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Immunization Status against Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella in a Large Population of Internationally Adopted Children Referred to Meyer Children's University Hospital from 2009 to 2018. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010051. [PMID: 32013010 PMCID: PMC7158658 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) is a challenge for healthcare systems. Different studies highlighted the suboptimal immunization of internationally adopted children (IAC). To evaluate the immunization status against measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), and varicella (V) in a large cohort of IAC, data at first screening visit of all IAC (<18 years) consecutively referred to Meyer Children's University Hospital (Florence, Italy) from 2009 to 2018 were collected and analyzed. In total, 1927 children (median age: 5.99 years, interquartile range: 3.33-8.21) were enrolled. More than half of IAC were unprotected against MMR-V. The reliability of the vaccination documentation of the country of origin was poor, since more than a quarter of the IAC serologically tested were not protected against MMR-V, despite the vaccination documentation attesting previous vaccination. This was significantly more pronounced in children aged 15-18 years and in those originating from Africa. High rate of discordant serological results/documentation brings up questions regarding the optimal management of IACs, and suggests a rapid, careful, and complete assessment of immunization status timely after IAC's arrival. Serological testing of IAC of all ages followed by vaccination of seronegative children should be provided.
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de Martino M, Galli L, Chiappini E. The internationally adopted child: overview of challenging issues. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:396-397. [PMID: 30152882 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio de Martino
- Department of Health Sciences, Meyer's Children's University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- Department of Health Sciences, Meyer's Children's University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Chiappini
- Department of Health Sciences, Meyer's Children's University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Venturini E, Piccini P, Tersigni C, Chiappini E, Galli L. Systematic review shows that immunising internationally adopted children is a major challenge for primary health care. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:411-418. [PMID: 30368909 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM This systematic review aimed to provide an overview of the immunisation of internationally adopted children and to discuss possible vaccination strategies. METHODS A literature search was performed covering papers published in English from 1988 to 15 June 2018 using the Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases. This identified 749 studies and 41 full texts were evaluated. RESULTS Overall, 19 studies conducted between 1988 and 2016 fulfilled our inclusion criteria. These covered 7663 children aged 1.1-5.7 years adopted from Asia, Eastern Europe, Africa and South and Central America. Tetanus protective antibody levels ranged from 35 to 95%, and similar data were reported for diphtheria. A higher percentage of adoptees had protective antibody levels for polio (50-93%) and measles (62-95%). More than a third (35%) did not have protective antibody titres for hepatitis B. Only one study investigated adoptees with protective antibodies against haemophilus influenza, and it reported that this was around 66%. CONCLUSION The appropriate immunisation of internationally adopted children is a major challenge for primary health care and a number of different approaches have been suggested, with no clear conclusions. Further studies on the cost-effectiveness of different approaches should be performed to optimise screening strategies and develop recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Venturini
- Department of Health Sciences University of Florence Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital Florence Italy
| | - Paola Piccini
- Department of Health Sciences University of Florence Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital Florence Italy
| | - Chiara Tersigni
- Department of Health Sciences University of Florence Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital Florence Italy
| | - Elena Chiappini
- Department of Health Sciences University of Florence Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital Florence Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- Department of Health Sciences University of Florence Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital Florence Italy
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Van Kesteren L, Wojciechowski M. International adoption from Ethiopia: An overview of the health status at arrival in Belgium. Acta Clin Belg 2017; 72:300-305. [PMID: 27892847 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2016.1258178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiopia is a densely populated country with a fast growing economy. Still socioeconomic and health issues render many children parentless. One thousand and twenty eight Ethiopian children have been adopted in Belgium from September 2005 to September 2015. Little has been published about their health status at arrival. METHODS Three hundred and fifteen children adopted from Ethiopia were clinically evaluated at the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp from 1 January 2008 until 31 December 2014. Epidemiological and medical data were collected and analysed retrospectively. RESULTS Data about 164 boys and 151 girls with a mean age of three years were analysed. Twenty per cent was adequately vaccinated, for 66.7% of children these data were absent. About 8.6% of the children were wasted/thin, 28.9% stunted. Skin abnormalities were seen in 40.3%, especially Tinea capitis. No children