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Wogayehu B, Demissie T, Wolka E, Alemayehu M, Daka K. Individual and community-level factors associated with khat ( Catha edulis) use among women of reproductive age in Halaba zone, South Ethiopia: a multilevel mixed effect analysis. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1333556. [PMID: 38439793 PMCID: PMC10910081 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1333556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a paucity of data on factors associated with khat chewing among women of reproductive age using multilevel analysis. Furthermore, the effects of some potential factors like stressful life events, knowledge about and attitude toward the effects of khat have been given little attention and are not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and multilevel factors associated with khat use among women of reproductive age in Halaba zone, South Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross sectional study was conducted in Halaba zone from February to July, 2023. Systematic random sampling technique was used to include 1573 study participants. The dependent variable was current khat use, which is operationalized as using khat within 30 days preceding the study. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used for the data collection. Results The prevalence of current khat use among women of reproductive age was 65.9% [95%CI (63.5-68.2%)]. Factors significantly associated with khat use were; ages of women 35 and above years [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 6.35, 95% CI: (3.62, 11.13)], ever married [AOR = 2.41, 95% CI: (1.10, 5.31)], secondary and above education [AOR = 0.28, 95% CI: (0.15, 0.49)], belong to richer household [AOR = 1.75, 95% CI: (1.12, 2.75)], mass media use [AOR = 3.12, 95% CI: (1.85, 4.81)], low knowledge about khat effects [AOR = 3.12, 95% CI: (1.85, 5.24)], positive attitude towards khat use [AOR = 11.55, 95% CI: (6.76, 19.71)], and strong social support [AOR = 0.43, 95% CI: (0.28, 0.64)] and non-user friend [AOR = 0.31, 95% CI: (0.20, 0.48)]. From the community level variables: rural residence [AOR = 5.06, 95% CI: (1.82, 14.09)] was significantly associated with khat use. Conclusion Khat use among women of reproductive age was found to be very high. From individual-level factors: advanced ages of women, secondary and above education, live in the richer wealth quintile, mass media exposure, low knowledge on khat effects, positive attitude towards khat use, strong social support, and from community-level variables: residing in rural area were significantly associated with khat use. Khat use screening for all women of childbearing age, as well as referral to substance use disorder centers for those women identified as having khat use disorder, should become a standard of care in all health facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruk Wogayehu
- Department of Public Health, Arbaminch College of Health Sciences, Arbaminch, South Region, Ethiopia
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, South Region, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaye Demissie
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, South Region, Ethiopia
| | - Eskinder Wolka
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, South Region, Ethiopia
| | - Mekuriaw Alemayehu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Kassa Daka
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, South Region, Ethiopia
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Al-Akhali AARM, Al-Hamzi M, Al-Shami IZ, Al-Kholani AI, Madfa AA. Effect of khat extract on color stability of digitally and manually fabricated provisional restorations: an in vitro comparative study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:700. [PMID: 37773116 PMCID: PMC10540410 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of khat extract on the color stability of five different provisional restorative materials (PRMs). METHODS In this study, 50 specimens were fabricated from five different PRMs with different techniques. Twenty specimens were digitally fabricated of poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) CAD/CAM milling and 3D printing PRMs, while the other thirty specimens were manually fabricated of three different PRMs: PMMA self-cured (SC) acrylic resin, light-cured (LC) composite, and Bis-acrylic SC composite. Milling and 3D printing machines were used to fabricate the digital specimens, while the manual specimens were fabricated using a metallic mold. The material was placed in the mold, covered by a polyester stripe, and held between two glass slabs with a constant load for 30 s. After setting, the specimens were removed and checked. Ten disc-shaped specimens with 2 ± 0.3 mm thickness and 10 ± 0.3 mm diameter were prepared from each of the tested PRM. Then all the specimens were polished. Five specimens of each PRM were immersed in khat extract, while the other five were immersed in distilled water medium as a control group. The color measurements were recorded before and after 1 and 7 days of immersion using a spectrophotometer. The immersion media were renewed every 24 h and kept along with the specimens at 37 °C. The T test, paired T test, and ANOVA analysis of variance were used to analyze the results. The Bonferroni test was used for post-hoc multiple comparisons. RESULTS The interaction between the tested PRMs, the media, and the duration of immersion time was statistically significant (p < 0.05). PMMA CAD/CAM milling PRM was the most stable in color, and this was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The LC composite PRM composite was the least stable in color and was statistically insignificant (p > 0.05) when compared to the 3D printing and Bis-acrylic SC composite PRMs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that khat extract medium has a high staining ability on the tested PRMs. CAD/CAM milling PRM was the most stable in color and could therefore be used as a long-term provisional. The increase in immersion time was a significant factor in the color change of the tested PRMs. The color of the 3D-printed PRM was the most affected over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Al-Rhaman M Al-Akhali
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.
