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Vu DL, Nguyen QT, Chung PS, Ahn KK. Flowing Liquid-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator Performance Enhancement with Functionalized Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane for Self-Powered Pulsating Flow Sensing Application. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:536. [PMID: 38399914 PMCID: PMC10891804 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulsating flow, a common term in industrial and medical contexts, necessitates precise water flow measurement for evaluating hydrodynamic system performance. Addressing challenges in measurement technologies, particularly for pulsating flow, we propose a flowing liquid-based triboelectric nanogenerator (FL-TENG). To generate sufficient energy for a self-powered device, we employed a fluorinated functionalized technique on a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane to enhance the performance of FL-TENG. The results attained a maximum instantaneous power density of 50.6 µW/cm2, and the energy output proved adequate to illuminate 10 white LEDs. Regression analysis depicting the dependence of the output electrical signals on water flow revealed a strong linear relationship between the voltage and flow rate with high sensitivity. A high correlation coefficient R2 within the range from 0.951 to 0.998 indicates precise measurement accuracy for the proposed FL-TENG. Furthermore, the measured time interval between two voltage peaks precisely corresponds to the period of pulsating flow, demonstrating that the output voltage can effectively sense pulsating flow based on voltage and the time interval between two voltage peaks. This work highlights the utility of FL-TENG as a self-powered pulsating flow rate sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Linh Vu
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnamdo 50834, Republic of Korea;
| | - Quang Tan Nguyen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea;
| | - Pil Seung Chung
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnamdo 50834, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Energy Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnamdo 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Kwan Ahn
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea;
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Shah S, Toreyin H, Noyan U, Lee YJ. A proof-of-concept real-time processing to characterize vascular flow. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:2912-2915. [PMID: 36086132 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In dialysis patients, monitoring vascular flow of the surgically created arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is critical to indicate the success of the AVF as a dialysis access site. Current gold standard to quantify vascular flow involves external doppler evaluation which requires frequent visits to the clinic. In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept cost-efficient vascular flow monitoring system towards a wearable and robust blood flow monitoring system. The proposed system captures beat-to-beat blood flow from impedance plethysmography (IPG) signal and performs embedded computing to robustly map the changes in the IPG to peripheral blood flow. We present the proof-of-concept results for the embedded real-time blood flow computing from measurements obtained using a custom electrical bioimpedance hardware presented previously elsewhere. We anticipate the results serving as the first step towards potentially eliminating the need for using expensive and bulky systems that require specialized personnel to operate for peripheral blood flow monitoring. Clinical relevance-The study paves the way to engineering a ubiquitous blood flow monitoring system for patients who have a surgically created Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for dialysis vascular access.
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Wu C, Rwei AY, Lee JY, Ouyang W, Jacobson L, Shen H, Luan H, Xu Y, Park JB, Kwak SS, Ni X, Bai W, Franklin D, Li S, Liu Y, Ni X, Westman AM, MacEwan MR, Rogers JA, Pet MA. A Wireless Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Device for Flap Monitoring: Proof of Concept in a Porcine Musculocutaneous Flap Model. J Reconstr Microsurg 2021; 38:96-105. [PMID: 34404105 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-based systems for continuous flap monitoring are highly sensitive for detecting malperfusion. However, the clinical utility and user experience are limited by the wired connection between the sensor and bedside console. This wire leads to instability of the flap-sensor interface and may cause false alarms. METHODS We present a novel wearable wireless NIRS sensor for continuous fasciocutaneous free flap monitoring. This waterproof silicone-encapsulated Bluetooth-enabled device contains two light-emitting diodes and two photodetectors in addition to a battery sufficient for 5 days of uninterrupted function. This novel device was compared with a ViOptix T.Ox monitor in a porcine rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap model of arterial and venous occlusions. RESULTS Devices were tested in four flaps using three animals. Both devices produced very similar tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) tracings throughout the vascular clamping events, with obvious and parallel changes occurring on arterial clamping, arterial release, venous clamping, and venous release. Small interdevice variations in absolute StO2 value readings and magnitude of change were observed. The normalized cross-correlation at zero lag describing correspondence between the novel NIRS and T.Ox devices was >0.99 in each trial. CONCLUSION The wireless NIRS flap monitor is capable of detecting StO2 changes resultant from arterial vascular occlusive events. In this porcine flap model, the functionality of this novel sensor closely mirrored that of the T.Ox wired platform. This device is waterproof, highly adhesive, skin conforming, and has sufficient battery life to function for 5 days. Clinical testing is necessary to determine if this wireless functionality translates into fewer false-positive alarms and a better user experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alina Y Rwei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jong Yoon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Sibel Inc., Evanston, Illinois
