1
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Tang Z, Lu Y, Dong JL, Wu W, Li J. The extracellular vesicles in HIV infection and progression: mechanisms, and theranostic implications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1376455. [PMID: 38655385 PMCID: PMC11035885 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1376455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), these minute yet mighty cellular messengers are redefining our understanding of a spectrum of diseases, from cancer to cardiovascular ailments, neurodegenerative disorders, and even infectious diseases like HIV. Central to cellular communication, EVs emerge as both potent facilitators and insightful biomarkers in immune response and the trajectory of disease progression. This review ventures deep into the realm of EVs in HIV-unraveling their pivotal roles in diagnosis, disease mechanism unravelling, and therapeutic innovation. With a focus on HIV, we will highlights the transformative potential of EVs in both diagnosing and treating this formidable virus. Unveiling the intricate dance between EVs and HIV, the review aims to shed light on novel therapeutic strategies that could significantly benefit HIV therapy, potentially even leading to the eradication of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tang
- AIDS Prevention and Control Center of Yichang Third People’s Hospital, Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Sanxia University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Yichang Changyang County People’s Hospital, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jiu-Long Dong
- AIDS Prevention and Control Center of Yichang Third People’s Hospital, Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Sanxia University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Wu
- AIDS Prevention and Control Center of Yichang Third People’s Hospital, Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Sanxia University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Li
- AIDS Prevention and Control Center of Yichang Third People’s Hospital, Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Sanxia University, Yichang, Hubei, China
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2
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Sadeghi M, Mohammadi M, Tavakol Afshari J, Iranparast S, Ansari B, Dehnavi S. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for allergic airway inflammation. Cell Immunol 2024; 397-398:104813. [PMID: 38364454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Due to their immunomodulatory capacities, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively used as therapeutic approaches in cell-based therapy for various inflammatory diseases. Several lines of studies have shown that the most beneficial effects of MSCs are associated with MSC-derived exosomes. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that contain important biomolecules such as RNA, microRNAs (miRNAs), DNA, growth factors, enzymes, chemokines, and cytokines that regulate immune cell functions and parenchymal cell survival. Recently, exosomes, especially MSC-derived exosomes, have been shown to have protective effects in allergic airway inflammation. This review focused on the immune-regulatory potential of MSC-derived exosomes as nanoscale delivery systems in the treatment of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahvash Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jalil Tavakol Afshari
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Iranparast
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Ansari
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sajad Dehnavi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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3
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Federico M. The Limitations of Current T Cell-Driven Anticancer Immunotherapies Can Be Overcome with an Original Extracellular-Vesicle-Based Vaccine Strategy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1847. [PMID: 38140250 PMCID: PMC10747787 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of tumors associated with defects in immune surveillance often involve the impairment of key functions of T lymphocytes. Therefore, several anticancer immunotherapies have focused on the induction/strengthening of the tumor-specific activity of T cells. In particular, strategies based on immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cells, and mRNA vaccines share a common goal of inducing/recovering an effective antitumor cytotoxic activity, often resulting in either exhausted or absent in patients' lymphocytes. In many instances, these approaches have been met with success, becoming part of current clinic protocols. However, the most practiced strategies sometimes also pay significant tolls in terms of adverse events, a lack of target specificity, tumor escape, and unsustainable costs. Hence, new antitumor immunotherapies facing at least some of these issues need to be explored. In this perspective article, the characteristics of a novel CD8+ T cell-specific anticancer vaccine strategy based on in vivo-engineered extracellular vesicles are described. How this approach can be exploited to overcome at least some of the limitations of current antitumor immunotherapies is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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4
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Habib A, Liang Y, Zhu N. Exosomes multifunctional roles in HIV-1: insight into the immune regulation, vaccine development and current progress in delivery system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1249133. [PMID: 37965312 PMCID: PMC10642161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1249133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) is known to establish a persistent latent infection. The use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can effectively reduce the viral load, but the treatment can be costly and may lead to the development of drug resistance and life-shortening side effects. It is important to develop an ideal and safer in vivo target therapy that will effectively block viral replication and expression in the body. Exosomes have recently emerged as a promising drug delivery vehicle due to their low immunogenicity, nanoscale size (30-150nm), high biocompatibility, and stability in the targeted area. Exosomes, which are genetically produced by different types of cells such as dendritic cells, neurons, T and B cells, epithelial cells, tumor cells, and mast cells, are designed for efficient delivery to targeted cells. In this article, we review and highlight recent developments in the strategy and application of exosome-based HIV-1 vaccines. We also discuss the use of exosome-based antigen delivery systems in vaccine development. HIV-1 antigen can be loaded into exosomes, and this modified cargo can be delivered to target cells or tissues through different loading approaches. This review also discusses the immunological prospects of exosomes and their role as biomarkers in disease progression. However, there are significant administrative and technological obstacles that need to be overcome to fully harness the potential of exosome drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Habib
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulai Liang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Naishuo Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Manfredi F, Chiozzini C, Ferrantelli F, Leone P, Pugliese K, Spada M, Di Virgilio A, Giovannelli A, Valeri M, Cara A, Michelini Z, Andreotti M, Federico M. Antiviral effect of SARS-CoV-2 N-specific CD8 + T cells induced in lungs by engineered extracellular vesicles. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:83. [PMID: 37268624 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of effective immunity in the lungs should be a requisite for any vaccine designed to control the severe pathogenic effects generated by respiratory infectious agents. We recently provided evidence that the generation of endogenous extracellular vesicles (EVs) engineered for the incorporation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 Nucleocapsid (N) protein induced immunity in the lungs of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice, which then can survive the lethal virus infection. However, nothing is known about the ability of the N-specific CD8+ T cell immunity in controlling viral replication in the lungs, a major pathogenic signature of severe disease in humans. To fill the gap, we investigated the immunity generated in the lungs by N-engineered EVs in terms of induction of N-specific effectors and resident memory CD8+ T lymphocytes before and after virus challenge carried out three weeks and three months after boosting. At the same time points, viral replication extents in the lungs were evaluated. Three weeks after the second immunization, virus replication was reduced in mice best responding to vaccination by more than 3-logs compared to the control group. The impaired viral replication matched with a reduced induction of Spike-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes. The antiviral effect appeared similarly strong when the viral challenge was carried out 3 months after boosting, and associated with the persistence of N-specific CD8+ T-resident memory lymphocytes. In view of the quite low mutation rate of the N protein, the present vaccine strategy has the potential to control the replication of all emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Manfredi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiozzini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Ferrantelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Katherina Pugliese
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Spada
- National Center for Animal Experimentation and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Virgilio
- National Center for Animal Experimentation and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giovannelli
- National Center for Animal Experimentation and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Valeri
- National Center for Animal Experimentation and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cara
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Zuleika Michelini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Andreotti
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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6
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Zhang C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Lu J, Xiong S, Yue Y. Exosome-based delivery of VP1 protein conferred enhanced resistance of mice to CVB3-induced viral myocarditis. Virology 2023; 579:46-53. [PMID: 36603532 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is an important cause of viral myocarditis with no vaccine available in clinic. Herein we constructed an exosome-based anti-CVB3 vaccine (Exo-VP1), and compared its immunogenicity and immunoprotection with our previously reported recombinant VP1 protein (rVP1) vaccine. We found that compared with the 25 μg rVP1 vaccine, Exo-VP1 vaccine containing only 2 μg VP1 protein induced much stronger CVB3-specific T cell proliferation and CTL responses (with an increase of more than 70% and 40% respectively), and elicited greater splenic Th1/CTL associated cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-12). Furthermore, higher IgG levels with increased neutralizing titers and avidity were also evidenced in Exo-VP1 group. Consistently, Exo-VP1 group exhibited enhanced resistance to viral myocarditis than rVP1 vaccine, reflected by reduced cardiac viral loads, improved myocardial inflammation and an increased survival rate. Collectively, we reported that Exo-VP1 might present a more potent CVB3 vaccine candidate than rVP1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yan Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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7