| | - Mohsen Al-Hamzi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
| | - Ibrahim Z Al-Shami
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Abdulwahab I Al-Kholani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Ahmed A Madfa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
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Rotbeh A, Kazeminia M, Kalantari M, Rajati F. Global prevalence of oral pigmentation and its related factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022; 123:e411-e424. [PMID: 35066171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral pigmentation is due to the accumulation of one or more pigments in tissues, causing changes in the color of the oral mucosal surfaces. Understanding the exact global prevalence of oral pigmentation and its associated factors helps researchers make the proper interventions at the right time; in this respect, the objective of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the global prevalence of oral pigmentation and its related factors. METHOD A systematic review and meta- analysis were conducted using the following databases: Magiran, SID, Scopus, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), and Google Scholar. The search was run to retrieve articles published from inception until July 2021, and the following keywords were applied in the search strategy: "Epidemiolo*", "Prevalen*", "Factor*", "Pigment*", "Mouth", and "Oral". The I2 index was used to assess the heterogeneity of the studies, and Egger's test was used to examine the publication bias. RESULTS Sixty-nine articles, with a sample size of 70,668 people, meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The pooled of prevalence of oral pigmentation was estimated to be 20.8% (95% confidence interval: 17.1-1.25%). The prevalence of oral pigmentation raised significantly towards the end of the timespan covered by the study (P˂ 0.001). The majority of the examined studies reported that the prevalence of oral pigmentation is significantly higher in men, smokers or those exposed to secondhand smoke, people with fair skin, and who were affected by Yusho patients. CONCLUSION The results of the present study show that the prevalence of oral pigmentation is high, with higher prevalence in men, smokers or those exposed to cigarette smoke, people with fair skin, and Yusho patients compared to other groups. It is recommended that. these findings be used in policy makers' decisions to deliver better health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rotbeh
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Kazeminia
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahsa Kalantari
- Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rajati
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Guracho TT, Atomssa EM, Megersa OA, Tolossa T. Determinants of dental caries among adolescent patients attending Hospitals in West Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia: A case-control study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260427. [PMID: 34855813 PMCID: PMC8639066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dental caries is a prevalent disease in both developed and developing countries and is a public health problem among adolescents. This study aimed to assess the determinants of dental caries among adolescent patients in the west Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia. Methods A hospital-based unmatched case-control study design was conducted in West Wollega Zone, West Ethiopia. A total of 133 cases and 266 controls participated in this study. Data were collected using pre-tested questionnaires from three hospitals. Epi-info version 7 was used for data entry and was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Frequency, proportion, mean and standard deviation were computed to summarize the data. Statistics are presented using tables and bar graphs. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the determinants of dental caries at P < 0.05. The adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to show the strength of association between the predictors and dental caries. Results A total of 399 adolescents were enrolled in this study, yielding a response rate of 100%. The study found that, daily consumption of sugared coffee (AOR = 2.91, 95% CI:1.62, 5.23), khat chewing (AOR = 2.90, 95%CI: 1.46, 3.15), daily consumption of bread (AOR = 2.65, 95%CI: 1.44, 4.89), daily consumption of sweet foods (AOR = 2.04, 95%CI:1.19, 3.48), living in urban areas (AOR = 1.86, 95%CI:1.09, 3.15), and daily tooth brushing using toothpaste or stick (AOR = 0.48;95%CI, 0.28, 0.81) were significantly associated with dental caries among adolescents. Conclusions and recommendations In this study, drinking sugared coffee, daily consumption of bread, khat chewing, sugary food consumption, living in urban areas, and daily tooth brushing using toothpaste were significantly associated with dental caries. Therefore, improving dietary and drinking habits and strengthening regular tooth brushing are important for reducing dental caries among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emiru Merdassa Atomssa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Obsa Amante Megersa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Tolossa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
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Al-Qadhi G, Mubarak R. Qualitative ultrastructural analysis of the submandibular salivary glands after administration of khat: in vivo study. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:180. [PMID: 33985564 PMCID: PMC8120822 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Khat (Catha edulis Forssk) plant has been widely chewed for its psychostimulatory effects in the African and Arabian Peninsula, particularly in Yemen. Considering the khat leaves are gradually chewed without swallowing, while its active constituents are extracted into saliva, studying the effect of khat on salivary glands is necessary. This work is an extension of the previously published work that studied the effect of khat extract on the rats' submandibular salivary glands in terms of histological and immunohistochemical evaluations. The current research note aimed to better understand this effect on the ultrastructure of submandibular salivary gland cells by using transmission electron microscope. Results Oral administration of khat extract produced degenerative changes in the secretory and ductal cells of rats' submandibular salivary glands. These changes involved irregular boundaries of variable sized-nuclei, dilated RER, cytoplasmic vacuoles as well as swollen and degenerated mitochondria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05595-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamilah Al-Qadhi
- Department of Basic Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Taiz, Yemen.
