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Khattak ZH, Li W, Karnowski T, Khattak AJ. The role of driver head pose dynamics and instantaneous driving in safety critical events: Application of computer vision in naturalistic driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 200:107545. [PMID: 38492345 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
This paper investigates the role of driver behavior especially head pose dynamics in safety-critical events (SCEs). Using a large dataset collected in a naturalistic driving study, this paper analyzes the head pose dynamics and driving behavior in moments leading up to crashes or near-crashes. The study uses advanced computer vision and mixed logit modeling techniques to identify patterns and relationships between drivers' head pose dynamics and crash involvement. The results suggest that driver-head pose dynamics, especially poses that indicate distraction and movement volatility, are important factors that can contribute to undesirable safety outcomes. Marginal effects show that angular deviation for head pose dynamics indicated by yaw, pitch and roll increase the likelihood of crash intensity by 4.56%, 4.92% and 8.26% respectively. Furthermore, traffic flow and lane changing also contribute to increase in likelihood of crash intensity. These findings provide new insights into pre-crash factors, especially human factors and safety-critical events. The study highlights the importance of considering human factors in designing driver assistance systems and developing safer vehicles. This research contributes by examining naturalistic driving data at the microscopic level with early detection of behaviors that lead to SCEs and provides a basis for future research on automation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wan Li
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States
| | | | - Asad J Khattak
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, United States
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Tankéré P, Taillard J, Armeni MA, Petitjean T, Berthomier C, Strauss M, Peter-Derex L. Revisiting the maintenance of wakefulness test: from intra-/inter-scorer agreement to normative values in patients treated for obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e13961. [PMID: 37287324 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Maintenance of Wakefulness Test is widely used to objectively assess sleepiness and make safety-related decisions, but its interpretation is subjective and normative values remain debated. Our work aimed to determine normative thresholds in non-subjectively sleepy patients with well-treated obstructive sleep apnea, and to assess intra- and inter-scorer variability. We included maintenance of wakefulness tests of 141 consecutive patients with treated obstructive sleep apnea (90% men, mean (SD) age 47.5 (9.2) years, mean (SD) pre-treatment apnea-hypopnea index of 43.8 (20.3) events/h). Sleep onset latencies were independently scored by two experts. Discordant scorings were reviewed to reach a consensus and half of the cohort was double-scored by each scorer. Intra- and inter-scorer variability was assessed using Cohen's kappa for 40, 33, and 19 min mean sleep latency thresholds. Consensual mean sleep latencies were compared between four groups according to subjective sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale score < versus ≥11) and residual apnea-hypopnea index (< versus ≥15 events/h). In well-treated non-sleepy patients (n = 76), the consensual mean (SD) sleep latency was 38.4 (4.2) min (lower normal limit [mean - 2SD] = 30 min), and 80% of them did not fall asleep. Intra-scorer agreement on mean sleep latency was high but inter-scorer was only fair (Cohen's kappa 0.54 for 33-min threshold, 0.27 for 19-min threshold), resulting in changes in latency category in 4%-12% of patients. A higher sleepiness score but not the residual apnea-hypopnea index was significantly associated with a lower mean sleep latency. Our findings suggest a higher than usually accepted normative threshold (30 min) in this context and emphasise the need for more reproducible scoring approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Tankéré
- Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Pulmonary Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Center for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Disease, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jacques Taillard
- Sommeil, Addiction et Neuropsychiatrie, Université de Bordeaux, SANPSY, USR 3413, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc-Antoine Armeni
- Center for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Disease, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Petitjean
- Center for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Disease, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Mélanie Strauss
- Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Site Erasme, Services de Neurologie, Psychiatrie et Laboratoire du Sommeil, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Neuropsychology and Functional Imaging Research Group (UR2NF), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Peter-Derex
- Center for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Disease, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, PAM Team, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France
- Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
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Minhas R, Peker NY, Hakkoz MA, Arbatli S, Celik Y, Erdem CE, Semiz B, Peker Y. Association of Visual-Based Signals with Electroencephalography Patterns in Enhancing the Drowsiness Detection in Drivers with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2625. [PMID: 38676243 PMCID: PMC11055081 DOI: 10.3390/s24082625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) face increased accident risks due to excessive daytime sleepiness. PERCLOS, a recognized drowsiness detection method, encounters challenges from image quality, eyewear interference, and lighting variations, impacting its performance, and requiring validation through physiological signals. We propose visual-based scoring using adaptive thresholding for eye aspect ratio with OpenCV for face detection and Dlib for eye detection from video recordings. This technique identified 453 drowsiness (PERCLOS ≥ 0.3 || CLOSDUR ≥ 2 s) and 474 wakefulness episodes (PERCLOS < 0.3 and CLOSDUR < 2 s) among fifty OSA drivers in a 50 min driving simulation while wearing six-channel EEG electrodes. Applying discrete wavelet transform, we derived ten EEG features, correlated them with visual-based episodes using various criteria, and assessed the sensitivity of brain regions and individual EEG channels. Among these features, theta-alpha-ratio exhibited robust mapping (94.7%) with visual-based scoring, followed by delta-alpha-ratio (87.2%) and delta-theta-ratio (86.7%). Frontal area (86.4%) and channel F4 (75.4%) aligned most episodes with theta-alpha-ratio, while frontal, and occipital regions, particularly channels F4 and O2, displayed superior alignment across multiple features. Adding frontal or occipital channels could correlate all episodes with EEG patterns, reducing hardware needs. Our work could potentially enhance real-time drowsiness detection reliability and assess fitness to drive in OSA drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riaz Minhas
- College of Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; (R.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Nur Yasin Peker
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Sakarya 54050, Turkey;
| | - Mustafa Abdullah Hakkoz
- Graduate School of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey;
| | - Semih Arbatli
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koc University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey;
| | - Yeliz Celik
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koc University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey;
| | - Cigdem Eroglu Erdem
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ozyegin University, Istanbul 34794, Turkey;
| | - Beren Semiz
- College of Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; (R.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Yuksel Peker
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koc University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey;
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
- Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- School of Medicine, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Lacaux C, Strauss M, Bekinschtein TA, Oudiette D. Embracing sleep-onset complexity. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:273-288. [PMID: 38519370 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is crucial for many vital functions and has been extensively studied. By contrast, the sleep-onset period (SOP), often portrayed as a mere prelude to sleep, has been largely overlooked and remains poorly characterized. Recent findings, however, have reignited interest in this transitional period and have shed light on its neural mechanisms, cognitive dynamics, and clinical implications. This review synthesizes the existing knowledge about the SOP in humans. We first examine the current definition of the SOP and its limits, and consider the dynamic and complex electrophysiological changes that accompany the descent to sleep. We then describe the interplay between internal and external processing during the wake-to-sleep transition. Finally, we discuss the putative cognitive benefits of the SOP and identify novel directions to better diagnose sleep-onset disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lacaux
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institut du Cerveau (Paris Brain Institute), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France.
| | - Mélanie Strauss
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group (UR2NF), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Sleep Medicine, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Site Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tristan A Bekinschtein
- Cambridge Consciousness and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Delphine Oudiette
- Institut du Cerveau (Paris Brain Institute), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France; Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service des Pathologies du Sommeil, National Reference Centre for Narcolepsy, Paris 75013, France.
