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Barrs VR, Beczkowski PM, Talbot JJ, Hobi S, Teoh SN, Hernandez Muguiro D, Shubitz LF, Sandy J. Invasive Fungal Infections and Oomycoses in Cats: 1. Diagnostic approach. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X231219696. [PMID: 38189288 PMCID: PMC10949879 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231219696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE In contrast to superficial fungal infections, such as dermatophytosis, invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are characterised by penetration of tissues by fungal elements. Disease can spread locally within a region or can disseminate haematogenously or via the lymphatics. The environment is the most common reservoir of infection. Since fungal spores are airborne, indoor cats are also susceptible to IFIs. Some environmental fungi are ubiquitous and present globally, while others are endemic or hyperendemic within specific geographic regions. Zoonotic pathogens include Microsporum canis, Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis. AIM In the first of a two-part article series, the approach to the investigation of feline IFIs and oomycoses is reviewed. As well as tips for diagnosis, and information on the ecological niche and distribution of fungal pathogens, the review covers clinical presentation of the most common IFIs, including cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, sporotrichosis, phaeohyphomycosis, aspergillosis and dermatophytic pseudomycetoma, as well as the oomycoses pythiosis, lagenidiosis and paralagenidiosis. In Part 2, the spectrum of activity, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and adverse effects of antifungal drugs are reviewed, and the treatment and prognosis for specific IFIs and oomycoses are discussed. EVIDENCE BASE The review draws on published evidence and the authors' combined expertise in feline medicine, mycology, dermatology, clinical pathology and anatomical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Paweł M Beczkowski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | | | - Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Shu Ning Teoh
- Veterinary Specialists Aotearoa, Henderson, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Lisa F Shubitz
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, AZ, USA
| | - Jeanine Sandy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
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Fawsitt J, Russell O, Alexander A, Peschard AL, Wong H, Kortum A. Clinical remission of feline sino-nasal aspergillosis despite evidence of persistent infection. JFMS Open Rep 2023; 9:20551169231201605. [PMID: 37799297 PMCID: PMC10548797 DOI: 10.1177/20551169231201605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Case summary Feline sino-nasal aspergillosis is a rare condition with only sparse heterogeneous reports in the literature regarding its treatment. This report describes the presentation, treatment and outcome of a cat with sino-nasal aspergillosis treated by meticulous debridement in combination with topical and systemic azole therapy. Diagnosis was based on MRI, in combination with rhinoscopic assessment and visualisation of fungal plaques, followed by histopathology, fungal culture and panfungal PCR. The cat was treated by debridement of fungal plaques via anterior rhinoscopy and frontal sinusotomy and local instillation of 1% clotrimazole solution, followed by a 4-week course of oral itraconazole. Histopathology confirmed fungal rhinitis and culture identified Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus versicolor. Clinical remission was achieved after treatment; however, evidence of persistent infection was confirmed in the post-mortem examination 8 months after the cat was euthanased for unrelated reasons. Relevance and novel information Despite clinical remission, the persistence of fungal infection post mortem highlights the challenges of monitoring the response to treatment and illustrates that the resolution of clinical signs does not necessarily equate with a disease cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Fawsitt
- The Queen’s Veterinary School Hospital Cambridge University Veterinary School, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Russell
- The Queen’s Veterinary School Hospital Cambridge University Veterinary School, Cambridge, UK
| | - Akash Alexander
- The Queen’s Veterinary School Hospital Cambridge University Veterinary School, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne-Lorraine Peschard
- The Queen’s Veterinary School Hospital Cambridge University Veterinary School, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hannah Wong
- The Queen’s Veterinary School Hospital Cambridge University Veterinary School, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andre Kortum
- The Queen’s Veterinary School Hospital Cambridge University Veterinary School, Cambridge, UK
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Barrs VR. Comments on Case Report: A fatal case of Aspergillus felis infection in an immunocompetent host. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:000561.v3. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000561.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R. Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
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Vekšins A. Feline upper respiratory tract disease – Computed tomography and laboratory diagnostic. Vet World 2022; 15:1880-1886. [PMID: 36185517 PMCID: PMC9394148 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1880-1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) is prevalent in cats, and diagnosis can be challenging. This study aimed to determine the most common causes of cat URTD in Latvia and describe computed tomography (CT) and laboratory diagnostic findings.
Materials and Methods: The present retrospective study included a total of 94 cats who were diagnosed with URTD. All cats underwent CT, and 50 of them had additional diagnostic tests, such as histology and respiratory infection polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing.
