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Troia A, Galati S, Vighetto V, Cauda V. Piezo/sono-catalytic activity of ZnO micro/nanoparticles for ROS generation as function of ultrasound frequencies and dissolved gases. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 97:106470. [PMID: 37302265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report an accurate study on sonocatalytic properties of different ZnO micro and nanoparticles to enhance OH radical production activated by cavitation. In order to investigate some of the still unsolved aspects related to the piezocatalytic effect, the degradation of Methylene Blue and quantification of radicals production have been evaluated as function of different ultrasonic frequencies (20 kHz and 858 kHz) and dissolved gases (Ar, N2 and air). The results shown that at low frequency the catalytic effect of ZnO particles is well evident and influenced by particle dimension while at high frequency a reduction of the degradation efficiency have been observed using larger particles. An increase of radical production have been observed for all ZnO particles tested while the different saturating gases have poor influence. In both ultrasonic set-up the ZnO nanoparticles resulted the most efficient on MB degradation revealing that the enhanced radical production may arise more from bubbles collapse on particles surface than the discharge mechanism activate by mechanical stress on piezoelectric particles. An interpretation of these effects and a possible mechanism which rules the sonocatalytic activity of ZnO will be proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Troia
- Ultrasounds and Chemistry Lab, Advanced Metrology for Quality of Life, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Turin, Italy.
| | - S Galati
- Ultrasounds and Chemistry Lab, Advanced Metrology for Quality of Life, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Turin, Italy
| | - V Vighetto
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic of Turin, Italy
| | - V Cauda
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic of Turin, Italy
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2
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Choi J, Son Y. Effect of dissolved gases on sonochemical oxidation in a 20 kHz probe system: Continuous monitoring of dissolved oxygen concentration and sonochemical oxidation activity. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 97:106452. [PMID: 37245263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved gases have a substantial influence on acoustic cavitation and sonochemical oxidation reactions. Little research on the changes in dissolved gases and the resultant changes in sonochemical oxidation has been reported, and most studies have focused only on the initial dissolved gas conditions. In this study, the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was measured continuously during ultrasonic irradiation using an optical sensor in different gas modes (saturation/open, saturation/closed, and sparging/closed modes). Simultaneously, the resulting changes in sonochemical oxidation were quantified using KI dosimetry. In the saturation/open mode using five gas conditions of Ar and O2, the DO concentration decreased rapidly when O2 was present because of active gas exchange with the atmosphere, and the DO concentration increased when 100% Ar was used. As a result, the order of the zero-order reaction constant for the first 10 min (k0-10) decreased in the order Ar:O2 (75:25) > 100% Ar ≈ Ar:O2 (50:50) > Ar:O2 (25:75) > 100% O2, whereas that during the last 10 min (k20-30) when the DO concentration was relatively stable, decreased in the order 100% Ar > Ar:O2 (75:25) > Ar:O2 (50:50) ≈ Ar:O2 (20:75) > 100% O2. In the saturation/closed mode, the DO concentration decreased to approximately 70-80% of the initial level because of ultrasonic degassing, and there was no influence of gases other than Ar and O2. Consequently, k0-10 and k20-30 decreased in the order Ar:O2 (75:25) > Ar:O2 (50:50) > Ar:O2 (25:75) > 100% Ar > 100% O2. In the sparging/closed mode, the DO concentration was maintained at approximately 90% of the initial level because of the more active gas adsorption induced by gas sparging, and the values of k0-10 and k20-30 were almost the same as those in the saturation/closed mode. In the saturation/open and sparging/closed modes, the Ar:O2 (75:25) condition was most favorable for enhancing sonochemical oxidation. However, a comparison of k0-10 and k20-30 indicated that there would be an optimal dissolved gas condition that was different from the initial gas condition. In addition, the mass-transfer and ultrasonic-degassing coefficients were calculated using changes in the DO concentration in the three modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbok Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.