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Andrillon T, Taillard J, Strauss M. Sleepiness and the transition from wakefulness to sleep. Neurophysiol Clin 2024; 54:102954. [PMID: 38460284 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2024.102954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition from wakefulness to sleep is a progressive process that is reflected in the gradual loss of responsiveness, an alteration of cognitive functions, and a drastic shift in brain dynamics. These changes do not occur all at once. The sleep onset period (SOP) refers here to this period of transition between wakefulness and sleep. For example, although transitions of brain activity at sleep onset can occur within seconds in a given brain region, these changes occur at different time points across the brain, resulting in a SOP that can last several minutes. Likewise, the transition to sleep impacts cognitive and behavioral levels in a graded and staged fashion. It is often accompanied and preceded by a sensation of drowsiness and the subjective feeling of a need for sleep, also associated with specific physiological and behavioral signatures. To better characterize fluctuations in vigilance and the SOP, a multidimensional approach is thus warranted. Such a multidimensional approach could mitigate important limitations in the current classification of sleep, leading ultimately to better diagnoses and treatments of individuals with sleep and/or vigilance disorders. These insights could also be translated in real-life settings to either facilitate sleep onset in individuals with sleep difficulties or, on the contrary, prevent or control inappropriate sleep onsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andrillon
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne Université, Inserm-CNRS, Paris 75013, France; Monash Centre for Consciousness & Contemplative Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jacques Taillard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, SANPSY, UMR 6033, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mélanie Strauss
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), CUB Hôpital Érasme, Services de Neurologie, Psychiatrie et Laboratoire du sommeil, Route de Lennik 808 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium; Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group (UR2NF), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Orsini F, Giusti G, Zarantonello L, Costa R, Montagnese S, Rossi R. Driving fatigue increases after the Spring transition to Daylight Saving Time in young male drivers: A pilot study. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH. PART F, TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR 2023; 99:83-97. [PMID: 38577012 PMCID: PMC10988525 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2023.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The Spring transition to Daylight Saving Time (DST) has been associated with several health and road safety issues. Previous literature has focused primarily on the analysis of historical crash and hospitalization data, without investigating specific crash contributing factors, such as driving fatigue. The present study aims to uncover the effects of DST-related circadian desynchrony and sleep deprivation on driving fatigue, by means of a driving simulator experiment. Eighteen participants (all males, age range 21-30 years, mean = 24.2, SD = 2.9) completed two 50-minute trials (at one week distance, same time and same day of the week) on a monotonous highway environment, the second one taking place in the week after the Spring transition to DST. Driving fatigue was evaluated by analysing several different variables (including driving-based, physiological and subjective indices) and by comparison with a historical cohort of pertinent, matched controls who had also undergone two trials, but in the absence of any time change in between. Results showed a considerable rise in fatigue levels throughout the driving task in both trials, but with significantly poorer performance in the post-DST trial, documented by a worsening in vehicle lateral control and an increase in eyelid closure. However, participants seemed unable to perceive this decrease in their alertness, which most likely prevented them from implementing fatigue-coping strategies. These findings indicate that DST has a detrimental effect on driving fatigue in young male drivers in the week after the Spring transition, and provide valuable insights into the complex relationship between DST and road safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Orsini
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Mobility and Behavior Research Center – MoBe, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giusti
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Chronobiology Section, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rodolfo Costa
- Chronobiology Section, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Montagnese
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Chronobiology Section, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Rossi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Mobility and Behavior Research Center – MoBe, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Peter-Derex L, Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Lopez R, Barateau L. Evaluation of hypersomnolence: From symptoms to diagnosis, a multidimensional approach. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:715-726. [PMID: 37563022 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypersomnolence is a major public health issue given its high frequency, its impact on academic/occupational functioning and on accidentology, as well as its heavy socio-economic burden. The positive and aetiological diagnosis is crucial, as it determines the therapeutic strategy. It must consider the following aspects: i) hypersomnolence is a complex concept referring to symptoms as varied as excessive daytime sleepiness, excessive need for sleep, sleep inertia, or drowsiness, all of which warrant specific dedicated investigations; ii) the boundary between physiological and abnormal hypersomnolence is blurred, since most symptoms can be encountered in the general population to varying degrees without being considered as pathological, meaning that their severity, frequency, context of occurrence and related impairment need to be carefully assessed; iii) investigation of hypersomnolence relies on scales/questionnaires as well as behavioural and neurophysiological tests, which measure one or more dimensions, keeping in mind the possible discrepancy between objective and subjective assessment; iv) aetiological reasoning is driven by knowledge of the main sleep regulation mechanisms, epidemiology, and associated symptoms. The need to assess hypersomnolence is growing, both for its management, and for assessing the efficacy of treatments. The landscape of tools available for investigating hypersomnolence is constantly evolving, in parallel with research into sleep physiology and technical advances. These investigations face the challenges of reconciling subjective perception and objective data, making tools accessible to as many people as possible and predicting the risk of accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peter-Derex
- Centre for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, PAM Team, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France.
| | - J-A Micoulaud-Franchi
- Service Universitaire de médecine du Sommeil, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; UMR CNRS 6033 SANPSY, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - R Lopez
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Montpellier, France; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Institute of Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - L Barateau
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Montpellier, France; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Institute of Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Aitken B, Hayley AC, Ford TC, Geier L, Shiferaw BA, Downey LA. Driving impairment and altered ocular activity under the effects of alprazolam and alcohol: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 251:110919. [PMID: 37611483 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alprazolam, also known by trade-name Xanax, is regularly detected along with alcohol in blood samples of drivers injured or killed in traffic collisions. While their co-consumption is principally legal, policy guidelines concerning fitness-to-drive are lacking and methods to index impairment are underdeveloped. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, we examined whether legally permissible levels of alcohol [target 0.04% blood alcohol concentration (BAC)], alprazolam (1mg), and their combination impacts driving performance, and whether driving impairment can be indexed by ocular activity. Participants completed a test battery consisting of a 40-minute simulated highway drive with ocular parameters assessed simultaneously, the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, and a confidence to drive assessment following four separate treatment combinations. The predictive efficacy of ocular parameters to identify alcohol and alprazolam-related driving impairment was also examined. RESULTS Among 21 healthy, fully licensed drivers (37% female, mean age 28.43, SD ± 3.96), driving performance was significantly impacted by alprazolam, alcohol, and their combination. Linear regression models revealed that the odds of an out-of-lane event occurring increased five-fold under the influence alprazolam alone and when combined with alcohol. An increase in gaze transition entropy (GTE) demonstrated the strongest association with the odds of an out-of-lane event occurring in the same minute, with both microsleeps and fixation rate achieving moderate accuracy across treatments. CONCLUSIONS Alprazolam and alcohol, alone and in combination, impaired select aspects of vehicle control over time. GTE, microsleeps, and fixation rate show potential as real-time indicators of driving impairment and crash risk associated with alcohol and alprazolam consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair Aitken
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amie C Hayley
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia; Institute for Breathing and Sleep (IBAS), Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Talitha C Ford
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia; Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Geier
- Forensic Science South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Brook A Shiferaw
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia; Institute for Breathing and Sleep (IBAS), Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Seeing Machines, Fyshwick, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia
| | - Luke A Downey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia; Institute for Breathing and Sleep (IBAS), Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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Fernández-Rodríguez Á, Ron-Angevin R, Velasco-Álvarez F, Diaz-Pineda J, Letouzé T, André JM. Evaluation of Single-Trial Classification to Control a Visual ERP-BCI under a Situation Awareness Scenario. Brain Sci 2023; 13:886. [PMID: 37371365 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An event-related potential (ERP)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) can be used to monitor a user's cognitive state during a surveillance task in a situational awareness context. The present study explores the use of an ERP-BCI for detecting new planes in an air traffic controller (ATC). Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of different visual factors on target detection. Experiment 1 validated the type of stimulus used and the effect of not knowing its appearance location in an ERP-BCI scenario. Experiment 2 evaluated the effect of the size of the target stimulus appearance area and the stimulus salience in an ATC scenario. The main results demonstrate that the size of the plane appearance area had a negative impact on the detection performance and on the amplitude of the P300 component. Future studies should address this issue to improve the performance of an ATC in stimulus detection using an ERP-BCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Fernández-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Tecnología Electrónica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Telecomunicación de la Universidad de Málaga (TELMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Ricardo Ron-Angevin
- Departamento de Tecnología Electrónica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Telecomunicación de la Universidad de Málaga (TELMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Velasco-Álvarez
- Departamento de Tecnología Electrónica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Telecomunicación de la Universidad de Málaga (TELMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Théodore Letouzé
- Laboratoire IMS, CNRS UMR 5218, Cognitive Team, Bordeaux INP-ENSC, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Jean-Marc André
- Laboratoire IMS, CNRS UMR 5218, Cognitive Team, Bordeaux INP-ENSC, 33400 Talence, France
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Manaenkov AE, Prokhorenko NO, Tkachenko ON, Sveshnikov DS, Dorokhov VB. [Correlation of the Karolinska sleepiness scale with performance variables of the monotonous bimanual psychomotor test]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:28-34. [PMID: 37275995 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312305228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the objectivity of measuring the level of sleepiness in the subjects using a monotonous psychomotor bimanual tapping test developed by us, performed on mobile devices running Android OS. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four hundred and ninety-four hour-long experiments with the performance of a psychomotor test were conducted on 102 students. Using the method of mixed linear models, correlations between the levels of sleepiness according to the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the behavioral indicators of the test were evaluated. RESULTS Statistically significant correlations between the increase in KSS scores and such indicators as a decrease in the total number of button taps and an increase in the frequency of «microsleep» episodes are shown. Statistically significant correlations of ESS score characteristics with the behavioral indicators of the test were not found. CONCLUSION A large statistical material shows a reliable correlation of the parameters of the psychomotor test with the level of sleepiness on the Karolinska scale, which allows using the mobile application developed by us to determine the current level of sleepiness /alertness in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Manaenkov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N O Prokhorenko
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - O N Tkachenko
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - D S Sveshnikov
- Medical Institute of Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V B Dorokhov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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Acute sleep loss increases CNS health biomarkers and compromises the ability to stay awake in a sex-and weight-specific manner. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:379. [PMID: 36088460 PMCID: PMC9464235 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Night shift work impairs vigilance performance, reduces the ability to stay awake, and compromises brain health. To investigate if the magnitude of these adverse night shift work effects differs between sexes and weight groups, 47 men and women with either normal weight or obesity participated in one night of sleep and one night of total sleep loss. During the night of sleep loss, participants' subjective sleepiness, vigilance performance, and ability to stay awake during 2-min quiet wake with eyes closed were repeatedly assessed. In addition, blood was collected in the morning after sleep loss and sleep to measure central nervous system (CNS) health biomarkers. Our analysis showed that women were sleepier during the night of sleep loss (P < 0.05) and spent more time in microsleep during quiet wake testing (P < 0.05). Finally, higher blood levels of neurofilament light chain, a biomarker of axonal damage, were found among women in the morning after sleep loss (P < 0.002). Compared with normal-weight subjects, those with obesity were more prone to fall asleep during quiet wake (P < 0.05) and exhibited higher blood levels of the CNS health biomarker pTau181 following sleep loss (P = 0.001). Finally, no differences in vigilance performance were noted between the sex and weight groups. Our findings suggest that the ability to stay awake during and the CNS health biomarker response to night shift work may differ between sexes and weight groups. Follow-up studies must confirm our findings under more long-term night shift work conditions.
