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Beatrici E, Labban M, Filipas DK, Stone BV, Reis LO, Dagnino F, Lughezzani G, Buffi NM, Lipsitz SR, Clinton TN, Matulewicz RS, Trinh QD, Cole AP. Smoking characteristics and years since quitting smoking of US adults diagnosed with lung and bladder cancer: A national health and nutrition examination survey analysis. Int Braz J Urol 2024; 50:199-208. [PMID: 38386790 PMCID: PMC10953605 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2023.0625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Smoking is a recognized risk factor for bladder BC and lung cancer LC. We investigated the enduring risk of BC after smoking cessation using U.S. national survey data. Our analysis focused on comparing characteristics of LC and BC patients, emphasizing smoking status and the latency period from smoking cessation to cancer diagnosis in former smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed data from the National Health and Examination Survey (2003-2016), identifying adults with LC or BC history. Smoking status (never, active, former) and the interval between quitting smoking and cancer diagnosis for former smokers were assessed. We reported descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and median with interquartile ranges (IQR) for continuous variables. RESULTS Among LC patients, 8.9% never smoked, 18.9% active smokers, and 72.2% former smokers. Former smokers had a median interval of 8 years (IQR 2-12) between quitting and LC diagnosis, with 88.3% quitting within 0-19 years before diagnosis. For BC patients, 26.8% never smoked, 22.4% were active smokers, and 50.8% former smokers. Former smokers had a median interval of 21 years (IQR 14-33) between quitting and BC diagnosis, with 49.3% quitting within 0-19 years before diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS BC patients exhibit a prolonged latency period between smoking cessation and cancer diagnosis compared to LC patients. Despite smoking status evaluation in microhematuria, current risk stratification models for urothelial cancer do not incorporate it. Our findings emphasize the significance of long-term post-smoking cessation surveillance and advocate for integrating smoking history into future risk stratification guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Beatrici
- Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public HealthBostonMAUnited StatesDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;
- Humanitas Research HospitalDepartment of UrologyMilanItalyDepartment of Urology, Humanitas Research Hospital – IRCCS, Milan, Italy;
| | - Muhieddine Labban
- Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public HealthBostonMAUnited StatesDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;
| | - Dejan K. Filipas
- Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public HealthBostonMAUnited StatesDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;
- University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfDepartment of UrologyHamburgGermanyDepartment of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Benjamin V. Stone
- Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public HealthBostonMAUnited StatesDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;
| | - Leonardo O. Reis
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasFaculdade de Ciências MédicasCampinasSPBrasilUroScience, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brasil;
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de CampinasFaculdade de Ciências da VidaDivisão de Imuno-OncologiaCampinasSPBrasilDivisão de Imuno-Oncologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, PUC-Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil;
| | - Filippo Dagnino
- Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public HealthBostonMAUnited StatesDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;
- Humanitas Research HospitalDepartment of UrologyMilanItalyDepartment of Urology, Humanitas Research Hospital – IRCCS, Milan, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Lughezzani
- Humanitas Research HospitalDepartment of UrologyMilanItalyDepartment of Urology, Humanitas Research Hospital – IRCCS, Milan, Italy;
| | - Nicolò M. Buffi
- Humanitas Research HospitalDepartment of UrologyMilanItalyDepartment of Urology, Humanitas Research Hospital – IRCCS, Milan, Italy;
| | - Stuart R. Lipsitz
- Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public HealthBostonMAUnited StatesDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;
- Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolDepartment of MedicineBostonMAUnited StatesDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;
| | - Timothy N. Clinton
- Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public HealthBostonMAUnited StatesDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;
| | - Richard S. Matulewicz
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterDepartment of Surgery and Department of UrologyNew YorkNYUnited StatesDepartment of Surgery and Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Quoc-Dien Trinh
- Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public HealthBostonMAUnited StatesDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;
| | - Alexander P. Cole
- Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public HealthBostonMAUnited StatesDivision of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;
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Xu H, Sun D, Zhou D, Sun S. Immune Cell Infiltration Types as Biomarkers for the Recurrence Diagnosis and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer. Cancer Invest 2024; 42:186-198. [PMID: 38390837 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2024.2308161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of infiltrating immune cell types in diagnosing and predicting bladder cancer recurrence. This study mainly applied some algorithms, including Estimate the Proportion of Immune and Cancer Cells (EPIC), support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), random forest out-of-bag (RF-OOB) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-Cox regression analysis. We found six immune infiltrating cell types significantly associated with recurrence prognosis and two independent clinical prognostic factors. Infiltrating immune cell types (IICTs) based on the prognostic immune risk score (pIRS) models may provide significant biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of bladder cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Xu
- Urology Department, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Dapeng Sun
- Urology Department, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Dahong Zhou
- Urology Department, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shiheng Sun
- Urology Department, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Elyamany AM, Mahmoud EI, Salem MM, Khairy RA. Immunohistochemical Expression of Claudin-1 and Claudin-4 in Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2024; 25:637-646. [PMID: 38415551 PMCID: PMC11077106 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2024.25.2.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Egypt, bladder cancer occupies the second rankamong reported cancers in men. Claudins are tight junctions that have a critical role in tumor pathogenesis, invasion, progression, and metastasis and currentlyare a focus of interest for targeting therapies. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluatethe immunohistochemical expression of Claudin-1 and Claudin-4 in urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma and investigate the relationshipbetweenthe expressed Claudins with differentclinicopathological parameters. METHODS Claudin-1 and Claudin-4 immunohistochemical expression was studied in 62 cases of urinary bladder urothelial carcinomas. The cases were classified into two categories; low and high Claudin-1 and Claudin-4 expression. RESULTS High Claudin-1 expression was detected in67.7% of the studied urothelial carcinomas while 32.3% showed low expression. Claudin-1 expression was reduced significantly with high tumor grade, non-papillary tumors, muscle invasion, schistosomal infestation, and perineural invasion (p-value < 0.05). Claudin-4 high expression was detected in 82.3% of our cases while low expression was detected in 17.7%. Claudin-4 reduced expression was significantly associated with non-papillary tumors, muscle invasion, advanced T stages, and associated lympho-vascular emboli (P-value < 0.05). CONCLUSION According to the results ofthe present study, the reduced expressions of Claudin-1 and Claudin-4 provide clues concerning the progression of urothelial carcinoma. Consequently, it is thought that Claudin-1 and Claudin-4 could help to differentiatelow-grade from high-grade and muscle-invasive from non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas. In addition, it can be introduced as a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rasha Ahmed Khairy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Rani B, Ignatz-Hoover JJ, Rana PS, Driscoll JJ. Current and Emerging Strategies to Treat Urothelial Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4886. [PMID: 37835580 PMCID: PMC10571746 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC, bladder cancer, BC) remains a difficult-to-treat malignancy with a rising incidence worldwide. In the U.S., UCC is the sixth most incident neoplasm and ~90% of diagnoses are made in those >55 years of age; it is ~four times more commonly observed in men than women. The most important risk factor for developing BC is tobacco smoking, which accounts for ~50% of cases, followed by occupational exposure to aromatic amines and ionizing radiation. The standard of care for advanced UCC includes platinum-based chemotherapy and programmed cell death (PD-1) or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, administered as frontline, second-line, or maintenance therapy. UCC remains generally incurable and is associated with intrinsic and acquired drug and immune resistance. UCC is lethal in the metastatic state and characterized by genomic instability, high PD-L1 expression, DNA damage-response mutations, and a high tumor mutational burden. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) achieve long-term durable responses in other cancers, their ability to achieve similar results with metastatic UCC (mUCC) is not as well-defined. Here, we discuss therapies to improve UCC management and how comprehensive tumor profiling can identify actionable biomarkers and eventually fulfill the promise of precision medicine for UCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkha Rani
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (B.R.); (J.J.I.-H.); (P.S.R.)
| | - James J. Ignatz-Hoover
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (B.R.); (J.J.I.-H.); (P.S.R.)
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Adult Hematologic Malignancies & Stem Cell Transplant Section, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Priyanka S. Rana
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (B.R.); (J.J.I.-H.); (P.S.R.)
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Adult Hematologic Malignancies & Stem Cell Transplant Section, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - James J. Driscoll
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (B.R.); (J.J.I.-H.); (P.S.R.)