| | - Rabab Mubarak
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, 11553, Egypt
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Al Moaleem MM, Porwal A, Al Ahmari NM, Shariff M, Homeida H, Khalid A. Khat Chewing Induces a Floral Shift in Dental Material-Associated Microbiota: A Preliminary Study. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e918219. [PMID: 31956260 PMCID: PMC6990665 DOI: 10.12659/msm.918219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The habit of khat (Catha Edulis Forskal) chewing is widely practiced in the southern regions of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and East Africa. This social habit has tremendous effects on oral and general health of khat chewers. Khat may affect bacterial species in plaque biofilms on oral rehabilitation materials. This preliminary case-controlled study aimed to assess and compare the effect of khat chewing on bacterial biodiversity between non-khat chewers (NKC) and khat chewers (KC) in oral biofilms on oral rehabilitation materials using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Material/Methods Fifty participants were organized into 2 equal groups of NKC and KC, each containing 5 subgroups related to filling material type. Some participants had amalgam (A) or composite (C) restorations, while others had feldspathic porcelain (FP), nickel chromium (NC), and zirconia ceramic (ZC) crowns or bridges. Oral biofilm samples were collected from all participants, DNA was extracted, and samples were subjected to PCR. Bacterial species were then identified and counted. PCR products were sequenced to detect similarity. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of the current study samples were compared with 16S rRNA gene sequences from GenBank using BLAST on the National Center for Biotechnology Information website. Results The Streptococcus sp. was the most common bacterial species among our participants (40; 80%), followed by Lactobacillus and Veillonella spp., accounting for 12% (6) and 8% (4), respectively. Streptococcus sp. was observed equally among NKC and KC, but Lactobacillus and Veillonella spp. were higher in KC and NKC, respectively. Lactobacillus was associated mainly with prosthetic materials, and Streptococcus was found among all examined dental restorative materials. Conclusions This research concluded that khat chewing significantly affects bacterial biodiversity in oral biofilms in the presence of different restorative and prosthetic dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Al Moaleem
- Prosthetic Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amit Porwal
- Prosthetic Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M Al Ahmari
- Prosthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansoor Shariff
- Prosthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husham Homeida
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Abebe W. Khat: A Substance of Growing Abuse with Adverse Drug Interaction Risks. J Natl Med Assoc 2018; 110:624-634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Al-Alimi A, Halboub E, Al-Sharabi AK, Taiyeb-Ali T, Jaafar N, Al-Hebshi NN. Independent determinants of periodontitis in Yemeni adults: A case-control study. Int J Dent Hyg 2018; 16:503-511. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Alimi
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Oral Biology & Biomedical Sciences (Periodontology); University Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Periodontology, Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Radiology; University of Sana'a; Sana'a Yemen
| | - E Halboub
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences; Jazan University; Jazan Saudi Arabia
| | - AK Al-Sharabi
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Periodontology, Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Radiology; University of Sana'a; Sana'a Yemen
| | - T Taiyeb-Ali
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Oral Biology & Biomedical Sciences (Periodontology); University Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - N Jaafar
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Community Oral Health & Clinical Prevention; University Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - NN Al-Hebshi
- Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry; Temple University; Philadelphia PA USA
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Exposure to mephedrone during gestation increases the risk of stillbirth and induces hippocampal neurotoxicity in mice offspring. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 67:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Al-Maweri SA, Al-Jamaei A, Saini R, Laronde DM, Sharhan A. White oral mucosal lesions among the Yemeni population and their relation to local oral habits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 9:e12305. [PMID: 29178288 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of white oral mucosal lesions among Yemeni adults; in particular, those who chew khat and tobacco. METHODS The present cross-sectional study included 1052 dental patients aged 15 years and older. A detailed oral examination was performed by a single examiner in accordance with standard international criteria. RESULTS Overall, 25.2% of the study participants presented with one or more white lesions. The most prevalent lesions were khat-induced white lesion (8.8%), leukoedema (5.1%), and frictional keratosis (3.9%). Potentially malignant lesions, such as lichen planus, leukoplakia, and smokeless tobacco-induced lesions, were seen in 2.4%, 1.2%, and 1.7% of participants, respectively. Moreover, three cases of oral cancer were identified. The presence of white lesions was found to be significantly associated with advanced age (P = .004), male gender (P = .009), and khat/tobacco chewing habits (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates a high prevalence of oral benign and potentially malignant white lesions. Further, it highlights the urgent need to develop and implement new government policies to regulate the sale of these products to reduce the prevalence of these lesions and the overall incidence of oral cancers in the Yemeni population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeq A Al-Maweri
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Oral Medicine, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Aisha Al-Jamaei
- Department of Oral Medicine, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Rajan Saini
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Denise M Laronde
- Department of Oral and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Amany Sharhan
- Department of Oral Medicine, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
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Abebe W. Khat and synthetic cathinones: Emerging drugs of abuse with dental implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2017; 125:140-146. [PMID: 29249517 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The rising global availability of the stimulant and euphoric substances, khat and synthetic cathinones, has become a cause for concern in many countries, including the United States. Both substances are illegal in United States, although this has not deterred their use. Besides central nervous system effects, these drugs also cause sympathomimetic and orodental adverse effects, similar to those of amphetamine. Although synthetic cathinones are stronger than khat in most cases, the latter additionally contains tannins, which have astringent effects on tissues components, including those in the oral cavity. Recognizing the use prevalence and reported orodental adverse effects of khat and synthetic cathinones, dental practitioners should be more familiar with these substances to optimally treat and educate their patients abusing them. This paper reviews the pharmacology and adverse effects of khat and synthetic cathinones, along with the extent of their use in United States, with particular emphasis on dental implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worku Abebe
- Department of Oral Biology/Pharmacology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
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Radiographic Assessment of the Prevalence of Pulp Stones in a Yemeni Population Sample. Eur Endod J 2017; 2:1-6. [PMID: 33403344 PMCID: PMC7757961 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2017.17024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine the prevalence and distribution of pulp stones in the posterior teeth of a sample of adult Yemeni dental patients using digital panoramic radiographs. Methods: In total, 913 panoramic radiographs from patients attending the hospital dental clinics of at University of Sciences and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen, from January 2013 to December 2014 were examined. The occurrence of pulp stones in the posterior teeth of adult subjects was recorded. Associations between pulp stones and gender, age, arch, side and tooth type were studied. Results: The overall prevalence of pulp stones was 18.6% for individuals (170 out of 913 subjects) and 3.99% for examined teeth (351 out of 8802 teeth). The pulp stone occurrence was significantly higher in the maxilla than in the mandible for each tooth type and location (P<0.001). Pulp stones occurred more often on the right side (P<0.001). First molars represented 71% of the affected teeth with the maxillary right first molar showing the highest occurrence. Fifty-six percent of the affected subjects had pulp stones in more than one tooth. No significant difference in the occurrence of pulp stones was detected between genders or among age groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of pulp stones is different among populations. Pulp stones were found in approximately one-fifth of subjects in the Yemeni population, where up to 90% of the population have a Qat-chewing habit. This habit usually causes mechanical and chemical irritation and results in pulp calcification.