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12
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Bright light alone or combined with caffeine improves sleepiness in chronically sleep-restricted young drivers. Sleep Med 2022; 93:15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Chong SD, Baldwin CL. The Origins of Passive, Active, and Sleep-Related Fatigue. FRONTIERS IN NEUROERGONOMICS 2021; 2:765322. [PMID: 38235224 PMCID: PMC10790914 DOI: 10.3389/fnrgo.2021.765322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Driving is a safety-critical task that requires an alert and vigilant driver. Most research on the topic of vigilance has focused on its proximate causes, namely low arousal and resource expenditure. The present article aims to build upon previous work by discussing the ultimate causes, or the processes that tend to precede low arousal and resource expenditure. The authors review different aspects of fatigue that contribute to a loss of vigilance and how they tend to occur; specifically, the neurochemistry of passive fatigue, the electrophysiology of active fatigue, and the chronobiology of sleep-related fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Chong
- Department of Psychology, Program of Human Factors Psychology, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
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14
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Iakovleva OV, Levin OS. [Speech and behavioral contaminations as non-epileptic automatic behavior in Parkinson's disease]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:58-63. [PMID: 34870915 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112110258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms. More than two hundred years have passed since its description, but we still discover its new manifestations. Abnormal behaviors include impulse control disorders, dopamine dysregulation syndrome, psychotic disorders and others. However, two new phenomena have been recently described in patients with PD. It can manifest in the form of doing inappropriate actions which patient doesn't recognize, or pronouncing/writing unsuitable words and phrases. Patients can't remember such episodes, but find «signs» of their unconscious activity or hear about it from attestors. This article represents a review of literature on unrelated communication interlude and automatic behavior in Parkinson's disease and discusses its possible reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Iakovleva
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - O S Levin
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Trinkoff AM, Baldwin CM, Chasens ER, Dunbar-Jacob J, Geiger-Brown J, Imes CC, Landis CA, Patrician PA, Redeker NS, Rogers AE, Scott LD, Todero CM, Tucker SJ, Weinstein SM. CE: Nurses Are More Exhausted Than Ever: What Should We Do About It? Am J Nurs 2021; 121:18-28. [PMID: 34743129 DOI: 10.1097/01.naj.0000802688.16426.8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT For nurses, the challenges posed by demanding work environments and schedules often lead to fatigue, and this can be exacerbated during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, the authors discuss causes and challenges of nurse fatigue and consider several evidence-based strategies and solutions for individual nurses and organizations. Barriers to implementation, including a negative workplace culture and inadequate staffing, are also described, and several resources are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Trinkoff
- Alison M. Trinkoff is a professor at the University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore. Carol M. Baldwin is professor emeritus and a Southwest Borderlands Scholar at Arizona State University's Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Phoenix. Eileen R. Chasens is a professor and chair of the Department of Health and Community Systems, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, where Jacqueline Dunbar-Jacob is dean and a distinguished service professor and Christopher C. Imes is an assistant professor. Now retired, at the time of this writing Jeanne Geiger-Brown was a professor and associate dean for research at the George Washington University School of Nursing, Washington, DC. Carol A. Landis is a professor emeritus at the University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle. Patricia A. Patrician is a professor and the Rachel Z. Booth Endowed Chair at the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Nursing, and a retired U.S. Army colonel. Nancy S. Redeker is the Beatrice Renfield Term Professor of Nursing at the Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven, CT. Ann E. Rogers is a professor at the Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta. Linda D. Scott is a professor and dean of the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Nursing. Catherine M. Todero is dean of the College of Nursing and vice provost of Health Sciences at Creighton University, Omaha, NE, and Phoenix, AZ. Sharon J. Tucker is the Grayce Sills Endowed Professor in Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing and director of the Translational/Implementation Research Core at the Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus. Sharon M. Weinstein is chief executive officer of the Global Education Development Institute, and SMW Group LLC, North Bethesda, MD, and a clinical assistant professor at the College of Nursing, University of Illinois, Chicago. This article was a collaborative effort by the Fatigue Subgroup of the Health Behavior Expert Panel, American Academy of Nursing. The authors acknowledge Claire C. Caruso, PhD, RN, a research health scientist at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, for her help in reviewing the manuscript. Contact author: Alison M. Trinkoff, . The authors and planners have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise. A podcast with the authors is available at www.ajnonline.com
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16
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Fredriksson R, Lenné MG, van Montfort S, Grover C. European NCAP Program Developments to Address Driver Distraction, Drowsiness and Sudden Sickness. FRONTIERS IN NEUROERGONOMICS 2021; 2:786674. [PMID: 38235253 PMCID: PMC10790826 DOI: 10.3389/fnrgo.2021.786674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Driver distraction and drowsiness remain significant contributors to death and serious injury on our roads and are long standing issues in road safety strategies around the world. With developments in automotive technology, including driver monitoring, there are now more options available for automotive manufactures to mitigate risks associated with driver state. Such developments in Occupant Status Monitoring (OSM) are being incorporated into the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) Safety Assist protocols. The requirements for OSM technologies are discussed along two dimensions: detection difficulty and behavioral complexity. More capable solutions will be able to provide higher levels of system availability, being the proportion of time a system could provide protection to the driver, and will be able to capture a greater proportion of complex real-word driver behavior. The testing approach could initially propose testing using both a dossier of evidence provided by the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) alongside selected use of track testing. More capable systems will not rely only on warning strategies but will also include intervention strategies when a driver is not attentive. The roadmap for future OSM protocol development could consider a range of known and emerging safety risks including driving while intoxicated by alcohol or drugs, cognitive distraction, and the driver engagement requirements for supervision and take-over performance with assisted and automated driving features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Fredriksson
- Swedish Transport Administration, Skövde, Sweden
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
- European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael G. Lenné
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Seeing Machines, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Colin Grover
- European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP), Leuven, Belgium
- Thatcham Research, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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17
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Poudel GR, Hawes S, Innes CRH, Parsons N, Drummond SPA, Caeyensberghs K, Jones RD. RoWDI: rolling window detection of sleep intrusions in the awake brain using fMRI. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34592721 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac2bb9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Brief episodes of sleep can intrude into the awake human brain due to lack of sleep or fatigue-compromising the safety of critical daily tasks (i.e. driving). These intrusions can also introduce artefactual activity within functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments, prompting the need for an objective and effective method of removing them.Approach.We have developed a method to track sleep-like events in awake humans via rolling window detection of intrusions (RoWDI) of fMRI signal template. These events can then be used in voxel-wise event-related analysis of fMRI data. To test this approach, we generated a template of fMRI activity associated with transition to sleep via simultaneous fMRI and electroencephalogram (EEG) (N= 10). RoWDI was then used to identify sleep-like events in 20 individuals performing a cognitive task during fMRI after a night of partial sleep deprivation. This approach was further validated in an independent fMRI dataset (N= 56).Main results.Our method (RoWDI) was able to infer frequent sleep-like events during the cognitive task performed after sleep deprivation. The sleep-like events were associated with on average of 20% reduction in pupil size and prolonged response time. The blood-oxygen-level-dependent activity during the sleep-like events covered thalami-cortical regions, which although spatially distinct, co-existed with, task-related activity. These key findings were validated in the independent dataset.Significance.RoWDI can reliably detect spontaneous sleep-like events in the human brain. Thus, it may also be used as a tool to delineate and account for neural activity associated with wake-sleep transitions in both resting-state and task-related fMRI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda R Poudel
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.,New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie Hawes
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carrie R H Innes
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Parsons
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakins University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sean P A Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Caeyensberghs
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakins University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard D Jones
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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18
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Cai AWT, Manousakis JE, Lo TYT, Horne JA, Howard ME, Anderson C. I think I'm sleepy, therefore I am - Awareness of sleepiness while driving: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 60:101533. [PMID: 34461582 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Driver drowsiness contributes to 10-20% of motor vehicle crashes. To reduce crash risk, ideally drivers would be aware of the drowsy state and cease driving. The extent to which drivers can accurately identify sleepiness remains under much debate. We systematically examined whether individuals are aware of sleepiness while driving, and whether this accurately reflects driving impairment, using meta-analyses and narrative review. Within this scope, there is high variability in measures of subjective sleepiness, driving performance and physiologically-derived drowsiness, and statistical analyses. Thirty-four simulated/naturalistic driving studies were reviewed. To summarise, drivers were aware of sleepiness, and this was associated to physiological drowsiness and driving impairment, such that high levels of sleepiness significantly predicted crash events and lane deviations. Subjective sleepiness was more strongly correlated (i) with physiological drowsiness compared to driving outcomes; (ii) under simulated driving conditions compared to naturalistic drives; and (iii) when examined using the Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS) compared to other measures. Gaps remain in relation to how age, sex, and varying degrees of sleep loss may influence this association. This review provides evidence that drivers are aware of drowsiness while driving, and stopping driving when feeling 'sleepy' may significantly reduce crash risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna W T Cai