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Adult Hematologic Malignancies & Stem Cell Transplant Section, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Asgari M, Firouzi F, Abolhasani M, Bahadoram M, Barahman M, Madjd Z, Mehrazma M, Hassanzadeh S, Akade E. P53, CK20, and FGFR3 Overexpression is Associated with the
Characteristics of Urothelial Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:3125-3131. [PMID: 37774064 PMCID: PMC10762771 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.9.3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the overexpression of tumor protein (P53), cytokeratin 20 (CK20), fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), biomarkers and the grading, prognosis, heterogeneity, and relapse tendency of urothelial cell carcinomas (UCCs) of the bladder. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using 413 samples of Iranian patients diagnosed with UCC of the bladder. The tissue microarray technique was used to evaluate the patterns of tumor tissue. Two pathologists scored tissue staining using a semi-quantitative scoring system. RESULTS The results showed that P53 was a predictor of a high-grade pattern (the area under the curve (AUC)=0.620) with a best cut-off value of 95.0 using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. CK20 was another predictor of a high-grade pattern (AUC=0.745) with a best cut-off value of 15. However, the overexpression of both biomarkers was not associated with a heterogeneous pattern and could not predict tumor-associated death or relapse. The heterogeneous (odds ratio (OR)=4.535, p-value=0.001) and non-papillary (OR= 6.363, p-value= 0.001) patterns were effective predictors of tumor recurrence among all baseline variables, including patient and tumor characteristics. FGFR3 was positive in all specimens and was not a valuable biomarker for differentiating patterns. None of the variables predicted tumor prognosis. CONCLUSION The study findings indicate that the intensity and percentage of cell staining for P53 and CK20 in the UCC of the bladder can aid in differentiating the grading patterns. The tendency of tumor relapse can be predicted by demonstrating heterogeneous and non-papillary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Asgari
- Department of Pathology, Hasheminejad Kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Faezeh Firouzi
- Department of Pathology, Hasheminejad Kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Abolhasani
- Department of Pathology, Hasheminejad Kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Oncopathology Research Center, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Bahadoram
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Maedeh Barahman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Firoozgar Hospital, Firoozgar Clinical Research Development Center (FCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Oncopathology Research Center, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Mitra Mehrazma
- Department of Pathology, Hasheminejad Kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Oncopathology Research Center, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Esma’il Akade
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Basin MF, Bratslavsky G, Nahhas N, Basnet A, Goldberg H, Necchi A, Sokol ES, Ramkissoon SH, Huang RSP, Ross JS, Jacob JM. Novel synthetic lethality drug target in urothelial bladder cancer based on MTAP genomic loss. Urol Oncol 2023; 41:109.e15-109.e22. [PMID: 36443178 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) presents or progresses to chemo-refractory metastatic disease, the search for new therapeutic targets is paramount. Targeting protein arginine methyltransferase 5 accumulation in tumors with methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) genomic loss has been proposed as a new anti-tumor strategy. We evaluated the incidence of patients with MTAP loss and correlate to treatment-guiding targets and biomarkers. METHODS Two thousand six hundred eighty-three cases of advanced UCB underwent hybrid-capture based comprehensive genomic profiling using the FDA-approved F1CDx assay to evaluate all classes of genomic alterations (GA) among 324 genes. Tumor mutational burden was determined on at least 0.8 Mbp of sequenced DNA and microsatellite instability was determined on at least 95 loci. RESULTS 650 (24%) of UCB featured MTAP loss mutations (MTAP-). The gene and age distributions were similar in MTAP intact (MTAP+) and MTAP- UCB. MTAP- UCB contained higher GA/tumor frequency than MTAP+ UCB likely reflecting the frequent co-deletions of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/B. Of potential therapeutic targets, fibroblast growth factor receptor 3, and phosphatase and tensin homolog GA were more frequent in MTAP- UCB. In contrast, biomarkers of immunotherapy response, including higher frequencies of high tumor mutational burden and high programmed death-ligand 1 IHC staining, were observed in the MTAP+ UCB. CONCLUSIONS When compared with MTAP+ UCB, MTAP- UCB differs in genomic signatures including an increase in potentially targetable alterations but a lower frequency of immunotherapy drug biomarkers. Thus, the genomic landscape in MTAP- UCB may play a role in the design of clinical trials incorporating combination treatment strategies when targeting protein arginine methyltransferase 5 in MTAP- tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Basin
- Upstate Medical University Department of Urology, Syracuse, NY
| | | | - Nathan Nahhas
- Upstate Medical University Department of Urology, Syracuse, NY
| | - Alina Basnet
- Upstate Medical University Department of Medicine, Syracuse, NY
| | - Hanan Goldberg
- Upstate Medical University Department of Urology, Syracuse, NY
| | - Andrea Necchi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Upstate Medical University Department of Urology, Syracuse, NY; Upstate Medical University Department of Medicine, Syracuse, NY; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Foundation Medicine, Inc, Cambridge, MA
| | - Joseph M Jacob
- Upstate Medical University Department of Urology, Syracuse, NY.
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Zhang P, Wu G, Zhang D, Lai WF. Mechanisms and strategies to enhance penetration during intravesical drug therapy for bladder cancer. J Control Release 2023; 354:69-79. [PMID: 36603810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. The effectiveness of intravesical therapy for bladder cancer, however, is limited due to the short dwell time and the presence of permeation barriers. Considering the histopathological features of BCa, the permeation barriers for drugs to transport across consist of a mucus layer and a nether tumor physiological barrier. Mucoadhesive delivery systems or mucus-penetrating delivery systems are developed to enhance their retention in or penetration across the mucus layer, but delivery systems that are capable of mucoadhesion-to-mucopenetration transition are more efficient to deliver drugs across the mucus layer. For the tumor physiological barrier, delivery systems mainly rely on four types of penetration mechanisms to cross it. This review summarizes the classical and latest approaches to intravesical drug delivery systems to penetrate BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Zhang
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Guoqing Wu
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Dahong Zhang
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Wing-Fu Lai
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Lee J, Park HS, Han SR, Kang YH, Mun JY, Shin DW, Oh HW, Cho YK, Lee MS, Park J. Alpha-2-macroglobulin as a novel diagnostic biomarker for human bladder cancer in urinary extracellular vesicles. Front Oncol 2022; 12:976407. [PMID: 36176383 PMCID: PMC9513419 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.976407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from urine are promising tools for the diagnosis of urogenital cancers. Urinary EVs (uEVs) are considered potential biomarkers for bladder cancer (BC) because urine is in direct contact with the BC tumor microenvironment and thus reflects the current state of the disease. However, challenges associated with the effective isolation and analysis of uEVs complicate the clinical detection of uEV-associated protein biomarkers. Herein, we identified uEV-derived alpha-2-macroglobulin (a2M) as a novel diagnostic biomarker for BC through comparative analysis of uEVs obtained from patients with BC pre- and post-operation using an antibody array. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of uEVs isolated from patients with BC (n=60) and non-cancer control subjects (n=23) validated the significant upregulation of a2M expression in patient uEVs (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in whole urine a2M levels between patients with BC and controls (p=0.317). We observed that compared to classical differential centrifugation, ExoDisc, a centrifugal microfluidic tangential flow filtration device, was a significantly more effective separation method for uEV protein analysis. We expect that our approach for EV analysis will provide an efficient route for the identification of clinically meaningful uEV-based biomarkers for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Park
- Department of Urology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung Ro Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yun Hee Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Department of Family Medicine/Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Oh
- Core Facility Management Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Myung-Shin Lee, ; Jinsung Park,
| | - Jinsung Park
- Department of Urology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Urology, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Uijeongbu-si, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Myung-Shin Lee, ; Jinsung Park,
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Tan J, Wang Y, Sun L, Xu S, Li C, Jin X. The Origin and Evolution of Bladder Cancer Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:950241. [PMID: 35903544 PMCID: PMC9314767 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.950241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system. Bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs) play key roles in tumor initiation, metastasis, relapse and drug-resistance. Investigation of BCSCs is of great value. On the basis of a review of normal bladder stem cells and universal cancer stem cells (CSCs), we summarize the origin of BCSCs, isolation and identification of CSCs from bladder cancer, signaling pathway of BCSCs, BCSCs targeted therapy, and relationship of BCSCs with non-muscle invasiveness and muscle invasiveness. This review aims to provide better elucidation about BCSCs, and provide constructive data for classification, prognosis, treatment and early intervention of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiufeng Tan
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Urology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Urology Tumor of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Yao Wang
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Urology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Urology Tumor of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Lihui Sun
- Zhongke Jianlan Medical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Xu
- Zhongke Jianlan Medical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Charles Li
- Zhongke Jianlan Medical Research Institute, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Charles Li, ; Xuefei Jin,
| | - Xuefei Jin
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Urology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Urology Tumor of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Charles Li, ; Xuefei Jin,
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Lokeshwar SD, Lopez M, Sarcan S, Aguilar K, Morera DS, Shaheen DM, Lokeshwar BL, Lokeshwar VB. Molecular Oncology of Bladder Cancer from Inception to Modern Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112578. [PMID: 35681556 PMCID: PMC9179261 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the last forty years, seminal contributions have been made in the areas of bladder cancer (BC) biology, driver genes, molecular profiling, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for improving personalized patient care. This overview includes seminal discoveries and advances in the molecular oncology of BC. Starting with the concept of divergent molecular pathways for the development of low- and high-grade bladder tumors, field cancerization versus clonality of bladder tumors, cancer driver genes/mutations, genetic polymorphisms, and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as an early form of immunotherapy are some of the conceptual contributions towards improving patient care. Although beginning with a promise of predicting prognosis and individualizing treatments, "-omic" approaches and molecular subtypes have revealed the importance of BC stem cells, lineage plasticity, and intra-tumor heterogeneity as the next frontiers for realizing individualized patient care. Along with urine as the optimal non-invasive liquid biopsy, BC is at the forefront of the biomarker field. If the goal is to reduce the number of cystoscopies but not to replace them for monitoring recurrence and asymptomatic microscopic hematuria, a BC marker may reach clinical acceptance. As advances in the molecular oncology of BC continue, the next twenty-five years should significantly advance personalized care for BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soum D. Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Maite Lopez
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Semih Sarcan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karina Aguilar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Daley S. Morera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Devin M. Shaheen
- Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Bal L. Lokeshwar
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Correspondence: (B.L.L.); (V.B.L.)
| | - Vinata B. Lokeshwar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.L.L.); (V.B.L.)