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Kalakonda B, Al-Maweri SA, Al-Shamiri HM, Ijaz A, Gamal S, Dhaifullah E. Is Khat (Catha edulis) chewing a risk factor for periodontal diseases? A systematic review. J Clin Exp Dent 2017; 9:e1264-e1270. [PMID: 29167719 PMCID: PMC5694158 DOI: 10.4317/jced.54163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Khat (Catha edulis) chewing is a highly prevalent habit in the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa, and has recently spread to Western countries. The association between khat chewing and oral mucosal lesions is well documented in the literature. However, there is no concrete evidence on the association between khat chewing and periodontal disease. The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the influence of khat chewing on periodontal health. Material and Methods A literature search of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Sciences databases was carried out to identify relevant articles published from 1990 to May 2017. The inclusion criteria were all clinical studies that assessed the relationship between khat chewing and periodontal disease. Results The search yielded 122 articles, of which 10 were included in this systematic review.
Most of the studies exhibited a positive correlation between khat chewing and periodontal disease. Conclusions Altogether, the analysis of the current evidence reveals that khat chewing is destructive to the periodontium and enhances the risk of periodontal disease progression. However, due to variability of studies, more longitudinal case-controlled studies are highly warranted to establish a causal relation between khat chewing and periodontal disease. Key words:Khat chewing, periodontal health, periodontal disease, risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Butchibabu Kalakonda
- BDS, MDS, Lecturer, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadeq-Ali Al-Maweri
- BDS, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Yemen
| | - Hashem-Motahir Al-Shamiri
- BDS, MSc, Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, AlFarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anum Ijaz
- BDS, General Practitioner, AlFarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shukri Gamal
- BDS, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam Dhaifullah
- BDS, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences Al-Farabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi
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Al-Maweri SA, Warnakulasuriya S, Samran A. Khat (Catha edulis) and its oral health effects: An updated review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 9. [PMID: 28834423 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Khat or qat (Catha edulis) is a plant that grows in East Africa and southern Arabia. The leaves and twigs of this small tree are chewed by several millions of people worldwide for their stimulating amphetamine-like effects. The reported prevalence of khat chewing in Europe and the USA is on the rise, especially with global migration. Long-term khat chewing has several detrimental general and oral health effects. The aim of the present study was to review the current literature regarding khat use and its association with oral and dental diseases, with particular emphasis on its link with oral keratotic white lesions and oral cancer. We searched the literature to identify all relevant articles. Studies showed that khat is associated with several oral and dental conditions, including keratotic white lesions, mucosal pigmentation, periodontal disease, tooth loss, plasma cell stomatitis, and xerostomia. There are limited data on the incidence of dental caries among khat chewers. The evidence that khat chewing is a risk factor for oral cancer is still weak, and is mainly based on anecdotal case reports and uncontrolled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeq A Al-Maweri
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Oral Medicine, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Department of Oral Medicine, King's College, London, UK.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer, London, UK
| | - Abdulaziz Samran
- Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
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Al-Akhali MS, Al-Moraissi EA. Khat chewing habit produces a significant adverse effect on periodontal, oral health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontal Res 2017. [PMID: 28626895 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although there is a general agreement that a khat chewing habit produces clinicopathological changes in the oral mucosa. However there is no reliable evidence of the effects of a khat chewing habit on the periodontal tissues. Thus, authors aimed to investigate the influence of khat chewing habits on periodontal, oral health, by comparing khat chewers to non-chewers in respect of gingival recession, periodontal pocketing depth and loss of attachment. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus and grey literature. The inclusion criteria were all studies with aims of comparing khat chewers and/or sides to non-chewers and/or sides in respect of gingival recession, periodontal pocketing depth and loss of attachment. For continuous data, we computed weighted mean difference or standard mean difference analyses. An odds ratio using a random effect model was used if heterogeneity was detected; otherwise, a fixed effects model with a 95% confidence interval was used for continuous data. Two subgroups were analysed: khat chewers vs non-chewers and khat chewer sides vs non-chewer sides of the chewer's individuals. A total of 6373 participants were enrolled in 12 studies (khat chewers=3812, non-chewers=2561). There were statistically significant differences between khat and non-chewers in both subgroup analyses regarding gingival recession, periodontal pocketing depth and loss of attachment (P<.05). The odds ratios for khat chewers compared to non-chewers, in respect of depth of periodontal pocket and gingival recession were 4.797 and 6.853 respectively. The results of this meta-analysis have shown that the khat chewing habit produces a destructive and adverse effect on periodontal, oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Al-Akhali
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - E A Al-Moraissi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