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Chen X, Li H, Song H, Wang J, Zhang X, Han P, Wang X. Meet changes with constancy: Defence, antagonism, recovery, and immunity roles of extracellular vesicles in confronting SARS-CoV-2. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12288. [PMID: 36450704 PMCID: PMC9712136 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has wrought havoc on the world economy and people's daily lives. The inability to comprehensively control COVID-19 is due to the difficulty of early and timely diagnosis, the lack of effective therapeutic drugs, and the limited effectiveness of vaccines. The body contains billions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which have shown remarkable potential in disease diagnosis, drug development, and vaccine carriers. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that EVs may participate or assist the body in defence, antagonism, recovery and acquired immunity against SARS-CoV-2. On the one hand, intercepting and decrypting the general intelligence carried in circulating EVs from COVID-19 patients will provide an important hint for diagnosis and treatment; on the other hand, engineered EVs modified by gene editing in the laboratory will amplify the effectiveness of inhibiting infection, replication and destruction of ever-mutating SARS-CoV-2, facilitating tissue repair and making a better vaccine. To comprehensively understand the interaction between EVs and SARS-CoV-2, providing new insights to overcome some difficulties in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of COVID-19, we conducted a rounded review in this area. We also explain numerous critical challenges that these tactics face before they enter the clinic, and this work will provide previous 'meet change with constancy' lessons for responding to future similar public health disasters. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide a 'meet changes with constancy' strategy to combat SARS-CoV-2 that spans defence, antagonism, recovery, and acquired immunity. Targets for COVID-19 diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of progression may be found by capture of the message decoding in circulating EVs. Engineered and biomimetic EVs can boost effects of the natural EVs, especially anti-SARS-CoV-2, targeted repair of damaged tissue, and improvement of vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Chen
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of StomatologyTaiyuanChina
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New MaterialsTaiyuanChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Huifei Li
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of StomatologyTaiyuanChina
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New MaterialsTaiyuanChina
| | - Haoyue Song
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of StomatologyTaiyuanChina
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New MaterialsTaiyuanChina
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of StomatologyTaiyuanChina
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New MaterialsTaiyuanChina
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of StomatologyTaiyuanChina
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New MaterialsTaiyuanChina
| | - Pengcheng Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- School of MedicineZhongda Hospital, Southeast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xing Wang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of StomatologyTaiyuanChina
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New MaterialsTaiyuanChina
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8
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Dyball LE, Smales CM. Exosomes: Biogenesis, targeting, characterisation and their potential as 'Plug & Play' vaccine platforms. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100646. [PMID: 35899790 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are typically characterized as spherical extracellular vesicles less than 150 nm in diameter that have been released into the extracellular environment via fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) to the plasma membrane. Exosomes play a key role in cell-cell communication, vary widely in their composition and potential cargo, and are reportedly involved in processes as diverse as angiogenesis, apoptosis, antigen presentation, inflammation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, cell proliferation, and differentiation, and cell-signaling. Exosomes can also act as biomarkers of health and disease and have enormous potential use as therapeutic agents. Despite this, the understanding of how exosome biogenesis can be utilized to generate exosomes carrying specific targets for particular therapeutic uses, their manufacture, detailed analytical characterization, and methods of application are yet to be fully harnessed. In this review, we describe the current understanding of these areas of exosome biology from a biotechnology and bioprocessing aspect, but also highlight the challenges that remain to be overcome to fully harness the power of exosomes as therapeutic agents, with a particular focus on their use and application as vaccine platforms. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Dyball
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - C Mark Smales
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK.,National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co, Dublin, A94×099, Ireland
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9
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Multifunctional role of exosomes in viral diseases: From transmission to diagnosis and therapy. Cell Signal 2022; 94:110325. [PMID: 35367363 PMCID: PMC8968181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to discover antiviral drugs and diagnostic platforms have intensified to an unprecedented level since the outbreak of COVID-19. Nano-sized endosomal vesicles called exosomes have gained considerable attention from researchers due to their role in intracellular communication to regulate the biological activity of target cells through cargo proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. According to recent studies, exosomes play a vital role in viral diseases including covid-19, with their interaction with the host immune system opening the door to effective antiviral treatments. Utilizing the intrinsic nature of exosomes, it is imperative to elucidate how exosomes exert their effect on the immune system or boost viral infectivity. Exosome biogenesis machinery is hijacked by viruses to initiate replication, spread infection, and evade the immune response. Exosomes, however, also participate in protective mechanisms by triggering the innate immune system. Besides that, exosomes released from the cells can carry a robust amount of information about the diseased state, serving as a potential biomarker for detecting viral diseases. This review describes how exosomes increase virus infectivity, act as immunomodulators, and function as a potential drug delivery carrier and diagnostic biomarker for diseases caused by HIV, Hepatitis, Ebola, and Epstein-Barr viruses. Furthermore, the review analyzes various applications of exosomes within the context of COVID-19, including its management.
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10
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Hu X, Zhou W, Pi R, Zhao X, Wang W. Genetically modified cancer vaccines: Current status and future prospects. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1492-1517. [PMID: 35235212 DOI: 10.1002/med.21882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines can stimulate the immune system to protect individuals from infectious diseases. Moreover, vaccines have also been applied to the prevention and treatment of cancers. Due to advances in genetic engineering technology, cancer vaccines could be genetically modified to increase antitumor efficacy. Various genes could be inserted into cells to boost the immune response, such as cytokines, T cell costimulatory molecules, tumor-associated antigens, and tumor-specific antigens. Genetically modified cancer vaccines utilize innate and adaptive immune responses to induce durable antineoplastic capacity and prevent the recurrence. This review will discuss the major approaches used to develop genetically modified cancer vaccines and explore recent advances to increase the understanding of engineered cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Weilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ruyu Pi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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11
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Rahiman N, Mohammadi M, Alavizadeh SH, Arabi L, Badiee A, Jaafari MR. Recent advancements in nanoparticle-mediated approaches for restoration of multiple sclerosis. J Control Release 2022; 343:620-644. [PMID: 35176392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with complicated immunopathology which necessitates considering multifactorial aspects for its management. Nano-sized pharmaceutical carriers named nanoparticles (NPs) can support impressive management of disease not only in early detection and prognosis level but also in a therapeutic manner. The most prominent initiator of MS is the domination of cellular immunity to humoral immunity and increment of inflammatory cytokines. The administration of several platforms of NPs for MS management holds great promise so far. The efforts for MS management through in vitro and in vivo (experimental animal models) evaluations, pave a new way to a highly efficient therapeutic means and aiding its translation to the clinic in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Rahiman
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mohammadi
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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12
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Strong SARS-CoV-2 N-Specific CD8+ T Immunity Induced by Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Associates with Protection from Lethal Infection in Mice. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020329. [PMID: 35215922 PMCID: PMC8879411 DOI: 10.3390/v14020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell immunity is expected to counteract viral variants in both efficient and durable ways. We recently described a way to induce a potent SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T immune response through the generation of engineered extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerging from muscle cells. This method relies on intramuscular injection of DNA vectors expressing different SARS-CoV-2 antigens fused at their N-terminus with the Nefmut protein, i.e., a very efficient EV-anchoring protein. However, quality, tissue distribution, and efficacy of these SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells remained uninvestigated. To fill the gaps, antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes induced by the immunization through the Nefmut-based method were characterized in terms of their polyfunctionality and localization at lung airways, i.e., the primary targets of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that injection of vectors expressing Nefmut/S1 and Nefmut/N generated polyfunctional CD8+ T lymphocytes in both spleens and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs). When immunized mice were infected with 4.4 lethal doses of 50% of SARS-CoV-2, all S1-immunized mice succumbed, whereas those developing the highest percentages of N-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes resisted the lethal challenge. We also provide evidence that the N-specific immunization coupled with the development of antigen-specific CD8+ T-resident memory cells in lungs, supporting the idea that the Nefmut-based immunization can confer a long-lasting, lung-specific immune memory. In view of the limitations of current anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in terms of antibody waning and efficiency against variants, our CD8+ T cell-based platform could be considered for a new combination prophylactic strategy.
