1
|
Ali S, Ahmad AS, Ashraf K, Khan JA, Rashid MI. Insights into the involvement of male Hyalomma anatolicum ticks in transmitting Anaplasma marginale, lumpy skin disease virus and Theileria annulata. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:167. [PMID: 38761254 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Ticks can transmit viruses, bacteria, and parasites to humans, livestock, and pet animals causing tick-borne diseases (TBDs) mechanically or biologically in the world. Lumpy skin disease virus, Anaplasma marginale, and Theileria annulata inflict severe infections in cattle, resulting in significant economic losses worldwide. The study investigated the potential transmissions of LSDV, A. marginale, and T. annulata through male Hyalomma anatolicum ticks in cattle calves. Two 6-month-old Holstein crossbred calves designated as A and B were used. On day 1, 15 uninfected female ticks (IIa) and infected batch of 40 male ticks (I) were attached on calf A for 11 days. Filial transmission of the infections was observed in female ticks (IIb) collected from calf A, where 8 female ticks had been co-fed with infected male ticks. The blood sample of calf B was found positive through PCR for the infections. The larvae and egg pools obtained from the infected ticks were also tested positive in PCR. The study confirmed the presence of these mixed pathogens and potential intra-stadial and transovarial transmissions of A. marginale, T. annulata, and LSDV in male and female ticks of H. anatolicum and experimental calves to establish the feasibility of infections through an in vivo approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Ali
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Saghir Ahmad
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jawaria Ali Khan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smaraki N, Jogi HR, Kamothi DJ, Savsani HH. An insight into emergence of lumpy skin disease virus: a threat to Indian cattle. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:210. [PMID: 38592503 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious and economically devastating viral disease of cattle. It is caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) belonging to the genus Capripoxvirus and family Poxviridae. The origin of lumpy skin disease has been traced to Zambia, (an African nation) in Southern part during the year 1929. The first reported case of LSD besides Africa was from Israel, a Middle Eastern nation, thus proving inter-continental spread. Subsequently, the disease entered Middle East, Eastern Europe and Asia with numerous outbreaks in the recent years. LSD has emerged as a significant concern in the Indian sub-continent, due to outbreaks reported in countries such as Bangladesh, India, China in 2019. In the following years, other South and East Asian countries like Taipei, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Bhutan, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Pakistan, Indonesia and Singapore also faced severe outbreaks. At present, LSD is considered to be an emerging disease in the Indian sub-continent due to the recent status of disease. Considering the global scenario, LSDV is changing its transmission dynamics as evidenced by a shift in its epidemiology. As a result of high morbidity and mortality rate among cattle, the current outbreaks have been a major cause of socio-economic catastrophe. This contagious viral disease has eminent repercussions as the estimated monetary damage incurred is quite high. Despite having networked surveillance and comprehensive databases, the recurring outbreaks have raised major concern among researchers. Therefore, this review offers brief insights into the emergence of LSDV by amalgamating the newest literature related to its biology, transmission, clinico-pathology, epidemiology, prevention strategies, and economic consequences. Additionally, we have also provided the epidemiological insights of the recent outbreaks with detailed state wise studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabaneeta Smaraki
- CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
| | - Harsh Rajeshbhai Jogi
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Dhaval J Kamothi
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - H H Savsani
- Veterinary College, Kamdhenu University, Junagadh, Gujarat, 362001, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hakobyan V, Sargsyan K, Elbakyan H, Sargsyan V, Markosyan T, Chobanyan G, Badalyan M, Kharatyan S. Duration of Immunity in Cattle to Lumpy Skin Disease Utilizing a Sheep Pox Vaccine. Vet Sci 2024; 11:164. [PMID: 38668431 PMCID: PMC11053425 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The transmission of lumpy skin disease (LSD) occurs through ticks, mosquitoes, and flies. The most effective way to combat LSD is to conduct large-scale vaccination, covering the entire cattle population with safe and effective vaccines, while introducing restrictions on the movement of livestock. The first and only LSD cases that occurred in Armenia happened in 2015,and they were controlled with the use of a once yearly heterologous sheep pox vaccine for cattle in high-risk areas. We have previously reported on the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine in cattle, but information on the duration of immunity is lacking. Our aim was to determine the duration of immunity to the LSD virus (LSDV) in cattle when utilizing a heterologous sheep pox vaccine. We have evaluated antibodies in cattle blood prior to and post-vaccination (1, 6, and 11 months). We have utilized an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to follow the development and waning of LSDV antibodies in vaccinated cattle in two age groups: 1) young unvaccinated cattle ≤12 months of age and 2) adult cattle that had previously been vaccinated. Our results were consistent with our previous study in Armenia, showing a high level of population immunity, 80.0-83.3%, in both age groups at 1 month, with a significant (p = 0.001) drop for young cattle at 6 months. Previously vaccinated adult cattle showed a longer duration of immunity at 11 months for this heterologous sheep pox vaccine. Based on these data, we advise that young cattle receive an additional booster vaccination 4-6 months after their first vaccination, and then yearly vaccinations in high-risk areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varduhi Hakobyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Shengavit, Yerevan 0071, Armenia; (K.S.); (H.E.); (V.S.); (T.M.); (G.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Khachik Sargsyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Shengavit, Yerevan 0071, Armenia; (K.S.); (H.E.); (V.S.); (T.M.); (G.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Hasmik Elbakyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Shengavit, Yerevan 0071, Armenia; (K.S.); (H.E.); (V.S.); (T.M.); (G.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Vazgen Sargsyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Shengavit, Yerevan 0071, Armenia; (K.S.); (H.E.); (V.S.); (T.M.); (G.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Tigran Markosyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Shengavit, Yerevan 0071, Armenia; (K.S.); (H.E.); (V.S.); (T.M.); (G.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Gayane Chobanyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Shengavit, Yerevan 0071, Armenia; (K.S.); (H.E.); (V.S.); (T.M.); (G.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Manvel Badalyan
- Chair of Biosciences and General Chemistry, Armenian National Agrarian University, 74 Teryan Street, Yerevan 0009, Armenia;
| | - Satenik Kharatyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Shengavit, Yerevan 0071, Armenia; (K.S.); (H.E.); (V.S.); (T.M.); (G.C.); (S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sendow I, Meki IK, Dharmayanti NLPI, Hoerudin H, Ratnawati A, Settypalli TBK, Ahmed HO, Nuradji H, Saepulloh M, Adji RS, Fairusya N, Sari F, Anindita K, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. Molecular characterization of recombinant LSDV isolates from 2022 outbreak in Indonesia through phylogenetic networks and whole-genome SNP-based analysis. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:240. [PMID: 38438878 PMCID: PMC10913250 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary viral disease of cattle and water buffaloes caused by the LSD virus, leading to high morbidity, low mortality, and a significant economic impact. Initially endemic to Africa only, LSD has spread to the Middle East, Europe, and Asia in the past decade. The most effective control strategy for LSD is the vaccination of cattle with live-attenuated LSDV vaccines. Consequently, the emergence of two groups of LSDV strains in Asian countries, one closely related to the ancient Kenyan LSDV isolates and the second made of recombinant viruses with a backbone of Neethling-vaccine and field isolates, emphasized the need for constant molecular surveillance. This current study investigated the first outbreak of LSD in Indonesia in 2022. Molecular characterization of the isolate circulating in the country based on selected LSDV-marker genes: RPO30, GPCR, EEV glycoprotein gene, and B22R, as well as whole genome analysis using several analytical tools, indicated the Indonesia LSDV isolate as a recombinant of LSDV_Neethling_vaccine_LW_1959 and LSDV_NI-2490. The analysis clustered the Indonesia_LSDV with the previously reported LSDV recombinants circulating in East and Southeast Asia, but different from the recombinant viruses in Russia and the field isolates in South-Asian countries. Additionally, this study has demonstrated alternative accurate ways of LSDV whole genome analysis and clustering of isolates, including the recombinants, instead of whole-genome phylogenetic tree analysis. These data will strengthen our understanding of the pathogens' origin, the extent of their spread, and determination of suitable control measures required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrawati Sendow
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Irene Kasindi Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria.
