1
|
Cuddington K, McAuliffe WHB. Optimising rabies vaccination of dogs in India. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e164. [PMID: 37606523 PMCID: PMC10600733 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dog vaccination is the key to controlling rabies in human populations. However, in countries like India, with large free-roaming dog populations, vaccination strategies that rely only on parenteral vaccines are unlikely to be either feasible or successful. Oral rabies vaccines could be used to reach these dogs. We use cost estimates for an Indian city and linear optimisation to find the most cost-effective vaccination strategies. We show that an oral bait handout method for dogs that are never confined can reduce the per dog costs of vaccination and increase vaccine coverage. This finding holds even when baits cost up to 10x the price of parenteral vaccines, if there is a large dog population or proportion of dogs that are never confined. We suggest that oral rabies vaccine baits will be part of the most cost-effective strategies to eliminate human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Cuddington
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Efficacy of Oral Rabies Vaccine Baits Containing SPBN GASGAS in Domestic Dogs According to International Standards. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020307. [PMID: 36851185 PMCID: PMC9967523 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The oral vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabies has been developed as a promising complementary tool for mass dog vaccination. However, no oral rabies vaccine has provided efficacy data in dogs according to international standards. (2) Methods: To test the immunogenicity and efficacy of the third-generation oral rabies virus vaccine strain, SPBN GASGAS, in domestic dogs, dogs were offered an egg-flavoured bait containing 3.0 mL of the vaccine (107.5 FFU/mL) or a placebo egg-flavoured bait. Subsequently, these 25 vaccinated and 10 control animals were challenged approximately 6 months later with a dog rabies virus isolate. Blood samples were collected at different time points postvaccination and examined by ELISA and RFFIT. (3) Results: All but 1 of the 25 vaccinated dogs survived the challenge infection; meanwhile, all 10 control dogs succumbed to rabies. The serology results showed that all 25 vaccinated dogs seroconverted in ELISA (>40% PB); meanwhile, only 13 of the 25 vaccinated dogs tested seropositive ≥ 0.5 IU/mL) in RFFIT. (4) Conclusions: The SPBN GASGAS rabies virus vaccine meets the efficacy requirements for live oral rabies vaccines as laid down by the European Pharmacopoeia and the WOAH Terrestrial Manual. SPBN GASGAS already fulfilled the safety requirements for oral rabies vaccines targeted at dogs. Hence, the egg-flavoured bait containing SPBN GASGAS is the first oral vaccine bait that complies with WOAH recommendations for the intended use of oral vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabies.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yale G, Sudarshan S, Taj S, Patchimuthu GI, Mangalanathan BV, Belludi AY, Shampur MN, Krishnaswamy TG, Mazeri S. Investigation of protective level of rabies antibodies in vaccinated dogs in Chennai, India. Vet Rec Open 2021; 8:e8. [PMID: 33981442 PMCID: PMC8110021 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is still endemic in India causing an estimated 20,000 human deaths a year. Free roaming dogs and unvaccinated owned dogs play a major role in the maintenance of the disease. Dog vaccination is the most crucial aspect of rabies prevention and control strategies; therefore vaccine immunogenicity and longevity are important determinants of the efficiency of rabies control efforts. METHODS In this study at Madras Veterinary College, India, a total of 297 serum samples were collected from owned dogs that were vaccinated against rabies. Data regarding age, gender, breed, neuter status and last date of vaccination were collected at the time of blood collection. The level of rabies virus neutralising antibodies in the sera of these dogs was measured through rapid focus fluorescence inhibition test. The factors associated with protective level of rabies antibodies in vaccinated dogs were investigated through multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS This cross-sectional investigation shows that only 40% (119/297) of the all the dogs in the study showed presence of protective level of anti-rabies antibodies, and 40% (72/180) of the dogs vaccinated within the last year showed presence of protective levels of antibodies causing concern about rabies vaccine quality and its impact on rabies control. The study also shows that older and neutered dogs are more likely to have protective titre among vaccinated dogs, while non-descript breed dogs are less likely to have a protective titre compared to pure breeds. CONCLUSION In this study 60% (108/180) of young prima dogs and adult dogs did not show protective levels of antibodies within the year of last rabies vaccination, although they had previous vaccination history. This high percentage of apparent non-responders is a cause of concern of administration, distribution, storage, potency and quality management of vaccines in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Yale
- Mission RabiesVeterinary Hospital ComplexPanajiGoaIndia
| | - Sampada Sudarshan