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13
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Navarrete-Muñoz MA, Llorens C, Benito JM, Rallón N. Extracellular Vesicles as a New Promising Therapy in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:811471. [PMID: 35058938 PMCID: PMC8765339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.811471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) effectively blocks HIV replication but cannot completely eliminate HIV from the body mainly due to establishment of a viral reservoir. To date, clinical strategies designed to replace cART for life and alternatively to eliminate the HIV reservoir have failed. The reduced expression of viral antigens in the latently infected cells is one of the main reasons behind the failure of the strategies to purge the HIV reservoir. This situation has forced the scientific community to search alternative therapeutic strategies to control HIV infection. In this regard, recent findings have pointed out extracellular vesicles as therapeutic agents with enormous potential to control HIV infection. This review focuses on their role as pro-viral and anti-viral factors, as well as their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Navarrete-Muñoz
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain.,Biotechvana, Madrid Scientific Park Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Llorens
- Biotechvana, Madrid Scientific Park Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Benito
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Norma Rallón
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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14
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Ferrantelli F, Tirelli V, Barreca V, Manfredi F. Generation, Characterization, and Count of Fluorescent Extracellular Vesicles. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2504:207-217. [PMID: 35467289 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2341-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous particles released by all cells in the external milieu. Depending on their origin, they are given different names: exosomes are nanovesicles that originate from the endosomal compartment, whereas microvesicles bud from plasma membrane. Both contain molecules that are crucial for the onset and spreading of different pathologies, from neurodegenerative diseases to cancer, and are considered promising disease markers. On the other hand, EVs are often used as therapeutic tools, and can be engineered to carry drugs and chemicals. This chapter describes a method to produce EVs, mainly exosomes, containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) linked to an exosome anchoring protein (Nefmut). This enables counting and tracing of fluorescent EVs by different methods, including conventional flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Ferrantelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Barreca
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Manfredi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Chiozzini C, Ridolfi B, Federico M. Extracellular Vesicles and Their Use as Vehicles of Immunogens. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2504:177-198. [PMID: 35467287 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2341-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Healthy cells constitutively release lipid bilayered vesicles of different sizes and recognizing different biogenesis, collectively referred to as extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs can be distinguished in exosomes and microvesicles. Biological and biomedical research on EVs is an emerging field that is rapidly growing. Many EV features including biogenesis, cell uptake, and functions still require unambiguous elucidation. Nevertheless, it has been well established that EVs are involved in communication among cells, tissues, and organs under both healthy and disease conditions by virtue of their ability to deliver macromolecules to target cells. Here, we summarize most recent findings regarding biogenesis, structure, and functions of both exosomes and microvesicles. In addition, the use of EVs as delivery tools to induce CD8+ T cell immunity is addressed compared to current designs exploiting enveloped viral vectors and virus-like particles. Finally, we describe a both safe and original approach conceived for the induction of strong CTL immunity against antigens uploaded in EVs constitutively released by muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Chiozzini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara Ridolfi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
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16
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Virus-Induced CD8 + T-Cell Immunity and Its Exploitation to Contain the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080922. [PMID: 34452047 PMCID: PMC8402519 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current battle against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-Coronavirus-2 benefits from the worldwide distribution of different vaccine formulations. All anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in use are conceived to induce anti-Spike neutralizing antibodies. However, this strategy still has unresolved issues, the most relevant of which are: (i) the resistance to neutralizing antibodies of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and (ii) the waning of neutralizing antibodies. On the other hand, both pre-clinical evidence and clinical evidence support the idea that the immunity sustained by antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes can complement and also surrogate the antiviral humoral immunity. As a distinctive feature, anti-SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T-driven immunity maintains its efficacy even in the presence of viral protein mutations. In addition, on the basis of data obtained in survivors of the SARS-CoV epidemic, this immunity is expected to last for several years. In this review, both the mechanisms and role of CD8+ T-cell immunity in viral infections, particularly those induced by SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, are analyzed. Moreover, a CD8+ T-cell-based vaccine platform relying on in vivo engineered extracellular vesicles is described. When applied to SARS-CoV-2, this strategy was proven to induce a strong immunogenicity, holding great promise for its translation into the clinic.
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17
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Heidarzadeh M, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y, Kaya M, Eslami Abriz A, Zarebkohan A, Rahbarghazi R, Sokullu E. Exosomal delivery of therapeutic modulators through the blood-brain barrier; promise and pitfalls. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:142. [PMID: 34294165 PMCID: PMC8296716 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, a large population around the world, especially the elderly, suffers from neurological inflammatory and degenerative disorders/diseases. Current drug delivery strategies are facing different challenges because of the presence of the BBB, which limits the transport of various substances and cells to brain parenchyma. Additionally, the low rate of successful cell transplantation to the brain injury sites leads to efforts to find alternative therapies. Stem cell byproducts such as exosomes are touted as natural nano-drug carriers with 50-100 nm in diameter. These nano-sized particles could harbor and transfer a plethora of therapeutic agents and biological cargos to the brain. These nanoparticles would offer a solution to maintain paracrine cell-to-cell communications under healthy and inflammatory conditions. The main question is that the existence of the intact BBB could limit exosomal trafficking. Does BBB possess some molecular mechanisms that facilitate the exosomal delivery compared to the circulating cell? Although preliminary studies have shown that exosomes could cross the BBB, the exact molecular mechanism(s) beyond this phenomenon remains unclear. In this review, we tried to compile some facts about exosome delivery through the BBB and propose some mechanisms that regulate exosomal cross in pathological and physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Heidarzadeh
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gürsoy-Özdemir
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Neurology Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kaya
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Physiology Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysan Eslami Abriz
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Emel Sokullu
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Biophysics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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18
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Yarandi SS, Duggan MR, Sariyer IK. Emerging Role of Nef in the Development of HIV Associated Neurological Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:238-250. [PMID: 33123948 PMCID: PMC8081738 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite adherence to treatment, individuals living with HIV have an increased risk for developing cognitive impairments, referred to as HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND). Due to continued growth in the HIV population, particularly amongst the aging cohort, the neurobiological mechanisms of HAND are increasingly relevant. Similar to other viral proteins (e.g. Tat, Gp120, Vpr), the Negative Factor (Nef) is associated with numerous adverse effects in the CNS as well as cognitive impairments. In particular, emerging data indicate the consequences of Nef may be facilitated by the modulation of cellular autophagy as well as its inclusion into extracellular vesicles (EVs). The present review examines evidence for the molecular mechanisms by which Nef might contribute to neuronal dysfunction underlying HAND, with a specific focus on autophagy and EVs. Based on the these data, we propose an integrated model by which Nef may contribute to underlying neuronal dysfunction in HAND and highlight potentially novel therapeutic targets for HAND. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadan S Yarandi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building Room 753, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Michael R Duggan
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building Room 753, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building Room 753, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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19
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Long-Term Antitumor CD8 + T Cell Immunity Induced by Endogenously Engineered Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092263. [PMID: 34066801 PMCID: PMC8125873 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The induction of an effective immune response against tumor cells is of a great benefit in the battle against cancers. We recently characterized a novel, safe, and cost-effective strategy to induce an efficient CD8+ T cell immune response against potentially whatever antigen. This technique is based on in vivo engineering of exosomes/extracellular vesicles (EVs), i.e., nanovesicles constitutively released by all healthy cells. Immunogenic EVs are generated by intramuscular injection of a DNA vector expressing an EV-anchoring protein fused with the antigen of interest. In this paper, we applied our vaccine platform to counteract the growth of tumors expressing antigens of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). We demonstrated that this method is instrumental in curing mice already developing HPV-related tumors. In addition, cured mice were shown to resist a second tumor cell implantation. These results could be of relevance for a possible translation into the clinic of our technology. Abstract We developed an innovative method to induce antigen-specific CD8+ T cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) immunity based on in vivo engineering of extracellular vesicles (EVs). This approach employs a DNA vector expressing a mutated HIV-1 Nef protein (Nefmut) deprived of the anti-cellular effects typical of the wild-type isoform, meanwhile showing an unusual efficiency of incorporation into EVs. This function persists even when foreign antigens are fused to its C-terminus. In this way, Nefmut traffics large amounts of antigens fused to it into EVs spontaneously released by the recipient cells. We previously provided evidence that mice injected with a DNA vector expressing the Nefmut/HPV16-E7 fusion protein developed an E7-specific CTL immune response as detected 2 weeks after the second immunization. Here, we extended and optimized the anti-HPV16 CD8+ T cell immune response induced by the endogenously engineered EVs, and evaluated the therapeutic antitumor efficacy over time. We found that the co-injection of DNA vectors expressing Nefmut fused with E6 and E7 generated a stronger anti-HPV16 immune response compared to that observed in mice injected with the single vectors. When HPV16-E6 and -E7 co-expressing tumor cells were implanted before immunization, all mice survived at day 44, whereas no mice injected with either void or Nefmut-expressing vectors survived until day 32 after tumor implantation. A substantial part of immunized mice (7 out of 12) cleared the tumor. When the cured mice were re-challenged with a second tumor cell implantation, none of them developed tumors. Both E6- and E7-specific CD8+ T immunities were still detectable at the end of the observation time. We concluded that the immunity elicited by engineered EVs, besides counteracting and curing already developed tumors, was strong enough to guarantee the resistance to additional tumor attacks. These results can be of relevance for the therapy of both metastatic and relapsing tumors.