| | - Ni Luh Putu Indi Dharmayanti
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Heri Hoerudin
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Atik Ratnawati
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Tirumala Bharani K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
| | - Hatem Ouled Ahmed
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
| | - Harimurti Nuradji
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muharam Saepulloh
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rahmat Setya Adji
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nuha Fairusya
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mazloum A, Van Schalkwyk A, Babiuk S, Venter E, Wallace DB, Sprygin A. Lumpy skin disease: history, current understanding and research gaps in the context of recent geographic expansion. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1266759. [PMID: 38029115 PMCID: PMC10652407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1266759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is recognized as a transboundary and emerging disease of cattle, buffaloes and other wild ruminants. Being initially restricted to Africa, and since 1989 the Middle East, the unprecedented recent spread across Eurasia demonstrates how underestimated and neglected this disease is. The initial identification of the causative agent of LSD as a poxvirus called LSD virus, was well as findings on LSDV transmission and epidemiology were pioneered at Onderstepoort, South Africa, from as early as the 1940s by researchers such as Weiss, Haig and Alexander. As more data emerges from an ever-increasing number of epidemiological studies, previously emphasized research gaps are being revisited and discussed. The currently available knowledge is in agreement with the previously described South African research experience that LSDV transmission can occur by multiple routes, including indirect contact, shared water sources and arthropods. The virus population is prone to molecular evolution, generating novel phylogenetically distinct variants resulting from a diverse range of selective pressures, including recombination between field and homologous vaccine strains in cell culture that produce virulent recombinants which pose diagnostic challenges. Host restriction is not limited to livestock, with certain wild ruminants being susceptible, with unknown consequences for the epidemiology of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Antoinette Van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Estelle Venter
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Discipline Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - David B. Wallace
- Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bianchini J, Simons X, Humblet MF, Saegerman C. Lumpy Skin Disease: A Systematic Review of Mode of Transmission, Risk of Emergence and Risk Entry Pathway. Viruses 2023; 15:1622. [PMID: 37631965 PMCID: PMC10458895 DOI: 10.3390/v15081622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of lumpy skin disease (LSD) to free countries over the last 10 years, particularly countries in Europe, Central and South East Asia, has highlighted the threat of emergence in new areas or re-emergence in countries that achieved eradication. This review aimed to identify studies on LSD epidemiology. A focus was made on hosts, modes of transmission and spread, risks of outbreaks and emergence in new areas. In order to summarize the research progress regarding the epidemiological characteristics of LSD virus over the last 40 years, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guidelines were followed, via two databases, i.e., PubMed (biomedical literature) and Scopus (peer-reviewed literature including scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings). A total of 86 scientific articles were considered and classified according to the type of epidemiological study, i.e., experimental versus observational. The main findings and limitations of the retrieved articles were summarized: buffaloes are the main non-cattle hosts, the main transmission mode is mechanical, i.e., via blood-sucking vectors, and stable flies are the most competent vectors. Vectors are mainly responsible for a short-distance spread, while cattle trade spread the virus over long distances. Furthermore, vaccine-recombinant strains have emerged. In conclusion, controlling animal trade and insects in animal transport trucks are the most appropriate measures to limit or prevent LSD (re)emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juana Bianchini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR- ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, (FARAH) Centre, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Xavier Simons
- Unit Veterinary Epidemiology, Department Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Marie-France Humblet
- Department of Occupational Protection and Hygiene, Unit Biosafety, Biosecurity and Environmental Licences, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR- ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, (FARAH) Centre, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ren S, Chen H, Yuan L, Yang X, Afera TB, Rehman ZU, Wang H, Wang X, Ma C, Lin Y, Qiu X, Yin X, Sun Y. Phylogenetic and pathogenic characterization of lumpy skin disease virus circulating in China. Virology 2023; 585:127-138. [PMID: 37336054 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The genomic characterization of emerging pathogens is critical for unraveling their origin and tracking their dissemination. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen in Asia including China. Although the first Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreak was reported in 2019, the origin, transmission, and evolutionary trajectory of LSDV in China have remained obscure. The viral genome of a circulating LSDV strain in China, abbreviated LSDV/FJ/CHA/2021, was sequenced using the next-generation sequencing technique. The morphology and cytoplasmic viral factory of these LSDV isolates were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Subsequently, the genomic characterization of this LSDV isolate was systematically analyzed for the first time using the bioinformatics software. The current study revealed that several mutations in the genome of LSDV isolates circulating in China were identified using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis, an instrument to evaluate for continuous adaptive evaluation of a virus. Furthermore, phylogenomic analysis was used to identify the lineage using the whole genome sequences of 44 LSDV isolates. The result revealed that the isolates from China were closely similar to that of the LSDV isolates from Vietnam, which are divided into a monophyletic lineage sub-group I. The SNPs and Simplot analysis indicate no significant occurrence of the recombinant event on the genome of LSDV isolates in China. Notably, the live virus challenge experiment demonstrated that the pathogenic characterization of this LSDV isolate belongs to a virulent strain. Collectively, we gain the first insight into the evolutionary trajectory, spatiotemporal transmission, and pathogenic characterization of circulating LSDV in China. This study provides a unique reference for risk assessment, guiding diagnostics, and prevention in epizootic and non-epizootic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanhui Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Haotai Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China.
| | - Lvfeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Xue Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Tadele Berihun Afera
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Zaib Ur Rehman
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Huibao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Yuguang Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, PR China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Haegeman A, Sohier C, Mostin L, De Leeuw I, Van Campe W, Philips W, De Regge N, De Clercq K. Evidence of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Transmission from Subclinically Infected Cattle by Stomoxys calcitrans. Viruses 2023; 15:1285. [PMID: 37376585 DOI: 10.3390/v15061285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a vector-transmitted capripox virus that causes disease in cattle. Stomoxys calcitrans flies are considered to be important vectors as they are able to transmit viruses from cattle with the typical LSDV skin nodules to naive cattle. No conclusive data are, however, available concerning the role of subclinically or preclinically infected cattle in virus transmission. Therefore, an in vivo transmission study with 13 donors, experimentally inoculated with LSDV, and 13 naïve acceptor bulls was performed whereby S. calcitrans flies were fed on either subclinical- or preclinical-infected donor animals. Transmission of LSDV from subclinical donors showing proof of productive virus replication but without formation of skin nodules was demonstrated in two out of five acceptor animals, while no transmission was seen from preclinical donors that developed nodules after Stomoxys calcitrans flies had fed. Interestingly, one of the acceptor animals which became infected developed a subclinical form of the disease. Our results show that subclinical animals can contribute to virus transmission. Therefore, stamping out only clinically diseased LSDV-infected cattle could be insufficient to completely halt the spread and control of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Sohier
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Mostin
- Sciensano, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willem Van Campe
- Sciensano, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Wannes Philips
- EURL for Diseases Caused by Capripox Viruses, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Omoniwa DO, Meki IK, Kudi CA, Sackey AK, Aminu M, Adedeji AJ, Meseko CA, Luka PD, Asala OO, Adole JA, Atai RB, Atuman YJ, Settypalli TBK, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. Poxvirus Infections in Dairy Farms and Transhumance Cattle Herds in Nigeria. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051051. [PMID: 37243137 DOI: 10.3390/v15051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy Skin disease (LSD) is an economically important disease in cattle caused by the LSD virus (LSDV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, while pseudocowpox (PCP) is a widely distributed zoonotic cattle disease caused by the PCP virus (PCPV) of the genus Parapoxvirus. Though both viral pox infections are reportedly present in Nigeria, similarities in their clinical presentation and limited access to laboratories often lead to misdiagnosis in the field. This study investigated suspected LSD outbreaks in organized and transhumance cattle herds in Nigeria in 2020. A total of 42 scab/skin biopsy samples were collected from 16 outbreaks of suspected LSD in five northern States of Nigeria. The samples were analyzed using a high-resolution multiplex melting (HRM) assay to differentiate poxviruses belonging to Orthopoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus genera. LSDV was characterized using four gene segments, namely the RNA polymerase 30 kDa subunit (RPO30), G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) glycoprotein and CaPV homolog of the variola virus B22R. Likewise, the partial B2L gene of PCPV was also analyzed. Nineteen samples (45.2%) were positive according to the HRM assay for LSDV, and five (11.9%) were co-infected with LSDV and PCPV. The multiple sequence alignments of the GPCR, EEV, and B22R showed 100% similarity among the Nigerian LSDV samples, unlike the RPO30 phylogeny, which showed two clusters. Some of the Nigerian LSDVs clustered within LSDV SG II were with commonly circulating LSDV field isolates in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, while the remaining Nigerian LSDVs produced a unique sub-group. The B2L sequences of Nigerian PCPVs were 100% identical and clustered within the PCPV group containing cattle/Reindeer isolates, close to PCPVs from Zambia and Botswana. The results show the diversity of Nigerian LSDV strains. This paper also reports the first documented co-infection of LSDV and PCPV in Nigeria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Oludare Omoniwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Radiology, University of Jos, Jos 930001, Plateau State, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Irene Kasindi Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Caleb Ayuba Kudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Kojo Sackey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Maryam Aminu
- Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Pam Dachung Luka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Jolly Amoche Adole
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Yakubu Joel Atuman
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wolff J, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Cross-Protection of an Inactivated and a Live-Attenuated Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Vaccine against Sheeppox Virus Infections in Sheep. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040763. [PMID: 37112675 PMCID: PMC10143431 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheeppox virus (SPPV) (genus Capripoxvirus, family Poxviridae) infections are a highly virulent and contagious disease of sheep with a high morbidity and mortality, especially in naïve populations and young animals. For the control of SPPV, homologous and heterologous live-attenuated vaccines are commercially available. In our study, we compared a commercially available live-attenuated lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) vaccine strain (Lumpyvax) with our recently developed inactivated LSDV vaccine candidate regarding their protective efficacy against SPPV in sheep. Both vaccines were proven to be safe in sheep, and neither clinical signs nor viremia could be detected after vaccination and challenge infection. However, the local replication of the challenge virus in the nasal mucosa of previously vaccinated animals was observed. Because of the advantages of an inactivated vaccine and its heterologous protection efficacy against SPPV in sheep, our inactivated LSDV vaccine candidate is a promising additional tool for the prevention and control of SPPV outbreaks in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janika Wolff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hakobyan V, Sargsyan K, Kharatyan S, Elbakyan H, Sargsyan V, Markosyan T, Vardanyan T, Badalyan M, Achenbach JE. The Serological Response in Cattle following Administration of a Heterologous Sheep Pox Virus Strain Vaccine for Protection from Lumpy Skin Disease; Current Situation in Armenia. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020102. [PMID: 36851406 PMCID: PMC9965929 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious viral disease of cattle caused by LSD virus (LSDV), which was first reported in Armenia in late 2015. It was identified in pasture-raised cattle near the border with Iran. Currently, vaccination plays a key role in preventing further incursion of disease in high-risk areas. The purpose of this work was to assess the quality of vaccination currently used in Armenia by determining the immune response of the heterologous dry culture sheep pox virus-based vaccine against LSD in cattle. Seroprevalence and seroconversion testing was carried out using an ELISA to detect specific antibodies against LSD before and 30 days after vaccination in three adjacent regions of Armenia (Ararat, Armavir, Gegharkunik). Ixodes ticks were also examined for the presence of LSDV via real-time PCR. We found that the heterologous vaccine used in Armenia creates a high level of population immunity of 86.09% (83.83-87.97%) and no adverse side effects were observed in cattle. Of the 6 types of Ixodes ticks identified and tested, we found no evidence of LSDV circulating in these vectors. These results suggest that regular serological monitoring via ELISA and heterologous vaccination should continue in areas of Armenia at high risk for incursion of LSD to reduce the spread of this highly infectious transboundary disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varduhi Hakobyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +374-91453912
| | - Khachik Sargsyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Satenik Kharatyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Hasmik Elbakyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Vazgen Sargsyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Tigran Markosyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Tigranuhi Vardanyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Manvel Badalyan