tested positive for HIV, syphilis or hepatitis C. Four children had an acute or chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection, eight children had a cured HBV infection. Two children tested positive for malaria. Active pulmonary tuberculosis was found in six children. Sixty-two per cent had one or more intestinal parasite. Giardia lamblia (41.9%) and Blastocystis hominis (27.0%) were most frequently isolated. There is a statistically relevant association between the number of intestinal parasites and age at presentation. In this group eosinophilia had a sensitivity of 30.2%, a specificity of 79.1% for intestinal parasites and a positive likelihood ratio of 1.44 with a negative likelihood ratio of 0.88. CONCLUSION Apart from the high prevalence of stunting and intestinal parasites important medical problems were infrequent. A systematic clinical examination and screening for infectious diseases remain important to ensure a healthy start of a new life in Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Van Kesteren
- Department of Paediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marek Wojciechowski
- Department of Paediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
- Department of Travel Medicine/Tropical and Import Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Williams GA, Bacci S, Shadwick R, Tillmann T, Rechel B, Noori T, Suk JE, Odone A, Ingleby JD, Mladovsky P, Mckee M. Measles among migrants in the European Union and the European Economic Area. Scand J Public Health 2015; 44:6-13. [PMID: 26563254 PMCID: PMC4741262 DOI: 10.1177/1403494815610182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Progress towards meeting the goal of measles elimination in the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA) by 2015 is being obstructed, as some children are either not immunized on time or never immunized. One group thought to be at increased risk of measles is migrants; however, the extent to which this is the case is poorly understood, due to a lack of data. This paper addresses this evidence gap by providing an overview of the burden of measles in migrant populations in the EU/EEA. Methods: Data were collected through a comprehensive literature review, a country survey of EU/EEA member states and information from measles experts gathered at an infectious disease workshop. Results: Our results showed incomplete data on measles in migrant populations, as national surveillance systems do not systematically record migration-specific information; however, evidence from the literature review and country survey suggested that some measles outbreaks in the EU/EEA were due to sub-optimal vaccination coverage in migrant populations. Conclusions: We conclude that it is essential that routine surveillance of measles cases and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination coverage become strengthened, to capture migrant-specific data. These data can help to inform the provision of preventive services, which may need to reach out to vulnerable migrant populations that currently face barriers in accessing routine immunization and health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma A Williams
- LSE Health, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), London, UK
| | - Sabrina Bacci
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Shadwick
- LSE Health, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), London, UK
| | - Taavi Tillmann
- ECOHOST, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Bernd Rechel
- European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Teymur Noori
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan E Suk
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Odone
- European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Philipa Mladovsky
- LSE Health, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), London, UK
| | - Martin Mckee
- European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Tuberculin skin test in bacille Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated children: how should we interpret the results? Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171:1625-32. [PMID: 22752530 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-012-1783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tuberculin skin test (TST) is the most useful method for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). There is no evidence about the effect of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine on the interpretation of TST results. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate TST results in a population of immigrants and adopted children, analyzing the effect of the vaccine on TST. METHODS Cross-sectional observational study including immigrants or adopted children evaluated in our unit between January 2003 and December 2008 was made. Children diagnosed with TB, live attenuated virus vaccinated 2 months earlier, HIV-infected, chronically ill, or under treatment with immunosuppressive agents were excluded. TST was considered the dependent variable. Independent variables were gender, age, geographical origin, BCG scar, nutritional status, immune status, and intestinal parasites infestation. RESULTS One thousand seventy-four children were included, 69.6 % are female; their origin includes China (34.7 %), Latin America (20.8 %), India/Nepal (19.4 %), Eastern Europe (15.7 %), and Africa (9.3 %). BCG scar was present in 79 % of children. Mantoux = 0 mm in 84.4 %, <10 mm in 4.1 %, and ≥10 mm in 11.4 %. Only two variables, age and BCG scar, influenced TST result. Risk of a TST false-positive due to BCG disappears 3 years after vaccine administration. CONCLUSIONS A history of BCG vaccination at birth does not interfere with TST results in children >3 years old. Under 3 years of age, BCG does interfere with and may cause a false-positive TST result. In these cases, the use of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) is recommended. If IGRAs are not available or when results are indeterminate, ignoring the antecedent of the vaccine is recommended.