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica E Manousakis
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tiffany Y T Lo
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - James A Horne
- Sleep Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mark E Howard
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, 3084, VIC, Australia
| | - Clare Anderson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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19
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Anniss AM, Young A, O'Driscoll DM. Microsleep assessment enhances interpretation of the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test. J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 17:1571-1578. [PMID: 33729911 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.9250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) is used to objectively evaluate an individual's ability to remain awake; however, microsleeps are not included in the assessment. We aimed to determine if microsleep data prior to sleep onset assisted in interpretation of ability to maintain wakefulness across a range of typical patient groups. METHODS Forty-eight patients referred for overnight polysomnography and subsequent MWT were included. Patients were divided into 3 groups (treated obstructive sleep apnea [OSA], untreated OSA, or treated idiopathic hypersomnia or narcolepsy) based on prior medical diagnosis. Demographics, clinical characteristics, polysomnography, and MWT variables, including frequency, distribution, duration, and latency of microsleeps were compared between groups. RESULTS Microsleeps were observed in MWT trials significantly more frequently in patients with treated idiopathic hypersomnia/narcolepsy over the course of the day (0.34 ± 0.06 vs 0.07 ± 0.02 microsleeps/min; P < .001) and in patients with untreated OSA toward the end of the day (0.31 ± 0.06 vs 0.05 ± 0.02 microsleeps/min; P < .001) compared to the group with treated OSA. Microsleeps were often observed in series and earlier in patients with treated idiopathic hypersomnia/narcolepsy (10.9 ± 1.6 minutes) and those with untreated OSA (16.2 ± 2.7 minutes) compared to the group with treated OSA (24.9 ± 3.0 minutes; P < .05), and, if taken into consideration, would increase the proportion of patients demonstrating inability to maintain wakefulness by 33% and 22%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS MWT performance varies significantly across patient groups. Microsleep analysis prior to sleep onset may be a more sensitive measure of patient daytime wakefulness than sleep latency alone and should be considered in MWT assessment. CITATION Anniss AM, Young A, O'Driscoll DM. Microsleep assessment enhances interpretation of the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(8):1571-1578.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Anniss
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan Young
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia.,Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denise M O'Driscoll
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia.,Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Sleepiness Behind the Wheel and the Implementation of European Driving Regulations. Sleep Med Clin 2021; 16:533-543. [PMID: 34325829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbance and sleepiness are established risk factors for driving accidents and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most prevalent medical disorder associated with excessive daytime sleepiness. Because effective treatment of OSA reduces accident risk, several jurisdictions have implemented regulations concerning the ability of patients with OSA to drive, unless effectively treated. This review provides a practical guide for clinicians who may be requested to certify a patient with OSA as fit to drive regarding the scope of the problem, the role of questionnaires and driving simulators to evaluate sleepiness, and the benefit of treatment on accident risk.
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21
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Mahajan K, Velaga NR. Sleep-deprived car-following: Indicators of rear-end crash potential. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 156:106123. [PMID: 33862404 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Safety assessment among sleep-deprived drivers is a challenging research area with only a few sleep-related studies investigating safety performance during car-following. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the effects of partial sleep deprivation on driver safety during car-following. Fifty healthy male drivers with no prior history of any sleep-related disorders, drove the driving simulator in three conditions of varying sleep duration: a baseline (no sleep deprivation), test session (TS1) after one night of PSD (sleep ≤4.5 h/night) and TS2 after two consecutive nights of PSD. The reduced sleep in PSD sessions was monitored using an Actiwatch. Karolinska Sleepiness Scale was used to indicate loss of alertness among drivers. Each drive included a car-following task to measure longitudinal safety indicators based on speed and headway management: normalized time exposed to critical gap (TECG'), safety critical time headway and speed variability with respect to leading vehicle's speed (SPV). Crash potential index (CPI) was also determined from deceleration rate of drivers during car-following and was found correlated with other indicators. Therefore, to determine the aggregate influence of PSD on safety during car-following, CPI was modelled in terms of TECG, SPV, THW and other covariates. All safety metrics were modelled using generalized mixed effects regression models. The results showed that compared to the baseline drive, critical time headway decreased by 0.65 and 1.08 times whereas speed variability increased by 1.34 and 1.28 times during the TS1 and TS2, respectively, both indicating higher crash risk. However, decrease in TECG' by 64 % and 56 % during TS1 and TS2, respectively indicate compensatory measures to avoid risks due to sleep loss. A fractional regression model of crash potential revealed that low time-headway and higher speed variability and high time exposed to critical gap (TECG') significantly contribute to higher CPI values indicating higher safety risk. Other covariates such as sleep duration, professional driving experience and history of traffic violations were also associated with safety indicators and CPI, however no significant effects of age were noticed in the study. The study findings present the safety indicators sensitive to rear-end crashes specifically under PSD conditions, which can be used in designing collisions avoidance systems and strategies to improve overall traffic safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Mahajan
- Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | - Nagendra R Velaga
- Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India.
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22
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Microsleep versus Sleep Onset Latency during Maintenance Wakefulness Tests: Which One Is the Best Marker of Sleepiness? Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:259-273. [PMID: 33946265 PMCID: PMC8161762 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The interpretation of the Maintenance Wakefulness Test (MWT) relies on sleep onset detection. However, microsleeps (MSs), i.e., brief periods of sleep intrusion during wakefulness, may occur before sleep onset. We assessed the prevalence of MSs during the MWT and their contribution to the diagnosis of residual sleepiness in patients treated for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or hypersomnia. The MWT of 98 patients (89 OSA, 82.6% male) were analyzed for MS scoring. Polysomnography parameters and clinical data were collected. The diagnostic value for detecting sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale > 10) of sleep onset latency (SOL) and of the first MS latency (MSL) was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC, 95% CI). At least one MS was observed in 62.2% of patients. MSL was positively correlated with SOL (r = 0.72, p < 0.0001) but not with subjective scales, clinical variables, or polysomnography parameters. The use of SOL or MSL did not influence the diagnostic performance of the MWT for subjective sleepiness assessment (AUC = 0.66 95% CI (0.56, 0.77) versus 0.63 95% CI (0.51, 0.74)). MSs are frequent during MWTs performed in patients treated for sleep disorders, even in the absence of subjective sleepiness, and may represent physiological markers of the wake-to-sleep transition.
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23
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McMahon WR, Ftouni S, Diep C, Collet J, Lockley SW, Rajaratnam SMW, Maruff P, Drummond SPA, Anderson C. The impact of the wake maintenance zone on attentional capacity, physiological drowsiness, and subjective task demands during sleep deprivation. J Sleep Res 2021; 30:e13312. [PMID: 33734527 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the impact of the Wake Maintenance Zone (WMZ) on measures of drowsiness, attention, and subjective performance under rested and sleep deprived conditions. We studied 23 healthy young adults (18 males; mean age = 25.41 ± 5.73 years) during 40 hr of total sleep deprivation under constant routine conditions. Participants completed assessments of physiological drowsiness (EEG-scored slow eye movements and microsleeps), sustained attention (PVT), and subjective task demands every two hours, and four-hourly ocular motor assessment of inhibitory control (inhibition of reflexive saccades on an anti-saccade task). Tests were analyzed relative to dim light melatonin onset (DLMO); the WMZ was defined as the 3 hr prior to DLMO, and the preceding 3 hr window was deemed the pre-WMZ. The WMZ did not mitigate the adverse impact of ~37 hr sleep deprivation on drowsiness, sustained attention, response inhibition, and self-rated concentration and difficulty, relative to rested WMZ performance (~13 hr of wakefulness). Compared to the pre-WMZ, though, the WMZ improved measures of sustained attention, and subjective concentration and task difficulty, during sleep deprivation. Cumulatively, these results expand on previous work by characterizing the beneficial effects of the WMZ on operationally-relevant indices of drowsiness, inhibitory attention control, and self-rated concentration and task difficulty relative to the pre-WMZ during sleep deprivation. These results may inform scheduling safety-critical tasks at more optimal circadian times to improve workplace performance and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ryan McMahon
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne Ftouni
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charmaine Diep
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jinny Collet
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven W Lockley
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shantha M W Rajaratnam
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Maruff
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cogstate Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean P A Drummond
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare Anderson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Wörle J, Metz B, Baumann M. Sleep inertia in automated driving: Post-sleep take-over and driving performance. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 150:105918. [PMID: 33310649 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is emerging as a new driver state in automated driving. Post-sleep performance impairments due to sleep inertia, the transitional phase from sleep to wakefulness that can take up to 30 min, are a potential safety issue. Take-over performance immediately after sleep is impaired and drivers perceive the take-over as critical. The aim of the presented study was to assess take-over behavior immediately after sleep and driving behavior during the 10 min after sleep. A study with N = 31 drivers was conducted in a high-fidelity driving simulator. Take-over performance and driving performance were assessed a) under alert baseline conditions and b) after awakening from electroencephalography-confirmed stable sleep. Take-over performance 15 s after awakening was impaired resulting in more driving errors compared to the alert baseline. Lane keeping was dramatically impaired in the first 3 min after sleep and recovered rapidly. Drivers drove slower after sleep and speed keeping was less stable for at least 10 min. The results suggest that human-machine interaction design should account for the drivers' impaired post-sleep driving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wörle
- Würzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences, Germany; University of Ulm, Germany.