- General Biology Department, Armenian National Agrarian University, 74 Teryan Street, Yerevan 0009, Armenia
| | - Jenna E. Achenbach
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 1001 Research Park Boulevard, Town Center Two, Suite 400, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ratyotha K, Prakobwong S, Piratae S. Lumpy skin disease: A newly emerging disease in Southeast Asia. Vet World 2022; 15:2764-2771. [PMID: 36718323 PMCID: PMC9880836 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2764-2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is caused by LSD virus (LSDV). This virus has been classified in the genus Capripoxvirus, family Poxviridae which generally affects large ruminants, especially cattle and domestic water buffalo. The first outbreak of LSD was found in 1929 in Zambia, then spreading throughout Africa and with an ongoing expanding distribution to Asia and Europe. In 2020, LSD was found from Southeast Asia in Vietnam and Myanmar before reaching Thailand and Laos in 2021. Therefore, LSD is a newly emerging disease that occurs in Southeast Asia and needs more research about pathology, transmission, diagnosis, distribution, prevention, and control. The results from this review show the nature of LSD, distribution, and epidemic maps which are helpful for further information on the control and prevention of LSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Ratyotha
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Suksanti Prakobwong
- Department of Biology, The Parasitology, Geoinformatics, Environment and Health Science Research Group, Faculty of Science, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani 41000, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Piratae
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand,One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand,Corresponding author: Supawadee Piratae, e-mail: Co-authors: KR: , SukP:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liang Z, Yao K, Wang S, Yin J, Ma X, Yin X, Wang X, Sun Y. Understanding the research advances on lumpy skin disease: A comprehensive literature review of experimental evidence. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1065894. [PMID: 36519172 PMCID: PMC9742232 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1065894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which can induce cattle with high fever and extensive nodules on the mucosa or the scarfskin, seriously influencing the cattle industry development and international import and export trade. Since 2013, the disease has spread rapidly and widely throughout the Russia and Asia. In the past few decades, progress has been made in the study of LSDV. It is mainly transmitted by blood-sucking insects, and various modes of transmission with distinct seasonality. Figuring out how the virus spreads will help eradicate LSDV at its source. In the event of an outbreak, selecting the most effective vaccine to block and eliminate the threat posed by LSDV in a timely manner is the main choice for farmers and authorities. At present, a variety of vaccines for LSDV have been developed. The available vaccine products vary in quality, protection rate, safety and side effects. Early detection of LSDV can help reduce the cost of disease. In addition, because LSDV has a huge genome, it is currently also used as a vaccine carrier, forming a new complex with other viral genes through homologous recombination. The vaccine prepared based on this can have a certain preventive effect on many kinds of diseases. Clinical detection of disease including nucleic acid and antigen level. Each method varies in convenience, accuracy, cost, time and complexity of equipment. This article reviews our current understanding of the mode of transmission of LSDV and advances in vaccine types and detection methods, providing a background for further research into various aspects of LSDV in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengji Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kaishen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juanbin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
ODONCHIMEG M, ERDENECHIMEG D, TUVSHINBAYAR A, TSOGTGEREL M, BAZARRAGCHAA E, ULAANKHUU A, SELENGE T, MUNKHGEREL D, MUNKHTSETSEG A, ALTANCHIMEG A, ODBILEG R, SOYOLMAA G, ENKHMANDAKH Y, BATMAGNAI E, SUGAR S, KIMURA T, SUGIMOTO C, ISODA N, BATSUKH B, SAKODA Y. Molecular identification and risk factor analysis of the first Lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle in Mongolia. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1244-1252. [PMID: 35851266 PMCID: PMC9523301 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary viral infectious disease in cattle caused by a Capripoxvirus. LSD has been recently introduced in some Asian countries. However, in Mongolia, no report of LSD is publicly available. We clinically examined LSD symptoms in 1,034 cattle from 4 soum (district) in Dornod province in Mongolia. Sixty-one cattle of them were confirmed with symptoms of LSD and then viral P32 gene was detected by a PCR. The overall prevalence of LSD in cattle was 5.9%. Females odds ratios (OR)=2.27 than males, adults (>2.5-years-old, OR=3.68) than young (1-2.5-years-old) and calves (<1-year-old) were at higher risks for LSD cases in Mongolia, while locations near the tube well and pond water are major risk areas for viral transmission due to density of insects often is high. For virus isolation, skin nodule tissue samples of 4 cattle located in four distinct soums were used for viral propagation using the MDBK cell line. Internal terminal repeat region and RPO30 gene of 4 Mongolian isolates were amplified and sequenced. In the phylogenetic trees, Mongolian LSDVs (2021) were clustered together with the Chinese (2020) and Vietnamese isolates (2020). This is the first report alarming the LSD outbreak in Mongolia that was confirmed by our study. The newly isolated viruses would be a useful base for developing diagnostic tools and inactivated vaccine technology. A large-scale study of LSD is next priority for establishing successful control strategy of further disease outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myagmarsuren ODONCHIMEG
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Dashzevge ERDENECHIMEG
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia,Correspondence to: Sakoda Y: , Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of
Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Erdenechimeg D: ,
Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Khan-uul district, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Adiyasuren TUVSHINBAYAR
- General Authority for Veterinary Services, Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Light Industry, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Munkhtuul TSOGTGEREL
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Enkhbold BAZARRAGCHAA
- Division of Transboundary and Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ankhanbaatar ULAANKHUU
- Division of Transboundary and Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tsend SELENGE
- Livestock Commercialization Project, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Dalantai MUNKHGEREL
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ariunbold MUNKHTSETSEG
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Adilbish ALTANCHIMEG
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Raadan ODBILEG
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Gurdorj SOYOLMAA
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Yondonjamts ENKHMANDAKH
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Enkhbaatar BATMAGNAI
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Takashi KIMURA
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Chihiro SUGIMOTO
- Project for Strengthening the Practical Capacity of Public and Private Veterinarians, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Norikazu ISODA
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Basan BATSUKH
- General Authority for Veterinary Services, Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Light Industry, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Yoshihiro SAKODA
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan,Correspondence to: Sakoda Y: , Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of
Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Erdenechimeg D: ,
Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Khan-uul district, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
El-Ansary RE, El-Dabae WH, Bream AS, El Wakil A. Isolation and molecular characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from hard ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus in Egypt. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:302. [PMID: 35932057 PMCID: PMC9354321 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a disease of cattle and buffaloes, has recently become widely prevalent in Egypt. The aim of this study was to ascertain the potential role of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus ticks in the transmission of this disease. Samples collected from suspected lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infected cows that had previously been vaccinated with the Romanian sheep pox virus (SPPV) in various Egyptian governorates were obtained between May to November over two consecutive years, namely 2018 and 2019. Ticks were morphologically identified and the partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) were sequenced, revealing that they were closely related to R. (Boophilus) annulatus. The G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) gene of the LSDV was used to test hard ticks. RESULTS Two positive samples from Kafr El-Sheikh province and one positive sample from Al-Behera province were reported. BLAST analysis revealed that the positive samples were closely related to the Kazakhstani Kubash/KAZ/16 strain (accession number MN642592). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the GPCR gene of the LSDV recently circulating in Egypt belongs to a global cluster of field LSDV with a nucleotide identity of 98-100%. LSDV isolation was successfully performed four days after inoculation using 9 to 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs showing characteristic focal white pock lesions dispersed on the choriallantoic membrane after three blind passages. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, cell rupture, vacuoles in cells, and virus particles ovoid in shape were demonstrated by electron microscopy. CONCLUSION In this study the role of hard ticks in the transmission of the LSDV to susceptible animals in Egypt was revealed and confirmed by various methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramy E El-Ansary
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Wahid H El-Dabae
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Bream
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer El Wakil
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yessinou RE, Cazan CD, Bonnet SI, Farougou S, Mihalca AD. Geographical distribution of hard ticks (Acari:Ixodidae) and tick-host associations in Benin, Burkina-Faso, Ivory-Coast and Togo. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106510. [PMID: 35568068 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of ticks and associated pathogens is crucial to assess the risk of exposure of humans and animals to pathogens. For this review, we collected relevant data from published articles and field collections to provide an update on the biodiversity of ticks, and tick-host associations in four countries of West Africa: Benin, Burkina-Faso, Ivory-Coast, and Togo. The literature review was done according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was limited to literature published from 1953 to 2021 in English and French sources. Out of 104 articles retrieved, only 41 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. The final database included a total of 53,619 adults, nymphs and larval ticks belonging to 24 species and five genera (Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes and Rhipicephalus) that were collected from 23 different species of wild and domestic animals. This is the first record of Ixodes aulacodi and Rhipicephalus simpsoni in Benin, together with two new host records for A. latum. This checklist allows an update on tick-host associations and provides information on the diversity of ticks in West Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Eric Yessinou
- Communicable Disease Research Unit (URMaT), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin, 01 Po. Box: 2009, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Cristina Daniela Cazan
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; CDS-9 Molecular Biology and Veterinary Parasitology Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sarah Irène Bonnet
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 2000, Université de Paris, 75015, Paris, France; Animal Health Department, INRAE, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Souaïbou Farougou
- Communicable Disease Research Unit (URMaT), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin, 01 Po. Box: 2009, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sudhakar SB, Mishra N, Kalaiyarasu S, Jhade SK, Singh VP. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease viruses (LSDV) isolated from the first and subsequent field outbreaks in India during 2019 reveals close proximity with unique signatures of historical Kenyan NI-2490/Kenya/KSGP-like field strains. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e451-e462. [PMID: 34529889 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), an economically important viral disease of cattle caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has recently spread into South and East Asia. LSD emerged in India in August 2019, first in Odisha State and spread to other areas, but there is scanty data on source and molecular epidemiology of LSDV involved in the initial outbreaks. Here we report genetic relationships and molecular features of LSDV, causing outbreaks in cattle spanning seven districts in Odisha and West Bengal States during August-December, 2019. Twelve LSDV isolates obtained using lamb testis cells were sequenced and analysed in four complete genes, GPCR, RPO30, P32 and EEV. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the Indian LSDV isolates from 2019 outbreaks are very closely related (99.7%-100%) to the historical Kenyan NI-2490/Kenya/KSGP-like field strains. Importantly, our results demonstrated that LSDV strains involved in 2019 outbreaks in India and Bangladesh are very similar in GPCR (99.7%), RPO30 (100%) and partial EEV (100%) sequences, indicating a common exotic source of LSDV introduction. Additionally, a 12-nucleotide insertion was found in GPCR gene of LSDV strains from 2019 outbreaks in India and Bangladesh. The findings of this study highlight the importance of continuous monitoring and molecular characterization of LSDV strains. These data should be useful while developing diagnostic and control strategies against LSD in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Bhushan Sudhakar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Jhade
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
High Efficiency of Low Dose Preparations of an Inactivated Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Vaccine Candidate. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071029. [PMID: 35891195 PMCID: PMC9319008 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Capripox virus-induced diseases are commonly described as the most serious poxvirus diseases of production animals, as they have a significant impact on national and global economies. Therefore, they are classified as notifiable diseases under the guidelines of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Controlling lumpy skin disease viral infections is based on early detection, slaughter of affected herds, and ring vaccinations. Until now, only live attenuated vaccines have been commercially available, which often induce adverse effects in vaccinated animals. Furthermore, their application leads to the loss of the “disease-free” status of the respective country. For these reasons, inactivated vaccines have increasingly generated interest. Since 2016, experimental studies have been published showing the high efficacy of inactivated capripox virus vaccines. In the present study, we examined the minimum protective dose of a BEI-inactivated LSDV-Serbia field strain adjuvanted with a low-molecular-weight copolymer adjuvant. Unexpectedly, even the lowest dose tested, with a virus titer of 104 CCID50 before inactivation, was able to provide complete clinical protection in all vaccinated cattle. Moreover, none of the vaccinated cattle showed viremia or viral shedding, indicating the high efficacy of the prototype vaccine even with a relatively low antigen amount.