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20
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Busatto S, Iannotta D, Walker SA, Di Marzio L, Wolfram J. A Simple and Quick Method for Loading Proteins in Extracellular Vesicles. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:356. [PMID: 33924377 PMCID: PMC8069621 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular transport of biomolecular cargo in the body, making them promising delivery vehicles for bioactive compounds. Genetic engineering of producer cells has enabled encapsulation of therapeutic proteins in EVs. However, genetic engineering approaches can be expensive, time-consuming, and incompatible with certain EV sources, such as human plasma and bovine milk. The goal of this study was to develop a quick, versatile, and simple method for loading proteins in EVs post-isolation. Proteins, including CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9), were bound to cationic lipids that were further complexed with MDA-MB-231 cell-derived EVs through passive incubation. Size-exclusion chromatography was used to remove components that were not complexed with EVs. The ability of EVs to mediate intracellular delivery of proteins was compared to conventional methods, such as electroporation and commercial protein transfection reagents. The results indicate that EVs retain native features following protein-loading and obtain similar levels of intracellular protein delivery as conventional methods, but display less toxicity. This method opens up opportunities for rapid exploration of EVs for protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Busatto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (D.I.); (S.A.W.)
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dalila Iannotta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (D.I.); (S.A.W.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti—Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Sierra A. Walker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (D.I.); (S.A.W.)
| | - Luisa Di Marzio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti—Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (D.I.); (S.A.W.)
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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21
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Chiozzini C, Manfredi F, Ferrantelli F, Leone P, Giovannelli A, Olivetta E, Federico M. The C-Terminal Domain of Nef mut Is Dispensable for the CD8 + T Cell Immunogenicity of In Vivo Engineered Extracellular Vesicles. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040373. [PMID: 33921215 PMCID: PMC8068889 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular injection of DNA vectors expressing the extracellular vesicle (EV)-anchoring protein Nefmut fused at its C-terminus to viral and tumor antigens elicit a potent, effective, and anti-tolerogenic CD8+ T cell immunity against the heterologous antigen. The immune response is induced through the production of EVs incorporating Nefmut-derivatives released by muscle cells. In the perspective of a possible translation into the clinic of the Nefmut-based vaccine platform, we aimed at increasing its safety profile by identifying the minimal part of Nefmut retaining the EV-anchoring protein property. We found that a C-terminal deletion of 29-amino acids did not affect the ability of Nefmut to associate with EVs. The EV-anchoring function was also preserved when antigens from both HPV16 (i.e., E6 and E7) and SARS-CoV-2 (i.e., S1 and S2) were fused to its C-terminus. Most important, the Nefmut C-terminal deletion did not affect levels, quality, and diffusion at distal sites of the antigen-specific CD8+ T immunity. We concluded that the C-terminal Nefmut truncation does not influence stability, EV-anchoring, and CD8+ T cell immunogenicity of the fused antigen. Hence, the C-terminal deleted Nefmut may represent a safer alternative to the full-length isoform for vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Chiozzini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (F.M.); (F.F.); (P.L.); (E.O.)
| | - Francesco Manfredi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (F.M.); (F.F.); (P.L.); (E.O.)
| | - Flavia Ferrantelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (F.M.); (F.F.); (P.L.); (E.O.)
| | - Patrizia Leone
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (F.M.); (F.F.); (P.L.); (E.O.)
| | - Andrea Giovannelli
- National Center for Animal Experimentation and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Olivetta
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (F.M.); (F.F.); (P.L.); (E.O.)
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (F.M.); (F.F.); (P.L.); (E.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4990-6016; Fax: +39-06-49903210
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22
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Ferrantelli F, Chiozzini C, Manfredi F, Giovannelli A, Leone P, Federico M. Simultaneous CD8 + T-Cell Immune Response against SARS-Cov-2 S, M, and N Induced by Endogenously Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Both Spleen and Lungs. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:240. [PMID: 33801926 PMCID: PMC7999804 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most advanced vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 are designed to induce antibodies against spike (S) protein. Differently, we developed an original strategy to induce CD8+ T cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) immunity based on in vivo engineering of extracellular vesicles (EVs). This is a new vaccination approach based on intramuscular injection of DNA expression vectors coding for a biologically inactive HIV-1 Nef protein (Nefmut) with an unusually high efficiency of incorporation into EVs, even when foreign polypeptides are fused to its C-terminus. Nanovesicles containing Nefmut-fused antigens released by muscle cells can freely circulate into the body and are internalized by antigen-presenting cells. Therefore, EV-associated antigens can be cross-presented to prime antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells. To apply this technology to a strategy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, we designed DNA vectors expressing the products of fusion between Nefmut and different viral antigens, namely N- and C-terminal moieties of S (referred to as S1 and S2), M, and N. We provided evidence that all fusion products are efficiently uploaded in EVs. When the respective DNA vectors were injected in mice, a strong antigen-specific CD8+ T cell immunity became detectable in spleens and, most important, in lung airways. Co-injection of DNA vectors expressing the diverse SARS-CoV-2 antigens resulted in additive immune responses in both spleen and lungs. Hence, DNA vectors expressing Nefmut-based fusion proteins can be proposed for new anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Ferrantelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Chiara Chiozzini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Francesco Manfredi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Andrea Giovannelli
- National Center for Animal Experimentation and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Leone
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (P.L.)
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23
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Rezaie J, Aslan C, Ahmadi M, Zolbanin NM, Kashanchi F, Jafari R. The versatile role of exosomes in human retroviral infections: from immunopathogenesis to clinical application. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:19. [PMID: 33451365 PMCID: PMC7810184 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediating intercellular communication. These vesicles encompass many bio-molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that are transported between cells and regulate pathophysiological actions in the recipient cell. Exosomes originate from multivesicular bodies inside cells and microvesicles shed from the plasma membrane and participate in various pathological conditions. Retroviruses such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus -type 1 (HIV-1) and Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 engage exosomes for spreading and infection. Exosomes from virus-infected cells transfer viral components such as miRNAs and proteins that promote infection and inflammation. Additionally, these exosomes deliver virus receptors to target cells that make them susceptible to virus entry. HIV-1 infected cells release exosomes that contribute to the pathogenesis including neurological disorders and malignancy. Exosomes can also potentially carry out as a modern approach for the development of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 vaccines. Furthermore, as exosomes are present in most biological fluids, they hold the supreme capacity for clinical usage in the early diagnosis and prognosis of viral infection and associated diseases. Our current knowledge of exosomes' role from virus-infected cells may provide an avenue for efficient retroviruses associated with disease prevention. However, the exact mechanism involved in retroviruses infection/ inflammation remains elusive and related exosomes research will shed light on the mechanisms of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran
| | - Cynthia Aslan
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ahmadi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naime Majidi Zolbanin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd., Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
| | - Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran.