- Department of NeurovirologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
| | - Shaheen Taj
- Department of NeurovirologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
| | | | - Bharathi Vijaya Mangalanathan
- Department of Veterinary Preventive MedicineMadras Veterinary CollegeTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChennaiTamil NaduIndia
| | - Ashwin Yajaman Belludi
- Department of NeurovirologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
| | | | - Tirumurugaan Gopalan Krishnaswamy
- Zoonoses Research LaboratoryCentre for Animal Health StudiesTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChennaiTamil NaduIndia
| | - Stella Mazeri
- Division of Genetics and GenomicsThe Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of Edinburgh, MidlothianUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Molini U, Hassel R, Ortmann S, Vos A, Loschke M, Shilongo A, Freuling CM, Müller T. Immunogenicity of the Oral Rabies Vaccine Strain SPBN GASGAS in Dogs Under Field Settings in Namibia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:737250. [PMID: 34760958 PMCID: PMC8573107 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.737250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog-mediated rabies is endemic throughout Africa. While free-roaming dogs that play a crucial role in rabies transmission are often inaccessible for parenteral vaccination during mass dog vaccination campaigns, oral rabies vaccination (ORV) is considered to be a promising alternative to increase vaccination coverage in these hard-to-reach dogs. The acceptance of ORV as an efficient supplementary tool is still low, not least because of limited immunogenicity and field trial data in local dogs. In this study, the immunogenicity of the highly attenuated 3rd-generation oral rabies vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in local free-roaming dogs from Namibia was assessed by determining the immune response in terms of seroconversion for up to 56 days post-vaccination. At two study sites, free-roaming dogs were vaccinated by administering the vaccine either by direct oral administration or via a vaccine-loaded egg bait. Pre- and post-vaccination blood samples were tested for rabies virus neutralizing as well as binding antibodies using standard serological assays. A multiple logistic regression (MLR) analysis was performed to determine a possible influence of study area, vaccination method, and vaccine dose on the seroconversion rate obtained. About 78% of the dogs vaccinated by the oral route seroconverted (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA), though the seroconversion as determined by a rapid fluorescence focus inhibition test (RFFIT) was much lower. None of the factors examined had a significant effect on the seroconversion rate. This study confirms the immunogenicity of the vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS and the potential utility of ORV for the control of dog-mediated rabies in African dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Rainer Hassel
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Steffen Ortmann
- Ceva Innovation Center, Ceva Santé Animale, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Ad Vos
- Ceva Innovation Center, Ceva Santé Animale, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Malaika Loschke
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Albertina Shilongo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Exploring rabies endemicity in Pakistan: Major constraints & possible solutions. Acta Trop 2021; 221:106011. [PMID: 34144001 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Rabies, the oldest recorded viral zoonosis in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, is a neglected and lingering endemic disease in Pakistan. The review of online available rabies-related journals, papers and reports through platforms and electronic databases have provided the basis for a detailed analysis of the rabies situation in Pakistan. Only published materials related to various research areas of rabies in Pakistan were included and meaningful conclusions were developed to identify major constraints and generate an intellectual discussion on possible solutions. Results revealed 52 studies representing major issues concerning rabies prevention related to topics including, but not limited to: epidemiological investigations (40.38%), prophylactic measures (21.15%), population of wandering dogs (13.46%), public awareness and government interventions (17.30%) and diagnostic surveillance (7.69%). In order to minimize these problems and reduce the prevalence of dog bites or rabies in significant manners, the country direly needs to apply the following actions: a maintained supply of rabies prophylactic measures in public hospitals at subsidized rates, mass dog vaccination at regional levels, enforced responsible animal ownerships, implementing a systematic One Health approach, and diagnostic labs equipped with surveillance mechanisms established in coordination with the livestock and medical departments. This review, which presents up-to-date information on the risk factors and epidemiological features of rabies in Pakistan, provides useful information for scientists, policy makers, and administrative health officials wishing to understand how this deadly disease persists in the absence of effective control measures.