Results: The most common CT finding was rhinosinusitis (55.32%) followed by nasal neoplasia (26.6%) and nasopharyngeal polyp (14.89%), but in three cats, a cause of respiratory symptoms was larynx neoplasia, nasal dermoid cyst, and an oronasal fistula. PCR test showed that the most cause of rhinosinusitis was Mycoplasma felis. Nasopharyngeal polyp as the primary diagnosis was identified in 14 cats from 3 months to 6 years, with an average age of 1.85 ± 1.915 years, and 54% of cats were female. Nasal neoplasia as a primary CT diagnosis was determined in 25 cats at the age of 5–18 years, with an average age of 10.56 ± 3.416 years. Histology diagnosis included four types of neoplasia – squamous cell carcinoma, sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, and aplastic carcinoma.
Conclusion: This study describes the most common CT and laboratory findings in cats with URTD. Included information will be helpful for general veterinary practitioners and researchers and will update their knowledge on feline URTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armands Vekšins
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
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Cooley S, Galustanian G, Moon A, Summers S. CT findings of nasal cryptococcosis in cats and dogs: A case series. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:422-429. [PMID: 35279897 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus spp. can cause chronic rhinitis in cats and dogs. Computed tomography (CT) descriptions of imaging features of nasal cryptococcosis are limited. This retrospective single-center consecutive case series aimed to describe the CT features of lesions in cats and dogs with nasal cryptococcosis. Ten cats and 12 dogs with a diagnosis of nasal cryptococcosis confirmed with cytology, histopathology, and/or serology that had undergone a head CT from 2010 and 2020 were included. Images were evaluated by a veterinary radiologist for the presence of a nasal or nasopharyngeal mass, regional destruction, intracranial extension, and lymphadenopathy. The majority of cats (8/10 [80%]) had nasal lesions with most cases described as non-destructive rhinitis (7/8 [88%]). Three cats (3/10 [30%]) had a nasal mass. All cats had a nasopharyngeal mass, and in most cases (8/10 [80%]) the nasopharyngeal mass was centered caudally near the temporomandibular joints. None of the cats had cribriform plate lysis or meningeal enhancement. All dogs had nasal lesions. Eleven dogs (11/12 [92%]) had destructive rhinitis with lysis of nasal conchae. Most dogs (8/12; 67%) had a nasal mass, of which in seven dogs the caudal nasal mass extended into the rostral nasopharynx. Most dogs had cribriform plate lysis (9/12 [75%]), of which four dogs (44%) had mass extension into the cranium. Our findings support potential differences in CT features between dogs and cats with nasal cryptococcosis. Nasal cryptococcosis should be considered a differential diagnosis in dogs and cats with nasal and nasopharyngeal masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Cooley
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Geghani Galustanian
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Alaina Moon
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Stacie Summers
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Salehi M, Ghaderkhani S, Sharifian RA, Dehghan Manshadi SA, Samiee Fard E, Khodavaisy S, Pourahmad R, Foroushani AR, Rodini K, Kamali Sarvestani H. The Value of Nasal and Oral Clinical Examination in Febrile Neutropenic Patients for Initiating Antifungal Therapy as a Preemptive Method. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:803600. [PMID: 35155481 PMCID: PMC8835583 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.803600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are complications that lead to mortality and morbidity in hematologic malignancies. The time of starting antifungal therapy is vital. Preemptive antifungal therapy has appeared recently as a new policy for the management of IFIs based on noninvasive ways in neutropenic patients. Methods We enrolled leukemia patients with neutropenia after chemotherapy in Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran. Patients who entered the neutropenic phase were divided into two categories (empirical and preemptive) for receiving antifungal agents. The patients were clinically examined in the preemptive group every day to find IFIs. As soon as clinical evidence of IFIs was observed, antifungal was prescribed. The empirical group patients received antifungals based on the ward protocol. Based on the data in each group, the diagnostic and therapeutic results of cases are followed-up to 3 months. To compare percentages between the two groups, the chi-squared test was used. And to compare two means between the two groups, the independent t-test was used. All the statistical analyses were done in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 software (IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York, USA). Results We assessed 132 leukemic patients with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eventually, 80 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 35.52 years. Demographics data and distribution of leukemia type show no significant differences between the two groups. Despite a higher percentage of IFIs discovered in the preemptive group than the empirical group (25 vs. 18.75%, respectively), but data show no significant differences. The average days of IFIs diagnosis since the beginning of neutropenia in the empirical group were 9.5 days while in the preemptive group, the average days were 5.4 days (p < 0.05). Totally, there were 15 patients with a proven IFI in each group (40% in the empirical group and 60% in the preemptive group). Results significantly show an increase in surgical sinus debridement in the empirical groups (83.3%) vs. the preemptive groups (55.5%), (p < 0.05). The mortality rate differed significantly among the two groups; it was 7.5% in the preemptive group and 25% in the empirical group (p < 0.05). Conclusion Daily oral and nasal cavities examination to find the symptoms of IFIs and then start preemptive antifungal agents may be able to lead to accurate diagnosis, earlier treatment, and decreasing sinus surgery debridement in leukemia patients with neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Salehi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ghaderkhani