Collapse
|
19
|
Arjkumpa O, Suwannaboon M, Boonrod M, Punyawan I, Liangchaisiri S, Laobannue P, Lapchareonwong C, Sansri C, Kuatako N, Panyasomboonying P, Uttarak P, Buamithup N, Sansamur C, Punyapornwithaya V. The First Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreak in Thailand (2021): Epidemiological Features and Spatio-Temporal Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:799065. [PMID: 35071388 PMCID: PMC8782428 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.799065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first outbreak of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Thailand was reported in March 2021, but information on the epidemiological characteristics of the outbreak is very limited. The objectives of this study were to describe the epidemiological features of LSD outbreaks and to identify the outbreak spatio-temporal clusters. The LSD-affected farms located in Roi Et province were investigated by veterinary authorities under the outbreak response program. A designed questionnaire was used to obtain the data. Space-time permutation (STP) and Poisson space-time (Poisson ST) models were used to detect areas of high LSD incidence. The authorities identified 293 LSD outbreak farms located in four different districts during the period of March and the first week of April 2021. The overall morbidity and mortality of the affected cattle were 40.5 and 1.2%, respectively. The STP defined seven statistically significant clusters whereas only one cluster was identified by the Poisson ST model. Most of the clusters (n = 6) from the STP had a radius <7 km, and the number of LSD cases in those clusters varied in range of 3-51. On the other hand, the most likely cluster from the Poisson ST included LSD cases (n = 361) from 198 cattle farms with a radius of 17.07 km. This is the first report to provide an epidemiological overview and determine spatio-temporal clusters of the first LSD outbreak in cattle farms in Thailand. The findings from this study may serve as a baseline information for future epidemiological studies and support authorities to establish effective control programs for LSD in Thailand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orapun Arjkumpa
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Minta Suwannaboon
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Manoch Boonrod
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Issara Punyawan
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Liangchaisiri
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Patchariya Laobannue
- Animal Health Section, Roi Et Provincial Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chayanun Lapchareonwong
- Animal Health Section, Roi Et Provincial Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Sansri
- Animal Health Section, Roi Et Provincial Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Noppasorn Kuatako
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawares Panyasomboonying
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ponkrit Uttarak
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Noppawan Buamithup
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalutwan Sansamur
- Akkhararatchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, De Clercq K, Gubbins S, Klement E, Stegeman JA, Antoniou S, Aznar I, Broglia A, Van der Stede Y, Zancanaro G, Roberts HC. Assessment of the control measures for category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Lumpy Skin Disease. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07121. [PMID: 35106095 PMCID: PMC8784982 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA received a mandate from the EC to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures are assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, ii) monitoring period and iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones, and the minimum length of time that measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones are shown. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. The monitoring period was assessed as effective, and based on the transmission kernels available, it was concluded that the protection zone of 20 km radius and the surveillance zone of 50 km radius would comprise > 99% of the transmission from an affected establishment if transmission occurred. Recommendations provided for each of the assessed scenarios aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to LSD.
Collapse
|
21
|
Gortázar C, Barroso P, Nova R, Cáceres G. The role of wildlife in the epidemiology and control of Foot-and-mouth-disease And Similar Transboundary (FAST) animal diseases: A review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2462-2473. [PMID: 34268873 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) are notifiable diseases which are highly transmissible and have the potential for rapid spread regardless of national borders. Many TADs are shared between domestic animals and wildlife, with the potential to affect both livestock sector and wildlife conservation and eventually, public health in the case of zoonosis. The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), a commission of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), has grouped six TADs as 'Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) And Similar Transboundary animal diseases' (FAST diseases). FAST diseases are ruminant infections caused by viruses, for which vaccination is a control option. The EuFMD hold-FAST strategy aims primarily at addressing the threat represented by FAST diseases for Europe. Prevention and control of FAST diseases might benefit from assessing the role of wildlife. We reviewed the role of wildlife as indicators, victims, bridge hosts or maintenance hosts for the six TADs included in the EuFMD hold-FAST strategy: FMD, peste des petits ruminants, lumpy skin disease, sheep and goatpox, Rift Valley fever and bovine ephemeral fever. We observed that wildlife can act as indicator species. In addition, they are occasionally victims of disease outbreaks, and they are often relevant for disease management as either bridge or maintenance hosts. Wildlife deserves to become a key component of future integrated surveillance and disease control strategies in an ever-changing world. It is advisable to increase our knowledge on wildlife roles in relevant TADs to improve our preparedness in case of an outbreak in previously disease-free regions, where wildlife may be significant for disease surveillance and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gortázar
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC; CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Patricia Barroso
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC; CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Nova
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Germán Cáceres
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
A review: Surveillance of lumpy skin disease (LSD) a growing problem in Asia. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105050. [PMID: 34146642 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of Capripoxvirus, genus of Poxviridae family. It is a transboundary infection of monetary significance that primarily affects water buffaloes and cattle. LSD was known to be once endemic in Saharan regions of Africa but later on reported in central Asian and neighboring countries of Pakistan like, India, Iran and China. It is a vector borne disease and arthropods are believed to be the main perpetrators. It is discernible by its high morbidity and low mortality. Characteristic lumps on skin and high fever are considered as major signs while reduced milk production, infertility, early embryonic death and anorexia are some of the salient clinical manifestations of the disease. Additionally, nodules on mucosa of oro-pharynx, udder, genitalia and rectum are usually observed on examination. This article summarizes LSD outbreaks across Asia during last fifteen years. It is a general consensus amongst the veterinary community that disease is endemic in Pakistan as it shares borders with India, Iran and China where recent outbreaks are reported. Historically Pakistan is free of LSD, however it is at high risk of a LSDV outbreak as neighboring regions are becoming endemic. Vaccination, strict quarantine measures, limited movement of livestock along with vector control could be effective for preventing the spread of the disease. This review aims to summarize the latest developments in the epidemiology of LSD with the focus on transboundary spread, possible emergence and economic implications on Pakistan.
Collapse
|
23
|
Quantifying and Modeling the Acquisition and Retention of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Hematophagus Insects Reveals Clinically but Not Subclinically Affected Cattle Are Promoters of Viral Transmission and Key Targets for Control of Disease Outbreaks. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02239-20. [PMID: 33568514 PMCID: PMC8104101 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02239-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes a severe systemic disease characterized by cutaneous nodules in cattle. LSDV is a rapidly emerging pathogen, having spread since 2012 into Europe and Russia and across Asia. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a vector-transmitted poxvirus that causes disease in cattle. Vector species involved in LSDV transmission and their ability to acquire and transmit the virus are poorly characterized. Using a highly representative bovine experimental model of lumpy skin disease, we fed four model vector species (Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Stomoxys calcitrans, and Culicoides nubeculosus) on LSDV-inoculated cattle in order to examine their acquisition and retention of LSDV. Subclinical disease was a more common outcome than clinical disease in the inoculated cattle. Importantly, the probability of vectors acquiring LSDV from a subclinical animal (0.006) was very low compared with that from a clinical animal (0.23), meaning an insect feeding on a subclinical animal was 97% less likely to acquire LSDV than one feeding on a clinical animal. All four potential vector species studied acquired LSDV from the host at a similar rate, but Aedes aegypti and Stomoxys calcitrans retained the virus for a longer time, up to 8 days. There was no evidence of virus replication in the vector, consistent with mechanical rather than biological transmission. The parameters obtained in this study were combined with data from studies of LSDV transmission and vector life history parameters to determine the basic reproduction number of LSDV in cattle mediated by each of the model species. This reproduction number was highest for Stomoxys calcitrans (19.1), followed by C. nubeculosus (7.1) and Ae. aegypti (2.4), indicating that these three species are potentially efficient transmitters of LSDV; this information can be used to inform LSD control programs. IMPORTANCE Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes a severe systemic disease characterized by cutaneous nodules in cattle. LSDV is a rapidly emerging pathogen, having spread since 2012 into Europe and Russia and across Asia. The vector-borne nature of LSDV transmission is believed to have promoted this rapid geographic spread of the virus; however, a lack of quantitative evidence about LSDV transmission has hampered effective control of the disease during the current epidemic. Our research shows subclinical cattle play little part in virus transmission relative to clinical cattle and reveals a low probability of virus acquisition by insects at the preclinical stage. We have also calculated the reproductive number of different insect species, therefore identifying efficient transmitters of LSDV. This information is of utmost importance, as it will help to define epidemiological control measures during LSDV epidemics and of particular consequence in resource-poor regions where LSD vaccination may be less than adequate.
