceae commonly found in Sahelian rangelands, fallows and crop fields because of its value as an agroforestry species. We compared canopy leafing, and allometric measurements of leaf area, stem area and stem length and their relationships with leaf water potential, stomatal conductance (gs) and soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance (KS-L), in mature and current-year resprouts of G. senegalensis in Sahelian Niger. In mature shrubs, seasonal drought reduced the ratio of leaf area to cross-sectional stem area (AL : AS), mainly due to leaf shedding. The canopy of the current-year resprouts remained permanently leafed as the shrubs produced leaves and stems continuously, and their AL : AS ratio increased throughout the dry season. Their KS-L increased, whereas gs decreased. West, Brown and Enquist's (WBE) model can thus describe allometric trends in the seasonal life cycle of undisturbed mature shrubs, but not that of resprouts. Annual clear cutting drives allometric scaling relationships away from theoretical WBE predictions in the current-year resprouts, with scaling exponents 2.5 times greater than those of mature shrubs. High KS-L (twice that of mature shrubs) supports this intensive regeneration process. The adaptive strategy described here is probably common to many woody species that have to cope with both severe seasonal drought and regular disturbance over the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Bil-Assanou Issoufou
- Faculté d'Agronomie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, Université de Maradi, BP 465 Maradi, Niger IRD-UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Serge Rambal
- CEFE-CNRS-UMR DREAM, Université de Montpellier 2, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CP 3037, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Valérie Le Dantec
- UPS-UMR CESBIO, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Monique Oï
- IRD-UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Paul Laurent
- CNRS-UMR Laboratoire d'étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, Bâtiment OSUG-B, Domaine universitaire, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 09, France
| | - Mahamane Saadou
- Faculté d'Agronomie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, Université de Maradi, BP 465 Maradi, Niger
| | - Josiane Seghieri
- IRD-UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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18
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Price CA, Wright IJ, Ackerly DD, Niinemets Ü, Reich PB, Veneklaas EJ. Are leaf functional traits ‘invariant’ with plant size and what is ‘invariance’ anyway? Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Price
- School of Plant Biology; University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Ian J. Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | - David D. Ackerly
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building Berkeley California 94720-3140 USA
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Estonian University of Life Sciences; Kreutzwaldi 1 Tartu 51014 Estonia
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources; University of Minnesotam; 1530 Cleveland Avenue North St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; University of Western Sydney; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith New South Wales 2751 Australia
| | - Erik J. Veneklaas
- School of Plant Biology; University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia 6009 Australia
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19
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Pittermann J, Lance J, Poster L, Baer A, Fox LR. Heavy browsing affects the hydraulic capacity of Ceanothus rigidus (Rhamnaceae). Oecologia 2014; 175:801-10. [PMID: 24817157 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Defoliation by herbivores can reduce carbon assimilation, change plant water relations, and even shift the biotic structure of plant communities. In this study, we took advantage of a long-term deer exclosure experiment to examine the consequences of persistent deer herbivory on plant water relations and the xylem structure-function relationships in Ceanothus rigidus, a maritime chaparral shrub in coastal California. Browsed plants had thicker stems with many intertwined short distal twigs, and significantly higher sapwood-to-leaf area ratios than their non-browsed counterparts. Leaf area-specific hydraulic conductivity was similar in both browsed and non-browsed plants, but xylem area-specific conductivity was significantly lower in the browsed plants. Vessel diameters were equivalent in both plant groups, but the number of vessels on a transverse area basis was nearly 40% lower in the browsed plants, accounting for their lower transport efficiency. Mid-day in situ water potentials and losses of hydraulic conductivity due to embolism were similar in both groups of plants but stomatal conductance was higher in the browsed shrubs in the early part of the growing season. We discuss our findings in the context of whole-plant ecophysiology, and explore the consequences of herbivory on hormonal signals, wood anatomy, and xylem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA,
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20