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramezan Ali Sharifian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Hematology and Oncology Ward, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Dehghan Manshadi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Samiee Fard
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Khodavaisy
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramtin Pourahmad
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimi Foroushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Rodini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Hematology and Oncology Ward, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasti Kamali Sarvestani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Hasti Kamali Sarvestani
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Watanabe K, Yaguchi T, Hirose D. Ubiquitous Distribution of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus- Related Species in Outdoor Environments in Japan. Med Mycol J 2021; 62:71-78. [PMID: 34853253 DOI: 10.3314/mmj.21-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus-related species are responsible for causing aspergillosis, which is a fatal infectious disease. Recently, there has been a series of reports of A. fumigatus-related species that are resistant to azole drugs used in clinical practice for the treatment of fungal infections. Some of these species have been isolated from outdoor environments. Testing the drug susceptibility of the strains from outdoor environments, therefore, is important. In this study, we isolated and cultured 72 strains of A. fumigatus-related species from the outdoor environment in Japan. The isolates identified via morphological observation and molecular phylogenetic analysis were Aspergillus felis, Aspergillus lentulus, Aspergillus pseudoviridinutans, Aspergillus udagawae, and Aspergillus wyomingensis. The results of the drug susceptibility testing revealed that A. felis (6 of 14 strains) and A. pseudoviridinutans (13 of 17 strains) were resistant to itraconazole (ITCZ), with 4 mg/L or higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The voriconazole (VRCZ)-resistant strains with 4 mg/L or higher MICs were A. felis (14 of 14), A. lentulus (4 of 4), A. pseudoviridinutans (15 of 17), A. udagawae (23 of 34), A. wyomingensis (1 of 3), and A. pseudoviridinutans (1 of 3). Among them, A. felis (1 of 14) and A. pseudoviridinutans (7 of 17) demonstrated 8 mg/L or higher MICs for ITCZ and VRCZ. These results indicate that A. fumigatus-related species resistant to ITCZ and VRCZ are widely distributed in outdoor environments in Japan.
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Coall SM, Premont JE, Flatz K, Hindley K, Groth A, Billson FM. Clinical, advanced imaging data and outcome of inflammatory and neoplastic orbital disease in 81 dogs and 16 cats in Australia (2010-2019). Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25 Suppl 1:37-50. [PMID: 34554639 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the clinical presentation, advanced imaging features, and outcome of orbital disease in a referral population of dogs and cats that underwent computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). ANIMALS STUDIED Client-owned animals. PROCEDURES Animals referred for orbital disease undergoing ophthalmic examination and either head MRI or CT were included. Demographic and imaging features were compared between animals diagnosed with inflammatory disease and neoplastic disease using Mann-Whitney U and Fischer's exact tests. RESULTS Ninety-seven animals (81 dogs and 16 cats) were included. Eighty-four and 13 patients underwent CT and MRI scanning, respectively. Inflammatory orbital disease was more frequently detected than neoplasia in dogs (59% vs. 41%) and cats (62% vs. 39%). Orbital cellulitis was the most common diagnosis in dogs (36/81, 44.4%) and cats (8/16, 80%). A foreign body was suspected in 36.1% of dogs with orbital cellulitis but only 3 were retrieved during orbitotomy. Multi-drug resistant bacteria were identified in 3 samples and influenced treatment plans. The most common neoplasms were sarcoma (10/30) and carcinoma (7/30) in dogs and lymphoma in cats (3/6). Imaging findings of osteolysis (p = 0.0002) and intracranial extension (p = 0.0001) were significantly associated with neoplasia in dogs. In contrast, osteolysis extension was present in cats with both inflammatory (7/10) and neoplastic (6/6) orbital disease. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory disease, particularly orbital cellulitis, was more common than neoplasia in dogs and cats with orbital disease in our population. We recommend including bacterial culture and susceptibility as part of the diagnostic work up when orbital cellulitis is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Coall
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johana E Premont
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katharina Flatz
- Department of Radiology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Hindley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allyson Groth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francis M Billson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Cormack CA, Donahoe SL, Talbot JJ, Beatty JA, Barrs VR. Disseminated invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus felis in a cat. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2395-2400. [PMID: 34414603 PMCID: PMC8478040 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2‐year‐old male desexed Ragdoll cat with a 1‐year history of sneezing and nasal discharge presented with a large subcutaneous cervical mass, identified as the right medial retropharyngeal lymph node on computed tomography (CT). A right orbital mass, destructive sino‐nasal cavity disease and multiple pulmonary nodules were also identified. Aspergillus felis was cultured from the lymph node. After treatment with posaconazole and liposomal amphotericin B the lymph node enlargement and orbital mass resolved but left frontal sinus involvement and pulmonary lesions persisted despite additional caspofungin therapy. The cat was euthanized 14 months after diagnosis with dysphagia and chronic progressive exophthalmos. A meningeal granuloma with intravascular fungal hyphae was identified at post‐mortem and A felis was cultured from the left frontal sinus and a right retrobulbar fungal granuloma. This case demonstrates that disseminated disease is a possible sequel to invasive fungal rhinosinusitis caused by A felis in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Cormack