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11
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Ali HA, Li Y, Bilal AHM, Qin T, Yuan Z, Zhao W. A Comprehensive Review of BET Protein Biochemistry, Physiology, and Pathological Roles. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:818891. [PMID: 35401196 PMCID: PMC8990909 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.818891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, specifically acetylation of histone plays a decisive role in gene regulation and transcription of normal cellular mechanisms and pathological conditions. The bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins (BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and BRDT), being epigenetic readers, ligate to acetylated regions of histone and synchronize gene transcription. BET proteins are crucial for normal cellular processing as they control cell cycle progression, neurogenesis, differentiation, and maturation of erythroids and spermatogenesis, etc. Research-based evidence indicated that BET proteins (mainly BRD4) are associated with numeral pathological ailments, including cancer, inflammation, infections, renal diseases, and cardiac diseases. To counter the BET protein-related pathological conditions, there are some BET inhibitors developed and also under development. BET proteins are a topic of most research nowadays. This review, provides an ephemeral but comprehensive knowledge about BET proteins’ basic structure, biochemistry, physiological roles, and pathological conditions in which the role of BETs have been proven. This review also highlights the current and future approaches to pledge BET protein-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Akbar Ali
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yalan Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Akram Hafiz Muhammad Bilal
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingting Qin
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ziqiao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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12
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Ma C, Wang J, Zhao N, Pan Z, Lu Y, Cheng M, Deng M. Network Pharmacology-Based Study on the Active Component and Mechanism of the Anti-Non-Invasive and Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma Effects of Zhuling Jisheng Decoction. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:7667707. [PMID: 35003325 PMCID: PMC8741376 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7667707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Zhuling Jisheng decoction is employed for the treatment of bladder urothelial cancer in clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine. However, there are few studies on its precise mechanism. For the antibladder cancer action of Zhuling Jisheng decoction, a network pharmacological technique was used to design a component/target/pathway molecular regulatory network. The TCMSP dataset was used to identify the chemical makeup of Zhuling Jisheng decoction, which was then analyzed and assessed for oral bioavailability and pharmacological similarity. The chemical composition of Zhuling Jisheng decoction was identified through the TCMSP database, and it was evaluated and screened based on oral bioavailability and drug similarity. The GEO database was searched for genes associated with urothelial bladder carcinoma, and gene targets associated with bladder urothelial cancer resistance were chosen by comparison. The function and linked pathways of the target genes were examined and screened using annotation, visualization, and a comprehensive discovery database. The impact of Zhuling Jisheng decoction on urothelial bladder cancer was studied using Cytoscape software to create a component/target/pathway network. Finally, 69 and 55 target genes were discovered for noninvasive bladder urothelial cancer and invasive bladder urothelial cancer, respectively. In noninvasive urothelial cancer, 118 pathways were highly enriched, including the TNF signaling pathway and the IL-17 signaling route. 103 pathways were highly enriched in invasive urothelial cancer, including the p53 signaling route, bladder cancer route, and calcium signaling route. There were 18 and 15 drug targets associated with noninvasive and invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma prognoses. Many signaling pathways directly act on tumours, and indirect pathways inhibit the development of bladder urothelial carcinoma. This research establishes a scientific foundation for further research into the framework of action of Zhuling Jisheng decoction in the therapy of bladder urothelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Ma
- Third People's Hospital, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, No. 51-139, Zhouxi Highway, Cixi, China
| | | | - Na Zhao
- Emergency Medicine Department, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China
| | - Zhenya Pan
- Emergency Medicine Department, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Yiwu Fuyuan Private Hospital, China
| | - Miao Cheng
- Department of Oncology, The Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Deng
- Emergency Medicine Department, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China
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13
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Richart L, Lapi E, Pancaldi V, Cuenca-Ardura M, Pau ECDS, Madrid-Mencía M, Neyret-Kahn H, Radvanyi F, Rodríguez JA, Cuartero Y, Serra F, Le Dily F, Valencia A, Marti-Renom MA, Real FX. STAG2 loss-of-function affects short-range genomic contacts and modulates the basal-luminal transcriptional program of bladder cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:11005-11021. [PMID: 34648034 PMCID: PMC8565347 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesin exists in two variants containing STAG1 or STAG2. STAG2 is one of the most mutated genes in cancer and a major bladder tumor suppressor. Little is known about how its inactivation contributes to tumorigenesis. Here, we analyze the genomic distribution of STAG1 and STAG2 and perform STAG2 loss-of-function experiments using RT112 bladder cancer cells; we then analyze the genomic effects by integrating gene expression and chromatin interaction data. Functional compartmentalization exists between the cohesin complexes: cohesin-STAG2 displays a distinctive genomic distribution and mediates short and mid-ranged interactions that engage genes at higher frequency than those established by cohesin-STAG1. STAG2 knockdown results in down-regulation of the luminal urothelial signature and up-regulation of the basal transcriptional program, mirroring differences between STAG2-high and STAG2-low human bladder tumors. This is accompanied by rewiring of DNA contacts within topological domains, while compartments and domain boundaries remain refractive. Contacts lost upon depletion of STAG2 are assortative, preferentially occur within silent chromatin domains, and are associated with de-repression of lineage-specifying genes. Our findings indicate that STAG2 participates in the DNA looping that keeps the basal transcriptional program silent and thus sustains the luminal program. This mechanism may contribute to the tumor suppressor function of STAG2 in the urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Richart
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eleonora Lapi
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research Network (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vera Pancaldi
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 Inserm, ERL5294 CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France.,University Paul Sabatier III, Toulouse, France
| | - Mirabai Cuenca-Ardura
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Madrid-Mencía
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 Inserm, ERL5294 CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France.,University Paul Sabatier III, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Neyret-Kahn
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Radvanyi
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Juan Antonio Rodríguez
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yasmina Cuartero
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - François Serra
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - François Le Dily
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc A Marti-Renom
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research Network (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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de Jong JJ, Narayan VM, Cronican AA, Gupta S, van Leenders GJLH, Boormans JL, Gibb EA, Konety BR. Gene Expression Profiling of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer With Secondary Variant Histology. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 156:895-905. [PMID: 34157072 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the potential impact of the presence of secondary variant histology on the gene expression profiles of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) tumors. METHODS For six tumors, revised samples were collected from urothelial and secondary variant components (cohort A). The commercial cohort (cohort B) consisted of the anonymized gene expression profiles of 173 patients with MIBC. Samples were obtained from the clinical use of the Decipher Bladder test that were available as part of the Decipher GRID prospective registry (NCT02609269). Secondary variant presence in cohort B was abstracted from institutional pathology reports. For the commercial cohort, only the urothelial carcinoma component was profiled. RESULTS Molecular subtyping of both urothelial and variant components found micropapillary and nested cases were classified as a luminal subtype. Conversely, the sarcomatoid and small cell cases were classified as basal/squamous or neuroendocrine-like, respectively. For cohort B, 50 (29%) of 173 cases had reported secondary variant histology. Cases with squamous variant had basal profiles, small cell cases expressed neuronal markers, and micropapillary cases were classified as luminal. Sarcomatoid tumors had robust epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that in MIBC with secondary variant, the urothelial component can demonstrate an expression profile that closely resembles the variant component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep J de Jong
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Cancer Institute Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Vikram M Narayan
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Shilpa Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Joost L Boormans
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Cancer Institute Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | | | - Badrinath R Konety
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Cancer Institute Rotterdam,The Netherlands
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15
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Zhang C, Berndt-Paetz M, Neuhaus J. A Comprehensive Bioinformatics Analysis of Notch Pathways in Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123089. [PMID: 34205690 PMCID: PMC8235546 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Notch pathway is important in embryology and numerous tumor diseases. However, its role in bladder cancer (BCa) has not been deeply investigated thus far. Gene expression data are available for BCa, and bioinformatics analysis can provide insights into a possible role of the Notch pathway in BCa development and prognosis. Using this information can help in better understanding the origin of BCa, finding novel biomarkers for prediction of disease progression, and potentially opening new avenues to improved treatment. Our analysis identified the Notch receptors NOTCH2/3 and their ligand DLL4 as potential drivers of BCa by direct interaction with basic cell functions and indirect by modulating the immune response. Abstract Background: A hallmark of Notch signaling is its variable role in tumor biology, ranging from tumor-suppressive to oncogenic effects. Until now, the mechanisms and functions of Notch pathways in bladder cancer (BCa) are still unclear. Methods: We used publicly available data from the GTEx and TCGA-BLCA databases to explore the role of the canonical Notch pathways in BCa on the basis of the RNA expression levels of Notch receptors, ligands, and downstream genes. For statistical analyses of cancer and non-cancerous samples, we used R software packages and public databases/webservers. Results: We found differential expression between control and BCa samples for all Notch receptors (NOTCH1, 2, 3, 4), the delta-like Notch ligands (DLL1, 3, 4), and the typical downstream gene hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1). NOTCH2/3 and DLL4 can significantly differentiate non-cancerous samples from cancers and were broadly altered in subgroups. High expression levels of NOTCH2/3 receptors correlated with worse overall survival (OS) and shorter disease-free survival (DFS). However, at long-term (>8 years) follow-up, NOTCH2 expression was associated with a better OS and DFS. Furthermore, the cases with the high levels of DLL4 were associated with worse OS but improved DFS. Pathway network analysis revealed that NOTCH2/3 in particular correlated with cell cycle, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), numbers of lymphocyte subtypes, and modulation of the immune system. Conclusions: NOTCH2/3 and DLL4 are potential drivers of Notch signaling in BCa, indicating that Notch and associated pathways play an essential role in the progression and prognosis of BCa through directly modulating immune cells or through interaction with cell cycle and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (C.Z.); (M.B.-P.)
- Department of Urology, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to the Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mandy Berndt-Paetz
- Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (C.Z.); (M.B.-P.)
| | - Jochen Neuhaus
- Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (C.Z.); (M.B.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-971-7688
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16
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Hatta MNA, Mohamad Hanif EA, Chin SF, Neoh HM. Pathogens and Carcinogenesis: A Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:533. [PMID: 34203649 PMCID: PMC8232153 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a global health problem associated with genetics and unhealthy lifestyles. Increasingly, pathogenic infections have also been identified as contributors to human cancer initiation and progression. Most pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) associated with human cancers are categorized as Group I human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC. These pathogens cause carcinogenesis via three known mechanisms: persistent infection that cause inflammation and DNA damage, initiation of oncogene expression, and immunosuppression activity of the host. In this review, we discuss the carcinogenesis mechanism of ten pathogens, their implications, and some future considerations for better management of the disease. The pathogens and cancers described are Helicobacter pylori (gastric cancer), Epstein-Barr virus (gastric cancer and lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C viruses (liver cancer), Aspergillus spp. (liver cancer), Opisthorchis viverrine (bile duct cancer), Clonorchis sinensis (bile duct cancer), Fusobacterium nucleatum (colorectal cancer), Schistosoma haematobium (bladder cancer); Human Papillomavirus (cervical cancer), and Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpes Virus (Kaposi's sarcoma).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui-min Neoh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.N.A.H.); (E.A.M.H.); (S.-F.C.)