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Gül KARAOGLU A, ÖZTÜRK D, AKYOL A, KARA S. PCT Degradation with Electrooxidation (EOx) and Ultrasound (US) Hybrid Process Using Different Type Electrodes: BDD, Ti/PbO2 and Ti/Pt. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Son Y, Seo J. Effects of gas saturation and sparging on sonochemical oxidation activity in open and closed systems, Part I: H 2O 2 generation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 90:106214. [PMID: 36327919 PMCID: PMC9636189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cavitational/sonochemical activity can be significantly enhanced or reduced depending on the gases dissolved in the liquid. Although many researchers have suggested the order of importance of dissolved gas conditions that affect the degree of sonoluminescence (SL), sonochemiluminescence (SCL), and compound degradation, the most suitable gas condition for sonochemical oxidation reactions is currently unknown. In this study (Part I), the effects of gas saturation and sparging on the generation of H2O2 were investigated in a 28-kHz sonoreactor system. Four gas modes, saturation/closed, saturation/open, sparging/closed, and sparging/open, were applied to Ar, O2, N2, and binary gas mixtures. The change in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration during ultrasonic irradiation was measured and was used as an indicator of whether the gaseous exchange between liquid and air altered the gas content of the liquid. Considerable difference in the DO concentration was observed for the gas saturation/open mode, ranging from -11.5 mg/L (O2 100 %) to +4.3 mg/L (N2 100 %), while no significant difference was observed in the other gas modes. The change in the gas content significantly reduced the linearity for H2O2 generation, which followed pseudo-zero-order kinetics, and either positively or negatively affected H2O2 generation. Ar:O2 (75:25) and Ar:O2 (50:50) resulted in the highest and second-highest H2O2 generation for both gas saturation and sparging, respectively. In addition, gas sparging resulted in much higher H2O2 generation for all gas conditions compared to gas saturation; this was because of the significant change in the cavitational active zone and concentrated ultrasonic energy, which formed a bulb-shaped active zone, especially for the Ar/O2 mixtures adjacent to the transducer at the bottom. The sparging flow rate and position also significantly affected H2O2 generation; the highest H2O2 generation was obtained when the sparger was placed at the bottom adjacent to the transducer, with a flow rate of 3 L/min. In Part II, the generation of nitrogen oxides, including nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-), was investigated using the same ultrasonic system with three gas modes: saturation/open, saturation/closed, and sparging/closed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jieun Seo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; Environment Research Division, Gyeongsangbuk-do Government Public Institute of Health & Environment, Yeongcheon 38874, Republic of Korea
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Choi MJ, Lee JY, Park EJ. First report on the persist time of the free radical produced by shock wave pulses employed in clinical ESWL. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 83:105927. [PMID: 35081507 PMCID: PMC8790656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The shock wave used in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) induces strong cavitation and generates a large amount of free radicals (FR). In order to evaluate the harmfulness of FR in the ESWL, information on the incidence and persist time of FR caused by shock waves is required. FR markers can estimate the amount of FR generated, but not how long the FRs will survive. The OH* FR generated by the ESWL shock wave reacts with luminol and emits blue light, which is called sonochemical luminescence (SCL) phenomenon. In this study, FR generation and persist time were measured by recording SCL phenomenon with a sensitive photomultiplier tube (PMT) that responds in nanoseconds. As a result of measurement with the PMT, when the electromagnetic shock wave used in clinical practice was irradiated to the luminol solution, the amount of light emitted per unit time reached its maximum value within a very short time (< ∼600us) and then exponentially decreased for a long time (∼several hundred ms). The measured FR persist time reaches a maximum of 1000 ms. As the output setting of the shock wave generator increases, the minimum or average FR persist time increases, but the maximum value does not show a high correlation with the output setting. The amount of generated FR shows a very high correlation with the shock wave setting, and when the setting is changed from low to high, it increases very sensitively, rapidly and non-linearly. In order to reduce the risk of FR in patient treatment using lithotripsy, the output setting of the shock wave should be minimized, and the interval between the shock wave pulses should be sufficiently larger than the FR persist time. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid increasing the output setting and setting the shock wave irradiation frequency below 1 Hz to shorten the treatment time in clinical practice. For the purpose of formulating these recommendations, additional studies on the generation and persist time of FR depending on the shock wave generation method and set conditions in living tissue or similar environment are required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Joo Choi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea; Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Park
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Choi J, Son Y. Quantification of sonochemical and sonophysical effects in a 20 kHz probe-type sonoreactor: Enhancing sonophysical effects in heterogeneous systems with milli-sized particles. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 82:105888. [PMID: 34953385 PMCID: PMC8799613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Even though acoustic cavitation has been widely investigated, only few researchers focused on the relationship between sonochemical and sonophysical activities and on the enhancement of sonophysical activity. In this study, sonochemical and sonophysical activities were investigated in a heterogeneous system to understand the relationship between these two activities and to suggest optimal conditions for ultrasonic desorption/extraction processes comprising milli-sized glass beads. The sonochemical activity was quantitatively analyzed using potassium iodide dosimetry in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Sonophysical activity was quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed using paint-coated bead desorption tests and aluminum foil erosion tests under three probe positions of "T" (1 cm below the liquid surface), "B" (1 cm above the vessel bottom), and "M" (midpoint between "T" and "B"). Three different sizes of glass beads (diameter: 0.2, 1.0, and 4.0 mm) were used in this study. The highest sonochemical activity was obtained at "B" in both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. However, three times lower sonochemical activity was observed in the heterogeneous system than in the homogeneous system because significant attenuation and unstable reflection of ultrasound occurred in the bead layer and suspension. Higher sonophysical activity was observed, when the bead size decreased and the probe approached the bottom. However, no significant sonophysical activity was detected when the beads were attached to the bottom. Therefore, the sonophysically active region was the zone around the probe body, opposite to the ultrasound irradiation tip, and only suspended beads could undergo severe cavitational actions. This was confirmed via aluminum foil tests. Several erosion marks on the foil were observed in the area around the probe body, whereas no severe damage was observed at the bottom. Moreover, the degree of sonophysical activity did not change for various saturating gases. This might be due to the different thresholds of sonochemical and sonophysical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbok Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.