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Shannon L Donahoe
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessica J Talbot
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Johnson LR, Vidal SA, Brust KD, Keel MK, Steffey MA. Facial distortion due to chronic inflammation of unknown cause in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2020; 6:2055116920957200. [PMID: 32983553 PMCID: PMC7498973 DOI: 10.1177/2055116920957200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary An 8-year-old neutered male indoor cat was presented for evaluation of a year-long
history of swelling over the bridge of the nose that extended from the subcutaneous
tissue of the right upper eyelid to the dorsum of the skull. Intermittent regression of
the mass lesion was reported with antibiotic or corticosteroid therapy; however,
progressive swelling, malaise and hiding behavior persisted. CT revealed an aggressive
osteolytic mass lesion in the right and left nasal cavities and extending into the
frontal sinuses. Rhinoscopy using a 2.8 mm rigid telescope revealed somewhat
normal-appearing turbinates rostrally and ventrally on the left side, with turbinate
destruction on the right. After obtaining a biopsy from the right side of the nasal
cavity, thick material filling the entire nasal cavity was visible caudally and was
extracted endoscopically from a rostral approach. Surgical biopsy of the dorsal nasal
bridge resulted in protrusion of inspissated material from the incision site.
Rhinoscopic exploration revealed that the material extended into both frontal sinuses.
Following extensive debridement and medical therapy, marked resolution of facial
asymmetry was achieved. Relevance and novel information Facial distortion is often considered suggestive of a neoplastic process; however, it
can also be seen with fungal and mycobacterial infections, and, in this case, an
inflammatory condition of unknown etiology. In this cat, aggressive intervention and
debridement of necrotic debris resulted in substantial bony remodeling of the skull and
return to normal activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sarah A Vidal
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kelsey D Brust
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M Kevin Keel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michele A Steffey
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Barrs VR, Talbot JJ. Fungal Rhinosinusitis and Disseminated Invasive Aspergillosis in Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 50:331-357. [PMID: 31866094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fungal rhinosinusitis, including sinonasal aspergillosis (SNA) and sino-orbital aspergillosis (SOA), is the most common type of aspergillosis encountered in cats. Other focal forms of aspergillosis including disseminated invasive aspergillosis occur less frequently. SOA is an invasive mycosis that is increasingly recognized and is most commonly caused by Aspergillus felis, a close relative of Aspergillus fumigatus. SNA can be invasive or noninvasive and is most commonly caused by A fumigatus and Aspergillus niger. Molecular methods are required to correctly identify the fungi that cause SNA and SOA. SNA has a favorable prognosis with treatment, whereas the prognosis for SOA remains poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Barrs
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Infectious Diseases & Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jessica J Talbot
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sydney, University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Wiederhold NP, Gibas CFC. From the Clinical Mycology Laboratory: New Species and Changes in Fungal Taxonomy and Nomenclature. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E138. [PMID: 30558386 PMCID: PMC6308937 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal taxonomy is the branch of mycology by which we classify and group fungi based on similarities or differences. Historically, this was done by morphologic characteristics and other phenotypic traits. However, with the advent of the molecular age in mycology, phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences has replaced these classic means for grouping related species. This, along with the abandonment of the dual nomenclature system, has led to a marked increase in the number of new species and reclassification of known species. Although these evaluations and changes are necessary to move the field forward, there is concern among medical mycologists that the rapidity by which fungal nomenclature is changing could cause confusion in the clinical literature. Thus, there is a proposal to allow medical mycologists to adopt changes in taxonomy and nomenclature at a slower pace. In this review, changes in the taxonomy and nomenclature of medically relevant fungi will be discussed along with the impact this may have on clinicians and patient care. Specific examples of changes and current controversies will also be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Wiederhold
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Connie F C Gibas