Collapse
|
24
|
Differentiation of Capripox Viruses by Nanopore Sequencing. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040351. [PMID: 33917413 PMCID: PMC8067513 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus capripoxvirus (CaPV), family Poxviridae, includes three virus species: goatpox virus (GPV), sheeppox virus (SPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). CaPV causes disease outbreaks with consequent economic losses in Africa and the Middle East. LSDV has recently spread to Southeast Europe. As CaPVs share 96–97% genetic similarity along the length of the entire genome and are difficult to distinguish using serological assays, simple, reliable and fast methods for diagnosis and species differentiation are crucial in cases of disease outbreak. The present study aimed to develop a field-applicable CaPV differentiation method. Nanopore technology was used for whole genome sequencing. A local database of complete CaPV genomes and partial sequences of three genes (RPO30, P32 and GPCR) was established for offline Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Specificities of 98.04% in whole genome and 97.86% in RPO30 gene runs were obtained among the three virus species, while other databases were less specific. The total run time was shortened to approximately 2 h. Functionality of the developed procedure was proved by samples with high host background sequences. Reliable differentiation options for the quality and capacity of hardware, and sample quality of suspected cases, were derived from these findings. The whole workflow can be performed rapidly with a mobile suitcase laboratory and mini-computer, allowing application at the point-of-need with limited resource settings.
Collapse
|
25
|
Namazi F, Khodakaram Tafti A. Lumpy skin disease, an emerging transboundary viral disease: A review. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:888-896. [PMID: 33522708 PMCID: PMC8136940 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is an emerging bovine viral disease, which is endemic in most African countries and some Middle East ones, and the elevated risk of the spread of disease into the rest of Asia and Europe should be considered. The recent rapid spread of disease in currently disease-free countries indicates the importance of understanding the limitations and routes of distribution. The causative agent, Capripoxvirus, can also induce sheeppox and goatpox. The economic significance of these diseases is of great concern, given that they threaten international trade and could be used as economic bioterrorism agents. The distribution of capripoxviruses seems to be expanding due to limited access to effective vaccines and poverty within farming communities. This is largely due to the economic effects of the Covid-19 pandemic and the imposition of crippling sanctions in endemic regions, as well as an increase in the legal and illegal trade of live animals and animal products, and also global climate change. The present review is designed to provide existing information on the various aspects of the disease such as its clinicopathology, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control measures, and the potential role of wildlife in the further spread of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Namazi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wolff J, Moritz T, Schlottau K, Hoffmann D, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Development of a Safe and Highly Efficient Inactivated Vaccine Candidate against Lumpy Skin Disease Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 9:vaccines9010004. [PMID: 33374808 PMCID: PMC7823700 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Capripox virus (CaPV)-induced diseases (lumpy skin disease, sheeppox, goatpox) are described as the most serious pox diseases of livestock animals, and therefore are listed as notifiable diseases under guidelines of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Until now, only live-attenuated vaccines are commercially available for the control of CaPV. Due to numerous potential problems after vaccination (e.g., loss of the disease-free status of the respective country, the possibility of vaccine virus shedding and transmission as well as the risk of recombination with field strains during natural outbreaks), the use of these vaccines must be considered carefully and is not recommended in CaPV-free countries. Therefore, innocuous and efficacious inactivated vaccines against CaPV would provide a great tool for control of these diseases. Unfortunately, most inactivated Capripox vaccines were reported as insufficient and protection seemed to be only short-lived. Nevertheless, a few studies dealing with inactivated vaccines against CaPV are published, giving evidence for good clinical protection against CaPV-infections. In our studies, a low molecular weight copolymer-adjuvanted vaccine formulation was able to induce sterile immunity in the respective animals after severe challenge infection. Our findings strongly support the possibility of useful inactivated vaccines against CaPV-infections, and indicate a marked impact of the chosen adjuvant for the level of protection.
Collapse
|
27
|
van Schalkwyk A, Kara P, Ebersohn K, Mather A, Annandale CH, Venter EH, Wallace DB. Potential link of single nucleotide polymorphisms to virulence of vaccine-associated field strains of lumpy skin disease virus in South Africa. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2946-2960. [PMID: 32506755 PMCID: PMC9292827 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
South Africa is endemic for lumpy skin disease and is therefore reliant on various live attenuated vaccines for the control and prevention of the disease. In recent years, widespread outbreaks of vaccine‐like strains of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) were reported internationally, leading to an increase in the generation of full genome sequences from field isolates. In this study, the complete genomes of six LSDVs submitted during active outbreaks in the 1990s in South Africa were generated. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the six viruses clustered with vaccine strains in LSDV Subgroup 1.1 and are subsequently referred to as vaccine‐associated. The genetic differences between the phenotypically distinct vaccine and vaccine‐associated strains were 67 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This study characterized the location and possible importance of each of these SNPs in their role during virulence and host specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pravesh Kara
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Karen Ebersohn
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Arshad Mather
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Cornelius Henry Annandale
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Estelle Hildegard Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville Queensland, Australia
| | - David Brian Wallace
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gupta T, Patial V, Bali D, Angaria S, Sharma M, Chahota R. A review: Lumpy skin disease and its emergence in India. Vet Res Commun 2020; 44:111-118. [PMID: 32857262 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-020-09780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of Capripoxvirus genus of Poxviridae family. It is a transboundary disease of the economic importance affecting cattle and water buffaloes. The disease is transmitted by arthropod vectors and causes high morbidity and low mortality. LSD has recently been reported first time in India with 7.1% morbidity among cattle. Generally, fever, anorexia, and characteristic nodules on the skin mucous membrane of mouth, nostrils, udder, genital, rectum, drop in milk production, abortion, infertility and sometimes death are the clinical manifestations of the disease. The disease is endemic in African and Middle East countries but has started spreading to Asian and other countries. It has been recently reported from China and Bangladesh sharing borders with India. We have summarized occurrence of LSD outbreaks in last 10 years in Asian countries for the first time. In India, currently epidemiological status of the disease is unknown. Vaccination along with strict quarantine measures and vector control could be effective for preventing the spread of the disease. This review aims to summarise the latest developments in the epidemiology with the focus on transboundary spread, aetiology and transmission, clinical presentations, diagnostics and management of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, PIN 176062, India
| | - Vanita Patial
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, PIN 176062, India
| | - Diksha Bali
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, PIN 176062, India
| | - Shivani Angaria
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, PIN 176062, India
| | - Mandeep Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, PIN 176062, India
| | - Rajesh Chahota
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, PIN 176062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kiplagat SK, Kitala PM, Onono JO, Beard PM, Lyons NA. Risk Factors for Outbreaks of Lumpy Skin Disease and the Economic Impact in Cattle Farms of Nakuru County, Kenya. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:259. [PMID: 32548130 PMCID: PMC7274042 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an emerging disease of cattle that causes substantial economic loss to affected regions. However, factors favouring transmission under field conditions and farm-level impacts are poorly quantified. This was a retrospective case-control study of cattle farms in Nakuru, Kenya to determine risk factors associated with lumpy skin disease and the farm-level economic impacts of an outbreak. Data were collected using questionnaires administered through personal interview. Collected data included herd sizes, age, and sex structures, breeds, sources of replacement stock, grazing systems, and costs (direct and indirect) incurred when LSD outbreaks occurred. Farm-level risk factors were examined through univariable and multivariable logistic regression and a final model built using backward stepwise regression and likelihood ratio tests. The factors associated with LSD outbreaks on univariable analysis included breed (exotic vs. indigenous, OR = 15.01, P = 0.007), source of replacement stock (outside the herd vs. within the herd, OR = 8.38, P < 0.001) and herd size (large [>10 cattle] vs. small [1–3 cattle], OR = 3.51, P = 0.029). In the multivariable logistic regression model, only breed (exotic vs. indigenous, OR = 14.87, 95% CI 1.94–113.97, P = 0.009) and source of replacement stock (outside the herd vs. within the herd OR = 8.7, 95% CI 2.80–27.0, P < 0.001) were associated with outbreaks. The economic impact was compared between farms keeping purely indigenous (n = 10) or exotic (n = 29) breeds of cattle which indicated mean farm-level losses of 12,431 KSH/123 USD and 76,297 KSH/755 USD, respectively. The mean farm-level losses from reduction in milk yield and mortality were estimated at 4,725 KSH/97 USD and 3,103 KSH/31USD for farms keeping indigenous breeds whilst for farms keeping exotic breeds the equivalent losses were 26,886 KSH/266 USD and 43,557 KSH/431 USD, respectively. The indirect losses from treatments and vaccinations were proportionately much higher on farms with indigenous breeds at 4,603 KSH/46 USD making up ~37% of the total costs compared to ~8% (5,855 KSH/58 USD per farm) of the total costs for farms with exotic breeds. These findings indicate that LSD caused significant economic losses at the farm level in Nakuru County. This justifies implementation of disease control measures including quarantine of cattle post-purchase and the need for effective vaccinations of susceptible cattle herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kipruto Kiplagat