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lauren Jacobson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Haixu Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Haiwen Luan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yameng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Sung Soo Kwak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaoyue Ni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wubin Bai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Daniel Franklin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Xinchen Ni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amanda M Westman
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew R MacEwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mitchell A Pet
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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Hoare D, Bussooa A, Neale S, Mirzai N, Mercer J. The Future of Cardiovascular Stents: Bioresorbable and Integrated Biosensor Technology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900856. [PMID: 31637160 PMCID: PMC6794628 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the greatest cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the underlying pathology responsible for two thirds of these deaths. It is the age-dependent process of "furring of the arteries." In many scenarios the disease is caused by poor diet, high blood pressure, and genetic risk factors, and is exacerbated by obesity, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle. Current pharmacological anti-atherosclerotic modalities still fail to control the disease and improvements in clinical interventions are urgently required. Blocked atherosclerotic arteries are routinely treated in hospitals with an expandable metal stent. However, stented vessels are often silently re-blocked by developing "in-stent restenosis," a wound response, in which the vessel's lumen renarrows by excess proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, termed hyperplasia. Herein, the current stent technology and the future of biosensing devices to overcome in-stent restenosis are reviewed. Second, with advances in nanofabrication, new sensing methods and how researchers are investigating ways to integrate biosensors within stents are highlighted. The future of implantable medical devices in the context of the emerging "Internet of Things" and how this will significantly influence future biosensor technology for future generations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoare
- BHF Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowG12 8TAGlasgowScotland
| | - Anubhav Bussooa
- BHF Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowG12 8TAGlasgowScotland
| | - Steven Neale
- James Watt South BuildingSchool of EngineeringUniversity of GlasgowG12 8QQGlasgowScotland
| | - Nosrat Mirzai
- Bioelectronics UnitCollege of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (MVLS)University of GlasgowG12 8QQGlasgowScotland
| | - John Mercer
- BHF Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowG12 8TAGlasgowScotland
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Dual SA, Zimmermann JM, Neuenschwander J, Cohrs NH, Solowjowa N, Stark WJ, Meboldt M, Schmid Daners M. Ultrasonic sensor concept to fit a ventricular assist device cannula evaluated using geometrically accurate heart phantoms. Artif Organs 2018; 43:467-477. [PMID: 30357874 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Future left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are expected to respond to the physiologic need of patients; however, they still lack reliable pressure or volume sensors for feedback control. In the clinic, echocardiography systems are routinely used to measure left ventricular (LV) volume. Until now, echocardiography in this form was never integrated in LVADs due to its computational complexity. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the applicability of a simplified ultrasonic sensor to fit an LVAD cannula and to show the achievable accuracy in vitro. Our approach requires only two ultrasonic transducers because we estimated the LV volume with the LV end-diastolic diameter commonly used in clinical assessments. In order to optimize the accuracy, we assessed the optimal design parameters considering over 50 orientations of the two ultrasonic transducers. A test bench was equipped with five talcum-infused silicone heart phantoms, in which the intra-ventricular surface replicated papillary muscles and trabeculae carnae. The end-diastolic LV filling volumes of the five heart phantoms ranged from 180 to 480 mL. This reference volume was altered by ±40 mL with a syringe pump. Based on the calibrated measurements acquired by the two ultrasonic transducers, the LV volume was estimated well. However, the accuracies obtained are strongly dependent on the choice of the design parameters. Orientations toward the septum perform better, as they interfere less with the papillary muscles. The optimized design is valid for all hearts. Considering this, the Bland-Altman analysis reports the LV volume accuracy as a bias of ±10% and limits of agreement of 0%-40% in all but the smallest heart. The simplicity of traditional echocardiography systems was reduced by two orders of magnitude in technical complexity, while achieving a comparable accuracy to 2D echocardiography requiring a calibration of absolute volume only. Hence, our approach exploits the established benefits of echocardiography and makes them applicable as an LV volume sensor for LVADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraina Anne Dual