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Hubka V, Barrs V, Dudová Z, Sklenář F, Kubátová A, Matsuzawa T, Yaguchi T, Horie Y, Nováková A, Frisvad J, Talbot J, Kolařík M. Unravelling species boundaries in the Aspergillus viridinutans complex (section Fumigati): opportunistic human and animal pathogens capable of interspecific hybridization. PERSOONIA 2018; 41:142-174. [PMID: 30728603 PMCID: PMC6344812 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although Aspergillus fumigatus is the major agent of invasive aspergillosis, an increasing number of infections are caused by its cryptic species, especially A. lentulus and the A. viridinutans species complex (AVSC). Their identification is clinically relevant because of antifungal drug resistance and refractory infections. Species boundaries in the AVSC are unresolved since most species have uniform morphology and produce interspecific hybrids in vitro. Clinical and environmental strains from six continents (n = 110) were characterized by DNA sequencing of four to six loci. Biological compatibilities were tested within and between major phylogenetic clades, and ascospore morphology was characterised. Species delimitation methods based on the multispecies coalescent model (MSC) supported recognition of ten species including one new species. Four species are confirmed opportunistic pathogens; A. udagawae followed by A. felis and A. pseudoviridinutans are known from opportunistic human infections, while A. felis followed by A. udagawae and A. wyomingensis are agents of feline sino-orbital aspergillosis. Recently described human-pathogenic species A. parafelis and A. pseudofelis are synonymized with A. felis and an epitype is designated for A. udagawae. Intraspecific mating assay showed that only a few of the heterothallic species can readily generate sexual morphs in vitro. Interspecific mating assays revealed that five different species combinations were biologically compatible. Hybrid ascospores had atypical surface ornamentation and significantly different dimensions compared to parental species. This suggests that species limits in the AVSC are maintained by both pre- and post-zygotic barriers and these species display a great potential for rapid adaptation and modulation of virulence. This study highlights that a sufficient number of strains representing genetic diversity within a species is essential for meaningful species boundaries delimitation in cryptic species complexes. MSC-based delimitation methods are robust and suitable tools for evaluation of boundaries between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - V. Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, and Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases & Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Z. Dudová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - F. Sklenář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - A. Kubátová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - T. Matsuzawa
- University of Nagasaki, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishi-Sonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
| | - T. Yaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Y. Horie
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - A. Nováková
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - J.C. Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J.J. Talbot
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, and Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases & Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - M. Kolařík
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Savelieff MG, Pappalardo L, Azmanis P. The current status of avian aspergillosis diagnoses: Veterinary practice to novel research avenues. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:342-362. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Pappalardo
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences; American University of Sharjah; Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Panagiotis Azmanis
- Dubai Falcon Hospital/Wadi Al Safa Wildlife Center; Dubai United Arab Emirates
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Elad D, Segal E. Diagnostic Aspects of Veterinary and Human Aspergillosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1303. [PMID: 29977229 PMCID: PMC6022203 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Aspergillus is composed of more than 300 species, a fraction of which are involved in animal or human infections mostly following environmental exposure. Various risk factors (i.e., immunosuppression, tuberculosis) have been recognized for human whereas for veterinary infections, unhygienic management, trauma, anatomical conformation of the skull, or suspected immunological deficiencies have been suggested. In animals, aspergillosis is mostly sporadic but in some circumstance such as infections on poultry farms may involve the whole flock. Since the high prevalence of immunosuppression in human patients has not been mirrored in veterinary medicine, and although to the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive data on the prevalence of aspergillosis in animals has been published, their epidemiology has not changed during the last decades. The impact of these infections may be economic or if they are incurable, sentimental. The objective of the first part is to describe the diagnosis of the main clinical entities caused by Aspergillus spp. in animals. It includes disseminated canine aspergillosis, canine and feline sino-nasal and sino-orbital aspergillosis, guttural pouch mycosis in horses, mycotic abortion in cattle, mycotic keratitis in horses, and avian aspergillosis. When pathogenesis and clinical aspects are relevant for diagnosis—they will be addressed as well. The second part deals with human aspergillosis, which is a multifaceted disease, manifested in a spectrum of clinical entities affecting one or more organs. Diagnosis is based on the clinical manifestation, supported and confirmed by laboratory means, involving the classical approach of demonstrating the etiological agent in the clinical specimens and in culture. Noncultural methods, such as antigen detection and/or molecular assays to detect fungal nucleic acids or protein profiles, are used as well. The isolation and identification of the fungus allows the determination of its susceptibility to antifungal drugs. Thus, antifungal susceptibility testing maybe considered as part of the diagnostic process, which is of relevance for management of the infection. In this review article, the part dealing with diagnostic aspects of aspergillosis in humans concentrates on susceptibility testing of Aspergillus spp. to antifungal drugs and drug combinations. The technologies and methods of susceptibility testing are described and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elad