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Philip Mwanzia Kitala
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua Orungo Onono
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Issimov A, Kutumbetov L, Orynbayev MB, Khairullin B, Myrzakhmetova B, Sultankulova K, White PJ. Mechanical Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Stomoxys Spp ( Stomoxys Calsitrans, Stomoxys Sitiens, Stomoxys Indica), Diptera: Muscidae. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030477. [PMID: 32178349 PMCID: PMC7143779 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging disease in Kazakhstan, and currently the means of transmission is uncertain. In the current study, mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) by Stomoxys species from infected to naive animals was demonstrated under laboratory conditions. Flies partially fed on LSDV-infected cattle were placed onto recipient animals within a 1 h time period to complete their feeding process. In addition to this, virus was isolated from all three Stomoxys species immediately and 6 h post feeding on LSDV infected animal, while virus DNA was detectable up to 48 h post-feeding by PCR. Abstract Samples collected for PCR from recipient animals tested positive in 5 out of 6 cases, while the virus was isolated from 4 of 6 animals. The clinical signs exhibited by recipient animals were mostly moderate in nature with only one severe case. To our knowledge, this is the first time that transmission of LSDV by three Stomoxys species has been demonstrated, and their role as mechanical vectors of LSDV is indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arman Issimov
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Lespek Kutumbetov
- RGE “Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems” Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kordaiskiy rayon, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan; (L.K.); (M.B.O.); (B.K.); (B.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Mukhit B. Orynbayev
- RGE “Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems” Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kordaiskiy rayon, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan; (L.K.); (M.B.O.); (B.K.); (B.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Berik Khairullin
- RGE “Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems” Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kordaiskiy rayon, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan; (L.K.); (M.B.O.); (B.K.); (B.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Balzhan Myrzakhmetova
- RGE “Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems” Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kordaiskiy rayon, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan; (L.K.); (M.B.O.); (B.K.); (B.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Kulyaisan Sultankulova
- RGE “Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems” Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kordaiskiy rayon, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan; (L.K.); (M.B.O.); (B.K.); (B.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Peter J. White
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ardestani EG, Mokhtari A. Modeling the lumpy skin disease risk probability in central Zagros Mountains of Iran. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104887. [PMID: 32032798 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) outbreaks are currently circulating in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, (western Iran, in central Zagros Mountains). OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to model the risk probability of LSD in this area. METHOD Data were collected from veterinary organizations between 2012 and 2016. During this period, 290 outbreaks were registered. The herds were grazing and zero grazing. The average size of herds was 2958. We analyzed the potential for an outbreak of LSD in this area basing on the grid maps with the resolution of 1 km. In this study, 22 environmental variables (19 bioclimatic and 3 topography variables) were used to explore the environmental influences on LSD outbreak by maximum entropy ecological niche modeling (MaxEnt). RESULTS The results showed that mainly the central, northern, northeast and southern parts of Charmahal and Bakhtiari were the most very high risk areas for LSD. The MaxEnt model performed, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.977 and 0.972 for training and test data, respectively. It showed high accuracy for predicting the prevalence of LSD (AUC close to 1). The precipitation of coldest season, isothermality and mean temperature of wettest season made the greatest contribution to the model (68.1%). Evaluating the importance of environmental variables, which were derived from the jackknife test, stated the precipitation of the wettest period and the coldest season and isothermality as the bioclimatic variables in explaining LSD prevalence compared to the other variables. CONCLUSION The MaxEnt model could be applied to predict the LSD risk probability of occurrence in central Zagros Mountains of Iran based on the current prevalence data of the disease. Also, the model confirmed that coexistence of weather conditions including defined humidity and temperature is necessary for the disease occurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ghehsareh Ardestani
- Department of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord- Iran, Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Azam Mokhtari
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Experimental evidence of mechanical lumpy skin disease virus transmission by Stomoxys calcitrans biting flies and Haematopota spp. horseflies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20076. [PMID: 31882819 PMCID: PMC6934832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a devastating disease of cattle characterized by fever, nodules on the skin, lymphadenopathy and milk drop. Several haematophagous arthropod species like dipterans and ticks are suspected to play a role in the transmission of LSDV. Few conclusive data are however available on the importance of biting flies and horseflies as potential vectors in LSDV transmission. Therefore an in vivo transmission study was carried out to investigate possible LSDV transmission by Stomoxys calcitrans biting flies and Haematopota spp. horseflies from experimentally infected viraemic donor bulls to acceptor bulls. LSDV transmission by Stomoxys calcitrans was evidenced in 3 independent experiments, LSDV transmission by Haematopota spp. was shown in one experiment. Evidence of LSD was supported by induction of nodules and virus detection in the blood of acceptor animals. Our results are supportive for a mechanical transmission of the virus by these vectors.
Collapse
|
33
|
Machado G, Korennoy F, Alvarez J, Picasso-Risso C, Perez A, VanderWaal K. Mapping changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of lumpy skin disease virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2045-2057. [PMID: 31127984 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is an infectious disease of cattle transmitted by arthropod vectors which results in substantial economic losses due to impact on production efficiency and profitability, and represents an emerging threat to international trade of livestock products and live animals. Since 2015, the disease has spread into the Northern Hemisphere including Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and the Balkans. The rapid expansion of LSDV in those regions represented the emergence of the virus in more temperate regions than those in which LSDV traditionally occurred. The goal of this study was to assess the risk for further LSDV spread through the (a) analysis of environmental factors conducive for LSDV, and (b) estimate of the underlying LSDV risk, using a combination of ecological niche modelling and fine spatiotemporally explicit Bayesian hierarchical model on LSDV outbreak occurrence data. We used ecological niche modelling to estimate the potential distribution of LSDV outbreaks for 2014-2016. That analysis resulted in a spatial representation of environmental limits where, if introduced, LSDV is expected to efficiently spread. The Bayesian space-time model incorporated both environmental factors and the changing spatiotemporal distribution of the disease to capture the dynamics of disease spread and predict areas in which there is an increased risk for LSDV occurrence. Variables related to the average temperature, precipitation, wind speed, as well as land cover and host densities were important drivers explaining the observed distribution of LSDV in both modelling approaches. Areas of elevated LSDV risks were identified mainly in Russia, Turkey, Serbia and Bulgaria. The results suggest that, if current ecological and epidemiological conditions persist, further spread of LSDV in Eurasia may be expected. The results presented here advance our understanding of the ecological requirements of LSDV in temperate regions and may help in the design and implementation of prevention and surveillance strategies in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Fedor Korennoy
- Federal Center for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), Vladimir, Russia
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Picasso-Risso
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Andres Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sprygin A, Pestova Y, Wallace DB, Tuppurainen E, Kononov AV. Transmission of lumpy skin disease virus: A short review. Virus Res 2019; 269:197637. [PMID: 31152757 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral transboundary disease endemic throughout Africa and of high economic importance that affects cattle and domestic water buffaloes. Since 2012, the disease has spread rapidly and widely throughout the Middle Eastern and Balkan regions, southern Caucasus and parts of the Russian Federation. Before vaccination campaigns took their full effect, the disease continued spreading from region to region, mainly showing seasonal patterns despite implementing control and eradication measures. The disease is capable of appearing several hundred kilometers away from initial (focal) outbreak sites within a short time period. These incursions have triggered a long-awaited renewed scientific interest in LSD resulting in the initiation of novel research into broad aspects of the disease, including epidemiology, modes of transmission and associated risk factors. Long-distance dispersal of LSDV seems to occur via the movement of infected animals, but distinct seasonal patterns indicate that arthropod-borne transmission is most likely responsible for the swift and aggressive short-distance spread of the disease. Elucidating the mechanisms of transmission of LSDV will enable the development of more targeted and effective actions for containment and eradication of the virus. The mode of vector-borne transmission of the disease is most likely mechanical, but there is no clear-cut evidence to confirm or disprove this assumption. To date, the most likely vectors for LSDV transmission are blood-sucking arthropods such as stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti), and hard ticks (Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma species). New evidence suggests that the ubiquitous, synanthropic house fly, Musca domestica, may also play a role in LSDV transmission, but this has not yet been tested in a clinical setting. The aim of this review is to compile and discuss the earlier as well as the most recent research data on the transmission of LSDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sprygin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia.