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Bhatt P, Gangola S, Bhandari G, Zhang W, Maithani D, Mishra S, Chen S. New insights into the degradation of synthetic pollutants in contaminated environments. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:128827. [PMID: 33162154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The environment is contaminated by synthetic contaminants owing to their extensive applications globally. Hence, the removal of synthetic pollutants (SPs) from the environment has received widespread attention. Different remediation technologies have been investigated for their abilities to eliminate SPs from the ecosystem; these include photocatalysis, sonochemical techniques, nanoremediation, and bioremediation. SPs, which can be organic or inorganic, can be degraded by microbial metabolism at contaminated sites. Owing to their diverse metabolisms, microbes can adapt to a wide variety of environments. Several microbial strains have been reported for their bioremediation potential concerning synthetic chemical compounds. The selection of potential strains for large-scale removal of organic pollutants is an important research priority. Additionally, novel microbial consortia have been found to be capable of efficient degradation owing to their combined and co-metabolic activities. Microbial engineering is one of the most prominent and promising techniques for providing new opportunities to develop proficient microorganisms for various biological processes; here, we have targeted the SP-degrading mechanisms of microorganisms. This review provides an in-depth discussion of microbial engineering techniques that are used to enhance the removal of both organic and inorganic pollutants from different contaminated environments and under different conditions. The degradation of these pollutants is investigated using abiotic and biotic approaches; interestingly, biotic approaches based on microbial methods are preferable owing to their high potential for pollutant removal and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Saurabh Gangola
- School of Agriculture, Graphic Era Hill University, Bhimtal Campus, 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Geeta Bhandari
- Department of Biotechnology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, 248161, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Damini Maithani
- Department of Microbiology, G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S Nagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Kerboua K, Merouani S, Hamdaoui O, Alghyamah A, Islam MH, Hansen HE, Pollet BG. How do dissolved gases affect the sonochemical process of hydrogen production? An overview of thermodynamic and mechanistic effects - On the "hot spot theory". ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 72:105422. [PMID: 33383540 PMCID: PMC7803813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although most of researchers agree on the elementary reactions behind the sonolytic formation of molecular hydrogen (H2) from water, namely the radical attack of H2O and H2O2 and the free radicals recombination, several recent papers ignore the intervention of the dissolved gas molecules in the kinetic pathways of free radicals, and hence may wrongly assess the effect of dissolved gases on the sonochemical production of hydrogen. One may fairly ask to which extent is it acceptable to ignore the role of the dissolved gas and its eventual decomposition inside the acoustic cavitation bubble? The present opinion paper discusses numerically the ways in which the nature of dissolved gas, i.e., N2, O2, Ar and air, may influence the kinetics of sonochemical hydrogen formation. The model evaluates the extent of direct physical effects, i.e., dynamics of bubble oscillation and collapse events if any, against indirect chemical effects, i.e., the chemical reactions of free radicals formation and consequently hydrogen emergence, it demonstrates the improvement in the sonochemical hydrogen production under argon and sheds light on several misinterpretations reported in earlier works, due to wrong assumptions mainly related to initial conditions. The paper also highlights the role of dissolved gases in the nature of created cavitation and hence the eventual bubble population phenomena that may prevent the achievement of the sonochemical activity. This is particularly demonstrated experimentally using a 20 kHz Sinaptec transducer and a Photron SA 5 high speed camera, in the case of CO2-saturated water where degassing bubbles are formed instead of transient cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaouther Kerboua
- Higher School of Industrial Technologies, Department of Second Cycle, P.O. Box 218, 23000 Annaba, Algeria.
| | - Slimane Merouani
- Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University Salah Boubnider - Constantine 3, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alghyamah
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md H Islam
- Hydrogen Energy and Sonochemistry Research Group, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik E Hansen
- Hydrogen Energy and Sonochemistry Research Group, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Electrochemistry Research Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bruno G Pollet
- Hydrogen Energy and Sonochemistry Research Group, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Yao J, Zhang H, Chen L, Liu W, Gao N, Liu S, Chen X, Rao F. The Roles of Sono-induced Nitrosation and Nitration in the Sono-degradation of Diphenylamine in Water: Mechanisms, Kinetics and Impact Factors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123720. [PMID: 33254758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The potential risks of sono-induced nitrosation and nitration side reactions and consequent toxic nitrogenous byproducts were first investigated via sono-degradation of diphenylamine (DPhA) in this study. The kinetic models for overall DPhA degradation and the formation of nitrosation byproduct (N-nitrosodiphenylamine, NDPhA) and nitration byproducts (2-nitro-DPhA and 4-nitro-DPhA) were well established and fitted (R2 > 0.98). Nitrosation contributed much more than nitration (namely, 43.3 - 47.3 times) to the sono-degradation of DPhA. The contribution of sono-induced nitrosation ranged from 0.4 to 56.6% at different conditions. The maximum NDPhA formation rate and the contribution of sono-induced nitrosation were obtained at 600 and 200 kHz, respectively, as ultrasonic frequencies at 200 to 800 kHz. Both NDPhA formation rate and the contribution of sono-induced nitrosation increased with increasing power density, while decreased with increasing initial pH and DPhA concentration. PO43-, HCO3-, NH4+ and Fe2+ presented negative impacts on sono-induced nitrosation in order of HCO3- >> Fe2+ > PO43- > NH4+, while Br- exhibited a promoting effect. The mechanism of NDPhA formation via sono-induced nitrosation was first proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Huiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Longfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shiyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Fanghui Rao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