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Xu S, Li Y, Wang G. Scaling relationships between leaf mass and total plant mass across Chinese forests. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95938. [PMID: 24759801 PMCID: PMC3997487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass partitioning is important for illustrating terrestrial ecosystem carbon flux. West, Brown and Enquist (WBE) model predicts that an optimal 3/4 allometric scaling of leaf mass and total biomass of individual plants will be applied in diverse communities. However, amount of scientific evidence suggests an involvement of some biological and environmental factors in interpreting the variation of scaling exponent observed in empirical studies. In this paper, biomass information of 1175 forested communities in China was collected and categorized into groups in terms of leaf form and function, as well as their locations to test whether the allocation pattern was conserved or variable with internal and/or environmental variations. Model Type II regression protocol was adopted to perform all the regressions. The results empirically showed that the slopes varied significantly across diverse forested biomes, between conifer and broadleaved forests, and between evergreen and deciduous forests. Based on the results, leaf form and function and their relations to environments play a significant role in the modification of the WBE model to explore more accurate laws in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xu
- The state key laboratory of plant physiology and biochemistry, Institute of ecology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- The state key laboratory of plant physiology and biochemistry, Institute of ecology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Genxuan Wang
- The state key laboratory of plant physiology and biochemistry, Institute of ecology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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21
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Kim HK, Park J, Hwang I. Investigating water transport through the xylem network in vascular plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1895-904. [PMID: 24609652 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of physical and physiological mechanisms depends on the development of advanced technologies and tools to prove or re-evaluate established theories, and test new hypotheses. Water flow in land plants is a fascinating phenomenon, a vital component of the water cycle, and essential for life on Earth. The cohesion-tension theory (CTT), formulated more than a century ago and based on the physical properties of water, laid the foundation for our understanding of water transport in vascular plants. Numerous experimental tools have since been developed to evaluate various aspects of the CTT, such as the existence of negative hydrostatic pressure. This review focuses on the evolution of the experimental methods used to study water transport in plants, and summarizes the different ways to investigate the diversity of the xylem network structure and sap flow dynamics in various species. As water transport is documented at different scales, from the level of single conduits to entire plants, it is critical that new results be subjected to systematic cross-validation and that findings based on different organs be integrated at the whole-plant level. We also discuss the functional trade-offs between optimizing hydraulic efficiency and maintaining the safety of the entire transport system. Furthermore, we evaluate future directions in sap flow research and highlight the importance of integrating the combined effects of various levels of hydraulic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Koo Kim
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, CIMMYT-Ethiopia, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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22
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Ma L, Chen C, Shen Y, Wu LF, Huang ZL, Cao HL. Determinants of tree survival at local scale in a sub-tropical forest. Ecol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-013-1100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Lin Y, Huth F, Berger U, Grimm V. The role of belowground competition and plastic biomass allocation in altering plant mass-density relationships. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Lai J, Coomes DA, Du X, Hsieh CF, Sun IF, Chao WC, Mi X, Ren H, Wang X, Hao Z, Ma K. A general combined model to describe tree-diameter distributions within subtropical and temperate forest communities. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Tredennick AT, Bentley LP, Hanan NP. Allometric convergence in savanna trees and implications for the use of plant scaling models in variable ecosystems. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58241. [PMID: 23484003 PMCID: PMC3590121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical models of allometric scaling provide frameworks for understanding and predicting how and why the morphology and function of organisms vary with scale. It remains unclear, however, if the predictions of ‘universal’ scaling models for vascular plants hold across diverse species in variable environments. Phenomena such as competition and disturbance may drive allometric scaling relationships away from theoretical predictions based on an optimized tree. Here, we use a hierarchical Bayesian approach to calculate tree-specific, species-specific, and ‘global’ (i.e. interspecific) scaling exponents for several allometric relationships using tree- and branch-level data harvested from three savanna sites across a rainfall gradient in Mali, West Africa. We use these exponents to provide a rigorous test of three plant scaling models (Metabolic