| | - Ya Pestova
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - D B Wallace
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, P/Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - E Tuppurainen
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia; Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, P/Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - A V Kononov
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Seroprevalence and risk factors of lumpy skin disease in Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2018; 160:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
36
|
Sprygin A, Pestova Y, Prutnikov P, Kononov A. Detection of vaccine-like lumpy skin disease virus in cattle and Musca domestica L. flies in an outbreak of lumpy skin disease in Russia in 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1137-1144. [PMID: 29932512 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since 2012, lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has been spreading from the Middle East to south-east Europe and Russia. Although vaccination campaigns have managed to contain LSDV outbreaks, the risk of further spread is still high. The most likely route of LSDV transmission in short distance spread is vector-borne. Several arthropod species have been suggested as potential vectors, but no proven vector has yet been identified. To check whether promiscuous-landing synanthropic flies such as the common housefly (Musca domestica) could be involved, we carried out entomological trapping at the site of a recent LSDV outbreak caused by a vaccine-like LSDV strain. The presence of vaccine-like LSDV DNA was confirmed by the assay developed herein, the assay by Agianniotaki et al. (2017) and RPO30 gene sequencing. No evidence of field LSDV strain circulation was revealed. In this study, we discovered that M. domestica flies carried vaccine-like LSDV DNA (Ct > 25.5), whereas trapped stable flies from the same collection were negative for both field and vaccine LSDV. To check whether flies were contaminated internally and externally, 50 randomly selected flies from the same collection were washed four times and tested. Viral DNA was mainly detected in the 1st wash fluid, suggesting genome or even viral contamination on the insect cadaver. In this study, internal contamination in the insect bodies without differentiation between the body locations was also revealed; however, the clinical relevance for mechanical transmission is unknown. Further work is needed to clarify a role of M. domestica in the transmission of LSDV. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that an attenuated LSD vaccine strain has been identified in Russian cattle given the ban on the use of live attenuated vaccines against LSDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sprygin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Y Pestova
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - P Prutnikov
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - A Kononov
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Saegerman C, Bertagnoli S, Meyer G, Ganière JP, Caufour P, De Clercq K, Jacquiet P, Fournié G, Hautefeuille C, Etore F, Casal J. Risk of introduction of lumpy skin disease in France by the import of vectors in animal trucks. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198506. [PMID: 29889905 PMCID: PMC5995388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a dsDNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family and the Capripoxvirus genus. Lumpy skin diseases (LSD) is a highly contagious transboundary disease in cattle producing major economic losses. In 2014, the disease was first reported in the European Union (in Cyprus); it was then reported in 2015 (in Greece) and has spread through different Balkan countries in 2016. Indirect vector transmission is predominant at small distances, but transmission between distant herds and between countries usually occurs through movements of infected cattle or through vectors found mainly in animal trucks. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In order to estimate the threat for France due to the introduction of vectors found in animal trucks (cattle or horses) from at-risk countries (Balkans and neighbours), a quantitative import risk analysis (QIRA) model was developed according to the international standard. Using stochastic QIRA modelling and combining experimental/field data and expert opinion, the yearly risk of LSDV being introduced by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), that travel in trucks transporting animals was between 6 x 10-5 and 5.93 x 10-3 with a median value of 89.9 x 10-5; it was mainly due to the risk related to insects entering farms in France from vehicles transporting cattle from the at-risk area. The risk related to the transport of cattle going to slaughterhouses or the transport of horses was much lower (between 2 x 10-7 and 3.73 x 10-5 and between 5 x 10-10 and 3.95 x 10-8 for cattle and horses, respectively). The disinsectisation of trucks transporting live animals was important to reduce this risk. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE The development of a stochastic QIRA made it possible to quantify the risk of LSD being introduced in France through the import of vectors that travel in trucks transporting animals. This tool is of prime importance because the LSD situation in the Balkans is continuously changing. Indeed, this model can be updated to process new information on vectors and the changing health situation, in addition to new data from the TRAde Control and Expert System (TRACES, EU database). This model is easy to adapt to different countries and to other vectors and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Saegerman
- Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- IHAP, University of Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Ganière
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Caufour
- CIRAD-INRA ASTRE Joint Research Unit (UMR), BIOS Department, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Guillaume Fournié
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Hautefeuille
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Florence Etore
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jordi Casal
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona / IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sprygin A, Artyuchova E, Babin Y, Prutnikov P, Kostrova E, Byadovskaya O, Kononov A. Epidemiological characterization of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Russia in 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1514-1521. [PMID: 29749049 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, the lumpy skin disease virus spread throughout the Russian Federation. Following a modified stamping-out campaign, the disease re-emerged with a greater incidence across 16 regions of Southern and Central Russia. A total of 313 outbreaks were reported to OIE. The highest outbreak frequency was observed in the republics of Chechnya (108), Kalmykiya (57), and Ingushetiya (35). The disease cases predominantly occurred in June and July 2016, starting from May to December; however, no association between outbreaks and altitudes was identified (p > .05). Samples taken from infected cattle were subjected to PCR analysis, which identified the genome of the virus most frequently in skin nodules (78%), nasal swabs (23.4%), blood (13%) and sera (14.5%). Interestingly, LSDV genome was occasionally identified in lung and milk samples. Based on the PRO30 sequence analysis, lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) strains circulating in Russia were all identical and fell within the cluster of field LSDV found worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sprygin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - E Artyuchova
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Y Babin
- LLC "Cellthera pharm", Volginskii, Russia
| | - P Prutnikov
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - E Kostrova
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | - A Kononov
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
SUMMARYLumpy skin disease (LSD) is a severe disease of cattle caused by a Capripoxvirus and often caused epidemics in Ethiopia and many other countries. This study was undertaken to quantify the transmission between animals and to estimate the infection reproduction ratio in a predominantly mixed crop–livestock system and in intensive commercial herd types. The transmission parameters were based on a susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) epidemic model with environmental transmission and estimated using generalized linear models. The transmission parameters were estimated using a survival rate of infectious virus in the environment equal to 0·325 per day, a value based on the best-fitting statistical model. The transmission rate parameter between animals was 0·072 (95% CI 0·068–0·076) per day in the crop–livestock production system, whereas this transmission rate in intensive production system was 0·076 (95% CI 0·068–0·085) per day. The reproduction ratio (R) of LSD between animals in the crop–livestock production system was 1·07, whereas it was 1·09 between animals in the intensive production system. The calculated R provides a baseline against which various control options can be assessed for efficacy.
Collapse
|
40
|
Kazimírová M, Thangamani S, Bartíková P, Hermance M, Holíková V, Štibrániová I, Nuttall PA. Tick-Borne Viruses and Biological Processes at the Tick-Host-Virus Interface. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:339. [PMID: 28798904 PMCID: PMC5526847 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are efficient vectors of arboviruses, although less than 10% of tick species are known to be virus vectors. Most tick-borne viruses (TBV) are RNA viruses some of which cause serious diseases in humans and animals world-wide. Several TBV impacting human or domesticated animal health have been found to emerge or re-emerge recently. In order to survive in nature, TBV must infect and replicate in both vertebrate and tick cells, representing very different physiological environments. Information on molecular mechanisms that allow TBV to switch between infecting and replicating in tick and vertebrate cells is scarce. In general, ticks succeed in completing their blood meal thanks to a plethora of biologically active molecules in their saliva that counteract and modulate different arms of the host defense responses (haemostasis, inflammation, innate and acquired immunity, and wound healing). The transmission of TBV occurs primarily during tick feeding and is a complex process, known to be promoted by tick saliva constituents. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of TBV transmission are poorly understood. Immunomodulatory properties of tick saliva helping overcome the first line of defense to injury and early interactions at the tick-host skin interface appear to be essential in successful TBV transmission and infection of susceptible vertebrate hosts. The local host skin site of tick attachment, modulated by tick saliva, is an important focus of virus replication. Immunomodulation of the tick attachment site also promotes co-feeding transmission of viruses from infected to non-infected ticks in the absence of host viraemia (non-viraemic transmission). Future research should be aimed at identification of the key tick salivary molecules promoting virus transmission, and a molecular description of tick-host-virus interactions and of tick-mediated skin immunomodulation. Such insights will enable the rationale design of anti-tick vaccines that protect against disease caused by tick-borne viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mária Kazimírová
- Department of Medical Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava, Slovakia
| | - Saravanan Thangamani
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
| | - Pavlína Bartíková
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava, Slovakia
| | - Meghan Hermance
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
| | - Viera Holíková
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava, Slovakia
| | - Iveta Štibrániová
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patricia A. Nuttall
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyWallingford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tuppurainen ESM, Venter EH, Shisler JL, Gari G, Mekonnen GA, Juleff N, Lyons NA, De Clercq K, Upton C, Bowden TR, Babiuk S, Babiuk LA. Review: Capripoxvirus Diseases: Current Status and Opportunities for Control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:729-745. [PMID: 26564428 PMCID: PMC5434826 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease, sheeppox and goatpox are high-impact diseases of domestic ruminants with a devastating effect on cattle, sheep and goat farming industries in endemic regions. In this article, we review the current geographical distribution, economic impact of an outbreak, epidemiology, transmission and immunity of capripoxvirus. The special focus of the article is to scrutinize the use of currently available vaccines to investigate the resource needs and challenges that will have to be overcome to improve disease control and eradication, and progress on the development of safer and more effective vaccines. In addition, field evaluation of the efficacy of the vaccines and the genomic database available for poxviruses are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S M Tuppurainen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J L Shisler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - G Gari
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - G A Mekonnen
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - N Juleff
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - N A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - K De Clercq
- CODA-CERVA, Vesicular and Exotic Diseases Unit, Uccle, Belgium
| | - C Upton
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - T R Bowden
- CSIRO, Health & Biosecurity Flagship, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - S Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, WA, Canada
| | - L A Babiuk