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Leon ME, Assefa M, Kassa E, Bane A, Gemechu T, Tilahun Y, Endalafer N, Ferro G, Straif K, Ward E, Aseffa A, Schüz J, Jemal A. Qat use and esophageal cancer in Ethiopia: A pilot case-control study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178911. [PMID: 28594883 PMCID: PMC5464578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Qat (Catha edulis) chewing is reported to induce lesions in the buccal mucosa, irritation of the esophagus, and esophageal reflux. Case series suggest a possible etiological role in oral and esophageal cancers. This pilot study aimed to generate preliminary estimates of the magnitude and direction of the association between qat use and esophageal cancer (EC) risk and to inform the logistics required to conduct a multi-center case-control study. METHODS Between May 2012 and May 2013, 73 EC cases (including 12 gastro-esophageal junction cases) and 133 controls matched individually on sex, age, and residence were enrolled at two endoscopy clinics and a cancer treatment hospital in Addis Ababa. A face-to-face structured questionnaire was administered. Qat use was defined as ever having chewed qat once a week or more frequently for at least one year. Odds ratios were calculated using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Only 8% of cases resided in Addis Ababa. Qat use was more frequent in cases (36%) than in controls (26%). A 2-fold elevation in EC risk was observed in ever qat chewers compared with never users in unadjusted conditional logistic regression (OR = 2.12; 95% CI = 0.94, 4.74), an association that disappeared after adjusting for differences in tobacco use, consumption of alcohol and green vegetables, education level, and religion (OR = 0.95; 0.22, 4.22). Among never tobacco users, however, a non-significant increase in EC risk was suggested in ever qat users also after adjustment. Increases in EC risk were observed with ever tobacco use, alcohol consumption, low consumption of green vegetables, a salty diet, illiteracy, and among Muslims; the four latter associations were significant. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study generated EC risk estimates in association with a habit practiced by millions of people and never before studied in a case-control design. Results must be interpreted cautiously in light of possible selection bias, with some demographics such as education level and religion differing between cases and controls. A large case-control study with enrolment of EC cases and carefully matched controls at health facilities from high-risk areas in the countryside, where the majority of cases occur, is needed to further investigate the association between qat use and EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Leon
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Mathewos Assefa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endale Kassa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abate Bane
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tufa Gemechu
- Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yared Tilahun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Gilles Ferro
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Kurt Straif
- Section of IARC Monographs, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Elizabeth Ward
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society (ACS), Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Ahmedin Jemal
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society (ACS), Atlanta, United States of America
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Moaleem MA. Patterns of Partial Edentulism and its Relation to Khat Chewing in Jazan Population - A Survey Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC55-ZC59. [PMID: 28511510 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/23604.9577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Partial edentulism is a prime indicator of overall oral health in a given country. Khat chewing habit in the south region of Saudi Arabia is widely practiced by a majority of the population. AIM To determine the frequency of Kennedy's classes in each arch among different age groups, gender and to find out the relationship between khat chewing and the pattern of partial edentulism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The data was collected from 780 subjects reporting to the College of Dentistry, Jazan University, who required removable partial dentures. Clinical intra-oral and radiographic examinations were done. The study subjects were divided into five age groups, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and ≥ 60 years respectively. Khat chewing hours/day and type of Kennedy's classes were recorded. The data were entered into a Statistical Package for Social Sciences program and analysed accordingly using Fisher-Exact test. RESULTS Class III was the highest in all middle age groups followed by Class I. Class III was the highest in males, while in females, Class I was the highest in both arches. Class IV was the lowest in all age groups, both arches, and genders. Among khat chewers Class III was the highest followed by class I in both arches. Class IV was the highest in >12 hours duration in maxilla but in the mandible, Class I and II were the highest in 1-6 hours duration. The obtained p-values were statistically significant (p<0.001) in all tested variables and age groups. CONCLUSION Kennedy's Class III was the highest followed by Class I, while Kennedy's Class IV was the lowest in all age groups and both arches regardless of khat chewing durations. In males Class III, was the highest, while in females Class I was the highest in both arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al Moaleem
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontic, College of Dentistry, Jazan, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Maweri SA, AlAkhali M. Oral hygiene and periodontal health status among khat chewers. A case-control study. J Clin Exp Dent 2017; 9:e629-e634. [PMID: 28512538 PMCID: PMC5429473 DOI: 10.4317/jced.53520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Habitual khat chewing is a widespread male habit in Southern Arabia and East Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Khat chewing on oral hygiene and periodontal health status among Yemeni male khat chewers. Material and Methods This case- control study included 310 khat chewers, aged 20-65 years, and 72 age- and gender- matched non-chewers as controls. Periodontal examination included recording of dental plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), attachment level (AL) and gingival recession (GR). Demographic data, oral hygiene practices, and duration, frequency and site of khat chewing were obtained using questionnaires. SPSS was used for data analysis. ANOVA and t- tests were used to compare groups. Results Khat chewers had significantly higher mean PI, AL, GR scores than non-chewers (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences in the GI and PPD mean scores were observed between both groups (p > 0.05). Interestingly, the results showed that the chewing side had less PI, GI and PPD than non-chewing side. However, gingival recession was significantly higher in the chewing side. The duration of chewing showed a significant effect on PI, PPD, AL, and GR but had no effect on the gingival condition. Likewise, the frequency of chewing showed a significant effect on PPD, AL, and GR, but had no effect on other indices (PI and GI). Conclusions The results of this study indicate that khat chewing have a detrimental effect on the periodontium. Key words:Khat chewing, periodontal health, oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeq-Ali Al-Maweri
- Assistant professor, department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Alfarabi colleges, Riyadh, Saudi; department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Yemen
| | - Mohammed AlAkhali
- Associate professor, Department of periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jazan University, KSA; Associate professor, Department of periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Yemen