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24
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Honorato L, Bonilla JJA, Piffer AC, Nimrichter L. Fungal Extracellular Vesicles as a Potential Strategy for Vaccine Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 432:121-138. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83391-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Wu P, Zhang B, Ocansey DKW, Xu W, Qian H. Extracellular vesicles: A bright star of nanomedicine. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120467. [PMID: 33189359 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have unique structural, compositional, and morphological characteristics as well as predominant physiochemical stability and biocompatibility properties. They play a crucial role in pathophysiological regulation, and also have broad prospects for clinical application in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of disease, and tissue regeneration and repair. Herein, the biosynthesis and physiological functions and current methods for separation and identification of EVs are summarized. Specifically, engineered EVs may be used to enhance targeted therapy in cancer and repair damaged tissues, and they may be developed as an individualized imaging diagnostic reagent, among other potential applications. We will focus on reviewing recent studies on engineered EVs in which alterations enhanced their therapeutic capability or diagnostic imaging potential via physical, chemical, and biological modification approaches. This review will clarify the superior biological functions and powerful therapeutic potential of EVs, particularly with regard to new designs based on EVs and their utilization in a new generation of nanomedicine diagnosis and treatment platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wu
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China; Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Road, Suzhou, 215600, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Hui Qian
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China; Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Road, Suzhou, 215600, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Fiani ML, Barreca V, Sargiacomo M, Ferrantelli F, Manfredi F, Federico M. Exploiting Manipulated Small Extracellular Vesicles to Subvert Immunosuppression at the Tumor Microenvironment through Mannose Receptor/CD206 Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176318. [PMID: 32878276 PMCID: PMC7503580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression at tumor microenvironment (TME) is one of the major obstacles to be overcome for an effective therapeutic intervention against solid tumors. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) comprise a sub-population that plays multiple pro-tumoral roles in tumor development including general immunosuppression, which can be identified in terms of high expression of mannose receptor (MR or CD206). Immunosuppressive TAMs, like other macrophage sub-populations, display functional plasticity that allows them to be re-programmed to inflammatory macrophages. In order to mitigate immunosuppression at the TME, several efforts are ongoing to effectively re-educate pro-tumoral TAMs. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by both normal and tumor cells types, are emerging as key mediators of the cell to cell communication and have been shown to have a role in the modulation of immune responses in the TME. Recent studies demonstrated the enrichment of high mannose glycans on the surface of small EVs (sEVs), a subtype of EVs of endosomal origin of 30–150 nm in diameter. This characteristic renders sEVs an ideal tool for the delivery of therapeutic molecules into MR/CD206-expressing TAMs. In this review, we report the most recent literature data highlighting the critical role of TAMs in tumor development, as well as the experimental evidences that has emerged from the biochemical characterization of sEV membranes. In addition, we propose an original way to target immunosuppressive TAMs at the TME by endogenously engineered sEVs for a new therapeutic approach against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Fiani
- Correspondence: (M.L.F.); (M.F.); Tel.: +39-06-4990-2518 (M.L.F.); +39-06-4990-6016 (M.F.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maurizio Federico
- Correspondence: (M.L.F.); (M.F.); Tel.: +39-06-4990-2518 (M.L.F.); +39-06-4990-6016 (M.F.)
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Donoso-Quezada J, Ayala-Mar S, González-Valdez J. State-of-the-art exosome loading and functionalization techniques for enhanced therapeutics: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:804-820. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1785385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Ayala-Mar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Monterrey, Mexico
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Engineered Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes as a New Tool against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060529. [PMID: 32526949 PMCID: PMC7357062 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are commonly generated by intracellular accumulation of misfolded/aggregated mutated proteins. These abnormal protein aggregates impair the functions of mitochondria and induce oxidative stress, thereby resulting in neuronal cell death. In turn, neuronal damage induces chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration. Thus, reducing/eliminating these abnormal protein aggregates is a priority for any anti-neurodegenerative therapeutic approach. Although several antibodies against mutated neuronal proteins have been already developed, how to efficiently deliver them inside the target cells remains an unmet issue. Extracellular vesicles/exosomes incorporating intrabodies against the pathogenic products would be a tool for innovative therapeutic approaches. In this review/perspective article, we identify and describe the major molecular targets associated with neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the antibodies already developed against them. Finally, we propose a novel targeting strategy based on the endogenous engineering of extracellular vesicles/exosomes constitutively released by cells of the central nervous system.
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29
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The Emerging Role of Exosomes in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114072. [PMID: 32517240 PMCID: PMC7312915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, the smallest group of extracellular vesicles, carry proteins, miRNA, mRNA, DNA, and lipids, which they efficiently deliver to recipient cells, generating a communication network. Exosomes strongly contribute to the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Isolation of exosomes from HNSCC cell culture or patient’s plasma allows for analyzing their molecular cargo and functional role in immune suppression and tumor progression. Immune affinity-based separation of different exosome subsets, such as tumor-derived or T cell-derived exosomes, from patient’s plasma simultaneously informs about tumor status and immune dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the recent understanding of how exosomes behave in the HNSCC tumor microenvironment and why they are promising liquid biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy in HNSCC.
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Dogrammatzis C, Waisner H, Kalamvoki M. Cloaked Viruses and Viral Factors in Cutting Edge Exosome-Based Therapies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:376. [PMID: 32528954 PMCID: PMC7264115 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) constitute a heterogeneous group of vesicles released by all types of cells that play a major role in intercellular communication. The field of EVs started gaining attention since it was realized that these vesicles are not waste bags, but they carry specific cargo and they communicate specific messages to recipient cells. EVs can deliver different types of RNAs, proteins, and lipids from donor to recipient cells and they can influence recipient cell functions, despite their limited capacity for cargo. EVs have been compared to viruses because of their size, cell entry pathways, and biogenesis and to viral vectors because they can be loaded with desired cargo, modified, and re-targeted. These properties along with the fact that EVs are stable in body fluids, they can be produced and purified in large quantities, they can cross the blood–brain barrier, and autologous EVs do not appear to cause major adverse effects, have rendered them attractive for therapeutic use. Here, we discuss the potential for therapeutic use of EVs derived from virus infected cells or EVs carrying viral factors. We have focused on six major concepts: (i) the role of EVs in virus-based oncolytic therapy or virus-based gene delivery approaches; (ii) the potential use of EVs for developing viral vaccines or optimizing already existing vaccines; (iii) the role of EVs in delivering RNAs and proteins in the context of viral infections and modulating the microenvironment of infection; (iv) how to take advantage of viral features to design effective means of EV targeting, uptake, and cargo packaging; (v) the potential of EVs in antiviral drug delivery; and (vi) identification of novel antiviral targets based on EV biogenesis factors hijacked by viruses for assembly and egress. It has been less than a decade since more attention was given to EV research and some interesting concepts have already been developed. In the coming years, additional information on EV biogenesis, how they are hijacked and utilized by pathogens, and their impact on the microenvironment of infection is expected to indicate avenues to optimize existing therapeutic tools and develop novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Dogrammatzis
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Hope Waisner
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Maria Kalamvoki
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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N-Terminal Fatty Acids of NEF MUT Are Required for the CD8 + T-Cell Immunogenicity of In Vivo Engineered Extracellular Vesicles. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020243. [PMID: 32456079 PMCID: PMC7350016 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described a cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) vaccine platform based on the intramuscular (i.m.) injection of DNA eukaryotic vectors expressing antigens of interest fused at the C-terminus of HIV-1 Nefmut, i.e., a functionally defective mutant that is incorporated at quite high levels into exosomes/extracellular vesicles (EVs). This system has been proven to elicit strong CTL immunity against a plethora of both viral and tumor antigens, as well as inhibit both transplantable and orthotopic tumors in mice. However, a number of open issues remain regarding the underlying mechanism. Here we provide evidence that hindering the uploading into EVs of Nefmut-derived products by removing the Nefmut N-terminal fatty acids leads to a dramatic reduction of the downstream antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell activation after i.m. injection of DNA vectors in mice. This result formally demonstrates that the generation of engineered EVs is part of the mechanism underlying the in vivo induced CD8+ T-cell immunogenicity. Gaining new insights on the EV-based vaccine platform can be relevant in view of its possible translation into the clinic to counteract both chronic and acute infections as well as tumors.