Scaling Theory (MST), Geometric Similarity, and Stress Similarity) in savanna systems. For the allometric relationships we evaluated (diameter vs. length, aboveground mass, stem mass, and leaf mass) the empirically calculated exponents broadly overlapped among species from diverse environments, except for the scaling exponents for length, which increased with tree cover and density. When we compare empirical scaling exponents to the theoretical predictions from the three models we find MST predictions are most consistent with our observed allometries. In those situations where observations are inconsistent with MST we find that departure from theory corresponds with expected tradeoffs related to disturbance and competitive interactions. We hypothesize savanna trees have greater length-scaling exponents than predicted by MST due to an evolutionary tradeoff between fire escape and optimization of mechanical stability and internal resource transport. Future research on the drivers of systematic allometric variation could reconcile the differences between observed scaling relationships in variable ecosystems and those predicted by ideal models such as MST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Tredennick
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Tree survival plays a central role in forest ecosystems. Although many factors such as tree size, abiotic and biotic neighborhoods have been proposed as being important in explaining patterns of tree survival, their contributions are still subject to debate. We used generalized linear mixed models to examine the relative importance of tree size, local abiotic conditions and the density and identity of neighbors on tree survival in an old-growth temperate forest in northeastern China at three levels (community, guild and species). Tree size and both abiotic and biotic neighborhood variables influenced tree survival under current forest conditions, but their relative importance varied dramatically within and among the community, guild and species levels. Of the variables tested, tree size was typically the most important predictor of tree survival, followed by biotic and then abiotic variables. The effect of tree size on survival varied from strongly positive for small trees (1-20 cm dbh) and medium trees (20-40 cm dbh), to slightly negative for large trees (>40 cm dbh). Among the biotic factors, we found strong evidence for negative density and frequency dependence in this temperate forest, as indicated by negative effects of both total basal area of neighbors and the frequency of conspecific neighbors. Among the abiotic factors tested, soil nutrients tended to be more important in affecting tree survival than topographic variables. Abiotic factors generally influenced survival for species with relatively high abundance, for individuals in smaller size classes and for shade-tolerant species. Our study demonstrates that the relative importance of variables driving patterns of tree survival differs greatly among size classes, species guilds and abundance classes in temperate forest, which can further understanding of forest dynamics and offer important insights into forest management.
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27
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How stand productivity results from size- and competition-dependent growth and mortality. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28660. [PMID: 22174861 PMCID: PMC3236764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A better understanding of the relationship between stand structure and productivity is required for the development of: a) scalable models that can accurately predict growth and yield dynamics for the world's forests; and b) stand management regimes that maximize wood and/or timber yield, while maintaining structural and species diversity. Methods We develop a cohort-based canopy competition model (“CAIN”), parameterized with inventory data from Ontario, Canada, to examine the relationship between stand structure and productivity. Tree growth, mortality and recruitment are quantified as functions of diameter and asymmetric competition, using a competition index (CAIh) defined as the total projected area of tree crowns at a given tree's mid-crown height. Stand growth, mortality, and yield are simulated for inventoried stands, and also for hypothetical stands differing in total volume and tree size distribution. Results For a given diameter, tree growth decreases as CAIh increases, whereas the probability of mortality increases. For a given CAIh, diameter growth exhibits a humped pattern with respect to diameter, whereas mortality exhibits a U-shaped pattern reflecting senescence of large trees. For a fixed size distribution, stand growth increases asymptotically with total density, whereas mortality increases monotonically. Thus, net productivity peaks at an intermediate volume of 100–150 m3/ha, and approaches zero at 250 m3/ha. However, for a fixed stand volume, mortality due to senescence decreases if the proportion of large trees decreases as overall density increases. This size-related reduction in mortality offsets the density-related increase in mortality, resulting in a 40% increase in yield. Conclusions Size-related variation in growth and mortality exerts a profound influence on the relationship between stand structure and productivity. Dense stands dominated by small trees yield more wood than stands dominated by fewer large trees, because the relative growth rate of small trees is higher, and because they are less likely to die.