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Choi J, Lee H, Son Y. Effects of gas sparging and mechanical mixing on sonochemical oxidation activity. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 70:105334. [PMID: 32932226 PMCID: PMC7786622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of air sparging (0-16 L min-1) and mechanical mixing (0-400 rpm) on enhancing the sonochemical degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated using a 28 kHz sonoreactor. The degradation of RhB followed pseudo first-order kinetics, where sparging or mixing induced a large sonochemical enhancement. The kinetic constant varied in three stages (gradually increased → increased exponentially → decreased slightly) as the rate of sparging or mixing increased, where the stages were similar for both processes. The highest sonochemical activity was obtained with sparging at 8 L min-1 or mixing at 200 rpm, where the standing wave field was significantly deformed by sparging and mixing, respectively. The cavitational oxidation activity was concentrated at the bottom of the sonicator when higher sparging or mixing rates were employed. Therefore, the large enhancement in the sonochemical oxidation was attributed mainly to the direct disturbance of the ultrasound transmission and the resulting change in the cavitation-active zone in this study. The effect of the position of air sparging and mixing was investigated. The indirect inhibition of the ultrasound transmission resulted in less enhancement of the sonochemical activity. Moreover, the effect of various sparging gases including air, N2, O2, Ar, CO2, and an Ar/O2 (8:2) mixture was compared, where all gases except CO2 induced an enhancement in the sonochemical activity, irrespective of the concentration of dissolved oxygen. The highest activity was obtained with the Ar/O2 (8:2) mixture. Therefore, it was revealed that the sonochemical oxidation activity could be further enhanced by applying gas sparging using the optimal gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbok Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjae Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; R&D Center, Changmyoung Industry Co., Yangju 11426, Republic of Korea
| | - Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.
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Son Y, No Y, Kim J. Geometric and operational optimization of 20-kHz probe-type sonoreactor for enhancing sonochemical activity. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 65:105065. [PMID: 32199254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of a 20-kHz probe-type sonicator irradiating downward in a 500 mL vessel was optimized for the enhancement of the sonochemical activity in terms of the geometric and operational factors. These factors included the probe immersion depth (the vertical position of the probe), input power, height of the liquid from the bottom, horizontal position of the probe, and thickness of bottom plate The sonochemical oxidation reactions were investigated both quantitatively and qualitatively using calorimetry, KI dosimetry, and luminol (Sonochemiluminescence, SCL) techniques. The sonochemical activity was very positively affected by the vertical boundaries. The highest sonochemical activity was obtained when the probe was placed close to the bottom of the vessel (immersion depth of 60 mm), with a high input power (input power of 75%), and optimal liquid height condition (liquid height of 70 mm). The SCL image analysis showed that the cavitational activity zone gradually expanded around the probe body and changed into a circular shape as the experimental conditions were optimized, and consequently the sonochemical activity increased. The formation of a large bright circular-shaped activity zone could be attributed to the strong reflections of the ultrasound firstly, at the vessel bottom and secondly, at the liquid surface. On the other hand, the cavitational activity zone and the sonochemical activity were negatively affected by the horizontal boundaries when the probe was placed close to the side wall of the vessel. In addition, it was found that the sonochemical activity was also significantly affected by the thickness of the support plate owing to the reflection and transmission of the ultrasound at the boundary between the liquid and the solid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunsung No
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonggwan Kim
- Soil Environment Center, Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute, Seoul 03367, Republic of Korea.
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Rajchel-Mieldzioć P, Tymkiewicz R, Sołek J, Secomski W, Litniewski J, Fita P. Reaction kinetics of sonochemical oxidation of potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) in aqueous solutions. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 63:104912. [PMID: 31945577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We studied sonochemical reactions resulting from ultrasonic treatment of potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) in aqueous solutions using a custom-built apparatus working at 536 kHz. We concluded that primary reactions are completely dominated by oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) and did not find any evidences for degradation of cyanide. At the highest concentration used in the present study (0.1 M) we detected formation of pentacyanoaquaferrate(II) complex, which is most probably formed in reactions between hexacyanoferrate(III) anions and hydrogen atoms or hydrated electrons formed in sonochemical processes. We also determined that hydroxyl radicals formation rate in our system, (8.7 ± 1.5)∙10-8 M∙s-1, is relatively high compared to other reported experiments. We attribute this to focusing of the ultrasonic wave in the sample vessel. Finally, we suggest that oxidation rate of hexacyanoferrate(II) anions can be a convenient benchmark of efficiency of sonochemical reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Rajchel-Mieldzioć
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard Tymkiewicz
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Sołek
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Secomski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Litniewski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Fita
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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13
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Choi J, Khim J, Neppolian B, Son Y. Enhancement of sonochemical oxidation reactions using air sparging in a 36 kHz sonoreactor. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 51:412-418. [PMID: 30060989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of air sparging on sonochemical oxidation reactions was investigated using a relatively large reactor equipped with a 36 kHz transducer module at the bottom. KI dosimetry and luminol techniques were used for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the reactions. The cavitation yield increased and then varied minimally as the liquid height increased from 1λ (42 mm) to 8λ (333 mm) with no air sparging. The flow rate of the air used for sparging and the position of the sparger significantly affected the extent of the sonochemical oxidation reactions. A significant enhancement in the sonochemical oxidation by air sparging was observed for higher liquid height and higher flow rate conditions at a constant input power. This enhancement is attributed to the violent mixing effect and the significant change in the sound field and cavitation-active zone in the liquid. Higher sonochemical activity was obtained when air sparging was applied closer to the transducer module at a higher flow rate. Imaging the motion of the liquid surface and sonochemiluminescence revealed that the instability of the liquid body was directly related to the sonochemical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbok Choi
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehyeong Khim
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Bernaurdshaw Neppolian