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Abood EA, Wazaify M. Abuse and Misuse of Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs from Community Pharmacies in Aden City-Yemen. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:942-7. [PMID: 27100671 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2016.1155619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abuse and misuse of prescription and nonprescription or the so-called Over-The-Counter (OTC) drugs is a serious and growing public health problem worldwide. The increased availability of these drugs has contributed to a dramatic rise of inappropriate use. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate abuse/misuse of prescription and non-prescription drugs in community pharmacies in Aden city-Yemen and to gather information about suspected drug abusers in the community. METHODS A cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire randomly distributed to 200 community pharmacies (June-September 2013). Data were coded and analyzed using SPSS Results: A total of 170 pharmacists completed the questionnaire (85.0% response rate), more than half of which (57.7%) suspected drug abuse/misuse in their pharmacies. The top four suspected medications of abuse were Alprazolam, Ketoprofen, Tramadol, and antibiotics. Most participating pharmacists in this study (83.3%) noticed an increasing pattern of abuse/misuse. The majority of suspects of prescription and non-prescription drug abuse (64.1%) were either chewing Khat or carrying it while buying the drug from the pharmacists. CONCLUSION Abuse/misuse of prescription and nonprescription drugs is present in community pharmacies in Aden and it is linked to the recreational use of Khat. Current methods for controlling the problem are ineffective, and better methods should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam A Abood
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacy , Lebanese International University (LIU) , Aden , Yemen
| | - Mayyada Wazaify
- b Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy , The University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
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Oral Lesions Induced by Chronic Khat Use Consist Essentially of Thickened Hyperkeratinized Epithelium. Int J Dent 2015; 2015:104812. [PMID: 26491446 PMCID: PMC4600501 DOI: 10.1155/2015/104812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. The habit of khat chewing is prevalent in many Middle Eastern and African cultures and has been associated with various adverse conditions in humans. This study aimed to describe histological changes induced by chronic khat chewing on the buccal mucosa. Methods. Biopsies of the buccal mucosa from 14 chronic khat chewers, 20 chronic khat chewers who also smoked tobacco, and 8 nonchewers were compared for epithelial thickness, degree and type of keratinization, and connective tissue changes. Results. Tissues from khat chewers depicted abnormal keratinization of the superficial cell layer and showed increased epithelial thickness affecting all layers. Epithelial thickness in control samples was 205 ± 26 μm whereas thickness in khat chewers and khat chewers who smoked tobacco was significantly higher measuring 330 ± 35 μm and 335 ± 19 μm, respectively. Tissues from khat chewers also showed increased intracellular edema, increased melanin pigment deposits, and increased number of rete pegs most of which were thin and deep. Conclusions. These results show that oral lesions induced by chronic chewing of khat in the buccal mucosa present with white and brown discoloration due to increased epithelial thickness, increased keratinization, and melanin deposition.
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Hijazi M, Jentsch H, Al-Sanabani J, Tawfik M, Remmerbach TW. Clinical and cytological study of the oral mucosa of smoking and non-smoking qat chewers in Yemen. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:771-9. [PMID: 26319978 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was conducted to investigate the role of qat and smoking habits on the prevalence of visible and cytological abnormalities in the oral mucosa among Yemenites. METHODS We recruited 30 non-smoking and 30 smoking Yemenites chewing qat unilaterally for at least 5 years. We inspected oral cavities for the presence of lesions and took brush biopsies from the buccal mucosa/gingiva of the chewing/non-chewing region. RESULTS All visible oral lesions were flat and homogeneous, and cytological changes were detected frequently. Among both non-smokers and smokers, white lesions and cytological changes were detected in 77% of all cases. On the chewing area, the proportion with white lesions ranged--depending on anatomical area and smoking status--between 47 and 93% and was significantly more frequent than on the non-chewing side (range 3-47%). The proportion of regions with changes was similar in non-smokers and smokers. Kappa statistics for "interobserver" agreement between visual inspection and cytological specimens of brush biopsies was at best fair (≤0.25). CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of visible lesions and cytological abnormalities among qat chewers was independent of smoking status. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The moderate level of agreement between visual inspection and exfoliative cytology demonstrates the still challenging clinical management of chronic qat chewers, though brush biopsies including adjuvant techniques like DNA cytometry may support the clinical decision-making process in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hijazi
- Centre for Periodontology, Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - H Jentsch
- Centre for Periodontology, Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Al-Sanabani
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Thamar, Thamar, Republic of Yemen
| | - M Tawfik
- Joint Practice for Pathology, IPO Institute for Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - T W Remmerbach
- Section of Oral Medicine, Department of Head Medicine and Oral Health, Leipzig University Hospital, Liebigstraße 10-14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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El-Zaemey S, Schüz J, Leon ME. Qat Chewing and Risk of Potentially Malignant and Malignant Oral Disorders: A Systematic Review. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2015; 6:129-43. [PMID: 26174990 PMCID: PMC6977049 DOI: 10.15171/ijoem.2015.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Qat (also known as Khat, Kat and Miraa) is a green-leaved plant (Catha edulis). It is a shrub indigenous to Yemen and certain parts of eastern Africa. Chewing the leaves, which have sympathomimetic and euphoric effects, has been documented in many countries and increased with worldwide migration. The effect of long-term chewing Qat on the oral cavity is unknown. OBJECTIVE A systematic review was performed to identify any associations between Qat chewing and the occurrence of potentially malignant and malignant oral disorders. METHODS Medline and the Web of Science were searched for articles published before May 2014 without limits with regard to publication date and language. RESULTS From a total of 890 papers identified, 17 English papers reported potentially malignant or malignant oral disorders and Qat chewing. One additional paper in Arabic language was identified from reviewing the list of references of eligible papers. It was found that exposure to Qat may be associated with potentially malignant and malignant oral disorders, but methodological issues, such as inadequate study design, sample size, selection of study subjects, clinical evaluations of outcome and limited adjustment for confounders, limit the strength of the evidence base in this area. CONCLUSION The association between Qat chewing and potentially malignant and malignant oral disorders remains debatable and requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S El-Zaemey