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17
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Segatto NV, Bender CB, Seixas FK, Schachtschneider K, Schook L, Robertson N, Qazi A, Carlino M, Jordan L, Bolt C, Collares T. Perspective: Humanized Pig Models of Bladder Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:681044. [PMID: 34079821 PMCID: PMC8165235 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.681044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most common neoplasia worldwide and holds expensive treatment costs due to its high recurrence rates, resistance to therapy and the need for lifelong surveillance. Thus, it is necessary to improve the current therapy options and identify more effective treatments for BC. Biological models capable of recapitulating the characteristics of human BC pathology are essential in evaluating the effectiveness of new therapies. Currently, the most commonly used BC models are experimentally induced murine models and spontaneous canine models, which are either insufficient due to their small size and inability to translate results to clinical basis (murine models) or rarely spontaneously observed BC (canine models). Pigs represent a potentially useful animal for the development of personalized tumors due to their size, anatomy, physiology, metabolism, immunity, and genetics similar to humans and the ability to experimentally induce tumors. Pigs have emerged as suitable biomedical models for several human diseases. In this sense, the present perspective focuses on the genetic basis for BC; presents current BC animal models available along with their limitations; and proposes the pig as an adequate animal to develop humanized large animal models of BC. Genetic alterations commonly found in human BC can be explored to create genetically defined porcine models, including the BC driver mutations observed in the FGFR3, PIK3CA, PTEN, RB1, HRAS, and TP53 genes. The development of such robust models for BC has great value in the study of pathology and the screening of new therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Vieira Segatto
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Camila Bonemann Bender
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Kommling Seixas
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Kyle Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Lawrence Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | | | - Aisha Qazi
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Maximillian Carlino
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Luke Jordan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Courtni Bolt
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Tiago Collares
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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18
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Du S, Sui Y, Ren W, Zhou J, Du C. PYCR1 promotes bladder cancer by affecting the Akt/Wnt/β-catenin signaling. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2021; 53:247-258. [PMID: 33689096 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-021-09887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1) plays a significant role in the malignant progression of various cancers. However, the role of PYCR1 in bladder cancer has not been well studied. This study was performed to evaluate the potential relevance of PYCR1 in bladder cancer. Our data revealed that PYCR1 expression was increased in bladder cancer tissues, and increased expression of PYCR1 was predictive of decreased survival rates. In bladder cancer cell lines, knockdown of PYCR1 caused significantly retarded cell growth and invasion, while PYCR1 overexpression accelerated cellular proliferation and invasion. Moreover, PYCR1 knockdown decreased levels of phosphorylated Akt, and enhanced activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Akt inhibition markedly abrogated of PYCR1 overexpression-mediated activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, overexpression of β-catenin partially reversed PYCR1 knockdown-mediated tumor suppression. Notably, PYCR1 knockdown significantly impeded tumor formation and growth in bladder cancer cells in vivo. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that PYCR1 is highly expressed in bladder cancer and knockdown of PYCR1 exerts a remarkable inhibitory effect on tumor formation via downregulation of Akt/Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our study suggests a potential role for PYCR1 in promoting bladder cancer progression and indicates that PYCR1 may be utilized as an attractive and promising anticancer target for treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangkuan Du
- Department of Urology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Yongjie Sui
- Department of Physical Examination, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No.256 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710068, China.
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Urology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Jiancheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Chun Du
- Department of Urology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
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19
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Sun T, Hutchinson L, Tomaszewicz K, Caporelli ML, Meng X, McCauley K, Fischer AH, Cosar EF, Cornejo KM. Diagnostic value of a comprehensive, urothelial carcinoma-specific next-generation sequencing panel in urine cytology and bladder tumor specimens. Cancer Cytopathol 2021; 129:537-547. [PMID: 33539671 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine cytology can reliably diagnose high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) but not low-grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC), and a more sensitive test is needed. Previously, a pilot study highlighted the possible diagnostic utility of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in identifying both LGUC and HGUC in urine cytology specimens. METHODS Twenty-eight urine ThinPrep cytology specimens and preceding or subsequent bladder tumor biopsy/resection specimens obtained within 3 months were included in the study (LGUC, n = 15; HGUC, n = 13). A customized, bladder-specific NGS panel was performed; it covered 69 frequently mutated or altered genes in urothelial carcinoma (UC) that were reported by The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer. RESULTS The sequencing results were compared between the urine cytology specimens and the corresponding bladder tumor biopsies/resections. TP53 was the most frequently identified mutation in HGUC cases (11 of 13 [85%]). PIK3CA and KDM6A were the most frequently identified mutations in LGUC: they occurred in 7 of 15 cases (47%) and in 6 of 15 cases (40%), respectively. Additional frequent mutations identified in the panel included ARID1A (n = 5), EP300 (n = 4), LRP1B (n = 3), ERBB2 (n = 2), STAG2 (n = 2), FGFR3 (n = 3), MLL (n = 2), MLL3 (n = 2), CREBBP1 (n = 1), RB1 (n = 1), and FAT4 (n = 1). Overall, the concordance between the cytology and surgical specimens was 75%. The sensitivity and specificity for identifying mutations in urine cytology specimens were 84% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A bladder-specific NGS panel increases the sensitivity and specificity of urine cytology's diagnostic utility in both low- and high-grade tumors and may serve as a noninvasive surveillance method in the follow-up of patients with UC harboring known mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sun
- Department of Pathology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Lloyd Hutchinson
- Department of Pathology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Keith Tomaszewicz
- Department of Pathology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Mandi-Lee Caporelli
- Department of Pathology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Xiuling Meng
- Department of Pathology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Kathleen McCauley
- Department of Pathology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew H Fischer
- Department of Pathology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Ediz F Cosar
- Department of Pathology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Kristine M Cornejo
- Department of Pathology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Wullweber A, Strick R, Lange F, Sikic D, Taubert H, Wach S, Wullich B, Bertz S, Weyerer V, Stoehr R, Breyer J, Burger M, Hartmann A, Strissel PL, Eckstein M. Bladder Tumor Subtype Commitment Occurs in Carcinoma In Situ Driven by Key Signaling Pathways Including ECM Remodeling. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1552-1566. [PMID: 33472889 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Basal and luminal subtypes of invasive bladder tumors have significant prognostic and predictive impacts for patients. However, it remains unclear whether tumor subtype commitment occurs in noninvasive urothelial lesions or in carcinoma in situ (CIS) and which gene pathways are important for bladder tumor progression. To understand the timing of this commitment, we used gene expression and protein analysis to create a global overview of 36 separate tissues excised from a whole bladder encompassing urothelium, noninvasive urothelial lesions, CIS, and invasive carcinomas. Additionally investigated were matched CIS, noninvasive urothelial lesions, and muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBC) from 22 patients. The final stage of subtype commitment to either a luminal or basal MIBC occurred at the CIS transition. For all tissues combined, hierarchical clustering of subtype gene expression revealed three subtypes: "luminal," "basal," and a "luminal p53-/extracellular matrix (ECM)-like" phenotype of ECM-related genes enriched in tumor-associated urothelium, noninvasive urothelial lesions, and CIS, but rarely invasive, carcinomas. A separate cohort of normal urothelium from noncancer patients showed significantly lower expression of ECM-related genes compared with tumor-associated urothelium, noninvasive urothelial lesions, and CIS. A PanCancer Progression Panel of 681 genes unveiled pathways specific for the luminal p53-/ECM-like cluster, for example, ECM remodeling, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cellular discohesion, cell motility involved in tumor progression, and cell proliferation and oncogenic ERBB2/ERBB3 signaling for invasive carcinomas. In conclusion, this study provides insights into bladder cancer subtype commitment and associated signaling pathways, which could help predict therapy response and enhance our understanding of therapy resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that CIS is the stage of commitment for determining MIBC tumor subtype, which is relevant for patient prognosis and therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Wullweber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reiner Strick
- Translational Research Centre (TRC), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabienne Lange
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Danijel Sikic
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Wach
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wullich
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Bertz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veronika Weyerer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Stoehr
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Breyer
- Department of Urology, Caritas Hospital St. Josef, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Burger
- Department of Urology, Caritas Hospital St. Josef, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pamela L Strissel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Translational Research Centre (TRC), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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21
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Abd Raboh NM, Hakim SA, Abd El Atti RM. Implications of androgen receptor and FUS expression on tumor progression in urothelial carcinoma. Histol Histopathol 2020; 36:325-337. [PMID: 33354760 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) interact with many pathways involved in bladder cancer development and progression. FUS (fused in liposarcoma), a multifunctional protein essential for different cellular processes, has been demonstrated as a key link between androgen receptor signaling and cell-cycle progression in prostate cancer but has not been examined in urothelial carcinoma (UC) despite an intimate association between prostate and bladder carcinogenesis. AIM To examine the immunohistochemical expression of AR and FUS in urothelial carcinoma in relation to prognostic parameters and to extrapolate any possible link between the expression of both markers and tumor progression. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study using immunohistochemical staining for AR and FUS on (88) cases of urothelial carcinoma. RESULTS AR shows statistically significant relations with late tumor stage, high tumor grade, and non-papillary tumor pattern. On the other hand, FUS expression correlates with early tumor stage, low tumor grade and papillary pattern. An inverse relation is found between AR and FUS expression (p=0.001). Cases with high AR IHC expression show statistically significant shorter OS, RFS and PFS compared to cases with low AR expression. Cases with high FUS IHC expression reveal statistically significant longer OS, RFS and PFS compared to cases with low FUS expression. CONCLUSION FUS expression is associated with favorable prognostic parameters of UC. A possible interaction is suggested between FUS and AR pathways involved in urothelial cancer progression. Manipulating FUS levels and androgen deprivation therapy can provide new promising targets for treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Adel Hakim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The standard diagnosis of carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the bladder, based on white light cystoscopy and urine cytology, is limited because CIS can vary from normal-appearing mucosa to a lesion indistinguishable from an inflammatory process. Intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) remains first-line therapy; however, a significant proportion of cases persist or recur after BCG treatment. This review summarizes recent improvements in the detection and treatment of CIS. RECENT FINDINGS The new optical technologies improve CIS detection, with a potential positive impact on oncological outcomes. The usefulness of MRI-photodynamic diagnosis fusion transurethral resection in CIS detection is unclear and further studies are needed. BCG instillation remains the first-line therapy in CIS patients and seems to improve recurrence and progression rates, especially with the use of maintenance. Intravesical device-assisted therapies could be effective in both BCG-naïve and BCG-unresponsive CIS patients, but further studies are ongoing to clarify their clinical benefit. A phase II clinical trial with pembrolizumab has shown the potential effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors in BCG-unresponsive CIS patients and further trials are ongoing. SUMMARY New optical techniques increase the CIS detection rate. BCG instillation remains the first-line treatment. Immune checkpoint inhibitors could be a future alternative in BCG-naïve and BCG-unresponsive CIS patients.