| | - Barbara Metz
- Würzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences, Germany.
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25
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Son SO, Jeong J, Park S, Park J. Effects of advanced warning information systems on secondary crash risk under connected vehicle environment. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 148:105786. [PMID: 33035742 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of an optimal in-vehicle advanced warning information service in a connected vehicle (CV) environment to prevent secondary crashes. Driving simulation experiments were designed and performed to analyze driving behavior. The forward crash situation was reproduced in a simulated highway environment, and the safety effects were assessed based on simulation data from a driving simulator (DS). To explore and analyze the effectiveness of crash notifications from the advanced warning information system (AWIS) for preventing secondary crashes, this study utilized repeated measures of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), repeated measures of ANOVA, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon signed rank test. The results from this paper indicate that a warning information system was effective to prevent secondary crash risks, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Oh Son
- Department of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Jeong
- Department of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmin Park
- Department of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Juneyoung Park
- Department of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
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26
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Bonsignore MR, Randerath W, Schiza S, Verbraecken J, Elliott MW, Riha R, Barbe F, Bouloukaki I, Castrogiovanni A, Deleanu O, Goncalves M, Leger D, Marrone O, Penzel T, Ryan S, Smyth D, Teran-Santos J, Turino C, McNicholas WT. European Respiratory Society statement on sleep apnoea, sleepiness and driving risk. Eur Respir J 2020; 57:13993003.01272-2020. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01272-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is highly prevalent and is a recognised risk factor for motor vehicle accidents (MVA). Effective treatment with continuous positive airway pressure has been associated with a normalisation of this increased accident risk. Thus, many jurisdictions have introduced regulations restricting the ability of OSA patients from driving until effectively treated. However, uncertainty prevails regarding the relative importance of OSA severity determined by the apnoea–hypopnoea frequency per hour and the degree of sleepiness in determining accident risk. Furthermore, the identification of subjects at risk of OSA and/or accident risk remains elusive. The introduction of official European regulations regarding fitness to drive prompted the European Respiratory Society to establish a task force to address the topic of sleep apnoea, sleepiness and driving with a view to providing an overview to clinicians involved in treating patients with the disorder. The present report evaluates the epidemiology of MVA in patients with OSA; the mechanisms involved in this association; the role of screening questionnaires, driving simulators and other techniques to evaluate sleepiness and/or impaired vigilance; the impact of treatment on MVA risk in affected drivers; and highlights the evidence gaps regarding the identification of OSA patients at risk of MVA.
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27
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Skorucak J, Hertig-Godeschalk A, Schreier DR, Malafeev A, Mathis J, Achermann P. Automatic detection of microsleep episodes with feature-based machine learning. Sleep 2020; 43:5574726. [PMID: 31559424 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Microsleep episodes (MSEs) are brief episodes of sleep, mostly defined to be shorter than 15 s. In the electroencephalogram (EEG), MSEs are mainly characterized by a slowing in frequency. The identification of early signs of sleepiness and sleep (e.g. MSEs) is of considerable clinical and practical relevance. Under laboratory conditions, the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) is often used for assessing vigilance. METHODS We analyzed MWT recordings of 76 patients referred to the Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy-Center. MSEs were scored by experts defined by the occurrence of theta dominance on ≥1 occipital derivation lasting 1-15 s, whereas the eyes were at least 80% closed. We calculated spectrograms using an autoregressive model of order 16 of 1 s epochs moved in 200 ms steps in order to visualize oscillatory activity and derived seven features per derivation: power in delta, theta, alpha and beta bands, ratio theta/(alpha + beta), quantified eye movements, and median frequency. Three algorithms were used for MSE classification: support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and an artificial neural network (long short-term memory [LSTM] network). Data of 53 patients were used for the training of the classifiers, and 23 for testing. RESULTS MSEs were identified with a high performance (sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, and Cohen's kappa coefficient). Training revealed that delta power and the ratio theta/(alpha + beta) were most relevant features for the RF classifier and eye movements for the LSTM network. CONCLUSIONS The automatic detection of MSEs was successful for our EEG-based definition of MSEs, with good performance of all algorithms applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Skorucak
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sleep and Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anneke Hertig-Godeschalk
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David R Schreier
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Spital STS AG Thun, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Malafeev
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Mathis
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sleep and Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The KEY Institute for Brain‑Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Wotring B, Dingus T, Atwood J, Guo F, McClafferty J, Buchanan‐King M. The prevalence of cognitive disengagement in automobile crashes. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wotring
- Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Virginia Tech, Blacksburg Virginia
| | - Tom Dingus
- Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Virginia Tech, Blacksburg Virginia
| | - Jon Atwood
- Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Virginia Tech, Blacksburg Virginia
| | - Feng Guo
- Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Virginia Tech, Blacksburg Virginia
- Department of StatisticsVirginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia
| | - Julie McClafferty
- Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Virginia Tech, Blacksburg Virginia
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29
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Mulhall MD, Cori J, Sletten TL, Kuo J, Lenné MG, Magee M, Spina MA, Collins A, Anderson C, Rajaratnam SMW, Howard ME. A pre-drive ocular assessment predicts alertness and driving impairment: A naturalistic driving study in shift workers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 135:105386. [PMID: 31805427 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.105386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleepiness is a major contributor to motor vehicle crashes and shift workers are particularly vulnerable. There is currently no validated objective field-based measure of sleep-related impairment prior to driving. Ocular parameters are promising markers of continuous driver alertness in laboratory and track studies, however their ability to determine fitness-to-drive in naturalistic driving is unknown. This study assessed the efficacy of a pre-drive ocular assessment for predicting sleep-related impairment in naturalistic driving, in rotating shift workers. Fifteen healthcare workers drove an instrumented vehicle for 2 weeks, while working a combination of day, evening and night shifts. The vehicle monitored lane departures and behavioural microsleeps (blinks >500 ms) during the drive. Immediately prior to driving, ocular parameters were assessed with a 4-min test. Lane departures and behavioural microsleeps occurred on 17.5 % and 10 % of drives that had pre-drive assessments, respectively. Pre-drive blink duration significantly predicted behavioural microsleeps and showed promise for predicting lane departures (AUC = 0.79 and 0.74). Pre-drive percentage of time with eyes closed had high accuracy for predicting lane departures and behavioural microsleeps (AUC = 0.73 and 0.96), although was not statistically significant. Pre-drive psychomotor vigilance task variables were not statistically significant predictors of lane departures. Self-reported sleep-related and hazardous driving events were significantly predicted by mean blink duration (AUC = 0.65 and 0.69). Measurement of ocular parameters pre-drive predict drowsy driving during naturalistic driving, demonstrating potential for fitness-to-drive assessment in operational environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Mulhall
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer Cori
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracey L Sletten
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonny Kuo
- Seeing Machines Ltd., 80 Mildura St., Fyshwick, ACT, Australia; Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael G Lenné
- Seeing Machines Ltd., 80 Mildura St., Fyshwick, ACT, Australia; Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Magee
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marie-Antoinette Spina
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allison Collins
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare Anderson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shantha M W Rajaratnam
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark E Howard
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, Melbourne, Australia; Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia.