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Katsoulos PD, Chaintoutis SC, Dovas CI, Polizopoulou ZS, Brellou GD, Agianniotaki EI, Tasioudi KE, Chondrokouki E, Papadopoulos O, Karatzias H, Boscos C. Investigation on the incidence of adverse reactions, viraemia and haematological changes following field immunization of cattle using a live attenuated vaccine against lumpy skin disease. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:174-185. [PMID: 28391652 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the clinical impact and certain virological and haematological parameters following immunization of cattle against lumpy skin disease (LSD). The study was conducted in a dairy cattle farm (215 animals), immunized with a Neethling strain-based live vaccine. Twenty-seven animals (14 lactating cows, four dry cows and nine calves) were randomly selected for repetitive blood and saliva samplings. An EvaGreen-based real-time PCR was designed to differentiate vaccine from field LSDVs. Vaccinated animals underwent examination for adverse reactions. Nodule samples were collected from two representative cases for histopathological testing and virus identification. Milk yield was calculated based on bulk-tank measurements of all lactating cows (79). Viral DNA was detected between days 6-15 post-vaccination (p.v.) at 63% of the sampled animals (17/27). Saliva and bulk-tank milk samples were LSDV-negative. Pronounced swelling was observed at injection sites of 12% of the immunized animals (26/215), starting at day 6 p.v., and was resolved after 2-4 days. Small-sized (<0.5 cm) cutaneous lumps were developed between days 8-18 p.v. at 9% of the vaccinated animals (19/215). These were observed in adult cows and not in calves/heifers. Resolution was observable 10 days post-development. The vaccine virus was also identified in nodules and injection-site aspirates. Haematological changes (e.g., lower leucocyte counts) were observed in cows and not in calves. Daily milk production was being reduced during the first 12 days p.v. LSD immunization of cows resulted in nodules and low viraemia levels. The fact that nodules and haematological changes were not observed in calves, along with the low viraemia, supports the reduced virulence of the Neethling vaccine strain. The characteristic nodules in vaccinated animals could allow clinical differentiation from those observed in LSD. The developed real-time PCR efficiently differentiates infected from vaccinated cattle, and should be further validated as a tool in LSD surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P-D Katsoulos
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - S C Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - C I Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Z S Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G D Brellou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E I Agianniotaki
- National Reference Laboratory for Capripoxviruses, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - K E Tasioudi
- National Reference Laboratory for Capripoxviruses, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - E Chondrokouki
- National Reference Laboratory for Capripoxviruses, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - O Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - H Karatzias
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - C Boscos
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tuppurainen E, Oura C. Lumpy skin disease: an African cattle disease getting closer to the EU. Vet Rec 2016; 175:300-1. [PMID: 25256729 DOI: 10.1136/vr.g5808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Oura
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indes, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tasioudi KE, Antoniou SE, Iliadou P, Sachpatzidis A, Plevraki E, Agianniotaki EI, Fouki C, Mangana-Vougiouka O, Chondrokouki E, Dile C. Emergence of Lumpy Skin Disease in Greece, 2015. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 63:260-5. [PMID: 26991342 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease was first reported in the EU, Greece, in August 2015. Until the end of December 2015, six regional units have been affected in northern Greece and the island of Limnos. This article presents the epidemiological situation, the diagnosis, the control measures including emergency vaccination and the preliminary conclusions from the experience gained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Tasioudi
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial and Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - S E Antoniou
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Animal Health Directorate, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - P Iliadou
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial and Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - A Sachpatzidis
- Directorate of Veterinary Services of East Macedonia and Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - E Plevraki
- Veterinary Department of Regional Unit of Evros, Directorate of Rural Economy and Veterinary of Regional Unit of Evros, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - E I Agianniotaki
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial and Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - C Fouki
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial and Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - O Mangana-Vougiouka
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial and Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - E Chondrokouki
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial and Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - C Dile
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Animal Health Directorate, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Alkhamis MA, VanderWaal K. Spatial and Temporal Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease in the Middle East, 2012-2015. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:19. [PMID: 26973845 PMCID: PMC4776163 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is an infectious disease of cattle that can have severe economic implications. New LSD outbreaks are currently circulating in the Middle East (ME). Since 2012, severe outbreaks were reported in cattle across the region. Characterizing the spatial and temporal dynamics of LSDV in cattle populations is prerequisite for guiding successful surveillance and control efforts at a regional level in the ME. Here, we aim to model the ecological niche of LSDV and identify epidemic progression patterns over the course of the epidemic. We analyzed publically available outbreak data from the ME for the period 2012–2015 using presence-only maximum entropy ecological niche modeling and the time-dependent method for the estimation of the effective reproductive number (R-TD). High-risk areas (probability >0.60) for LSDV identified by ecological niche modeling included parts of many northeastern ME countries, though Israel and Turkey were estimated to be the most suitable locations for occurrence of LSDV outbreaks. The most important environmental predictors that contributed to the ecological niche of LSDV included annual precipitation, land cover, mean diurnal range, type of livestock production system, and global livestock densities. Average monthly effective R-TD was equal to 2.2 (95% CI: 1.2, 3.5), whereas the largest R-TD was estimated in Israel (R-TD = 22.2, 95 CI: 15.2, 31.5) in September 2013, which indicated that the demographic and environmental conditions during this period were suitable to LSDV super-spreading events. The sharp drop of Isreal’s inferred R-TD in the following month reflected the success of their 2013 vaccination campaign in controlling the disease. Our results identified areas in which underreporting of LSDV outbreaks may have occurred. More epidemiological information related to cattle populations are needed to further improve the inferred spatial and temporal characteristics of currently circulating LSDV. However, the methodology presented here may be useful in guiding the design of risk-based surveillance and control programs in the region as well as aid in the formulation of epidemic preparedness plans in neighboring LSDV-free countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alkhamis
- Environmental and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, MN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Menasherow S, Erster O, Rubinstein-Giuni M, Kovtunenko A, Eyngor E, Gelman B, Khinich E, Stram Y. A high-resolution melting (HRM) assay for the differentiation between Israeli field and Neethling vaccine lumpy skin disease viruses. J Virol Methods 2016; 232:12-5. [PMID: 26902159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a constant threat to the Middle East including the State of Israel. During vaccination programs it is essential for veterinary services and farmers to be able to distinguish between animals affected by the cattle-borne virulent viruses and vaccinated animals, subsequently affected by the vaccine strain. This study describes an improved high resolution-melting (HRM) test that exploits a 27 base pair (bp) fragment of the LSDV126 extracellular enveloped virion (EEV) gene that is present in field viruses but is absent from the Neethling vaccine strain. This difference leads to ∼0.5 °C melting point change in the HRM assay, when testing the quantitative PCR (qPCR) products generated from the virulent field viruses compared to the attenuated vaccine. By exploiting this difference, it could be shown using the newly developed HRM assay that virus isolated from vaccinated cattle that developed disease symptoms behave similarly to vaccine virus control, indicating that the vaccine virus can induce disease symptoms. This assay is not only in full agreement with the previously published PCR gradient and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) tests but it is faster with, fewer steps, cheaper and dependable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Menasherow
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Oran Erster
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | | | - Anita Kovtunenko
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Evgeny Eyngor
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Boris Gelman
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Evgeny Khinich
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Yehuda Stram
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ben-Gera J, Klement E, Khinich E, Stram Y, Shpigel NY. Comparison of the efficacy of Neethling lumpy skin disease virus and x10RM65 sheep-pox live attenuated vaccines for the prevention of lumpy skin disease - The results of a randomized controlled field study. Vaccine 2015; 33:4837-42. [PMID: 26238726 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle and buffalo, caused by a Capripox virus. A field study was performed during an LSD epidemic which occurred in 2012-2013 in Israel, in order to assess the efficacy of two commercial vaccines for protection against LSD. Fifteen dairy herds, vaccinated 2-5 months prior to study onset with a single dose of 10(2.5) TCID50 of RM65 attenuated sheep-pox vaccine, and not affected previously, were enrolled in the study. 4694 cows were randomized to be either vaccinated with a 10(3.5) TCID50/dose of RM65 vaccine (x10RM65) or with a same dose of an attenuated Neethling LSD virus vaccine. A case of LSD was defined as the appearance of at least 5 lesions typical to LSD and a severe case was defined if this sign was accompanied by either fever (>39.5°C) or/and a 20% reduction in milk production. Deep lesion biopsies and blood samples were collected from 64.5% of the cases in an attempt to detect DNA of LSD virus by PCR and to differentiate between the wild strain and the vaccine Neethling strain. Seventy-six cows were affected by LSD in 8 herds with an incidence of 0.3-5.7%. Mantel-Haenszel relative risk (RRMH) for LSD morbidity at least 15 days after vaccination in x10RM65 vs. Neethling was 2.635 (CI95%=1.44-4.82) and 11.2 (2.3-54.7) for severe morbidity. RRMH for laboratory confirmed cases was 4.28 (1.59-11.53). An incidence of 0.38% (9/2356) of Neethling associated disease was observed among Neethling vaccinated cows while no such disease occurred in x10RM65 vaccinated cows. We conclude that the Neethling vaccine is significantly more effective than x10RM65 in preventing LSD morbidity, though it might cause a low incidence of Neethling associated disease. No transmission of the Neethling strain to non-Neethling vaccinated cows was observed in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ben-Gera
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - E Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - E Khinich
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Y Stram
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - N Y Shpigel
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Thomson GR, Penrith ML. Eradication of Transboundary Animal Diseases: Can the Rinderpest Success Story be Repeated? Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:459-475. [PMID: 26104982 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A matrix system was developed to aid in the evaluation of the technical amenability to eradication, through mass vaccination, of transboundary animal diseases (TADs). The system involved evaluation of three basic criteria - disease management efficiency, surveillance and epidemiological factors - each in turn comprised of a number of elements (17 in all). On that basis, 25 TADs that have occurred or do occur in southern Africa and for which vaccines are available, in addition to rinderpest (incorporated as a yardstick because it has been eradicated worldwide), were ranked. Cluster analysis was also applied using the same criteria to the 26 diseases, creating division into three groups. One cluster contained only diseases transmitted by arthropods (e.g. African horse sickness and Rift Valley fever) and considered difficult to eradicate because technologies for managing parasitic arthropods on a large scale are unavailable, while a second cluster contained diseases that have been widely considered to be eradicable [rinderpest, canine rabies, the Eurasian serotypes of foot and mouth disease virus (O, A, C & Asia 1) and peste des petits ruminants] as well classical swine fever, Newcastle disease and lumpy skin disease. The third cluster contained all the other TADs evaluated with the implication that these constitute TADs that would be more difficult to eradicate. However, it is acknowledged that the scores assigned in the course of this study may be biased. The point is that the system proposed offers an objective method for assessment of the technical eradicability of TADs; the rankings and groupings derived during this study are less important than the provision of a systematic approach for further development and evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Thomson
- TAD Scientific, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - M-L Penrith
- TAD Scientific, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Tuppurainen ESM, Venter EH, Coetzer JAW, Bell-Sakyi L. Lumpy skin disease: attempted propagation in tick cell lines and presence of viral DNA in field ticks collected from naturally-infected cattle. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 6:134-40. [PMID: 25468765 PMCID: PMC4329317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is of substantial economic importance for the cattle industry in Africa and the Near and Middle East. Several insect species are thought to transmit the disease mechanically. Recent transmission studies have demonstrated the first evidence for a role of hard (ixodid) ticks as vectors of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). The aim of this study was to attempt in vitro growth of the virus in Rhipicephalus spp. tick cell lines and investigate in vivo the presence of the virus in ticks collected from cattle during LSD outbreaks in Egypt and South Africa. No evidence was obtained for replication of LSDV in tick cell lines although the virus was remarkably stable, remaining viable for 35 days at 28 °C in tick cell cultures, in growth medium used for tick cells and in phosphate buffered saline. Viral DNA was detected in two-thirds of the 56 field ticks, making this the first report of the presence of potentially virulent LSDV in ticks collected from naturally infected animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S M Tuppurainen
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - E H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - J A W Coetzer
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - L Bell-Sakyi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|