1
|
Ardila-Leal LD, Poutou-Piñales RA, Pedroza-Rodríguez AM, Quevedo-Hidalgo BE. A Brief History of Colour, the Environmental Impact of Synthetic Dyes and Removal by Using Laccases. Molecules 2021; 26:3813. [PMID: 34206669 PMCID: PMC8270347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of colour is fascinating from a social and artistic viewpoint because it shows the way; use; and importance acquired. The use of colours date back to the Stone Age (the first news of cave paintings); colour has contributed to the social and symbolic development of civilizations. Colour has been associated with hierarchy; power and leadership in some of them. The advent of synthetic dyes has revolutionized the colour industry; and due to their low cost; their use has spread to different industrial sectors. Although the percentage of coloured wastewater discharged by the textile; food; pharmaceutical; cosmetic; and paper industries; among other productive areas; are unknown; the toxic effect and ecological implications of this discharged into water bodies are harmful. This review briefly shows the social and artistic history surrounding the discovery and use of natural and synthetic dyes. We summarise the environmental impact caused by the discharge of untreated or poorly treated coloured wastewater to water bodies; which has led to physical; chemical and biological treatments to reduce the colour units so as important physicochemical parameters. We also focus on laccase utility (EC 1.10.3.2), for discolouration enzymatic treatment of coloured wastewater, before its discharge into water bodies. Laccases (p-diphenol: oxidoreductase dioxide) are multicopper oxidoreductase enzymes widely distributed in plants, insects, bacteria, and fungi. Fungal laccases have employed for wastewater colour removal due to their high redox potential. This review includes an analysis of the stability of laccases, the factors that influence production at high scales to achieve discolouration of high volumes of contaminated wastewater, the biotechnological impact of laccases, and the degradation routes that some dyes may follow when using the laccase for colour removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leidy D. Ardila-Leal
- Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ), Bogotá 110-23, DC, Colombia;
| | - Raúl A. Poutou-Piñales
- Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ), Bogotá 110-23, DC, Colombia;
| | - Aura M. Pedroza-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental y de Suelos, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ), Bogotá 110-23, DC, Colombia;
| | - Balkys E. Quevedo-Hidalgo
- Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ), Bogotá 110-23, DC, Colombia;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cobo A, García-Escárzaga A, Gutiérrez-Zugasti I, Setién J, González-Morales MR, López-Higuera JM. Automated Measurement of Magnesium/Calcium Ratios in Gastropod Shells Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Paleoclimatic Applications. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:591-599. [PMID: 28107034 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816687570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of mollusk shells offers information about environmental conditions present during the lifespan of the organism. Shells found in geological deposits and in many archeological sites can help to reconstruct past climatic conditions. For example, a correlation has been found between seawater temperature and the amount of some substituent elements (e.g., magnesium, strontium) in the biogenerated calcium carbonate matrix of the shell, although it is very species-specific. Here we propose the use laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to estimate Mg/Ca ratios in modern specimens of the common limpet Patella vulgata. An automated setup was used to obtain a sequence of Mg/Ca ratios across a sampling path that could be compared with the seawater temperatures recorded during the organism's lifespan. Results using four shells collected in different months of the year showed a direct relationship between the Mg/Ca ratios and the seawater temperature, although the sequences also revealed small-scale (short-term) variability and an irregular growth rate. Nevertheless, it was possible to infer the season of capture and the minimum and maximum seawater temperatures from the LIBS sequences. This fact, along with the reduction in sampling and measurement time compared with other spectrometric techniques (such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [ICP-MS]), makes LIBS useful in paleoclimatic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Cobo
- 1 Grupo de Ingeniería Fotónica, Departmento TEISA, Universidad de Cantabria, Spain
| | - Asier García-Escárzaga
- 2 Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, Spain
| | - Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti
- 2 Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, Spain
| | - Jesús Setién
- 3 Departamento de Ciencia e Ingeniería del Terreno y de los Materiales, Universidad de Cantabria, Spain
| | - Manuel R González-Morales
- 2 Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Monge G, Jimenez-Espejo FJ, García-Alix A, Martínez-Ruiz F, Mattielli N, Finlayson C, Ohkouchi N, Sánchez MC, de Castro JMB, Blasco R, Rosell J, Carrión J, Rodríguez-Vidal J, Finlayson G. Earliest evidence of pollution by heavy metals in archaeological sites. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14252. [PMID: 26388184 PMCID: PMC4585679 DOI: 10.1038/srep14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Homo species were exposed to a new biogeochemical environment when they began to occupy caves. Here we report the first evidence of palaeopollution through geochemical analyses of heavy metals in four renowned archaeological caves of the Iberian Peninsula spanning the last million years of human evolution. Heavy metal contents reached high values due to natural (guano deposition) and anthropogenic factors (e.g. combustion) in restricted cave environments. The earliest anthropogenic pollution evidence is related to Neanderthal hearths from Gorham's Cave (Gibraltar), being one of the first milestones in the so-called “Anthropocene”. According to its heavy metal concentration, these sediments meet the present-day standards of “contaminated soil”. Together with the former, the Gibraltar Vanguard Cave, shows Zn and Cu pollution ubiquitous across highly anthropic levels pointing to these elements as potential proxies for human activities. Pb concentrations in Magdalenian and Bronze age levels at El Pirulejo site can be similarly interpreted. Despite these high pollution levels, the contaminated soils might not have posed a major threat to Homo populations. Altogether, the data presented here indicate a long-term exposure of Homo to these elements, via fires, fumes and their ashes, which could have played certain role in environmental-pollution tolerance, a hitherto neglected influence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Monge
- Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Nadine Mattielli
- Laboratoire G-Time, DSTE, Université Libre Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clive Finlayson
- The Gibraltar Museum, Gibraltar, UK.,Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, The University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Naohiko Ohkouchi
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Miguel Cortés Sánchez
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose María Bermúdez de Castro
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH) Burgos, Spain.,University College London Anthropology, London, UK
| | - Ruth Blasco
- Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Rosell
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Tarragona, Spain
| | - José Carrión
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-Vidal
- Departamento de Geodinámica y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Geraldine Finlayson
- The Gibraltar Museum, Gibraltar, UK.,Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, The University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| |
Collapse
|