- Product Development Group Zurich, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Michael Zimmermann
- Product Development Group Zurich, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Neuenschwander
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Heinrich Cohrs
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Solowjowa
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wendelin Jan Stark
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Meboldt
- Product Development Group Zurich, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Schmid Daners
- Product Development Group Zurich, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Rothfuss MA, Franconi NG, Star A, Akcakaya M, Gimbel ML, Sejdic E. Automatic Early-Onset Free Flap Failure Detection for Implantable Biomedical Devices. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 65:2290-2297. [PMID: 29993495 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2793763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Up to 10% of free flap cases are compromised, and without prompt intervention, amputation and even death can occur. Hourly monitoring improves salvage rates, but the gold standard for monitoring requires experienced personnel to operate and suffers from high false-positive rates as high as 31% that result in costly and unnecessary surgeries. In this paper, we investigate free flap patency monitoring using automatic hardware-only classification systems that eliminate the need for experienced personnel. The expected flow ranges of the antegrade and retrograde veins for breast reconstruction are studied using a syringe pump to create the laminar flow seen in veins. METHODS Feature data extracted from the Doppler blood flow signals are analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, and false-positive rates. Hardware is built to perform the classification automatically in real-time and output a decision at the end of the observation period. RESULTS Experimental results using the hardware-only classifier for a 50 ms window size show high sensitivity (96.75%), specificity (90.20%), and low false-positive rate (9.803%). The experimental and theoretical classification results show close agreement. CONCLUSION This work indicates that automatic hardware-only classifiers can eliminate the need for experienced personnel to monitor free flap patency. SIGNIFICANCE The hardware-only classification is amenable to a monolithic implementation and future studies should study a totally implantable wirelessly-powered blood flow classifier. The high classifier performance in a short window period indicates that duty-cycled powering can be used to extend the safe operational depth of an implant. This is particularly relevant for the difficult buried free flap applications.
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Lin Y, Song W. [Progress of monitoring methods and preventions of disorder of blood supplying of expanded flaps]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2018; 32:118-124. [PMID: 29806376 PMCID: PMC8414218 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201708056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To summarize the monitoring methods and preventions of the disorder of blood supplying of expanded flaps, so as to provide some references for improving the survival of expanded flaps. Methods The domestic and abroad related literature about the disorder of blood supplying of expanded flaps was reviewed and analyzed. Results Handheld Doppler, digital subtraction angiography, computer tomographic angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, and fluorescein angiography can be used as reliable preoperative imaging methods in designing expanded flaps with rich blood supply. Several techniques can be used for monitoring the blood supply of expanded flaps during the early postoperative period including traditional monitoring via physical examination, monitoring via dynamic infrared thermography, near-infrared spectroscopy tissue oximeter, external and implantable Doppler, and more recently developed diffuse correlation spectroscopy. Surgical delay, bloodletting, leech therapy, hyperbaric oxygen, and so on can decrease the risk of necrosis in expanded flaps. Conclusion The survival of expanded flap is influenced by many factors. Preoperative design by using handheld Doppler and new imaging technology and postoperative early detection of blood supply can provide references of timely intervention, so that ischemic necrosis of the flaps can be reduced, and the success rate of surgery can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxian Lin
- Department of Cervicofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, P.R.China
| | - Weiming Song
- Department of Cervicofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144,
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