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Ono Y, Shinashi K, Tanaka H, Harada H. Mechanism of improving the rate of sono-oxidation of a KI solution by introduction of CO 2 into an Ar atmosphere. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 51:145-150. [PMID: 30409711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The rate of sono-oxidation of KI increased in a CO2-Ar system compared to Ar alone. Higher values were obtained at 200 kHz with a maximum ratio of about forty. To determine the role of additional CO2 in the system, the effect of the pH of the reactant solution, the additional effect of NaHCO3, sonoluminescence, and an analysis of products were examined. It appeared that the pH was not a significant contributor to the acceleration of sono-oxidation activity although the rate depended on the pH. On the other hand, in spite of the alkaline solution, the reaction rate in NaHCO3-KI solution was higher than that in the solution without NaHCO3. This behavior was similar to the case of introduction of CO2, implying the possible evolution of CO2 from NaHCO3. Our data suggested that CO2 reacted with H radicals, which were produced together with OH radicals during sonication and a considerable amount of OH radicals remained. Because OH radicals have strong oxidative power, the level of sono-oxidation activity increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ono
- Graduate School of Sci. and Eng., Meisei Univ., Japan
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15
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The Role of Mediated Oxidation on the Electro-irradiated Treatment of Amoxicillin and Ampicillin Polluted Wastewater. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the electrolysis, photoelectrolysis and sonoelectrolysis with diamond electrodes of amoxicillin (AMX) and ampicillin (AMP) solutions were studied in the context of the search for technologies capable of removing antibiotics from liquid wastes. Single-irradiation processes (sonolysis and photolysis) were also evaluated for comparison. Results showed that AMX and AMP are completely degraded and mineralized by electrolysis in both chloride and sulfate media, although the efficiency is higher in the presence of chloride. The effect of the current density on mineralization efficiency is not relevant and this may be related to the role of mediated oxidation. Irradiation by ultraviolet light or ultrasound (US) waves does not produce a synergistic effect on the mineralization of AMX and AMP solutions. This indicates that the massive formation of radicals during the combined processes can favor their recombination to form stable and less reactive species.
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16
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Meichtry JM, Slodowicz M, Cancelada L, Destaillats H, Litter MI. Sonochemical reduction of Cr(VI) in air in the presence of organic additives: What are the involved mechanistic pathways? ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 48:110-117. [PMID: 30080533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The sonochemical (850 kHz) reduction of Cr(VI) (0.3 mM, pH 2, reactor open to air) was analyzed in the presence of different additives. The effects on Cr(VI) reduction efficiency of added formic acid (FA, 10 mM), citric acid (Cit, 2 mM), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, 1 mM), methanol (MeOH, 0.1 M), ethanol (EtOH, 0.1 M), 2-propanol (2-PrOH, 0.1 M), tert-butanol (t-BuOH, 0.1 M), phenol (PhOH, 2 mM) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS, 1 mM) have been evaluated in comparison with the system in the absence of additives. Complete Cr(VI) reduction was obtained only when using EDTA (at 120 min) and Cit (at 180 min). Cr(III) complexes with these compounds or with their degradation products were detected as final products. For EDTA, Cit, t-BuOH, FA and SLS, the Cr(VI) decay could be adjusted to a zero-order kinetics; in the cases of MeOH, EtOH and 2-PrOH, there was a deviation from the zero-order kinetics. The Cr(VI) conversion increased in the order SLS (very low) < no additive ≅ MeOH ≅ EtOH ≅ 2-PrOH < FA < t-BuOH < PhOH < Cit < EDTA. The role of EDTA and Cit in stabilizing intermediate Cr(V) peroxo compounds and enhancing their direct transformation into different Cr(III) species is considered a major factor in the acceleration of Cr(VI) reduction processes. Mechanistic pathways are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Meichtry
- Gerencia Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, 1650 San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariel Slodowicz
- Gerencia Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, 1650 San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Cancelada
- Gerencia Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, 1650 San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marta I Litter
- Gerencia Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, 1650 San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Campus Miguelete, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, 1650 San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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17
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Kerabchi N, Merouani S, Hamdaoui O. Depth effect on the inertial collapse of cavitation bubble under ultrasound: Special emphasis on the role of the wave attenuation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 48:136-150. [PMID: 30080536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic cavitation concentrates and releases a very large amount of energy in localized areas, which can be used for many physical and chemical processes. Even though acoustic cavitation has been studied widely for decades in lab-scale sonoreactors, only few studies have been devoted to characterize this event in big-scale sonoreactors, where the liquid depth may have a critical influence on the bubble collapse. The present computational study furnished numerical data about the effect of depth (z = 0-10 m) on acoustic cavitation with special focus on the role of attenuation of the ultrasound wave on the dramatic conditions developed within bubbles at collapse. The used mathematical model takes into account the liquid compressibility, surface tension and viscosity, depth as well as the attenuation of the ultrasound wave with depth. It was found that the maximum bubble temperature (Tmax) and pressure (pmax) at the collapse diminished considerably with deepening into water up to 10 m with a considerable contribution of the ultrasound wave attenuation in the overall reduction event. The reduction in Tmax and pmax with depth was more pronounced at higher frequency (1000 kHz) and lower temperature (10 °C) in which losses of about up to 72% in Tmax and till 94% in pmax (as compared with values at z = 0) were obtained at z = 10 m. Depending on operating conditions, i.e. frequency, acoustic intensity or liquid temperature, the ultrasound wave attenuation may contribute with up to 47% and 79% in the overall reductive effect of depth toward Tmax and pmax, respectively. These results were discussed, interpreted and used to support some available experimental observations. Finally, the results of the present study may help in designing large-scale sonoreactors through providing data about the effect of one of the missing links between lab-scale sonoreactors and industrial large-scale sonoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassim Kerabchi
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Slimane Merouani
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University of Constantine 3, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria.