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Arenaccio C, Chiozzini C, Ferrantelli F, Leone P, Olivetta E, Federico M. Exosomes in Therapy: Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Future Applications. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:87-95. [PMID: 29779478 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180521100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eukaryotic cells release vesicles of different sizes under both physiological and pathological conditions. On the basis of the respective biogenesis, extracellular vesicles are classified as apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes. Among these, exosomes are considered tools for innovative therapeutic interventions, especially when engineered with effector molecules. The delivery functions of exosomes are favored by a number of typical features. These include their small size (i.e., 50-200 nm), the membrane composition tightly similar to that of producer cells, lack of toxicity, stability in serum as well as other biological fluids, and accession to virtually any organ and tissue including central nervous system. However, a number of unresolved questions still affects the possible use of exosomes in therapy. Among these are the exact identification of both in vitro and ex vivo produced vesicles, their large-scale production and purification, the uploading efficiency of therapeutic macromolecules, and the characterization of their pharmacokinetics. OBJECTIVE Here, we discuss two key aspects to be analyzed before considering exosomes as a tool of delivery for the desired therapeutic molecule, i.e., techniques of engineering, and their in vivo biodistribution/ pharmacokinetics. In addition, an innovative approach aimed at overcoming at least part of the obstacles towards a safe and efficient use of exosomes in therapy will be discussed. CONCLUSION Several biologic features render exosomes an attractive tool for the delivery of therapeutic molecules. They will surely be a part of innovative therapeutic interventions as soon as few still unmet technical hindrances will be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Arenaccio
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiozzini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Ferrantelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Olivetta
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Nahand JS, Moghoofei M, Salmaninejad A, Bahmanpour Z, Karimzadeh M, Nasiri M, Mirzaei HR, Pourhanifeh MH, Bokharaei‐Salim F, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR. Pathogenic role of exosomes and microRNAs in HPV-mediated inflammation and cervical cancer: A review. Int J Cancer 2020; 146:305-320. [PMID: 31566705 PMCID: PMC6999596 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in women. The most important risk factor for the development of CC is cervical infection with human papilloma virus (HPV). Inflammation is a protective strategy that is triggered by the host against pathogens such as viral infections that acts rapidly to activate the innate immune response. Inflammation is beneficial if it is brief and well controlled; however, if the inflammation is excessive or it becomes of chronic duration, it can produce detrimental effects. HPV proteins are involved, both directly and indirectly, in the development of chronic inflammation, which is a causal factor in the development of CC. However, other factors may also have a potential role in stimulating chronic inflammation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) (a class of noncoding RNAs) are strong regulators of gene expression. They have emerged as key players in several biological processes, including inflammatory pathways. Abnormal expression of miRNAs may be linked to the induction of inflammation that occurs in CC. Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles shed by almost all types of cells, which can function as cargo transfer vehicles. Exosomes contain proteins and genetic material (including miRNAs) derived from their parent cells and can potentially affect recipient cells. Exosomes have recently been recognized to be involved in inflammatory processes and can also affect the immune response. In this review, we discuss the role of HPV proteins, miRNAs and exosomes in the inflammation associated with CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Drug Applied Research Center, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahmanpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimzadeh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Nasiri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei‐Salim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound cargo measuring 30–140 nm comprised of a lipid bilayer containing various proteins, RNAs, DNAs, and bioactive lipids that can be transferred between cells. They have been shown to be produced and released by many different types of healthy and diseased cells. Exosomes are secreted by all types of cells in culture, and are also found in various body fluids including blood, saliva, urine, and breast milk. Exosomes are essential for healthy physiological as well as pathological processes. In addition to their normal function, exosomes are involved in the development and progression of various diseases, potentiating cellular stress and damage. Pathogens take advantage of exosome release from infected host cells by manipulating host-derived exosomes to evade the immune system responses. Exosomes are involved in other pathological conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases, liver diseases, heart failure, cancer, diabetes, kidney diseases, osteoporosis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Hence, we can exploit exosomes as biomarkers and vaccines and modify them rationally for therapeutic interventions including tissue engineering. Further studies on exosomes will explore their potential and provide new methodology for effective clinical diagnostics and therapeutic strategies: such uses can be called exosome theragnostics. This chapter reviews the potential theragnostic (diagnostic and therapeutic) application of exosomes in major organ systems in clinical fields.
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Ferrantelli F, Arenaccio C, Manfredi F, Olivetta E, Chiozzini C, Leone P, Percario Z, Ascione A, Flego M, Di Bonito P, Accardi L, Federico M. The Intracellular Delivery Of Anti-HPV16 E7 scFvs Through Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Inhibits The Proliferation Of HPV-Infected Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:8755-8768. [PMID: 31806970 PMCID: PMC6844212 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s209366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) are one of the smallest antigen-binding units having the invaluable advantage to be expressed by a unique short open reading frame (ORF). Despite their reduced size, spontaneous cell entry of scFvs remains inefficient, hence precluding the possibility to target intracellular antigens. Here, we describe an original strategy to deliver scFvs inside target cells through engineered extracellular vesicles (EVs). This approach relies on the properties of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Nef mutant protein referred to as Nefmut. It is a previously characterized Nef allele lacking basically all functions of wt Nef, yet strongly accumulating in the EV lumen also when fused at its C-terminus with a foreign protein. To gain the proof-of-principle for the efficacy of the proposed strategy, the tumor-promoting Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)16-E7 protein was considered as a scFv-specific intracellular target. The oncogenic effect of HPV16-E7 relies on its binding to the tumor suppressor pRb protein leading to a dysregulated cell duplication. Interfering with this interaction means impairing the HPV16-E7-induced cell proliferation. Methods The Nefmut gene was fused in frame at its 3ʹ-terminus with the ORF coding for a previously characterized anti-HPV16-E7 scFv. Interaction between the Nefmut-fused anti-HPV16-E7 scFv and the HPV16-E7 protein was tested by both confocal microscope and co-immunoprecipitation analyses on co-transfected cells. The in cis anti-proliferative effect of the Nefmut/anti-HPV16-E7 scFv was assayed by transfecting HPV16-infected cells. The anti-proliferative effect of EVs engineered with Nefmut/anti-HPV16-E7 scFv on HPV16-E7-expressing cells was evaluated in two ways: i) through challenge with purified EVs by a Real-Time Cell Analysis system and ii) in transwell co-cultures by an MTS-based assay. Results The Nefmut/anti-HPV16-E7 scFv chimeric product is efficiently uploaded in EVs, binds HPV16-E7, and inhibits the proliferation of HPV16-E7-expressing cells. Most important, challenge with cell-free EVs incorporating the Nefmut/anti-HPV16-E7 scFv led to the inhibition of proliferation of HPV16-E7-expressing cells. The proliferation of these cells was hindered also when they were co-cultured in transwells with cells producing EVs uploading Nefmut/anti-HPV16-E7 scFv. Conclusion Our data represent the proof-of-concept for the possibility to target intracellular antigens through EV-mediated delivery of scFvs. This finding could be relevant to design novel methods of intracellular therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Ferrantelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Arenaccio
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Manfredi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Olivetta
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiozzini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Ascione
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Flego
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Di Bonito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Accardi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
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Cross-presentation of Exogenous Antigens. Transfus Clin Biol 2019; 26:346-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Markov O, Oshchepkova A, Mironova N. Immunotherapy Based on Dendritic Cell-Targeted/-Derived Extracellular Vesicles-A Novel Strategy for Enhancement of the Anti-tumor Immune Response. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1152. [PMID: 31680949 PMCID: PMC6798004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based anti-tumor vaccines have great potential for the treatment of cancer. To date, a large number of clinical trials involving DC-based vaccines have been conducted with a view to treating tumors of different histological origins. However, DC-based vaccines had several drawbacks, including problems with targeted delivery of tumor antigens to DCs and prolong storage of cellular vaccines. Therefore, the development of other immunotherapeutic approaches capable of enhancing the immunogenicity of existing DC-based vaccines or directly triggering anti-tumor immune responses is of great interest. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by almost all types of eukaryotic cells for paracrine signaling. EVs can interact with target cells and change their functional activity by delivering different signaling molecules including mRNA, non-coding RNA, proteins, and lipids. EVs have potential benefits as natural vectors for the delivery of RNA and other therapeutic molecules targeted to DCs, T-lymphocytes, and tumor cells; therefore, EVs are a promising entity for the development of novel cell-free anti-tumor vaccines that may be a favourable alternative to DC-based vaccines. In the present review, we discuss the anti-tumor potential of EVs derived from DCs, tumors, and other cells. Methods of EV isolation are systematized, and key molecules carried by EVs that are necessary for the activation of a DC-mediated anti-tumor immune response are analyzed with a focus on the RNA component of EVs. Characteristics of anti-tumor immune responses induced by EVs in vitro and in vivo are reviewed. Finally, perspectives and challenges with the use of EVs for the development of anti-tumor cell-free vaccines are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Markov