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Esther Segal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Tsang CC, Tang JY, Lau SK, Woo PC. Taxonomy and evolution of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces in the omics era - Past, present and future. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:197-210. [PMID: 30002790 PMCID: PMC6039702 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces are diverse, phenotypically polythetic genera encompassing species important to the environment, economy, biotechnology and medicine, causing significant social impacts. Taxonomic studies on these fungi are essential since they could provide invaluable information on their evolutionary relationships and define criteria for species recognition. With the advancement of various biological, biochemical and computational technologies, different approaches have been adopted for the taxonomy of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces; for example, from traditional morphotyping, phenotyping to chemotyping (e.g. lipotyping, proteotypingand metabolotyping) and then mitogenotyping and/or phylotyping. Since different taxonomic approaches focus on different sets of characters of the organisms, various classification and identification schemes would result. In view of this, the consolidated species concept, which takes into account different types of characters, is recently accepted for taxonomic purposes and, together with the lately implemented 'One Fungus - One Name' policy, is expected to bring a more stable taxonomy for Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces, which could facilitate their evolutionary studies. The most significant taxonomic change for the three genera was the transfer of Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium to Talaromyces (e.g. the medically important thermally dimorphic 'P. marneffei' endemic in Southeast Asia is now named T. marneffei), leaving both Penicillium and Talaromyces as monophyletic genera. Several distantly related Aspergillus-like fungi were also segregated from Aspergillus, making this genus, containing members of both sexual and asexual morphs, monophyletic as well. In the current omics era, application of various state-of-the-art omics technologies is likely to provide comprehensive information on the evolution of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces and a stable taxonomy will hopefully be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ching Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - James Y.M. Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Susanna K.P. Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick C.Y. Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Lyskova P, Hubka V, Svobodova L, Barrs V, Dhand NK, Yaguchi T, Matsuzawa T, Horie Y, Kolarik M, Dobias R, Hamal P. Antifungal Susceptibility of the Aspergillus viridinutans Complex: Comparison of Two In Vitro Methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e01927-17. [PMID: 29437620 PMCID: PMC5913995 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01927-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptic species of Aspergillus fumigatus, including the Aspergillus viridinutans species complex, are increasingly reported to be causes of invasive aspergillosis. Their identification is clinically relevant, as these species frequently have intrinsic resistance to common antifungals. We evaluated the susceptibilities of 90 environmental and clinical isolates from the A. viridinutans species complex, identified by DNA sequencing of the calmodulin gene, to seven antifungals (voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B, anidulafungin, micafungin, and caspofungin) using the reference European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) method. The majority of species demonstrated elevated MICs of voriconazole (geometric mean [GM] MIC, 4.46 mg/liter) and itraconazole (GM MIC, 9.85 mg/liter) and had variable susceptibility to amphotericin B (GM MIC, 2.5 mg/liter). Overall, the MICs of posaconazole and the minimum effective concentrations of echinocandins were low. The results obtained by the EUCAST method were compared with the results obtained with Sensititre YeastOne (YO) panels. Overall, there was 67% agreement (95% confidence interval [CI], 62 to 72%) between the results obtained by the EUCAST method and those obtained with YO panels when the results were read at 48 h and 82% agreement (95% CI, 78 to 86%) when the results were read at 72 h. There was a significant difference in agreement between antifungals; agreement was high for amphotericin B, voriconazole, and posaconazole (70 to 86% at 48 h and 88 to 93% at 72 h) but was very low for itraconazole (37% at 48 h and 57% at 72 h). The agreement was also variable between species, with the maximum agreement being observed for A. felis isolates (85 and 93% at 48 and 72 h, respectively). Elevated MICs of voriconazole and itraconazole were cross-correlated, but there was no correlation between the other azoles tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Lyskova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Mycobacteriology Prague, Public Health Institute in Usti nad Labem, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Svobodova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vanessa Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Navneet K Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Takashi Yaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Yoshikazu Horie
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miroslav Kolarik
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Dobias
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Clinical Mycology, Institute of Public Health, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hamal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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18