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18
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Corzo BA, Suárez-Herrera MF. Effect of carbon tetrachloride on the luminol sonochemiluminescence reaction kinetics during multibubble cavitation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 48:281-286. [PMID: 30080552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The sonochemiluminescence (SCL) of luminol reaction was studied in alkaline medium using a dissolution of luminol, sodium carbonate, hydrogen peroxide and carbon tetrachloride. The presence of carbon tetrachloride enhances the SCL reaction up to allow the study of the reaction in real time using a cell phone video camera. This experimental setup allows the study of the cavitation dynamics in real time and through all the reactor, including homogeneous and heterogeneous cavitation zones. Finally, it was tested the effect of ethanol, the ionic strength and pH on the SCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Corzo
- Departamento De Química, Facultad De Ciencias, Universidad Nacional De Colombia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Edificio 451, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marco F Suárez-Herrera
- Departamento De Química, Facultad De Ciencias, Universidad Nacional De Colombia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Edificio 451, Bogotá, Colombia.
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19
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Yao J, Chen L, Chen X, Zhou L, Liu W, Zhang Z. Formation of inorganic nitrogenous byproducts in aqueous solution under ultrasound irradiation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 42:42-47. [PMID: 29429687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ultrasonic frequency, power intensity, temperature and sparged gas on the generation of nitrogenous by-products NO2- and NO3- have been investigated, and the new kinetics model of NO2- and NO3- generation was also explored. The results show that the highest primary generation rate of NO2- and NO3- by direct sonolysis in the cavitation bubbles (represented by k1' and k2', respectively) was obtained at 600 kHz and 200 kHz, respectively, in the applied ultrasonic frequency range of 200 to 800 kHz. The primary generation rate of NO2- (represented by k1') increased with the increasing ultrasonic intensity while the primary generation rate of NO3- (represented by k2') decreased. The lower temperature is beneficial to the primary generation of both NO2- and NO3- in the cavitation bubbles. The optimal overall yields of both NO2- and NO3- were obtained at the N2/O2 volume (in the sparged gas) ratio of 3:1 which is near to the ratio of N2/O2 in air. The dissolved O2 is the dominant oxygen element source for both NO and NO2, compared with water vapor. Ultrasonic irradiation can significant enhance the recovery rates of dissolved N2 and O2 and thus keep the N2 fixation reaction going even without aeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617-2175, USA.
| | - Longfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Lingxi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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20
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Şahin S, İlbay Z, Kırbaşlar Şİ. Pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural antioxidants from mandarin (Citrus deliciosaTenore) leaves: Experimental and modeling study. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2017.1328414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selin Şahin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep İlbay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
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21
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Wood RJ, Lee J, Bussemaker MJ. A parametric review of sonochemistry: Control and augmentation of sonochemical activity in aqueous solutions. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017. [PMID: 28633836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review the phenomenon of ultrasonic cavitation and associated sonochemistry is presented through system parameters. Primary parameters are defined and considered, namely; pressure amplitude, frequency and reactor design; including transducer type, signal type, vessel-transducer ratio, liquid flow, liquid height, liquid temperature and the presence of a reflective plate. Secondary parameters are similarly characterised and involve the use of gas and liquid additives to influence the chemical and physical environments. Each of the parameters are considered in terms of their effect on bubble characteristics and subsequent impact on sonochemical activity. Evidence suggests that via parametric variation, the reaction products and efficiency may be controlled. This is hypothesised to occur through manipulation of the structural stability of the bubble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard James Wood
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Judy Lee
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine J Bussemaker
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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22
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Misra NN, Martynenko A, Chemat F, Paniwnyk L, Barba FJ, Jambrak AR. Thermodynamics, transport phenomena, and electrochemistry of external field-assisted nonthermal food technologies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1832-1863. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1287660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. N. Misra
- GTECH, Research & Development, General Mills India Private Limited, Mumbai, India
| | - Alex Martynenko
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Farid Chemat
- Avignon University, INRA, Green Extraction Team, Avignon, France
| | - Larysa Paniwnyk
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, U.K
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Preventive Medicine & Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology & Forensic Medicine Department, University of València, València, Spain
| | - Anet Režek Jambrak
- Faculty of Food Technology & Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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23