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30
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Huang KC, Chuang CH, Wang YK, Hsieh CY, King JT, Lin CT. The effects of different fatigue levels on brain-behavior relationships in driving. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01379. [PMID: 31568699 PMCID: PMC6908862 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past decade, fatigue has been regarded as one of the main factors impairing task performance and increasing behavioral lapses during driving, even leading to fatal car crashes. Although previous studies have explored the impact of acute fatigue through electroencephalography (EEG) signals, it is still unclear how different fatigue levels affect brain-behavior relationships. METHODS A longitudinal study was performed to investigate the brain dynamics and behavioral changes in individuals under different fatigue levels by a sustained attention task. This study used questionnaires in combination with actigraphy, a noninvasive means of monitoring human physiological activity cycles, to conduct longitudinal assessment and tracking of the objective and subjective fatigue levels of recruited participants. In this study, degrees of effectiveness score (fatigue rating) are divided into three levels (normal, reduced, and high risk) by the SAFTE fatigue model. RESULTS Results showed that those objective and subjective indicators were negatively correlated to behavioral performance. In addition, increased response times were accompanied by increased alpha and theta power in most brain regions, especially the posterior regions. In particular, the theta and alpha power dramatically increased in the high-fatigue (high-risk) group. Additionally, the alpha power of the occipital regions showed an inverted U-shaped change. CONCLUSION Our results help to explain the inconsistent findings among existing studies, which considered the effects of only acute fatigue on driving performance while ignoring different levels of resident fatigue, and potentially lead to practical and precise biomathematical models to better predict the performance of human operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chih Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Chuang
- Brain Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Wang
- CIBCI, Centre for Artificial Intelligence, FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chi-Yuan Hsieh
- Brain Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Tai King
- Brain Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Teng Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,CIBCI, Centre for Artificial Intelligence, FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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31
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Wali B, Khattak AJ, Karnowski T. Exploring microscopic driving volatility in naturalistic driving environment prior to involvement in safety critical events-Concept of event-based driving volatility. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 132:105277. [PMID: 31514087 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.105277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The sequence of instantaneous driving decisions and its variations, known as driving volatility, prior to involvement in safety critical events can be a leading indicator of safety. This study focuses on the component of "driving volatility matrix" related to specific normal and safety-critical events, named "event-based volatility." The research issue is characterizing volatility in instantaneous driving decisions in the longitudinal and lateral directions, and how it varies across drivers involved in normal driving, crash, and/or near-crash events. To explore the issue, a rigorous quasi-experimental study design is adopted to help compare driving behaviors in normal vs unsafe outcomes. Using a unique real-world naturalistic driving database from the 2nd Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), a test set of 9593 driving events featuring 2.2 million temporal samples of real-world driving are analyzed. This study features a plethora of kinematic sensors, video, and radar spatiotemporal data about vehicle movement and therefore offers the opportunity to initiate such exploration. By using information related to longitudinal and lateral accelerations and vehicular jerk, 24 different aggregate and segmented measures of driving volatility are proposed that captures variations in extreme instantaneous driving decisions. In doing so, careful attention is given to the issue of intentional vs. unintentional volatility. The volatility indices, as leading indicators of near-crash and crash events, are then linked with safety critical events, crash propensity, and other event specific explanatory variables. Owing to the presence of unobserved heterogeneity and omitted variable bias, fixed- and random-parameter discrete choice models are developed that relate crash propensity to unintentional driving volatility and other factors. Statistically significant evidence is found that driver volatilities in near-crash and crash events are significantly greater than volatility in normal driving events. After controlling for traffic, roadway, and unobserved factors, the results suggest that greater intentional volatility increases the likelihood of both crash and near-crash events. A one-unit increase in intentional volatility is associated with positive vehicular jerk in longitudinal direction increases the chance of crash and near-crash outcome by 15.79 and 12.52 percentage points, respectively. Importantly, intentional volatility in positive vehicular jerk in lateral direction has more negative consequences than intentional volatility in positive vehicular jerk in longitudinal direction. Compared to acceleration/deceleration, vehicular jerk can better characterize the volatility in microscopic instantaneous driving decisions prior to involvement in safety critical events. Finally, the magnitudes of correlations exhibit significant heterogeneity, and that accounting for the heterogeneous effects in the modeling framework can provide more reliable and accurate results. The study demonstrates the value of quasi-experimental study design and big data analytics for understanding extreme driving behaviors in safe vs. unsafe driving outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behram Wali
- Postdoctoral Scholar, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
| | - Asad J Khattak
- Beaman Distinguished Professor & Transportation Program Coordinator, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Thomas Karnowski
- Research Staff Member, Imaging, Signals, and Machine Learning Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, USA.
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32
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Dwarakanath A, Elliott MW. Assessment of Sleepiness in Drivers: Current Methodology and Future Possibilities. Sleep Med Clin 2019; 14:441-451. [PMID: 31640872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) drive a vehicle both for pleasure and as part of their employment. Some, but not all, patients with OSAS are at increased risk of being involved in road traffic accidents. Clinicians are often asked to make recommendations about an individual's fitness to drive, and these are likely to be inconsistent in the absence of objective criteria. This article discusses the current practice of the assessment of individuals' sleepiness with respect to driving, the limitations of available techniques, and future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Dwarakanath
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sleep and Non-invasive Ventilation Service, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Aberford Road, Wakefield, West Yorkshire WF2 9EU, UK
| | - Mark W Elliott
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sleep and Non-invasive Ventilation Service, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK.
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33
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D'Ambrosio S, Castelnovo A, Guglielmi O, Nobili L, Sarasso S, Garbarino S. Sleepiness as a Local Phenomenon. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1086. [PMID: 31680822 PMCID: PMC6813205 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep occupies a third of our life and is a primary need for all animal species studied so far. Nonetheless, chronic sleep restriction is a growing source of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries. Sleep loss is associated with the subjective feeling of sleepiness and with decreased performance, as well as with detrimental effects on general health, cognition, and emotions. The ideas that small brain areas can be asleep while the rest of the brain is awake and that local sleep may account for at least some of the cognitive and behavioral manifestations of sleepiness are making their way into the scientific community. We herein clarify the different ways sleep can intrude into wakefulness, summarize recent scientific advances in the field, and offer some hypotheses that help framing sleepiness as a local phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha D'Ambrosio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Castelnovo
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital (EOC) of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Ottavia Guglielmi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal/Child Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS, Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simone Sarasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Garbarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal/Child Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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34
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Hertig-Godeschalk A, Skorucak J, Malafeev A, Achermann P, Mathis J, Schreier DR. Microsleep episodes in the borderland between wakefulness and sleep. Sleep 2019; 43:5536744. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractStudy objectivesThe wake-sleep transition zone represents a poorly defined borderland, containing, for example, microsleep episodes (MSEs), which are of potential relevance for diagnosis and may have consequences while driving. Yet, the scoring guidelines of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) completely neglect it. We aimed to explore the borderland between wakefulness and sleep by developing the Bern continuous and high-resolution wake-sleep (BERN) criteria for visual scoring, focusing on MSEs visible in the electroencephalography (EEG), as opposed to purely behavior- or performance-defined MSEs.MethodsMaintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) trials of 76 randomly selected patients were retrospectively scored according to both the AASM and the newly developed BERN scoring criteria. The visual scoring was compared with spectral analysis of the EEG. The quantitative EEG analysis enabled a reliable objectification of the visually scored MSEs. For less distinct episodes within the borderland, either ambiguous or no quantitative patterns were found.ResultsAs expected, the latency to the first MSE was significantly shorter in comparison to the sleep latency, defined according to the AASM criteria. In certain cases, a large difference between the two latencies was observed and a substantial number of MSEs occurred between the first MSE and sleep. Series of MSEs were more frequent in patients with shorter sleep latencies, while isolated MSEs were more frequent in patients who did not reach sleep.ConclusionThe BERN criteria extend the AASM criteria and represent a valuable tool for in-depth analysis of the wake-sleep transition zone, particularly important in the MWT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Hertig-Godeschalk
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jelena Skorucak
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Sleep and Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Malafeev
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Sleep and Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- KEY Institute for Brain Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Mathis
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David R Schreier
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Spital STS AG Thun, Thun, Switzerland
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35
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Evaluation of a Road Safety Education Program Based on Driving Under Influence and Traffic Risks for Higher Secondary School Students in Belgium. SAFETY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/safety5020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Road safety education has been recognized as an instrument for reducing road accidents. This study aims to evaluate the road safety education program “Traffic Weeks” among higher secondary school students (age 16–19) in Belgium. The program focuses on driving under influence (DUI) and traffic risks. This study investigates whether the program has an effect on socio-cognitive variables using a questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior. During the pre-test, 445 students filled in the questionnaire, while 253 students filled in the questionnaire during the post-test. Of these, 175 questionnaires could be matched. The results indicate that the students already had quite a supportive view of road safety at pre-test, with female students showing a more supportive view of road safety than male students. The DUI workshop had a positive effect on most socio-cognitive variables (attitude, subjective norm-friends, and intention) of female students in general education, while the traffic risks workshop only affected perceived behavioral control of female students. In terms of appreciation, students had a significantly higher appreciation of the DUI workshop compared to the traffic risks workshop. During the focus groups, students gave recommendations to improve the program.