- Section of Environment and Radiation International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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Astatkie A, Demissie M, Berhane Y, Worku A. Oral symptoms significantly higher among long-term khat (Catha edulis) users in Ethiopia. Epidemiol Health 2015; 37:e2015009. [PMID: 25773437 PMCID: PMC4398976 DOI: 10.4178/epih/e2015009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Associations between khat (Catha edulis) chewing and different adverse oral-dental health conditions have been reported, yet evidence is still lacking. This study was designed to investigate the association between long-term regular khat chewing and self-reported oral symptoms. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 1,255 university students in southern Ethiopia. Data on khat chewing status, a range of oral symptoms and other pertinent variables were collected using self-administered questionnaires. The association between long-term regular khat chewing and oral symptom count was investigated using negative binomial regression. RESULTS: The mean oral symptom count among long-term regular khat chewers was 1.75 (standard deviation [SD], 2.18; standard error [SE], 0.31), whereas that among those who were not long-term regular khat chewers was 1.18 (SD, 1.68; SE, 0.10). After adjustment for other variables, long-term regular khat chewers had approximately 50% more oral symptoms than those who were not long-term chewers did (adjusted count ratio, 1.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 2.10). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term khat chewing negatively affects the oral health of young university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Astatkie
- School of Public and Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Meaza Demissie
- Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yemane Berhane
- Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Worku
- Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Lemieux AM, Li B, al'Absi M. Khat use and appetite: an overview and comparison of amphetamine, khat and cathinone. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 160:78-85. [PMID: 25435289 PMCID: PMC4281284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE To understand the role of khat (Catha edulis) use on the aberrations in appetite and weight which are common comorbidities for khat and other amphetamine users. MATERIALS AND METHODS We provide a comprehensive overview and conceptual summary of the historical cultural use of khat as a natural stimulant and describe the similarities and differences between cathinone (the main psychoactive constituent of khat) and amphetamine highlighting the limited literature on the neurophysiology of appetite and subsequent weight effects of khat. RESULTS Animal and some human studies indicate that khat produces appetite suppression, although little is known about mechanisms of this effect. Both direct and indirect effects of khat stem from multiple factors including behavioral, chemical and neurophysiological effects on appetite and metabolism. Classic and newly identified appetite hormones have not been explored sufficiently in the study of appetite and khat use. Unique methodological challenges and opportunities are encountered when examining effects of khat and cathinone including khat-specific medical comorbidities, unique route of administration, differential patterns of behavioral effects relative to amphetamines and the nascent state of our understanding of the neurobiology of this drug. CONCLUSION A considerable amount of work remains in the study of the appetite effects of khat chewing and outline a program of research that could inform our understanding of this natural amphetamine׳s appetite effects and help prepare health care workers for the unique health effects of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrine M Lemieux
- University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Bingshuo Li
- University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN, USA; Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mustafa al'Absi
- University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN, USA.
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Al-Alimi KR, Abdul Razak AA, Saub R. Salivary caries parameters: Comparative study among Yemeni khat chewers and nonchewers. J Dent Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Shehata HS, El-Tamawy MS, Mohieldin N, Edrees M, Bohlega S. Oromandibular dystonia in yemeni patients with khat chewing: a response to botulinum toxin treatment. Neurol Int 2014; 6:5385. [PMID: 24987506 PMCID: PMC4077212 DOI: 10.4081/ni.2014.5385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Khat-(Catha edulis)related oromandibular dystonia is a difficult-to-treat subset of movement disorders that involve masticatory muscles with diverse and incapacitating manifestations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Botulinum toxin-type A therapy in khat chewer Yemeni patients with oromandibular dystonia. This prospective study included 18 khat-chewers Yemeni patients with refractory oromandibular dystonia, who were subjected to Botulinum toxin-A injection and followed up for 3 months thereafter. Primary efficacy outcome was the global impression scale, and secondary outcome measure was the Unified Dystonia Rating Scale. Patients showed improvement of both efficacy measures, maximum satisfactory responses were detected at the forth week after injection. No major adverse events were detected. Botulinum toxin-A is considered an effective and safe treatment option for refractory oromandibular dystonia in khat-chewers
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Saeed Bohlega
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Riemer L, Holmes R. Under the Influence: Informing Oral Health Care Providers About Substance Abuse. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2014; 14 Suppl:127-35.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kassim S, Rogers N, Leach K. The likelihood of khat chewing serving as a neglected and reverse 'gateway' to tobacco use among UK adult male khat chewers: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:448. [PMID: 24885131 PMCID: PMC4039549 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chewing khat leaves is often accompanied by tobacco use. We assessed aspects of tobacco use and explored factors associated with tobacco use patterns (frequency of use per week) among khat chewers who used tobacco only when chewing khat ("simultaneous tobacco and khat users", STKU). METHODS A sample of 204 male khat chewers was recruited during random visits to khat outlets. Data collected included socio-demographic items, tobacco use and khat chewing behaviours. Both psychological and physical dependence on khat were assessed using the Severity of Psychological Dependence on Khat (SDS-Khat) Scale, the Diagnostic Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV) and adapted items from the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (chewing even when ill, and difficulty in abstaining from khat chewing for an entire