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23
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Soave A, Kluwe L, Yu H, Rink M, Gild P, Vetterlein MW, Marks P, Sauter G, Fisch M, Meyer CP, Ludwig T, Dahlem R, Minner S, Pantel K, Steinbach B, Schwarzenbach H. Copy number variations in primary tumor, serum and lymph node metastasis of bladder cancer patients treated with radical cystectomy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21562. [PMID: 33298978 PMCID: PMC7725833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze copy number variations (CNV) of multiple oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in genomic DNA from primary tumor tissue, lymph node metastasis and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from serum of 72 urothelial carcinoma of bladder (UCB) patients treated with radical cystectomy (RC), using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). We hypothesized that primary tumor and lymph node metastasis show similar CNV profiles, and CNV are more present in lymph node metastasis compared to primary tumor tissue. Samples from 43 (59.7%) patients could be analyzed. In total, 35 (83%), 26 (68%) and 8 (42%) patients had CNV in primary tumor, serum and lymph node metastasis, respectively. MYC, CCND1, ERBB2 and CCNE1 displayed the most frequent amplifications. In particular, CNV in ERBB2 was associated with aggressive tumor characteristics. CNV in both ERBB2 and TOP2A were risk factors for disease recurrence. The current findings show that CNV are present in various oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in genomic DNA from primary tumor, lymph node metastasis and cfDNA from serum. CNV were more present in genomic DNA from primary tumor tissue compared to cfDNA from serum and genomic DNA from lymph node metastasis. Patients with CNV in ERBB2 and TOP2A are at increased risk for disease recurrence following RC. Further studies are necessary to validate, whether these genes may represent promising candidates for targeted-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Soave
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lan Kluwe
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hang Yu
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rink
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Gild
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte W Vetterlein
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Marks
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Margit Fisch
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian P Meyer
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Ludwig
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Dahlem
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Steinbach
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heidi Schwarzenbach
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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24
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Mutant Kras as a Biomarker Plays a Favorable Role in FL118-Induced Apoptosis, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production and Modulation of Survivin, Mcl-1 and XIAP in Human Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113413. [PMID: 33217967 PMCID: PMC7698790 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary FL118 is a novel orally available small molecule anticancer drug. We found that bladder cancer cells with a mutant Kras is highly sensitive to FL118-induced cell growth inhibition and cell death induction through inhibiting the anti-cancer cell death and drug resistance factors (survivin, Mcl-1, XIAP). In the Kras-mutation bladder cancer cells, FL118 can stimulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) over-production for killing bladder cancer cells and inhibiting bladder cancer cell-established tumor growth. Elimination of mutant Kras by Kras-specific shRNA technology in mutant Kras-containing bladder cancer cell-established tumor decreased FL118 effectiveness to inhibit bladder cancer tumor growth. In this regard, mutant Kras is a potential favorable biomarker for FL118. This finding is significant because mutant Kras is known to be a formidable challenge treatment resistant factor in various types of cancer. Thus, FL118 could use mutant Kras as favorable biomarker for patient selection to carry out precision medicine. Abstract Tumor heterogeneity in key gene mutations in bladder cancer (BC) is a major hurdle for the development of effective treatments. Using molecular, cellular, proteomics and animal models, we demonstrated that FL118, an innovative small molecule, is highly effective at killing T24 and UMUC3 high-grade BC cells, which have Hras and Kras mutations, respectively. In contrast, HT1376 BC cells with wild-type Ras are insensitive to FL118. This concept was further demonstrated in additional BC and colorectal cancer cells with mutant Kras versus those with wild-type Kras. FL118 strongly induced PARP cleavage (apoptosis hallmark) and inhibited survivin, XIAP and/or Mcl-1 in both T24 and UMUC3 cells, but not in the HT1376 cells. Silencing mutant Kras reduced both FL118-induced PARP cleavage and downregulation of survivin, XIAP and Mcl-1 in UMUC3 cells, suggesting mutant Kras is required for FL118 to exhibit higher anticancer efficacy. FL118 increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in T24 and UMUC3 cells, but not in HT1376 cells. Silencing mutant Kras in UMUC3 cells reduced FL118-mediated ROS generation. Proteomics analysis revealed that a profound and opposing Kras-relevant signaling protein is changed in UMUC3 cells and not in HT1376 cells. Consistently, in vivo studies indicated that UMUC3 tumors are highly sensitive to FL118 treatment, while HT1376 tumors are highly resistant to this agent. Silencing mutant Kras in UMUC3 cell-derived tumors decreases UMUC3 tumor sensitivity to FL118 treatment. Together, our studies revealed that mutant Kras is a favorable biomarker for FL118 targeted treatment.
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25
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Chao H, Deng L, Xu F, Fu B, Zhu Z, Dong Z, Liu YN, Zeng T. RAB14 activates MAPK signaling to promote bladder tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:1341-1351. [PMID: 30809635 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a fatal invasive malignancy accounting for approximately 5% of all cancer deaths in humans; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms and potential targeted therapeutics for BC patients remain unclear. We report herein that RAB14 was overexpressed in BC tissues and cells with high metastatic potential and its abundance was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001), a high-grade tumor stage (P = 0.009), poor differentiation (P < 0.001) and unfavorable prognoses of BC patients (P = 0.003, log-rank test). Interference by RAB14 mediated a reduction in the TWIST1 protein and inhibited cell migration and invasion (P < 0.05). Moreover, silencing RAB14 reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vitro and suppressed tumorigenesis in a mouse xenograft model. We demonstrated that RAB14-promoted BC cancer development and progression were associated with activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling through upregulation of MAPK1/MAPK8 and downregulation of dual-specificity protein phosphatase 6/Src homology 2 domain containing transforming protein/Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit (FOS). We provide evidence that RAB14 acts as a tumor promoter and modulates the invasion and metastatic potential of BC cells via activating the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Chao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Leihong Deng
- Medical Department of Graduate School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Fanghua Xu
- Pathology Department, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Zunwei Zhu
- Department of Urology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Zhifeng Dong
- Medical Department of Graduate School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Yen-Nien Liu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
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26
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Role of Microtubule-Associated Protein 1b in Urothelial Carcinoma: Overexpression Predicts Poor Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030630. [PMID: 32182788 PMCID: PMC7139768 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to examine the relationship between microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and the prognosis of urothelial carcinoma by assessing the microtubule bundle formation genes using a reappraisal transcriptome dataset of urothelial carcinoma (GSE31684). The result revealed that microtubule-associated protein 1b (MAP1B) is the most significant upregulated gene related to cancer progression. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to measure MAP1B transcription levels in urothelial carcinoma of the upper tract (UTUC) and the bladder (UBUC). Immunohistochemistry was conducted to detect MAP1B protein expression in 340 UTUC and 295 UBUC cases. Correlations of MAP1B expression with clinicopathological status, disease-specific survival, and metastasis-free survival were completed. To assess the oncogenic functions of MAP1B, the RTCC1 and J82 cell lines were stably silenced against their endogenous MAP1B expression. Study findings indicated that MAP1B overexpression was associated with adverse clinical features and could independently predict unfavorable prognostic effects, indicating its theranostic value in urothelial carcinoma.
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27
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last few years, significant progress has been achieved in the therapeutic options for advanced urothelial bladder cancer. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to give an overview of the status and future perspective of the therapeutic options in this setting. Its focus is on the discussion of tissue-based therapy-predictive markers, which are evaluated through (molecular) pathology and thereby strengthening the role of pathology itself. MATERIALS AND METHODS Current (clinical study) data, the literature, and our own expertise were considered and summarized in the areas of therapy prediction of platinum-based chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and other therapeutic approaches. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Molecular subtypes exhibit a predictive value both in platinum-based chemotherapy as well as in immunotherapy. However, further work is required to elucidate the predictive role of molecular subtypes in both settings. Changes in the DNA damage repair enzyme (DDR) genes, ERCC2, and ERBB2 as well as differences in the expression of EMMPRIN, survivin, and HMGA2 show promising results as further markers of chemotherapy efficacy. In the prediction of immunotherapy success, this mainly relates to the evaluation of the tumor mutation burden (TMB), tumor neoantigen burden (TNB), APOBEC signatures (MSig1; 3A/3B), and CD8-positive T‑effector cell signature. When using the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor erdafitinib, which has not yet been approved in Germany, the evaluation of specific FGFR mutations and/or gene fusions by a companion diagnostic test is mandatory in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Reis
- Institut für Pathologie, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum, Universitätsmedizin Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Deutschland.
| | - T Szarvas
- Klinik für Urologie, Semmelweis Universität, Budapest, Ungarn.,Klinik für Urologie, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum, Universitätsmedizin Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Deutschland
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28
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Amin HAA, Kobaisi MH, Samir RM. Schistosomiasis and Bladder Cancer in Egypt: Truths and Myths. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:4023-4029. [PMID: 32165946 PMCID: PMC7061397 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gathered archeopathological evidence has confirmed that Schistosomiasis has been endemic in Ancient Egypt for over 500 decades. The association between Schistosoma hematobium and increase bladder cancer risk is also well acknowledged. However, over the years, there is a proved changing pattern of bladder cancer that needs to be investigated. AIM We aim to discuss the truths and myths about bladder cancer and its association with Schistosomiasis in Egypt. METHODS A cross-sectional, case-control study was performed to collect recent data on the topic. RESULTS Of the reported cancer cases, 79.3% were transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), an additional 6% showed associated squamous features. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) constituted only 13.8% of cancer cases. Schistosomiasis was histologically confirmed in 19 cancer cases, only one was SCC. The relative frequency of TCC is increasing, while SCC is decreasing. There is no evidence that this pattern is related to smoking or environmental factors, as the incidence of lung cancer, is not proportionately increasing. CONCLUSION The old concept that Schistosomiasis is associated with SCC should be revaluated as most cases are associated with TCC. Relying on the histopathology for confirmation of Schistosomiasis in our research studies appears to be non-accurate and leads to irrelevant results.