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Gireesan S, Pandit AB. Modeling the effect of carbon-dioxide gas on cavitation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 34:721-728. [PMID: 27773299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the controlling parameters of the physical and chemical effects produced by acoustic cavitation is the use of dissolved gas as it affects the temperature and pressure obtained at cavity collapse and, the reactions happening in a bubble. It also enhances the nucleation rates by decreasing the threshold required for cavitation by providing dissolved gas nuclei. The present study looks into the effect of carbon dioxide gas on cavitation using a diffusion limited model. The model couples the dynamics of a single bubble with 11 chemical reactions involving 8 reactive species. The effect of mass transport (diffusion of water vapor and radical species) and heat transport (by conduction) is included in the model. Simulations were carried out for different initial compositions of an Ar-CO2- bubble and the results were compared with an experimental study reported in the earlier literature. The results have indicated that intensity of collapse decreases with an increase in CO2 composition in the bubble thereby decreasing the yield of the oxidizing radicals like OH. This is due to the lower polytropic coefficient and higher specific heat of CO2 compared to that of argon. Also, the bubbles grows to a larger extent with an increase in the dissolved CO2 concentration thereby accommodating higher amounts of water vapor and ultimately decreasing the temperature obtained at collapse. Simulations were done for a bubble containing a mole fraction of 95% Ar and 5% CO2 at different values of driving frequencies (213, 355, 647 and 1000kHz) and driving pressure amplitudes (3.22, 5, 7.5 and 10bar). Higher production rate of OH radicals was predicted at a lower driving frequency, for a given driving pressure amplitude and it increased with an increase in the driving pressure amplitude. At a given driving pressure amplitude, the yield of OH radicals decreased with an increase in the CO2 concentration in the bubble for all the driving frequencies used in the simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash Gireesan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Aniruddha B Pandit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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24
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Vieira Dos Santos E, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Martínez-Huitle CA, Rodrigo MA. Treating soil-washing fluids polluted with oxyfluorfen by sono-electrolysis with diamond anodes. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 34:115-122. [PMID: 27773225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This works is focused on the treatment by sono-electrolysis of the liquid effluents produced during the Surfactant-Aided Soil-Washing (SASW) of soils spiked with herbicide oxyfluorfen. Results show that this combined technology is very efficient and attains the complete mineralization of the waste, regardless of the surfactant/soil radio applied in the SASW process (which is the main parameter of the soil remediation process and leads to very different wastes). Both the surfactant and the herbicide are completely degraded, even when single electrolysis is used; and only two intermediates are detected by HPLC in very low concentrations. Conversely, the efficiency of single sonolysis approach, for the oxidation of pollutant, is very low and just small changes in the herbicides and surfactant concentrations are observed during the tests carried out. Sono-electrolysis with diamond electrodes achieved higher degradation rates than those obtained by single sonolysis and/or single electrolysis with diamond anodes. A key role of sulfate is developed, when it is released after the electrochemical degradation of surfactant. The efficient catalytic effect observed which can be explained by the anodic formation of persulfate and the later, a sono-activation is attained to produce highly efficient sulfate radicals. The effect of irradiating US is more importantly observed in the pesticide than in the surfactant, in agreement with the well-known behavior of these radicals which are known to oxidize more efficiently aromatic compounds than aliphatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vieira Dos Santos
- School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970 Natal, Brazil
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Enrique Costa Novella Building, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Enrique Costa Novella Building, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C A Martínez-Huitle
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970 Natal, Brazil
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Enrique Costa Novella Building, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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25
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Wei Z, Weavers LK. Combining COMSOL modeling with acoustic pressure maps to design sono-reactors. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 31:490-8. [PMID: 26964976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Scaled-up and economically viable sonochemical systems are critical for increased use of ultrasound in environmental and chemical processing applications. In this study, computational simulations and acoustic pressure maps were used to design a larger-scale sono-reactor containing a multi-stepped ultrasonic horn. Simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics showed ultrasonic waves emitted from the horn neck and tip, generating multiple regions of high acoustic pressure. The volume of these regions surrounding the horn neck were larger compared with those below the horn tip. The simulated acoustic field was verified by acoustic pressure contour maps generated from hydrophone measurements in a plexiglass box filled with water. These acoustic pressure contour maps revealed an asymmetric and discrete distribution of acoustic pressure due to acoustic cavitation, wave interaction, and water movement by ultrasonic irradiation. The acoustic pressure contour maps were consistent with simulation results in terms of the effective scale of cavitation zones (∼ 10 cm and <5 cm above and below horn tip, respectively). With the mapped acoustic field and identified cavitation location, a cylindrically-shaped sono-reactor with a conical bottom was designed to evaluate the treatment capacity (∼ 5 L) for the multi-stepped horn using COMSOL simulations. In this study, verification of simulation results with experiments demonstrates that coupling of COMSOL simulations with hydrophone measurements is a simple, effective and reliable scientific method to evaluate reactor designs of ultrasonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsu Wei
- Department of Civil Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Linda K Weavers
- Department of Civil Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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26