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Hosseini Shamili F, Alibolandi M, Rafatpanah H, Abnous K, Mahmoudi M, Kalantari M, Taghdisi SM, Ramezani M. Immunomodulatory properties of MSC-derived exosomes armed with high affinity aptamer toward mylein as a platform for reducing multiple sclerosis clinical score. J Control Release 2019; 299:149-164. [PMID: 30807806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome is a safe and effective delivery platform with a potential capacity to exert immunomodulation effect and peripheral tolerance toward auto-reactive cells via bearing regulatory and tolerogenic molecules. Inflammation and neurodegeneration are the clinical manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to fight against MS, the efficient choices are the ones, which prevent inflammation and induce remyelination. In this regard, the previously reported LJM-3064 aptamer which showed considerable affinity toward myelin and demonstrated remyelination induction was employed as both targeting ligand and therapeutic agent. Thus, in the current study, the carboxylic acid-functionalized LJM-3064 aptamer was covalently conjugated to the amine groups on the exosome surface through EDC/NHS chemistry. The obtained results showed that the aptamer-exosome bioconjugate could promote the proliferation of oligodendroglia cell line (OLN93) in vitro. Moreover, in vivo administration of the prepared aptamer-exosome bioconjugate in female C57BL/6 mice as a prophylactic measure produced a robust suppression of inflammatory response as well as lowered demyelination lesion region in CNS, resulting in reduced in vivo severity of the disease. The prepared platform employing exosome-based nanomedicine as a novel approach for managing MS would hopefully pave the way to introduce a versatile approach toward an effective clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazileh Hosseini Shamili
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Kalantari
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Di Bonito P, Accardi L, Galati L, Ferrantelli F, Federico M. Anti-Cancer Vaccine for HPV-Associated Neoplasms: Focus on a Therapeutic HPV Vaccine Based on a Novel Tumor Antigen Delivery Method Using Endogenously Engineered Exosomes. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E138. [PMID: 30682811 PMCID: PMC6406600 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Some human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes are universally recognized as major etiological agents not only of ano-genital tumors but also of head and neck cancers, which show increasing incidence. The evaluation of current and future therapeutic approaches against HPV-induced tumors is a global health priority, despite an effective prophylactic vaccine against 7 of the 12 genotypes involved in the etiology of tumors being currently available. In this review, we present the main anti-HPV therapeutic approaches in clinical experimentation, with a focus on a novel tumor antigen delivery method using engineered exosomes, that we recently developed. Our system allows the induction of an efficient unrestricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against the HPV16-E7 tumor-associated antigen, with the formation of endogenously engineered exosomes, i.e., nanovesicles spontaneously released by all cell types. Immunogenic exosomes are uploaded with HPV16-E7 due to the fusion with a unique exosome-anchoring protein referred to as Nefmut. Intramuscular injection of a DNA vector expressing the fusion protein generates exosomes sufficiently immunogenic to elicit a potent anti-16E7 CTL immune response. The approach is described here and the advantages over other existing methodologies are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Bonito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Hepatitis, Oncoviruses and Retroviruses (EVOR) unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luisa Accardi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Hepatitis, Oncoviruses and Retroviruses (EVOR) unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luisa Galati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Hepatitis, Oncoviruses and Retroviruses (EVOR) unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Flavia Ferrantelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Ferrantelli F, Manfredi F, Chiozzini C, Anticoli S, Olivetta E, Arenaccio C, Federico M. DNA Vectors Generating Engineered Exosomes Potential CTL Vaccine Candidates Against AIDS, Hepatitis B, and Tumors. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:773-782. [PMID: 30167966 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells constitutively produce nanovesicles of 50-150 nm of diameter, referred to as exosomes, upon release of the contents of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). We recently characterized a novel, exosome-based way to induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunization against full-length antigens. It is based on DNA vectors expressing products of fusion between the exosome-anchoring protein Nef mutant (Nefmut) with the antigen of interest. The strong efficiency of Nefmut to accumulate in MVBs results in the production of exosomes incorporating huge amounts of the desired antigen. When translated in animals, the injection of Nefmut-based DNA vectors generates engineered exosomes whose internalization in antigen-presenting cells induces cross-priming and antigen-specific CTL immunity. Here, we describe the molecular strategies we followed to produce DNA vectors aimed at generating immunogenic exosomes potentially useful to elicit a CTL immune response against antigens expressed by the etiologic agents of major chronic viral infections, i.e., HIV-1, HBV, and the novel tumor-associated antigen HOXB7. Unique methods intended to counteract intrinsic RNA instability and nuclear localization of the antigens have been developed. The success we met with the production of these engineered exosomes opens the way towards pre-clinic experimentations devoted to the optimization of new vaccine candidates against major infectious and tumor pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Ferrantelli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), National Center for Global Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Manfredi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), National Center for Global Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiozzini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), National Center for Global Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Anticoli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), National Center for Global Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Olivetta
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), National Center for Global Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Arenaccio
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), National Center for Global Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Federico
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), National Center for Global Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Lin Y, Wu J, Gu W, Huang Y, Tong Z, Huang L, Tan J. Exosome-Liposome Hybrid Nanoparticles Deliver CRISPR/Cas9 System in MSCs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700611. [PMID: 29721412 PMCID: PMC5908366 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system to the receptor cells is essential for in vivo gene editing. Exosomes are intensively studied as a promising targeted drug delivery carrier recently, while limited by their low efficiency in encapsulating of large nucleic acids. Here, a kind of hybrid exosomes with liposomes is developed via simple incubation. Different from the original exosomes, the resultant hybrid nanoparticles efficiently encapsulate large plasmids, including the CRISPR-Cas9 expression vectors, similarly as the liposomes. Moreover, the resultant hybrid nanoparticles can be endocytosed by and express the encapsulated genes in the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which cannot be transfected by the liposome alone. Taken together, the exosome-liposome hybrid nanoparticles can deliver CRISPR-Cas9 system in MSCs and thus be promising in in vivo gene manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lin
- Department of OrthodonticsGuanghua School of StomatologyHospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou510055P. R. China
| | - Jiahua Wu
- Department of OrthodonticsGuanghua School of StomatologyHospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou510055P. R. China
| | - Weihuai Gu
- Department of OrthodonticsGuanghua School of StomatologyHospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou510055P. R. China
| | - Yulei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuanghua School of StomatologyHospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510055P. R. China
| | - Zhongchun Tong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuanghua School of StomatologyHospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510055P. R. China
| | - Lijia Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuanghua School of StomatologyHospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510055P. R. China
| | - Jiali Tan
- Department of OrthodonticsGuanghua School of StomatologyHospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou510055P. R. China
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Anticoli S, Manfredi F, Chiozzini C, Arenaccio C, Olivetta E, Ferrantelli F, Capocefalo A, Falcone E, Ruggieri A, Federico M. An Exosome-Based Vaccine Platform Imparts Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Immunity Against Viral Antigens. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700443. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Anticoli
- National Center for Global Health Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161, Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Manfredi
- National Center for Global Health Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161, Rome Italy
| | - Chiara Chiozzini
- National Center for Global Health Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161, Rome Italy
| | - Claudia Arenaccio
- National Center for Global Health Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161, Rome Italy
| | - Eleonora Olivetta
- National Center for Global Health Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161, Rome Italy
| | - Flavia Ferrantelli
- National Center for Global Health Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161, Rome Italy
| | - Antonio Capocefalo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161, Rome Italy
| | - Emiliana Falcone
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161, Rome Italy
| | - Anna Ruggieri
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161, Rome Italy
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161, Rome Italy