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36
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Meng F, Wong SC, Yan W, Li YC, Yang L. Temporal patterns of driving fatigue and driving performance among male taxi drivers in Hong Kong: A driving simulator approach. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 125:7-13. [PMID: 30690275 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study uses a questionnaire survey and a driving simulator test to investigate the temporal patterns of variations in driving fatigue and driving performance in 50 male taxi drivers in Hong Kong. Each driver visited the laboratory three times: before, during, and after a working shift. The survey contained a demographic questionnaire and the Brief Fatigue Inventory. A following-braking simulator test session was conducted at two speeds (50 and 80 km/h) by each driver at each of his three visits, and the driver's performance in brake reaction, lane control, speed control, and steering control were recorded. A random-effects modeling approach was incorporated to address the unobserved heterogeneity caused by the repeated measures. In the results, a recovery effect and a lagging effect were defined for the driving fatigue and performance measures because their temporal patterns were concavely quadratic and had a 1-hour delay compared to the temporal patterns of occupied taxi trips and taxi crash risk in Hong Kong. Demographic variables, such as net income and driver age, also had significant effects on the measured driving fatigue and performance. Policies regarding taxi management and operation based on the modeling results are proposed to alleviate the taxi safety situation in Hong Kong and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyu Meng
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - S C Wong
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Y C Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linchuan Yang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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37
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Guo F, Lv W, Liu L, Wang T, Duffy VG. Bibliometric analysis of simulated driving research from 1997 to 2016. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2019; 20:64-71. [PMID: 30888870 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2018.1511896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore the evolution footprints of simulated driving research in the past 20 years through rigorous and systematic bibliometric analysis, to provide insights regarding when and where the research was performed and by whom and how the mainstream content evolved over the years. METHODS The analysis began with data retrieval in Web of Science with defined search terms related to simulated driving. BibExcel and CiteSpace were employed to conduct the performance analysis and co-citation network analysis; that is, probe of the performance of institutes, journals, authors, and research hotspots. RESULTS A total of 3,766 documents were filtered out and presented an exponential growth from 1997 to 2016. The United States contributed the most publications as well as international collaborations followed by Germany and China. In addition, several universities in The Netherlands and the United States dominated the list of contributing institutes. The leading journals were in transportation and ergonomics. The leading researchers were also recognized among the 8,721 contributing authors, such as J. D. Lee, D. L. Fisher, J. H. Kim, and K. A. Brookhuis. Finally, the co-citation analysis illuminated the evolution of simulated driving research that covered the following topics roughly in chronological order: task-induced stress, drivers with neurological disorders, alertness and sleepiness while driving, trust toward driving assistance systems, driver distraction, the effect of drug use, the validity of simulators, and automated driving. CONCLUSIONS This article employed bibliometric tools to probe the contributing countries, institutes, journals, authors, and mainstream hotspots of simulated driving research in the past 20 years. A systematic bibliometric analysis of this field will help researchers realize the panorama of global simulated driving and establish future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Guo
- a School of Business Administration , Northeastern University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Wei Lv
- a School of Business Administration , Northeastern University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- a School of Business Administration , Northeastern University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Tianbo Wang
- a School of Business Administration , Northeastern University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Vincent G Duffy
- b School of Industrial Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana
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Bier L, Wolf P, Hilsenbek H, Abendroth B. How to measure monotony-related fatigue? A systematic review of fatigue measurement methods for use on driving tests. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2018.1529204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bier
- Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Philipp Wolf
- Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hanna Hilsenbek
- Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bettina Abendroth
- Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Poudel GR, Innes CRH, Jones RD. Temporal evolution of neural activity and connectivity during microsleeps when rested and following sleep restriction. Neuroimage 2018; 174:263-273. [PMID: 29555427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Even when it is critical to stay awake, such as when driving, sleep deprivation weakens one's ability to do so by substantially increasing the propensity for microsleeps. Microsleeps are complete lapses of consciousness but, paradoxically, are associated with transient increases in cortical activity. But do microsleeps provide a benefit in terms of attenuating the need for sleep? And is the neural response to microsleeps altered by the degree of homeostatic drive to sleep? In this study, we continuously monitored eye-video, visuomotor responsiveness, and brain activity via fMRI in 20 healthy subjects during a 20-min visuomotor tracking task following a normally-rested night and a sleep-restricted (4-h) night. As expected, sleep restriction led to an increased number of microsleeps and an increased variability in tracking error. Microsleeps exhibited transient increases in regional activity in the fronto-parietal and parahippocampal area. Network analyses revealed divergent transient changes in the right fronto-parietal, dorsal-attention, default-mode, and thalamo-cortical functional networks. In all subjects, tracking error immediately following microsleeps was improved compared to before the microsleeps. Importantly, post-microsleep recovery in tracking response speed was associated with hyperactivation in the thalamo-cortical network. The temporal evolution of functional connectivity within the frontal and posterior nodes of the default-mode network and between the right fronto-parietal and default-mode networks was associated with temporal changes in visuomotor responsiveness. These findings demonstrate distinct brain-network-level changes in brain activity during microsleeps and suggest that neural activity in the thalamo-cortical network may facilitate the transient recovery from microsleeps. The temporal pattern of evolution in brain activity and performance is indicative of dynamic changes in vigilance during the struggle to stay awake following sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda R Poudel
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand; Sydney Imaging, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Carrie R H Innes
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Jones
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Alvaro PK, Burnett NM, Kennedy GA, Min WYX, McMahon M, Barnes M, Jackson M, Howard ME. Driver education: Enhancing knowledge of sleep, fatigue and risky behaviour to improve decision making in young drivers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2018; 112:77-83. [PMID: 29324264 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the impact of an education program on knowledge of sleepiness and driving behaviour in young adult drivers and their performance and behaviour during simulated night driving. Thirty-four participants (18-26 years old) were randomized to receive either a four-week education program about sleep and driving or a control condition. A series of questionnaires were administered to assess knowledge of factors affecting sleep and driving before and after the four-week education program. Participants also completed a two hour driving simulator task at 1am after 17 h of extended wakefulness to assess the impact on driving behaviour. There was an increase in circadian rhythm knowledge in the intervention group following the education program. Self-reported risky behaviour increased in the control group with no changes in other aspects of sleep knowledge. There were no significant differences in proportion of intervention and control participants who had microsleeps (p ≤ .096), stopped driving due to sleepiness (p = .107), recorded objective episodes of drowsiness (p = .455), and crashed (p = .761), although there was a trend towards more control participants having microsleeps and stopping driving. Those in the intervention group reported higher subjective sleepiness at the end of the drive [M = 6.25, SD = 3.83, t(31) = 2.15, p = .05] and were more likely to indicate that they would stop driving [M = 3.08, SD = 1.16, t(31) = 2.24, p = .04]. The education program improved some aspects of driver knowledge about sleep and safety. The results also suggested that the education program lead to an increased awareness of sleepiness. Education about sleep and driving could reduce the risk of drowsy driving and associated road trauma in young drivers, but requires evaluation in a broader sample with assessment of real world driving outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale K Alvaro
- Institute for Breathing & Sleep, Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, 3084, Victoria, Australia; Monash University, School of Psychological Sciences, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole M Burnett
- Institute for Breathing & Sleep, Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, 3084, Victoria, Australia; RMIT University, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Gerard A Kennedy
- Institute for Breathing & Sleep, Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, 3084, Victoria, Australia; RMIT University, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Bundoora, Australia
| | - William Yu Xun Min
- Institute for Breathing & Sleep, Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, 3084, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcus McMahon
- Institute for Breathing & Sleep, Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, 3084, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maree Barnes
- Institute for Breathing & Sleep, Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, 3084, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melinda Jackson
- Institute for Breathing & Sleep, Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, 3084, Victoria, Australia; RMIT University, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Mark E Howard
- Institute for Breathing & Sleep, Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, 3084, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Monash University, School of Psychological Sciences, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Stationary gaze entropy predicts lane departure events in sleep-deprived drivers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2220. [PMID: 29396509 PMCID: PMC5797225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance decrement associated with sleep deprivation is a leading contributor to traffic accidents and fatalities. While current research has focused on eye blink parameters as physiological indicators of driver drowsiness, little is understood of how gaze behaviour alters as a result of sleep deprivation. In particular, the effect of sleep deprivation on gaze entropy has not been previously examined. In this randomised, repeated measures study, 9 (4 male, 5 female) healthy participants completed two driving sessions in a fully instrumented vehicle (1 after a night of sleep deprivation and 1 after normal sleep) on a closed track, during which eye movement activity and lane departure events were recorded. Following sleep deprivation, the rate of fixations reduced while blink rate and duration as well as saccade amplitude increased. In addition, stationary and transition entropy of gaze also increased following sleep deprivation as well as with amount of time driven. An increase in stationary gaze entropy in particular was associated with higher odds of a lane departure event occurrence. These results highlight how fatigue induced by sleep deprivation and time-on-task effects can impair drivers’ visual awareness through disruption of gaze distribution and scanning patterns.