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29
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Aragon-Ching JB, Nizam A, Henson DE. Carcinomas of the Renal Pelvis, Ureters, and Urinary Bladder Share a Carcinogenic Field as Revealed in Epidemiological Analysis of Tumor Registry Data. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 17:436-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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30
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Gu C, Wang Z, Zhou N, Li G, Kou Y, Luo Y, Wang Y, Yang J, Tian F. Mettl14 inhibits bladder TIC self-renewal and bladder tumorigenesis through N 6-methyladenosine of Notch1. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:168. [PMID: 31760940 PMCID: PMC6876123 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N6-methyladenosine (m6A) emerges as one of the most important modification of RNA. Bladder cancer is a common cancer type in developed countries, and hundreds of thousands of bladder cancer patients die every year. MATERIALS AND METHODS There are various cells in bladder tumor bulk, and a small population cells defined as tumor initiating cells (TIC) have self-renewal and differentiation capacities. Bladder TICs drive bladder tumorigenesis and metastasis, and their activities are fine regulated. However, the role of N6-methyladenosine in bladder TIC self-renewal is unknown. RESULTS Here, we found a decrease of N6-methyladenosine in bladder tumors and bladder TICs. N6-methyladenosine levels are related to clinical severity and outcome. Mettl14 is lowly expressed in bladder cancer and bladder TICs. Mettl14 knockout promotes the proliferation, self-renewal, metastasis and tumor initiating capacity of bladder TICs, and Mettl14 overexpression exerts an opposite role. Mettl14 and m6A modification participate in the RNA stability of Notch1 mRNA. Notch1 m6A modification inhibits its RNA stability. Notch1 plays an essential role in bladder tumorigenesis and bladder TIC self-renewal. CONCLUSION This work reveals a novel role of Mettl14 and N6-methyladenosine in bladder tumorigenesis and bladder TICs, adding new layers for bladder TIC regulation and N6-methyladenosine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Gu
- grid.412633.1Department of Urology and Henan Institute of Urology, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- grid.412633.1Department of Urology and Henan Institute of Urology, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Naichun Zhou
- grid.412633.1Department of Urology and Henan Institute of Urology, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanru Li
- grid.412633.1Department of Urology and Henan Institute of Urology, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiping Kou
- grid.412633.1Department of Urology and Henan Institute of Urology, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Luo
- grid.412633.1Department of Urology and Henan Institute of Urology, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yidi Wang
- grid.412633.1Department of Urology and Henan Institute of Urology, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinjian Yang
- grid.412633.1Department of Urology and Henan Institute of Urology, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengyan Tian
- grid.412633.1Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052 People’s Republic of China
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Narayan VM, Gupta S, Davicioni E, Murugan P, Gibb EA, Konety B. Genomic Analysis and Treatment Response of a Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma With Sarcomatoid Variant Histology. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 17:e888-e892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yang D, Ma Y, Zhao P, Ma J, He C. Systematic screening of protein-coding gene expression identified HMMR as a potential independent indicator of unfavorable survival in patients with papillary muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109433. [PMID: 31568988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary and non-papillary are two histological patterns of bladder carcinogenesis and are considered as dual-track oncogenic pathways, which have different genetic alterations. The TCGA-bladder cancer (BLCA) database contains clinicopathological, genomic and survival data from over 400 muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. In this study, using data from this database, we performed a systematic screening of gene expression to identify the protein-coding gene that might have prognostic value in papillary and non-papillary muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). The data of patients with primary MIBC in TCGA-BLCA was acquired from the UCSC Xena project (http://xena.ucsc.edu) for re-analysis. By setting |log2 fold change|≥2 and adjusted p value <0.01 as the screening criteria, we found 751 significantly dysregulated genes, including 183 overexpressed and 568 downregulated genes. HMMR was identified as a potential prognostic marker with unique expression. Multivariate analysis showed that its expression was an independent prognostic indicator of shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (HR: 1.400, 95%CI: 1.021-1.920, p = 0.037) in the papillary subtype. ENST00000393915.8 and ENST00000358715.3, two transcripts that contain all 18 exons and encode the full length of HMMR, were significantly upregulated in cancer tissues compared with normal bladder tissues. None of the 17 CpG sites in its DNA locus was relevant to HMMR expression. 26/403 (6.5%) MIBC cases had HMMR gene-level amplification, which was associated with upregulated HMMR expression compared with the copy-neutral and deletion groups. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) in papillary MIBC found that the high HMMR expression group was associated with upregulated genes enriched in multiple gene sets with well-established role in BC development, including G2M checkpoint, E2 F Targets, Myc Targets V1, Myc Targets V2 and Glycolysis. Based on these findings, we infer that HMMR expression might be a specific prognostic marker in terms of PFS in papillary MIBC. DNA amplification might be an important mechanism of its elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Chaohong He
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
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Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a high-grade noninvasive malignancy with a high tendency of progression. Although it is typically grouped with other nonmuscle invasive bladder cancers, its higher grade and aggressiveness make it a unique clinical entity. Urothelial CIS is histologically characterized by replacement of the urothelium by cells which fulfill the morphologic criteria of malignancy including nuclear pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, prominent nucleoli, and increased numbers of normal and abnormal mitoses. Urothelial CIS may be categorized as primary when it is not associated with any past or present urothelial carcinoma. It is termed as secondary when there is concomitant or previous urothelial carcinoma in the patient. In recent years detailed molecular studies have provided valuable data for intrinsic molecular subclassification of urothelial carcinoma into 2 broad categories namely luminal and basal types with significant implications for prognosis and therapy. Similar studies on urothelial CIS are limited but have provided crucial insight into the molecular basis of CIS. These studies have revealed that urothelial CIS may also be divided into luminal and basal subtypes, but luminal subtype is much more common. It has also been shown that in many cases, luminal type of urothelial CIS may undergo a class switch to basal type during progression to an invasive carcinoma. Additional studies may be required to confirm and further elaborate these findings.
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Adamowicz J, Juszczak K, Poletajew S, Van Breda SV, Pokrywczynska M, Drewa T. Scented Candles as an Unrecognized Factor that Increases the Risk of Bladder Cancer; Is There Enough Evidence to Raise a Red Flag? Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:645-652. [PMID: 31399420 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The causes of bladder cancer are not yet fully uncovered, however the research has identified a number of factors that may increase the risk of developing this cancer. The chemical carcinogenesis of bladder cancer due to chronic exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons has been well-established. The identification of this correlation led to an improvement of safety measures in chemical industry and a gradual decrease of bladder cancer cases among workers. Nevertheless, in the majority of bladder cancer cases, the specific cause of the disease still can't be specified. It makes the question of unrecognized factors associated with bladder cancer development even more relevant. Taking under consideration known chemical carcinogenesis of bladder cancer, this minireview takes under investigation the possible link between using scented candles and a risk of bladder cancer development. Burning scented candles contain many of the substances that are associated with a bladder cancer. Furthermore the scented candles are not only very popular but also widely available on the market, with limited quality regulations and unspecified raw materials determining a spectrum of potentially dangerous substances emitted during burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Adamowicz
- Chair of Urology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | | | | | | | - Marta Pokrywczynska
- Chair of Urology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Drewa
- Chair of Urology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Intrinsic Molecular Subclassification of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Are We Finally there? Adv Anat Pathol 2019; 26:251-256. [PMID: 31188799 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a highly prevalent disease throughout the world usually encountered in older patients, and associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost. The treatment of bladder cancer has remained unchanged for the last several decades. However, in recent years the availability of comprehensive genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and other large projects have considerably improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of these tumors. These studies demonstrated that bladder cancers can be grouped into 2 broad categories namely basal and luminal molecular subtypes with recognizable subgroups in each of these categories. Clinical data suggest that invasive basal cancers are more sensitive to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), such that most patients with basal cancers who are aggressively managed with NAC have excellent outcomes. Patients with luminal cancers do not appear to derive much clinical benefit from NAC, but some may appear to be sensitive to anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1) antibodies and possibly other immune checkpoint inhibitors. It is hoped that future studies will also identify biomarkers such as immunohistochemical markers which may be used to predict therapeutic response of these tumors. This will contribute substantially toward efficient and cost-effective diagnosis and management of these neoplasms.
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Prognostic Impact of Canonical TGF-β Signaling in Urothelial Bladder Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55060302. [PMID: 31238579 PMCID: PMC6630377 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Dysregulation of TGF-β signaling plays multiple roles in cancer development and progression. In the canonical TGF-β pathway, TGF-β regulates the expression of hundreds of target genes via interaction with Smads, signal transducers and transcriptional modulators. We evaluated the association of TGF-β1, Smad2, and Smad4, the key components of canonical TGFβ pathway, with clinicopathologic characteristics of urothelial bladder cancer, and assessed their prognostic value in prediction of patients’ outcome. Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis of TGF-β1, Smad2, and Smad4 expression was performed on 404 urothelial bladder cancer samples, incorporated in tissue microarrays. Expression status was correlated with clinicopathological and follow-up data. The median follow-up was 61 months. Results: High expression of TGF-β1, Smad2, and Smad4 was detected in 68.1%, 31.7% and 45.2% of the tumors, respectively. TGF-β1 overexpression was significantly associated with high tumor grade, and advanced pathologic stage (p < 0.001, respectively). Conversely, high Smad2 and Smad4 expression was linked to low tumor grade (p = 0,003, p = 0.048, respectively), and low tumor stage (p < 0.001, p = 0.003, respectively). Smad2 showed an inverse correlation with variant morphology and divergent differentiation of urothelial tumors (p = 0.014). High TGF-β1 correlated directly, while Smad2 and Smad4 correlated inversely to cancer-specific death (p = 0.043, p = 0.003, and p = 0.022, respectively). There was a strong relationship between Smad2 and Smad4 expression (p < 0.001). Survival analyses showed that high Smad2 and Smad4 expression was associated with longer overall survival (p = 0.003, p = 0.034, respectively), while in multivariate regression analysis TGF-β1 manifested as an independent predictor of poor outcome. Conclusions: Unraveling the complex roles and significance of TGF-β signaling in urothelial bladder cancer might have important implications for therapy of this disease. Assessment of TGF-β pathway status in patients with urothelial bladder cancer may provide useful prognostic information, and identify patients that could have the most benefit from therapy targeting TGF-β signaling cascade.