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28
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Philipson CD, Saner P, Marthews TR, Nilus R, Reynolds G, Turnbull LA, Hector A. Light-based Regeneration Niches: Evidence from 21 Dipterocarp Species using Size-specific RGRs. Biotropica 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Philipson
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Philippe Saner
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | | | - Reuben Nilus
- Forest Research Centre; Sepilok; Sandakan; Sabah; Malaysia
| | - Glen Reynolds
- The Royal Society South-East Asian Rainforest Research Programme; Danum Valley Field Centre; Sabah; Malaysia
| | - Lindsay A. Turnbull
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Andy Hector
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
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29
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Moncrieff GR, Chamaillé-Jammes S, Higgins SI, O'Hara RB, Bond WJ. Tree allometries reflect a lifetime of herbivory in an African savanna. Ecology 2011; 92:2310-5. [DOI: 10.1890/11-0230.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Petit G, Anfodillo T. Plant physiology in theory and practice: An analysis of the WBE model for vascular plants. J Theor Biol 2009; 259:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Wang X, Hao Z, Zhang J, Lian J, Li B, Ye J, Yao X. Tree size distributions in an old-growth temperate forest. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Stegen JC, White EP. On the relationship between mass and diameter distributions in tree communities. Ecol Lett 2008; 11:1287-93. [PMID: 18785987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that frequency distributions of individual tree masses in natural stands are characterized by power-law distributions with exponents near -3/4, and that therefore tree communities exhibit energetic equivalence among size classes. Because the mass of trees is not measured directly, but estimated from diameter, this supposition is based on the fact that the observed distribution of tree diameters is approximately characterized by a power-law with an exponent approximately -2. Here we show that diameter distributions of this form are not equivalent to mass distributions with exponents of -3/4, but actually to mass distributions with exponents of -11/8. We discuss the implications of this result for the metabolic theory of ecology and for understanding energetic equivalence and the processes structuring tree communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Stegen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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33
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Holdaway RJ, Allen RB, Clinton PW, Davis MR, Coomes DA. Intraspecific changes in forest canopy allometries during self-thinning. Funct Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Russo SE, Wiser SK, Coomes DA. Growth?size scaling relationships of woody plant species differ from predictions of the Metabolic Ecology Model. Ecol Lett 2007; 10:889-901. [PMID: 17845289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Metabolic Ecology Model predicts that tree diameter (D) growth (dD/dt) scales with D(1/3). Using data on diameter growth and height-diameter relationships for 56 and 40 woody species, respectively, from forests throughout New Zealand, we tested one prediction and two assumptions of this model: (i) the exponent of the growth-diameter scaling relationship equals 1/3 and is invariant among species and growth forms, (ii) small and large individuals are invariant in their exponents and (iii) tree height scales with D(2/3). We found virtually no support for any prediction or assumption: growth-diameter scaling exponents varied substantially among species and growth forms, correlated positively with species' maximum height, and shifted significantly with increasing individual size. Tree height did not scale invariantly with diameter. Based on a quantitative test, violation of these assumptions alone could not explain the model's poor fit to our data, possibly reflecting multiple, unsound assumptions, as well as unaccounted-for variation that should be incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E Russo
- Conservation and Community Ecology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
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35
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White EP, Ernest SKM, Kerkhoff AJ, Enquist BJ. Relationships between body size and abundance in ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 2007; 22:323-30. [PMID: 17399851 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Body size is perhaps the most fundamental property of an organism and is related to many biological traits, including abundance. The relationship between abundance and body size has been extensively studied in an attempt to quantify the form of the relationship and to understand the processes that generate it. However, progress has been impeded by the under appreciated fact that there are four distinct, but interrelated, relationships between size and abundance that are often confused in the literature. Here, we review and distinguish between these four patterns, and discuss the linkages between them. We argue that a synthetic understanding of size-abundance relationships will result from more detailed analyses of individual patterns and from careful consideration of how and why the patterns are related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan P White
- Department of Biology and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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