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Talbot JJ, Houbraken J, Frisvad JC, Samson RA, Kidd SE, Pitt J, Lindsay S, Beatty JA, Barrs VR. Discovery of Aspergillus frankstonensis sp. nov. during environmental sampling for animal and human fungal pathogens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181660. [PMID: 28792943 PMCID: PMC5549889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFI) due to species in Aspergillus section Fumigati (ASF), including the Aspergillus viridinutans species complex (AVSC), are increasingly reported in humans and cats. The risk of exposure to these medically important fungi in Australia is unknown. Air and soil was sampled from the domiciles of pet cats diagnosed with these IFI and from a nature reserve in Frankston, Victoria, where Aspergillus viridinutans sensu stricto was discovered in 1954. Of 104 ASF species isolated, 61% were A. fumigatus sensu stricto, 9% were AVSC (A. felis-clade and A. frankstonensis sp. nov.) and 30% were other species (30%). Seven pathogenic ASF species known to cause disease in humans and animals (A. felis-clade, A. fischeri, A. thermomutatus, A. lentulus, A. laciniosus A. fumisynnematus, A. hiratsukae) comprised 25% of isolates overall. AVSC species were only isolated from Frankston soil where they were abundant, suggesting a particular ecological niche. Phylogenetic, morphological and metabolomic analyses of these isolates identified a new species, A. frankstonensis that is phylogenetically distinct from other AVSC species, heterothallic and produces a unique array of extrolites, including the UV spectrum characterized compounds DOLD, RAIMO and CALBO. Shared morphological and physiological characteristics with other AVSC species include slow sporulation, optimal growth at 37°C, no growth at 50°C, and viriditoxin production. Overall, the risk of environmental exposure to pathogenic species in ASF in Australia appears to be high, but there was no evidence of direct environmental exposure to AVSC species in areas where humans and cats cohabitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Talbot
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jos Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jens C Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Robert A Samson
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Kidd
- National Mycology Reference Centre, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John Pitt
- CSIRO Food Science, CSIRO, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sue Lindsay
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Talbot JJ, Barrs VR. One-health pathogens in the Aspergillus viridinutans complex. Med Mycol 2017; 56:1-12. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Wooff PJ, Dees DD, Teixeria L. Aspergillus spp. panophthalmitis with intralenticular invasion in dogs: report of two cases. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 21:182-187. [PMID: 27641998 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This case series describes the ocular, clinical and histologic manifestations of disseminated Aspergillosis in two dogs. Two dogs presented for severe unilateral panophthalmitis and secondary glaucoma with positive Aspergillus spp. titers. Case 1 showed no clinicopathologic systemic symptoms of fungal dissemination, however, case 2 was affected with acute renal failure. The affected eye of case 1 did not respond to medical therapy and was enucleated for comfort. The affected eye of case 2 responded to aggressive topical and systemic medical therapies, however, the patient was euthanized for acute renal failure. Globes were collected for histologic evaluation at the time of death. Histology of both revealed panophthalmitis with presence of significant intraocular hemorrhage, multifocal fungal granulomas, retinal and optic nerve changes consistent with secondary glaucoma, rupture of the anterior lens capsule, and fungal invasion and colonization of the intralenticular space. These cases represent a unique and devastating ocular manifestation of disseminated Aspergillosis. Cases presenting with uveitis and secondary glaucoma of unknown origin, especially with confirmed or suspected lens capsular rupture, should have serologic testing for this infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Wooff
- Guardian Veterinary Centre, 5620 99th Street NW, Edmonton, AB, T6E 1V2, USA
| | - Darryl D Dees
- Eye Care for Animals, 12419 Metric Blvd, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
| | - Leandro Teixeria
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Madison-Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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21
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Whitney JL, Krockenberger MB, Day MJ, Beatty JA, Dhand NK, Barrs VR. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Leucocyte Subsets in the Sinonasal Mucosa of Cats with Upper Respiratory Tract Aspergillosis. J Comp Pathol 2016; 155:130-140. [PMID: 27576043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Leucocyte populations in the sinonasal mucosa of cats with and without upper respiratory tract aspergillosis were compared using immunohistochemistry and computer-aided morphometry. Inflammation was identified in the nasal mucosa of all affected cats, comprising predominantly of lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the lamina propria associated with epithelial proliferation and degeneration. There was intense and diffuse expression of class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex, associated with sites of hyphal invasion with hyperplasia and ulceration of the epithelium adjacent to fungal elements. Significantly more CD79b(+) cells, total lymphocytes, immunoglobulin (Ig)-expressing cells and MAC387(+) cells infiltrated the epithelium and more IgG(+) cells and total Ig-expressing cells infiltrated the lamina propria in affected cats compared with controls. Importantly, the inflammatory profile in affected cats was not consistent with the T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cell-mediated response that confers protective acquired immunity against invasive aspergillosis in dogs and people and in murine models of the infection. This finding may help to explain the development of invasive aspergillosis in systemically immunocompetent cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Whitney
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia.