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Wei Z, Kosterman JA, Xiao R, Pee GY, Cai M, Weavers LK. Designing and characterizing a multi-stepped ultrasonic horn for enhanced sonochemical performance. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 27:325-333. [PMID: 26186851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The commonly used ultrasonic horn generates localized cavitation below its converging tip resulting in a dense bubble cloud near the tip and limiting diffusion of reactive components into the bubble cloud or reactive radicals out of the bubble cloud. To improve contact between reactive components, a novel ultrasonic horn design was developed based on the principles of the dynamic wave equation. The horn, driven at 20 kHz, has a multi-stepped design with a cone-shaped tip increasing the energy-emitting surface areas and creating multiple reactive zones. Through different physical and chemical experiments, performance of the horn was compared to a typical horn driven at 20 kHz. Hydrophone measurements showed high acoustic pressure areas around the horn neck and tip. Sonochemiluminescence experiments verified multiple cavitation zones consistent with hydrophone readings. Calorimetry and dosimetry results demonstrated a higher energy efficiency (31.3%) and a larger hydroxyl radical formation rate constant (0.36 μM min(-1)) compared to typical horns. In addition, the new horn degraded naphthalene faster than the typical horn tested. The characterization results demonstrate that the multi-stepped horn configuration has the potential to improve the performance of ultrasound as an advanced oxidation technology by increasing the cavitation zone in the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsu Wei
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gim-Yang Pee
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Meiqiang Cai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou 310035, China
| | - Linda K Weavers
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Korkut I, Bayramoglu M. Various aspects of ultrasound assisted emulsion polymerization process. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2014; 21:1592-1599. [PMID: 24444489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of ultrasonic (US) power, pulse ratio, probe area and recipe composition were investigated on two process responses namely, monomer (methyl methacrylate, MMA) conversion and electrical energy consumption per mass of product polymer (PMMA). Pulsed mode US is more suitable than continuous mode US for emulsion polymerization. The probe (tip) area has little effect on the yield of polymerization when comparing 19 and 13 mm probes, 13 mm probe performing slightly better for high conversion levels. Meanwhile, large probe area is beneficial for high conversion efficiency of electric energy to US energy as well as for high radical generation yield per energy consumed. The conversion increased slightly and electrical energy consumption decreased substantially by using a recipe with high SDS and monomer concentrations. Conclusions presented in this paper may be useful for scale-up of US assisted emulsion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Korkut
- Gebze Institute of Technology, Chemical Eng. Department, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Mahmut Bayramoglu
- Gebze Institute of Technology, Chemical Eng. Department, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
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Rooze J, Rebrov EV, Schouten JC, Keurentjes JTF. Dissolved gas and ultrasonic cavitation--a review. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2013; 20:1-11. [PMID: 22705074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The physics and chemistry of nonlinearly oscillating acoustic cavitation bubbles are strongly influenced by the dissolved gas in the surrounding liquid. Changing the gas alters among others the luminescence spectrum, and the radical production of the collapsing bubbles. An overview of experiments with various gas types and concentration described in literature is given and is compared to mechanisms that lead to the observed changes in luminescence spectra and radical production. The dissolved gas type changes the bubble adiabatic ratio, thermal conductivity, and the liquid surface tension, and consequently the hot spot temperature. The gas can also participate in chemical reactions, which can enhance radical production or luminescence of a cavitation bubble. With this knowledge, the gas content in cavitation can be tailored to obtain the desired output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Rooze
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Somensi CA, Simionatto EL, Dalmarco JB, Gaspareto P, Radetski CM. A comparison between ozonolysis and sonolysis/ozonolysis treatments for the degradation of the cytostatic drugs methotrexate and doxorubicin: Kinetic and efficiency approaches. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2012; 47:1543-1550. [PMID: 22702814 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2012.680414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytostatics are a major class of chemotherapy drugs with great potential to cause genotoxic and/or mutagenic effects in all organisms. Currently, hospital wastewater treatment systems (HWTS) are not able to remove these compounds and they are discharged to the environment. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the oxidative degradation of the cytostatic drugs doxorubicin (DOXO) [(8s,10s)-10-(4-amino-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yloxy)-6,8,11-trihydroxy-8-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-1-methoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrotetracene-5,12-dione] and methotrexate (METHO) {N-[4-[[(2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl]methylamino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid} by ozonolysis alone and using a combined sonolysis/ozonolysis process on bench-scale at different pH values. Besides determining the degradation efficiency, a kinetic approach was applied to determine the reaction order and rate constants for different oxidative processes carried out at pH 7.0, which is the normal pH of hospital wastewater. The results showed that the removal efficiency of these compounds is pH-dependent. A combination of sonolysis and ozonolysis processes is more efficient than the ozonolysis process alone for the degradation of doxorubicin at all pH values, while methotrexate can easily be degraded by ozonolysis alone or sonolysis/ozonolysis methodologies at any pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleder A Somensi
- Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, UNIVALI, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil
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Fernandez Rivas D, Cintas P, Gardeniers HJGE. Merging microfluidics and sonochemistry: towards greener and more efficient micro-sono-reactors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10935-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33920j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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