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Kim SJ, You D, Jeong IG, Song C, Hong B, Kim CS, Ahn H, Hong JH. Prognosis of carcinoma in situ according to the presence of papillary bladder tumors after bacillus Calmette–Guérin immunotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:2131-2140. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bunch BL, Ma Y, Attwood K, Amable L, Luo W, Morrison C, Guru KA, Woloszynska-Read A, Hershberger PA, Trump DL, Johnson CS. Vitamin D 3 enhances the response to cisplatin in bladder cancer through VDR and TAp73 signaling crosstalk. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2449-2461. [PMID: 30972950 PMCID: PMC6537042 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D3 (VitD) deficiency is linked to increased incidence and worse survival in bladder cancer (BCa). In addition to cystectomy, patients are treated with cisplatin‐based chemotherapy, however 30%‐50% of patients do not benefit from this treatment. The effects of VitD deficiency on response to chemotherapy remain unknown. Methods To test effects of VitD supplementation on the response to cisplatin we analyzed patient serum VitD levels and correlated that with survival. In vivo, VitD deficient mice were treated with cisplatin, with or without pretreatment with the active VitD metabolite, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3). Lastly, using BCa cell lines, T24 and RT‐112, the mechanism of action of 1,25D3 and cisplatin combination treatment was determined by apoptosis assays, as well as western blot and RT‐PCR. Results In this study, we determined that low serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 (25D3) levels was significantly associated with worse response to cisplatin. Pretreating deficient mice with 1,25D3, reduced tumor volume compared to cisplatin monotherapy. In vitro, 1,25D3 pretreatment increased the apoptotic response to cisplatin. 1,25D3 pretreatment increased expression of TAp73 and its pro‐apoptotic targets, in a VDR dependent manner. VDR and its transcriptional targets were induced after 1,25D3 treatment and further increased after the combination of 1,25D3 and cisplatin in a TAp73 dependent manner. Conclusions Our data suggest that VitD deficiency could be a biomarker for poor response to cisplatin, and pretreating with VitD can increase the apoptotic response to cisplatin through VDR and TAp73 signaling crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Bunch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Yingyu Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Lauren Amable
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Carl Morrison
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Khurshid A Guru
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Anna Woloszynska-Read
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Pamela A Hershberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Candace S Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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Batista da Costa J, Gibb EA, Bivalacqua TJ, Liu Y, Oo HZ, Miyamoto DT, Alshalalfa M, Davicioni E, Wright J, Dall’Era MA, Douglas J, Boormans JL, Van der Heijden MS, Wu CL, van Rhijn BW, Gupta S, Grivas P, Mouw KW, Murugan P, Fazli L, Ra S, Konety BR, Seiler R, Daneshmand S, Mian OY, Efstathiou JA, Lotan Y, Black PC. Molecular Characterization of Neuroendocrine-like Bladder Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3908-3920. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Carcinoma In Situ of the Urinary Bladder: A Systematic Review of Current Knowledge Regarding Detection, Treatment, and Outcomes. Eur Urol Focus 2019; 6:674-682. [PMID: 30910393 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the bladder is defined as a high-grade flat lesion confined to the mucosa. Intravesical treatment with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is commonly used to reduce the risk of recurrence and progression; however, CIS of the bladder exhibits a heterogeneous clinical behavior and a significant proportion of patients do not show a primary response. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the available evidence concerning diagnosis, treatment strategies, follow-up, prognosis, and oncological outcomes in patients with CIS of the bladder. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The search was conducted using the databases PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase. We included randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and observational studies. Outcomes of interest were: (1) diagnostic strategies, (2) first- and second-line treatments, (3) follow-up strategies, and (4) prognosis and oncological outcomes. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Overall 62 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most articles concerned retrospective studies and presented mixed data with other non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer categories. The evidence shows that new optical imaging modalities significantly increase the detection rate of CIS. BCG immunotherapy remains the first-line therapy in patients with CIS of the bladder; however, after treatment, adequate follow-up is necessary. Clinicopathological factors remain the main indicators of response to BCG, recurrence, and progression. CONCLUSIONS New optical imaging modalities are superior to white light cystoscopy in the detection of CIS of the bladder. There are no robust data that justify consideration of other agents as an alternative to BCG immunotherapy. Despite efforts to identify relevant biomarkers, clinicopathological factors remain the most important prognostic factors. PATIENT SUMMARY New optical techniques have improved the detection of carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the bladder. Bladder preservation using bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy remains the cornerstone of the treatment of CIS of the bladder.
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Smrečki N, Rončević T, Jović O, Kukovec BM, Maravić A, Gajski G, Čikeš-Čulić V. Copper(II) complexes with N′-methylsarcosinamide selective for human bladder cancer cells. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Emerging roles of and therapeutic strategies targeting BRD4 in cancer. Cell Immunol 2019; 337:48-53. [PMID: 30832981 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Bromodomain and Extra-terminal (BET) family of proteins were first recognized as important epigenetic regulators in inflammatory processes; however, there is increasing evidence to support the notion that BET proteins also play a critical role in 'reading' chromatin and recruiting chromatin-regulating enzymes to control gene expression in a number of pathologic processes, including cancer. To this end, the mechanisms by which BET proteins regulate chromatin remodeling and promote tumor-associated inflammation have been heavily studied over the past decade. This article to review the biology of BET protein dysfunction in promoting tumor-associated inflammation and cancer progression and the application of small molecule inhibitors that target specific BET proteins, alone or in combination with immunomodulatory agents as a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer patients.
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Abstract
CONTEXT.— Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease that exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical and pathologic features. The classification of bladder cancer has been traditionally based on morphologic assessment with the aid of immunohistochemistry. However, recent genomic studies have revealed that distinct alterations of DNA and RNA in bladder cancer may underlie its diverse clinicopathologic features, leading to a novel molecular classification of this common human cancer. OBJECTIVE.— To update recent developments in genomic characterization of bladder cancer, which may shed insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying the origin of bladder cancer, dual-track oncogenic pathways, intrinsic molecular subtyping, and development of histologic variants. DATA SOURCES.— Peer-reviewed literature retrieved from PubMed search and authors' own research. CONCLUSIONS.— Bladder cancer is likely to arise from different uroprogenitor cells through papillary/luminal and nonpapillary/basal tracks. The intrinsic molecular subtypes of bladder cancer referred to as luminal and basal exhibit distinct expression signatures, clinicopathologic features, and sensitivities to standard chemotherapy. Genomic characterization of bladder cancer provides new insights to understanding the biological nature of this complex disease, which may lead to more effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Guo
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Bogdan Czerniak
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma is a tumor type featuring pronounced intertumoral heterogeneity and a high mutational and epigenetic load. The two major histopathological urothelial carcinoma types - the non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma - markedly differ in terms of their respective typical mutational profiles and also by their probable cells of origin, that is, a urothelial basal cell for muscle-invasive carcinomas and a urothelial intermediate cell for at least a large part of non-muscle-invasive carcinomas. Both non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas can be further classified into discrete intrinsic subtypes based on their typical transcriptomic profiles. Urothelial carcinogenesis shows a number of parallels to a urothelial regenerative response. Both of these processes seem to be dominated by specific stem cell populations. In the last years, the nature and location of urothelial stem cell(s) have been subject to many controversies, which now seem to be settled down, favoring the existence of a largely single urothelial stem cell type located among basal cells. Basal cell markers have also been amply used to identify urothelial carcinoma stem cells, especially in muscle-invasive disease, but they proved useful even in some non-muscle-invasive tumors. Analyses on molecular nature of urothelial carcinoma stem cells performed till now point to their great heterogeneity, both during the tumor development and upon intertumoral comparison, sexual dimorphism providing a special example of the latter. Moreover, urothelial cancer stem cells are endowed with intrinsic plasticity, whereby they can modulate their stemness in relation to other tumor-related traits, especially motility and invasiveness. Such transitional modulations suggest underlying epigenetic mechanisms and, even within this context, inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity becomes apparent. Multiple molecular aspects of urothelial cancer stem cell biology markedly influence therapeutic response, implying their knowledge as a prerequisite to improved therapies of this disease. At the same time, the notion of urothelial cancer stem cell heterogeneity implies that this therapeutic benefit would be most probably and most efficiently achieved within the context of individualized antitumor therapy.
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Circular RNA circMTO1 suppresses bladder cancer metastasis by sponging miR-221 and inhibiting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:991-996. [PMID: 30551873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death because of its distant metastasis and high recurrence rates. Deregulation of circular RNAs (circRNAs) can act either as tumor suppressors or oncogenes to control cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis. The role of circMTO1 in bladder cancer remain unknown. In this study, we investigated whether circMTO1 could use as a biomarker and therapeutic target for bladder cancer treatment. We first demonstrated that circMTO1 was an important circRNA frequently downregulated in bladder cancer tissue, and lower circMTO1 levels were positively correlated with bladder cancer patients' metastasis and poorer survival. Ectopic expression of circMTO1 in bladder cancer cells inhibited cell's epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. In addition, we also revealed that circMTO1 was able to sponge miR-221 and overexpression of circMTO1 negatively regulated the E-cadherin/N-cadherin pathway to inhibit bladder cancer cells' EMT by competing for miR-221. In conclusion, our findings provide comprehensive evidences that circMTO1 is a prognostic biomarker in bladder cancer and suggest that circMTO1 may function as a novel therapeutic target in human bladder cancer.