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Manandhar S, Kothandan VK, Oh J, Yoo SH, Hwang J, Hwang SR. A pharmaceutical investigation into exosomes. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-018-0391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Anticoli S, Aricò E, Arenaccio C, Manfredi F, Chiozzini C, Olivetta E, Ferrantelli F, Lattanzi L, D'Urso MT, Proietti E, Federico M. Engineered exosomes emerging from muscle cells break immune tolerance to HER2 in transgenic mice and induce antigen-specific CTLs upon challenge by human dendritic cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 96:211-221. [PMID: 29282521 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We recently described a novel biotechnological platform for the production of unrestricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) vaccines. It relies on in vivo engineering of exosomes, i.e., nanovesicles constitutively released by all cells, with full-length antigens of choice upon fusion with an exosome-anchoring protein referred to as Nefmut. They are produced upon intramuscular injection of a DNA vector and, when uploaded with a viral tumor antigen, were found to elicit an immune response inhibiting the tumor growth in a model of transplantable tumors. However, for a possible application in cancer immunotherapy, a number of key issues remained unmet. Among these, we investigated: (i) whether the immunogenic stimulus induced by the engineered exosomes can break immune tolerance, and (ii) their effectiveness when applied in human system. As a model of immune tolerance, we considered mice transgenic for the expression of activated rat HER2/neu which spontaneously develop adenocarcinomas in all mammary glands. When these mice were injected with a DNA vector expressing the product of fusion between Nefmut and the extracellular domain of HER2/neu, antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes became readily detectable. This immune response associated with a HER2-directed CTL activity and a significant delay in tumor development. On the other hand, through cross-priming experiments, we demonstrated the effectiveness of the engineered exosomes emerging from transfected human primary muscle cells in inducing antigen-specific CTLs. We propose our CTL vaccine platform as part of new immunotherapy strategies against tumors expressing self-antigens, i.e., products highly expressed in oncologic lesions but tolerated by the immune system. KEY MESSAGES We established a novel, exosome-based method to produce unrestricted CTL vaccines. This strategy is effective in breaking the tolerance towards tumor self-antigens. Our method is also useful to elicit antigen-specific CTL immunity in humans. These findings open the way towards the use of this antitumor strategy in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Anticoli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aricò
- FabioCell, Core Facilities, ISS, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Arenaccio
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Manfredi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiozzini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Olivetta
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Ferrantelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Lattanzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, ISS, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa D'Urso
- National Center for Animal Experimentation and Health, ISS, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Proietti
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, ISS, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Di Bonito P, Chiozzini C, Arenaccio C, Anticoli S, Manfredi F, Olivetta E, Ferrantelli F, Falcone E, Ruggieri A, Federico M. Antitumor HPV E7-specific CTL activity elicited by in vivo engineered exosomes produced through DNA inoculation. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4579-4591. [PMID: 28694699 PMCID: PMC5491702 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s131309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently proved that exosomes engineered in vitro to deliver high amounts of HPV E7 upon fusion with the Nefmut exosome-anchoring protein elicit an efficient anti-E7 cytotoxic T lymphocyte immune response. However, in view of a potential clinic application of this finding, our exosome-based immunization strategy was faced with possible technical difficulties including industrial manufacturing, cost of production, and storage. To overcome these hurdles, we designed an as yet unproven exosome-based immunization strategy relying on delivery by intramuscular inoculation of a DNA vector expressing Nefmut fused with HPV E7. In this way, we predicted that the expression of the Nefmut/E7 vector in muscle cells would result in a continuous source of endogenous (ie, produced by the inoculated host) engineered exosomes able to induce an E7-specific immune response. To assess this hypothesis, we first demonstrated that the injection of a Nefmut/green fluorescent protein-expressing vector led to the release of fluorescent exosomes, as detected in plasma of inoculated mice. Then, we observed that mice inoculated intramuscularly with a vector expressing Nefmut/E7 developed a CD8+ T-cell immune response against both Nef and E7. Conversely, no CD8+ T-cell responses were detected upon injection of vectors expressing either the wild-type Nef isoform of E7 alone, most likely a consequence of their inefficient exosome incorporation. The production of immunogenic exosomes in the DNA-injected mice was formally demonstrated by the E7-specific CD8+ T-cell immune response we detected in mice inoculated with exosomes isolated from plasma of mice inoculated with the Nefmut/E7 vector. Finally, we provide evidence that the injection of Nefmut/E7 DNA led to the generation of effective antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes whose activity was likely part of the potent, therapeutic antitumor effect we observed in mice implanted with TC-1 tumor cells. In summary, we established a novel method to generate immunogenic exosomes in vivo by the intramuscular inoculation of DNA vectors expressing the exosome-anchoring protein Nefmut and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Bonito
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Anticoli
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Emiliana Falcone
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Ruggieri
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Ellwanger JH, Veit TD, Chies JAB. Exosomes in HIV infection: A review and critical look. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 53:146-154. [PMID: 28546080 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles released into the extracellular medium by different cell types. These vesicles carry a variety of protein and RNA cargos, and have a central role in cellular signaling and regulation. A PubMed search using the term "exosomes" finds 67 articles published in 2006. Ten years later, the same search returns approximately 1200 results for 2016 alone. The growing interest in exosomes within the scientific community reflects the different roles exerted by extracellular vesicles in biological systems and diseases. However, the increase in academic production addressing the biological function of exosomes causes much confusion, especially where the focus is on the role of exosomes in pathological situations. In this review, we critically interpret the current state of the research on exosomes and HIV infection. It is plausible to assume that exosomes influence the pathogenesis of HIV infection through their biological cargo (primarily membrane proteins and microRNAs). On the other hand, evidence for a usurpation of the exosomal budding and trafficking machinery by HIV during infection is limited, although such a mechanism cannot be ruled out. This review also discusses several biological aspects of exosomal function in the immune system. Finally, the limitations of current exosome research are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tiago Degani Veit
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Manfredi F, di Bonito P, Ridolfi B, Anticoli S, Arenaccio C, Chiozzini C, Baz Morelli A, Federico M. The CD8⁺ T Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by HPV-E6 Uploaded in Engineered Exosomes Is Improved by ISCOMATRIX TM Adjuvant. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4040042. [PMID: 27834857 PMCID: PMC5192362 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently described the induction of an efficient CD8⁺ T cell-mediated immune response against a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) uploaded in engineered exosomes used as an immunogen delivery tool. This immune response cleared tumor cells inoculated after immunization, and controlled the growth of tumors implanted before immunization. We looked for new protocols aimed at increasing the CD8⁺ T cell specific response to the antigen uploaded in engineered exosomes, assuming that an optimized CD8⁺ T cell immune response would correlate with a more effective depletion of tumor cells in the therapeutic setting. By considering HPV-E6 as a model of TAA, we found that the in vitro co-administration of engineered exosomes and ISCOMATRIXTM adjuvant, i.e., an adjuvant composed of purified ISCOPREPTM saponin, cholesterol, and phospholipids, led to a stronger antigen cross-presentation in both B- lymphoblastoid cell lines ( and monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells compared with that induced by the exosomes alone. Consistently, the co-inoculation in mice of ISCOMATRIXTM adjuvant and engineered exosomes induced a significant increase of TAA-specific CD8⁺ T cells compared to mice immunized with the exosomes alone. This result holds promise for effective usage of exosomes as well as alternative nanovesicles in anti-tumor therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Manfredi
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola di Bonito
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara Ridolfi
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Simona Anticoli
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Arenaccio
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Chiozzini
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Adriana Baz Morelli
- CSL, Ltd., Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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49
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Abstract
Engineering exosomes to upload heterologous proteins represents the last frontier in terms of nanoparticle-based technology. A limited number of methods suitable to associate proteins to exosome membrane has been described so far, and very little is known regarding the possibility to upload proteins inside exosomes. We optimized a method of protein incorporation in exosomes by exploiting the unique properties of a nonfunctional mutant of the HIV-1 Nef protein referred to as Nef(mut). It incorporates at high extents in exosomes meanwhile acting as carrier of protein antigens fused at its C-terminus. Manipulating Nef(mut) allows the incorporation into exosomes of high amounts of heterologous proteins which thus remain protected from external neutralization/degradation factors. These features, together with flexibility in terms of incorporation of foreign antigens and ease of production, make Nef(mut)-based exosomes a convenient vehicle for different applications (e.g., protein transduction, immunization) whose performances are comparable with those of alternative, more complex nanoparticle-based delivery systems.
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50
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The Dichotomy of Tumor Exosomes (TEX) in Cancer Immunity: Is It All in the ConTEXt? Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:1019-51. [PMID: 26694473 PMCID: PMC4693230 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3041019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are virus-sized nanoparticles (30–130 nm) formed intracellularly as intravesicular bodies/intralumenal vesicles within maturing endosomes (“multivesicular bodies”, MVBs). If MVBs fuse with the cell’s plasma membrane, the interior vesicles may be released extracellularly, and are termed “exosomes”. The protein cargo of exosomes consists of cytosolic, membrane, and extracellular proteins, along with membrane-derived lipids, and an extraordinary variety of nucleic acids. As such, exosomes reflect the status and identity of the parent cell, and are considered as tiny cellular surrogates. Because of this closely entwined relationship between exosome content and the source/status of the parental cell, conceivably exosomes could be used as vaccines against various pathologies, as they contain antigens associated with a given disease, e.g., cancer. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) have been shown to be potent anticancer vaccines in animal models, driving antigen-specific T and B cell responses, but much recent literature concerning TEX strongly places the vesicles as powerfully immunosuppressive. This dichotomy suggests that the context in which the immune system encounters TEX is critical in determining immune stimulation versus immunosuppression. Here, we review literature on both sides of this immune coin, and suggest that it may be time to revisit the concept of TEX as anticancer vaccines in clinical settings.
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