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Trumbo MC, Jones AP, Robinson CSH, Cole K, Morrow JD. Name that tune: Mitigation of driver fatigue via a song naming game. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 108:275-284. [PMID: 28926804 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fatigued driving contributes to a substantial number of motor vehicle accidents each year. Music listening is often employed as a countermeasure during driving in order to mitigate the effects of fatigue. Though music listening has been established as a distractor in the sense that it increases cognitive load during driving, it is possible that increased cognitive load is desirable under particular circumstances. For instance, during situations that typically result in cognitive underload, such as driving in a low-traffic monotonous stretch of highway, it may be beneficial for cognitive load to increase, thereby necessitating allocation of greater cognitive resources to the task of driving and attenuating fatigue. In the current study, we employed a song-naming game as a countermeasure to fatigued driving in a simulated monotonous environment. During the first driving session, we established that driving performance deteriorates in the absence of an intervention following 30min of simulated driving. During the second session, we found that a song-naming game employed at the point of fatigue onset was an effective countermeasure, as reflected by simulated driving performance that met or exceeded fresh driving behavior and was significantly better relative to fatigued performance during the first driving session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Trumbo
- Sandia National Laboratories, USA; Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Aaron P Jones
- Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Szentkirályi A, Wong KKH, Grunstein RR, D'Rozario AL, Kim JW. Performance of an automated algorithm to process artefacts for quantitative EEG analysis during a simultaneous driving simulator performance task. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 121:12-17. [PMID: 28821403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- András Szentkirályi
- CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, PO Box M77, Missenden Road, 2050, NSW, Australia; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Domagkstraße 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, PO Box M30, Sydney Local Health District, Missenden Road, Sydney 2050, NSW, Australia.
| | - Keith K H Wong
- CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, PO Box M77, Missenden Road, 2050, NSW, Australia; School of Psychology, Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ronald R Grunstein
- CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, PO Box M77, Missenden Road, 2050, NSW, Australia; School of Psychology, Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Angela L D'Rozario
- CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, PO Box M77, Missenden Road, 2050, NSW, Australia; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Domagkstraße 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, PO Box M30, Sydney Local Health District, Missenden Road, Sydney 2050, NSW, Australia; School of Psychology, Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jong Won Kim
- CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, PO Box M77, Missenden Road, 2050, NSW, Australia; Department of Healthcare IT, Inje University, Inje-ro 197, Kimhae, Kyunsangnam-do 50834, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
: In many areas of the world, driving is an essential part of life and for reasons of comfort, convenience, and security remains the primary mode of transportation among older adults. Both normal aging and diseases that are more prevalent in advanced age can substantially reduce older drivers' functional abilities, elevating their risk of involvement in motor vehicle accidents and serious injury or death. Identifying and intervening with older drivers at increased crash risk is an important aspect of preventive medicine. The authors discuss the specific driving risks adults face as they age and how nurses can raise older patients' awareness of these risks. They also discuss the importance of connecting older adults to community resources that may help them continue driving safely for a longer period or find alternative transportation options.
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Utilization of a combined EEG/NIRS system to predict driver drowsiness. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43933. [PMID: 28266633 PMCID: PMC5339693 DOI: 10.1038/srep43933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The large number of automobile accidents due to driver drowsiness is a critical concern of many countries. To solve this problem, numerous methods of countermeasure have been proposed. However, the results were unsatisfactory due to inadequate accuracy of drowsiness detection. In this study, we introduce a new approach, a combination of EEG and NIRS, to detect driver drowsiness. EEG, EOG, ECG and NIRS signals have been measured during a simulated driving task, in which subjects underwent both awake and drowsy states. The blinking rate, eye closure, heart rate, alpha and beta band power were used to identify subject's condition. Statistical tests were performed on EEG and NIRS signals to find the most informative parameters. Fisher's linear discriminant analysis method was employed to classify awake and drowsy states. Time series analysis was used to predict drowsiness. The oxy-hemoglobin concentration change and the beta band power in the frontal lobe were found to differ the most between the two states. In addition, these two parameters correspond well to an awake to drowsy state transition. A sharp increase of the oxy-hemoglobin concentration change, together with a dramatic decrease of the beta band power, happened several seconds before the first eye closure.
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Foy HJ, Runham P, Chapman P. Prefrontal Cortex Activation and Young Driver Behaviour: A fNIRS Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156512. [PMID: 27227990 PMCID: PMC4881939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Road traffic accidents consistently show a significant over-representation for young, novice and particularly male drivers. This research examines the prefrontal cortex activation of young drivers and the changes in activation associated with manipulations of mental workload and inhibitory control. It also considers the explanation that a lack of prefrontal cortex maturation is a contributing factor to the higher accident risk in this young driver population. The prefrontal cortex is associated with a number of factors including mental workload and inhibitory control, both of which are also related to road traffic accidents. This experiment used functional near infrared spectroscopy to measure prefrontal cortex activity during five simulated driving tasks: one following task and four overtaking tasks at varying traffic densities which aimed to dissociate workload and inhibitory control. Age, experience and gender were controlled for throughout the experiment. The results showed that younger drivers had reduced prefrontal cortex activity compared to older drivers. When both mental workload and inhibitory control increased prefrontal cortex activity also increased, however when inhibitory control alone increased there were no changes in activity. Along with an increase in activity during overtaking manoeuvres, these results suggest that prefrontal cortex activation is more indicative of workload in the current task. There were no differences in the number of overtakes completed by younger and older drivers but males overtook significantly more than females. We conclude that prefrontal cortex activity is associated with the mental workload required for overtaking. We additionally suggest that the reduced activation in younger drivers may be related to a lack of prefrontal maturation which could contribute to the increased crash risk seen in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Foy
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Runham
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Chapman
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Neutel D, Peralta R, Pires J, Bentes C, Ferreira JJ. End of OSLER Test Sessions in Parkinson’s Disease do not Correspond to True Sleep Onset: Results from an Exploratory Study. Front Neurol 2015; 6:200. [PMID: 26441820 PMCID: PMC4585096 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between the end of an Oxford sleep resistance (OSLER) test session and a neurophysiological marker of sleep onset in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Single center study was conducted in PD patients with excessive daytime sleepiness [Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) >9]. The OSLER test was conducted with a concomitant electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (mentalis), right and left electroculogram, and video monitoring. Neurophysiological (NP) sleep onset was defined according to AASM criteria (2005). Five PD patients with mean ESS of 14 (10–16) were included. OSLER test duration was shorter than 40 min in all patients (mean duration 20 min and 39 s). No patient fulfilled neurophysiological criteria to sleep onset at the time of OSLER test termination. In 13 OSLER sessions that ended before 40 min, eight had microsleeps in the last 30 s before the end of the test. NP monitoring showed signs of sleepiness in all patients. In PD patients, the early termination of an OSLER test session may not correspond to NP criteria of sleep onset. However, in all PD patients with abnormal OSLER results, there were EEG signs of sleepiness, which do not exclude the potential utility of OSLER test to evaluate the risk of falling asleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Neutel
- Department of Neuroscience, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Peralta
- Department of Neuroscience, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
- EEG/Sleep Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Pires
- EEG/Sleep Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Bentes
- Department of Neuroscience, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
- EEG/Sleep Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim J. Ferreira
- Department of Neuroscience, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Joaquim J. Ferreira, Laboratório de Farmacologia Clínica e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal,
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Golz M, Schenka A, Sommer D, Geißler B, Muttray A. The role of expert evaluation for microsleep detection. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/cdbme-2015-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Recently, it has been shown by overnight driving simulation studies that microsleep density is the only known sleepiness indicator which rapidly increases within a few seconds immediately before sleepiness related crashes. This indicator is based solely on EEG and EOG and subsequent adaptive pattern recognition. Accurate microsleep recognition is very important for the performance of this sleepiness indicator. The question is whether expensive evaluations of microsleep events by a) experts are necessary or b) non-experts provide sufficient evaluations. Based on 11,114 microsleep events in case a) and 12,787 in case b) recognition accuracies were investigated utilizing (i) artificial neural networks and (ii) support-vector machines. Cross validated classification accuracies ranged between 92.2 % for (i,b) and 99.3 % for (ii, a). It is concluded that expert evaluations are very important to provide independent information for detecting microsleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Golz
- Faculty of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences, mail box 100 452, 98573 Schmalkalden, Germany
| | - A. Schenka
- Faculty of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences, mail box 100 452, 98573 Schmalkalden, Germany
| | - D. Sommer
- Faculty of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences, mail box 100 452, 98573 Schmalkalden, Germany
| | - B. Geißler
- Institute of Occupational, Social, Environmental Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - A. Muttray
- Institute of Occupational, Social, Environmental Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Boonnak N, Kamonsantiroj S, Pipanmaekaporn L. Wavelet Transform Enhancement for Drowsiness Classification in EEG Records Using Energy Coefficient Distribution and Neural Network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.7763/ijmlc.2015.v5.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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