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Worst TS, Weis CA, Stöhr R, Bertz S, Eckstein M, Otto W, Breyer J, Hartmann A, Bolenz C, Wirtz RM, Erben P. CDKN2A as transcriptomic marker for muscle-invasive bladder cancer risk stratification and therapy decision-making. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14383. [PMID: 30258198 PMCID: PMC6158275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletions of the cell cycle control gene CDKN2A are described as progression markers of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and to be associated with fibroblast growth factor 3 (FGFR3) mutations. The prognostic role of CDKN2A RNA expression in muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is under discussion. In 80 MIBC patients (m/f 60/20) who underwent radical cystectomy the expression of CDKN2A and FGFR3 was examined with qRT-PCR (test cohort). The MDA cohort (n = 57) and the TCGA cohort (n = 365) served for validation. The expression of drug target genes and TCGA molecular subtypes was correlated with CDKN2A expression. In the test cohort CDKN2Ahigh patients (n = 8; 10.0%) had a significantly shorter recurrence-free (p = 0.018) and disease-specific (p = 0.006) survival compared to the rest of the cohort. A similar stratification was seen in the validation cohorts (CDKN2Ahigh: n = 7, 12.3%, p = 0.001; n = 46, 12.6%, p = 0.011). In the TCGA cohort these patients had a comparably low expression of drug target genes. The expression of CDKN2A significantly differed among TGCA molecular subtypes. 71.7% of CDKN2Ahigh were TCGA basal squamous tumours but also show divergent molecular features compared to this group. In summary CDKN2A RNA expression-based risk stratification of MIBC allows the identification of a CDKN2Ahigh poor prognosis group with low expression of drug target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Worst
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Cleo-Aron Weis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Robert Stöhr
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstraße 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Bertz
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstraße 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstraße 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Otto
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Landshuter Straße 65, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Breyer
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Landshuter Straße 65, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstraße 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Bolenz
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitzstraße 43, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ralph M Wirtz
- STRATIFYER Molecular Pathology GmbH, Werthmannstraße 1, 50935, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Pathology at the St Elisabeth Hospital Köln-Hohenlind, Werthmannstraße 1, 50935, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Erben
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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47
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Gills J, Moret R, Zhang X, Nelson J, Maresh G, Hellmers L, Canter D, Hudson M, Halat S, Matrana M, Marino MP, Reiser J, Shuh M, Laborde E, Latsis M, Talwar S, Bardot S, Li L. A patient-derived orthotopic xenograft model enabling human high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder tumor implantation, growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32718-32729. [PMID: 30220977 PMCID: PMC6135689 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder has a poor prognosis when lymph nodes are involved. Despite curative therapy for clinically-localized disease, over half of the muscle-invasive urothelial cell carcinoma patients will develop metastases and die within 5 years. There are currently no described xenograft models that consistently mimic urothelial cell carcinoma metastasis. To develop a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft model to mimic clinical urothelial cell carcinoma progression to metastatic disease, the urothelial cell carcinoma cell line UM-UC-3 and two urothelial cell carcinoma patient specimens were doubly tagged with Luciferase/RFP and were intra-vesically (IB) instilled into NOD/SCID mice with or without lymph node stromal cells (HK cells). Mice were monitored weekly with bioluminescence imaging to assess tumor growth and metastasis. Primary tumors and organs were harvested for bioluminescence imaging, weight, and formalin-fixed for hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry staining. In this patient-derived orthotopic xenograft model, xenograft tumors showed better implantation rates than currently reported using other models. Xenograft tumors histologically resembled pre-implanted primary specimens from patients, presenting muscle-invasive growth patterns. In the presence of HK cells, tumor formation, tumor angiogenesis, and distant organ metastasis were significantly enhanced in both UM-UC-3 cells and patient-derived specimens. Thus, we established a unique, reproducible patient-derived orthotopic xenograft model using human high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma cells and lymph node stromal cells. It allows for investigating the mechanism involved in tumor formation and metastasis, and therefore it is useful for future testing the optimal sequence of conventional drugs or the efficacy of novel therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Gills
- Department of Urology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ravan Moret
- Institution of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institution of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - John Nelson
- Department of Urology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Grace Maresh
- Institution of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Linh Hellmers
- Institution of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Daniel Canter
- Department of Urology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - M'Liss Hudson
- Department of Urology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Current address: Memorial Urology Associates, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shams Halat
- Department of Pathology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Marc Matrana
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Michael P Marino
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jakob Reiser
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Maureen Shuh
- Institution of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Eric Laborde
- Department of Urology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Maria Latsis
- Department of Urology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sunil Talwar
- Department of Urology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Stephen Bardot
- Department of Urology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Institution of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
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48
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Szarvas T, Nyirády P, Ogawa O, Furuya H, Rosser CJ, Kobayashi T. Urinary Protein Markers for the Detection and Prognostication of Urothelial Carcinoma. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1655:251-273. [PMID: 28889391 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7234-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer diagnosis and surveillance is mainly based on cystoscopy and urine cytology. However, both methods have significant limitations; urine cytology has a low sensitivity for low-grade tumors, while cystoscopy is uncomfortable for the patients. Therefore, in the last decade urine analysis was the subject of intensive research resulting in the identification of many potential biomarkers for the detection, surveillance, or prognostic stratification of bladder cancer. Current trends move toward the development of multiparametric models to improve the diagnostic accuracy compared with single molecular markers. Recent technical advances for high-throughput and more sensitive measurements have led to the development of multiplex assays showing potential for more efficient tools toward future clinical application. In this review, we focus on the findings of urinary protein research in the context of detection and prognostication of bladder cancer. Furthermore, we provide an up-to-date overview on the recommendations for the quality evaluation of published studies as well as for the conduction of future urinary biomarker studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Szarvas
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 78/b 1082, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Péter Nyirády
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 78/b 1082, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Furuya
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Rm 327, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Charles J Rosser
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Rm 327, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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49
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Zhang L, Feng C, Zhou Y, Zhou Q. Dysregulated genes targeted by microRNAs and metabolic pathways in bladder cancer revealed by bioinformatics methods. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9617-9624. [PMID: 29928337 PMCID: PMC6004713 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify bladder cancer-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) and target genes, and further analyze the potential molecular mechanisms involved in bladder cancer. The mRNA and miRNA expression profiling dataset GSE40355 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The Limma package in R was used to identify differential expression levels. The Human microRNA Disease Database was used to identify bladder cancer-associated miRNAs and Target prediction programs were used to screen for miRNA target genes. Enrichment analysis was performed to identify biological functions. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integration Discovery was used to perform OMIM_DISEASE analysis, and then protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis was performed to identify hubs with biological essentiality. ClusterONE plugins in cytoscape were used to screen modules and the InterPro database was used to perform protein domain enrichment analysis. A group of 573 disease dysregulated genes were identified in the present study. Enrichment analysis indicated that the muscle organ development and vascular smooth muscle contraction pathways were significantly enriched in terms of disease dysregulated genes. miRNAs targets (frizzled class receptor 8, EYA transcriptional coactivator and phosphatase 4, sacsin molecular chaperone, calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit β2, peptidase inhibitor 15 and catenin α2) were mostly associated with bladder cancer. PPI analysis revealed that calmodulin 1 (CALM1), Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit (JUN) and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1) were the important hub nodes. Additionally, protein domain enrichment analysis indicated that the serine/threonine protein kinase active site was enriched in module 1 extracted from the PPI network. Overall, the results suggested that the IGF signaling pathway and RAS/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase transduction signaling may exert vital molecular mechanisms in bladder cancer, and that CALM1, JUN and IGF1 may be used as novel potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No. 6 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, P.R. China
| | - Cuihua Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan No. 6 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, P.R. China
| | - Yamin Zhou
- Intensive Care Unit, Wuhan No. 6 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No. 6 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, P.R. China
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50
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Gai JW, Wahafu W, Song L, Ping H, Wang M, Yang F, Niu Y, Qing W, Xing N. Expression of CD74 in bladder cancer and its suppression in association with cancer proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis in HT-1376 cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7631-7638. [PMID: 29731899 PMCID: PMC5920967 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression and potential roles of CD74 in human urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) in vitro and in vivo. CD74 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were located and assayed in normal and UCB samples and cell lines using immunostaining. CD74 was knocked down using CD74 shRNA lentiviral particles in HT-1376 cells. The proliferative, invasive potential and microvessel density (MVD) of knockdown-CD74 HT-1376 cells were analyzed in vitro or in vivo. The expression of CD74 in an additional high grade UCB J82 cell line was also verified in vivo. All experiments were repeated at least 3 times. The majority of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) samples, and only one high grade UCB cell line, HT-1376, expressed CD74, compared with normal, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) samples and other cell lines. The levels of proliferation and invasion were decreased in the CD74 knockdown-HT-1376 cells, and western blotting assay indicated that the levels of proteins associated with proliferation, apoptosis and invasion in the cells were affected correspondingly by different treatments in vitro. The tumorigenesis and MVD assays indicated less proliferation and angiogenesis in the knockdown-HT-1376 cells compared with the scramble cells. Notably, J82 cells exhibiting no signal of CD74 in vitro presented the expression of CD74 in vivo. The present study revealed the potential roles of CD74 in the proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis of MIBC, and that it may serve as a potential therapeutic target for UCB, but additional studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Wei Gai
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300191, P.R. China
| | - Wasilijiang Wahafu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Liming Song
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Hao Ping
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Mingshuai Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Feiya Yang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Yinong Niu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qing
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, P.R. China
| | - Nianzeng Xing
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
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