week). Descriptive statistics and non-parametric analyses were conducted. RESULTS Of the 204 khat chewers, 35% were khat chewers only, 20% were STKU, and the remainder were daily cigarette smokers. The mean age of STKU was 38.12 (±14.05) years. Fifty seven percent of STKU smoked tobacco and chewed khat for two days per week and 43% smoked and chewed more frequently (three to six days: 33%, daily: 10%). Three quarters (74%) were former daily tobacco users. Khat chewing initiated tobacco smoking among 45% of STKU and 71% reported attempts to quit tobacco smoking during khat chew. Among STKU, smoking tobacco for more than two days per week was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with psychological dependence (increased levels of SDS-Khat), physical dependence (increased levels of DSM-IV symptoms, chewing even when ill, difficulty in abstaining from chewing for an entire week and self-reported health conditions) and behavioural factors (e.g. amount of khat chewed in typical khat session). CONCLUSIONS Khat chewing may promote different patterns of tobacco smoking, initiate and sustain tobacco smoking, and trigger tobacco cessation relapses among STKU. Increased frequency of tobacco smoking among STKU was linked to psycho-physical and behavioural factors. Further investigation within large and representative samples of both sexes of STKU in different contexts should be considered for health research and policy development. Khat chewing should be considered when designing tobacco prevention uptake, cessation interventions and relapse prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Kassim
- Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Nikki Rogers
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton 45420, OH, USA
| | - Kelly Leach
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton 45420, OH, USA
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Thomas S, Williams T. Khat (Catha edulis): A systematic review of evidence and literature pertaining to its harms to UK users and society. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/2050324513498332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of khat ( Catha edulis) has been associated with a large number of physiological and societal harms, leading to calls for it to be controlled in the UK. The evidence of these harms is often equivocal, limited by confounding factors, or entirely anecdotal: high-powered, quality-controlled studies are lacking. Regardless, the body of relevant literature indicates that the once socially-regulated use of khat has been eroded. Some individuals have developed excessive consumption patterns, either using khat daily or in binge-sessions, though daily consumption is not necessarily problematic per se. The majority of users seem to use khat in moderation, where the associated harms appear low. For excessive users, harms associated with khat are greater, particularly relating to mental health. Social harms also seem to be largely related to excessive khat use rather than khat use itself. Even in cases of excessive khat use, however, causal relationships between chewing and harms have not been described. More research is required to establish the role of khat in liver disease, coronary problems, cancers of the digestive tract and incidents of domestic violence. Studies should consider the likeliness that certain users are more vulnerable to developing patterns of excessive khat use due to an interwoven set of factors such as social health determinants and pre- and post-migration experiences.
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Qat chewing as an independent risk factor for periodontitis: a cross-sectional study. Int J Dent 2013; 2013:317640. [PMID: 23509461 PMCID: PMC3594978 DOI: 10.1155/2013/317640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of qat chewing on periodontal health, independent of other risk factors. Four hundred qat chewers and 100 nonchewers (20–50 years) were included. Demographic data and detailed information about chewing and smoking were obtained. Periodontal status was assessed using Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The qat chewers were older, included more males and smokers, and had worse oral hygiene but higher education levels; the majority were heavy chewers (mean duration of 14.45 years and frequency of 6.10 days/week). Regression analysis identified age, oral hygiene, education level, and cigarette smoking as independent predictors of periodontal destruction. Adjusted for these, qat chewing showed marginally significant association only with CAL (OR = 4.7; P = 0.049). The chewing sides showed significantly higher scores than the nonchewing sides; however, equal scores on both sides or lower scores on the chewing sides (possibly no or beneficial effect) were still observed in 50% of the chewers. Heavy qat chewing is shown here as an independent risk factor for attachment loss. However, the possibility that the habit may have beneficial effects in a subset of the chewers cannot be excluded. A holistic model that resolves the existing contradiction is presented.
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Kassim S, Croucher R. Factors associated with dental and medical care attendance in UK resident Yemeni khat chewers: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:486. [PMID: 22738076 PMCID: PMC3598685 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The chewing of khat leaf with tobacco smoking amongst Yemenis, Somalis and Ethiopians is reported to impact oral and general health. The health status and particularly dental and medical care attendance of UK-khat chewers has not received attention. This study aimed to explore health status and dental and medical attendance and its associated factors in UK permanently resident Yemeni khat chewers. Methods A cross- sectional study with a purposively selected sample of 204 khat chewers was conducted. Data were collected through face to face interviews. Data analysis included descriptive, Chi-square tests and binary logistic regressions. Results The mean age for this study sample was 44.84 (SD = ±19.70) years and 35% were employed. Forty five percent reported symptomatic medical attendance for self reported health conditions in the last two weeks whilst 44% had symptomatic dental attendance. Higher khat chewing dependency levels associated positively with both symptomatic dental and medical attendance (p = 0.004, OR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.04-1.25; p = 0.003; OR = 1.16, 95%CI = 1.05-1.29, respectively). Higher social participation levels associated negatively with symptomatic dental attendance (p = 0.034, OR = 0.98, 95%CI = 0.96-0.99) whilst increase in age and self-reported health conditions associated positively with symptomatic medical attendance (p = 0.030, OR = 1.03, 95%CI = 1.01-1.06; p = 0.001, OR = 4.51, 95%CI = 2.02-10.08, respectively). Conclusions In this study of khat chewers, a significant proportion reported symptomatic dental and medical attendance. Demographic, psychosocial and self reported general health conditions were associated significantly with dental and medical attendance. Strategies to improve the dental and medical care attendance amongst this group should focus on these and other unexplored underlying factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Kassim
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2 AT, UK.
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