| | - M B Krockenberger
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - M J Day
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset, UK
| | - J A Beatty
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - N K Dhand
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - V R Barrs
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
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22
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Chow KE, Krockenberger M, Collins D. IMAGING DIAGNOSIS: COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN A CASE OF ADENOSQUAMOUS CARCINOMA OF THE HEAD AND NECK IN A CAT. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 57:E22-6. [PMID: 26394378 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A 15-year-old female spayed domestic long-haired cat was referred for trismus, hypersalivation, and bilateral ocular discharge. On examination, the cat showed pain on palpation of the left zygomatic arch, palpable crepitus of the frontal region, and limited retropulsion of both globes. A contrast-enhanced sinonasal computed tomographic study was performed, showing facial distortion and extensive osteolysis of the skull, extending beyond the confines of the sinonasal and paranasal cavities. Additionally, soft tissue and fluid accumulation were observed in the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses. Postmortem biopsy samples acquired from the calvarium yielded a histologic diagnosis of sinonasal adenosquamous carcinoma, a rare and particularly aggressive neoplasm previously only reported in the esophagus of one cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Ella Chow
- Radiology Department of the Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, 2113, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Krockenberger
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Collins
- Internal Medicine Department of the Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, 2113, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Barrs VR, Ujvari B, Dhand NK, Peters IR, Talbot J, Johnson LR, Billen F, Martin P, Beatty JA, Belov K. Detection of Aspergillus-specific antibodies by agar gel double immunodiffusion and IgG ELISA in feline upper respiratory tract aspergillosis. Vet J 2014; 203:285-9. [PMID: 25634077 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Feline upper respiratory tract aspergillosis (URTA) is an emerging infectious disease. The aims of this study were: (1) to assess the diagnostic value of detection of Aspergillus-specific antibodies using an agar gel double immunodiffusion (AGID) assay and an indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA; and (2) to determine if an aspergillin derived from mycelia of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus can be used to detect serum antibodies against cryptic Aspergillus spp. in Aspergillus section Fumigati. Sera from cats with URTA (group 1: n = 21) and two control groups (group 2: cats with other upper respiratory tract diseases, n = 25; group 3: healthy cats and cats with non-respiratory, non-fungal illness, n = 84) were tested. Isolates from cats with URTA comprised A. fumigatus (n = 5), A. flavus (n = 1) and four cryptic species: Aspergillus felis (n = 12), Aspergillus thermomutatus (Neosartorya pseudofischeri, n = 1), Aspergillus lentulus (n = 1) and Aspergillus udagawae (n = 1). Brachycephalic purebred cats were significantly more likely to develop URTA than other breeds (P = 0.013). The sensitivity (Se) of the AGID was 43% and the specificity (Sp) was 100%. At a cut-off value of 6 ELISA units/mL, the Se of the IgG ELISA was 95.2% and the Sp was 92% and 92.9% for groups 2 and 3 cats, respectively. Aspergillus-specific antibodies against all four cryptic species were detected in one or both assays. Assay Se was not associated with species identity. Detection of Aspergillus-specific antibodies by IgG ELISA has high Se and Sp for diagnosis of feline URTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Barrs
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - B Ujvari
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - N K Dhand
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - I R Peters
- TDDS, Innovation Centre, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - J Talbot
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - L R Johnson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - F Billen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - P Martin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - J A Beatty
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - K Belov
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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24
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Feline infectious diseases: our curiosity could be their salvation. Introduction. Vet J 2014; 201:121-2. [PMID: 24934263 PMCID: PMC7172240 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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