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Stadler LP, Donauer S, Rice M, Trehan I, Salisbury S, Staat MA. Factors associated with protective antibody levels to vaccine preventable diseases in internationally adopted children. Vaccine 2010; 29:95-103. [PMID: 21036132 PMCID: PMC3022417 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To determine which factors are predictive of protective antibody against vaccine-preventable diseases in internationally adopted children, we evaluated 562 children with serologic testing for at least one vaccine antigen before receiving a US vaccination. Vaccination status was defined as the number-of-doses recorded and as the presence of an up-to-date and valid record according to the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices guidelines. The number-of-doses recorded was the best predictor of protective antibody. These findings suggest that other options for immunization verification guidelines for internationally adopted children should be considered by policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patricia Stadler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Kentucky Children’s Hospital, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Stephanie Donauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Marilyn Rice
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- International Adoption Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Indi Trehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Shelia Salisbury
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Mary Allen Staat
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- International Adoption Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Staat MA, Stadler LP, Donauer S, Trehan I, Rice M, Salisbury S. Serologic testing to verify the immune status of internationally adopted children against vaccine preventable diseases. Vaccine 2010; 28:7947-55. [PMID: 20937322 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Definitive immunization guidelines for internationally adopted children are lacking. We examined whether these children had serologic evidence of protection against vaccine-preventable diseases. For children with ≥3 vaccine doses, overall protection was high for diphtheria (85%), tetanus (95%), polio (93%), hepatitis B (77%), and Hib (67%). For children ≥12 months of age with ≥1 dose of measles, mumps, or rubella vaccines, 95%, 72%, and 94% were immune, respectively. Children without immunization documentation had lower immunity. Serologic testing was useful in verifying the immunization status in internationally adopted children with and without documentation of immunizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Allen Staat
- Department of Pediatrics, International Adoption Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 BurnetAvenue, ML 7036, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Spicer
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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Moreno-Pérez D, Andrés Martín A, Altet Gómez N, Baquero-Artigao F, Escribano Montaner A, Gómez-Pastrana Durán D, González Montero R, Mellado Peña MJ, Rodrigo-Gonzalo-de-Liria C, Ruiz Serrano MJ. [Diagnosis of tuberculosis in pediatrics. Consensus document of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectology (SEIP) and the Spanish Society of Pediatric Pneumology (SENP)]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2010; 73:143.e1-143.14. [PMID: 20335081 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the most important health problems worldwide. There are an increased number of cases, including children, due to different reasons in developed countries. The most likely determining cause is immigration coming from high endemic areas. Measures to optimize early and appropriate diagnosis of the different forms of tuberculosis in children are a real priority. Two Societies of the Spanish Pediatric Association (Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectology and Spanish Society of Pediatric Pneumology) have agreed this Consensus Document in order to homogenize diagnostic criteria in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Moreno-Pérez
- Hospital Materno-Infantil Carlos Haya, Universidad de Málaga, España.
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Measles risk groups in Spain: implications for the European measles-elimination target. Vaccine 2009; 27:3927-34. [PMID: 19376180 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The European Region has set itself the goal of eliminating measles by 2010. Incidence has increased in recent years. This study sought to investigate outbreaks in Spain in the period 2005-2007, in order to identify measles-vulnerable groups and compare Spain to other European countries which have also had measles outbreaks. The pattern observed for Spain proved different to that of other European countries, i.e., whereas young adults and infants aged under 15 months were affected in Spain, children aged under 9 years comprised the predominant group in other European countries. Measles cases in Spain reflect low coverage when vaccination began, a pattern that could be repeated in neighbouring countries. Vaccination efforts should thus be targeted at vulnerable groups, namely: young adults; health professionals; travelling communities; and adopted infants and foreigners from countries with important pockets of susceptibles.
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