Collapse
|
6
|
Briggs DJ, Moore SM. The Route of Administration of Rabies Vaccines: Comparing the Data. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071252. [PMID: 34199111 PMCID: PMC8310204 DOI: 10.3390/v13071252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture rabies vaccines were initially licensed in the 1980s and are essential in the prevention of human rabies. The first post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) vaccination regimen recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) was administered intramuscularly over a lengthy three-month period. In efforts to reduce the cost of PEP without impinging on safety, additional research on two strategies was encouraged by the WHO including the development of less expensive production methods for CCVs and the administration of reduced volumes of CCVs via the intradermal (ID) route. Numerous clinical trials have provided sufficient data to support a reduction in the number of doses, a shorter timeline required for PEP, and the approval of the intradermal route of administration for PEP and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP). However, the plethora of data that have been published since the development of CCVs can be overwhelming for public health officials wishing to review and make a decision as to the most appropriate PEP and PreP regimen for their region. In this review, we examine three critical benchmarks that can serve as guidance for health officials when reviewing data to implement new PEP and PreP regimens for their region including: evidence of immunogenicity after vaccination; proof of efficacy against development of disease; and confirmation that the regimen being considered elicits a rapid anamnestic response after booster vaccination.
Collapse
|
7
|
Using data-driven approaches to improve delivery of animal health care interventions for public health. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2003722118. [PMID: 33468627 PMCID: PMC7865124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003722118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is arguably the exemplar of the One Health Agenda in which preventative health care in one species can improve health of other species. Interrogation of large epidemiology datasets offers the potential to deliver health care initiatives in a more efficient and cost-effective manner. However, real-life examples demonstrating this potential are limited. Here, we report a real-time, data-driven approach to improve cost effectiveness of dog vaccination campaigns in urban sub-Saharan African settings, which eliminates the need of expensive door-to-door vaccination by replacing them with strategically positioned fixed and roaming static points (SPs). This approach has the potential to act as a template for future successful and sustainable urban SP-only dog vaccination campaigns. Rabies kills ∼60,000 people per year. Annual vaccination of at least 70% of dogs has been shown to eliminate rabies in both human and canine populations. However, delivery of large-scale mass dog vaccination campaigns remains a challenge in many rabies-endemic countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, where the vast majority of dogs are owned, mass vaccination campaigns have typically depended on a combination of static point (SP) and door-to-door (D2D) approaches since SP-only campaigns often fail to achieve 70% vaccination coverage. However, D2D approaches are expensive, labor-intensive, and logistically challenging, raising the need to develop approaches that increase attendance at SPs. Here, we report a real-time, data-driven approach to improve efficiency of an urban dog vaccination campaign. Historically, we vaccinated ∼35,000 dogs in Blantyre city, Malawi, every year over a 20-d period each year using combined fixed SP (FSP) and D2D approaches. To enhance cost effectiveness, we used our historical vaccination dataset to define the barriers to FSP attendance. Guided by these insights, we redesigned our vaccination campaign by increasing the number of FSPs and eliminating the expensive and labor-intensive D2D component. Combined with roaming SPs, whose locations were defined through the real-time analysis of vaccination coverage data, this approach resulted in the vaccination of near-identical numbers of dogs in only 11 d. This approach has the potential to act as a template for successful and sustainable future urban SP-only dog vaccination campaigns.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mathematical modelling and phylodynamics for the study of dog rabies dynamics and control: A scoping review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009449. [PMID: 34043640 PMCID: PMC8189497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a fatal yet vaccine-preventable disease. In the last two decades, domestic dog populations have been shown to constitute the predominant reservoir of rabies in developing countries, causing 99% of human rabies cases. Despite substantial control efforts, dog rabies is still widely endemic and is spreading across previously rabies-free areas. Developing a detailed understanding of dog rabies dynamics and the impact of vaccination is essential to optimize existing control strategies and developing new ones. In this scoping review, we aimed at disentangling the respective contributions of mathematical models and phylodynamic approaches to advancing the understanding of rabies dynamics and control in domestic dog populations. We also addressed the methodological limitations of both approaches and the remaining issues related to studying rabies spread and how this could be applied to rabies control. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We reviewed how mathematical modelling of disease dynamics and phylodynamics have been developed and used to characterize dog rabies dynamics and control. Through a detailed search of the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, we identified a total of n = 59 relevant studies using mathematical models (n = 30), phylodynamic inference (n = 22) and interdisciplinary approaches (n = 7). We found that despite often relying on scarce rabies epidemiological data, mathematical models investigated multiple aspects of rabies dynamics and control. These models confirmed the overwhelming efficacy of massive dog vaccination campaigns in all settings and unraveled the role of dog population structure and frequent introductions in dog rabies maintenance. Phylodynamic approaches successfully disentangled the evolutionary and environmental determinants of rabies dispersal and consistently reported support for the role of reintroduction events and human-mediated transportation over long distances in the maintenance of rabies in endemic areas. Potential biases in data collection still need to be properly accounted for in most of these analyses. Finally, interdisciplinary studies were determined to provide the most comprehensive assessments through hypothesis generation and testing. They also represent new avenues, especially concerning the reconstruction of local transmission chains or clusters through data integration. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Despite advances in rabies knowledge, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the mechanisms of local spread, the role of wildlife in dog rabies maintenance, and the impact of community behavior on the efficacy of control strategies including vaccination of dogs. Future integrative approaches that use phylodynamic analyses and mechanistic models within a single framework could take full advantage of not only viral sequences but also additional epidemiological information as well as dog ecology data to refine our understanding of rabies spread and control. This would represent a significant improvement on past studies and a promising opportunity for canine rabies research in the frame of the One Health concept that aims to achieve better public health outcomes through cross-sector collaboration.
Collapse
|
9
|
Coertse J, Geldenhuys M, le Roux K, Markotter W. Lagos Bat Virus, an Under-Reported Rabies-Related Lyssavirus. Viruses 2021; 13:576. [PMID: 33805487 PMCID: PMC8067007 DOI: 10.3390/v13040576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lagos bat virus (LBV), one of the 17 accepted viral species of the Lyssavirus genus, was the first rabies-related virus described in 1956. This virus is endemic to the African continent and is rarely encountered. There are currently four lineages, although the observed genetic diversity exceeds existing lyssavirus species demarcation criteria. Several exposures to rabid bats infected with LBV have been reported; however, no known human cases have been reported to date. This review provides the history of LBV and summarizes previous knowledge as well as new detections. Genetic diversity, pathogenesis and prevention are re-evaluated and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Coertse
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Sandringham 2192, South Africa;
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Marike Geldenhuys
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Kevin le Roux
- Epidemiology Unit, Allerton Veterinary Laboratory, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal 3200, South Africa;
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Athingo R, Tenzin T, Coetzer A, Hikufe EH, Peter J, Hango L, Haimbodi T, Lipinge J, Haufiku F, Naunyango M, Kephas M, Shilongo A, Shoombe KK, Khaiseb S, Letshwenyo M, Pozzetti P, Nake L, Nel LH, Freuling CM, Müller T, Torres G. Application of the GARC Data Logger-a custom-developed data collection device-to capture and monitor mass dog vaccination campaigns in Namibia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008948. [PMID: 33370285 PMCID: PMC7793283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic dogs are responsible for 99% of all cases of human rabies and thus, mass dog vaccination has been demonstrated to be the most effective approach towards the elimination of dog-mediated human rabies. Namibia demonstrated the feasibility of this approach by applying government-led strategic rabies vaccination campaigns to reduce both human and dog rabies incidences in the Northern Communal Areas of Namibia since 2016. The lessons learnt using paper-based form for data capturing and management of mass dog vaccination campaign during the pilot and roll out phase of the project (2016–2018) led to the implementation of a simple and accurate data collection tool in the second phase (2019–2022) of the rabies elimination program. In this paper, we describe the implementation of such custom-developed vaccination tracking device, i.e. the Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC) Data Logger (GDL), and the integration of the collected data into a website-based rabies surveillance system (Rabies Epidemiological Bulletin—REB) during 2019 and 2020 campaigns. A total of 10,037 dogs and 520 cats were vaccinated during the 2019 campaign and 13,219 dogs and 1,044 cats during the 2020 campaign. The vaccination data were recorded with the GDL and visualized via REB. Subsequent GIS-analysis using gridded population data revealed a suboptimal vaccination coverage in the great majority of grid cells (82%) with a vaccination coverage below 50%. Spatial regression analysis identified the number of schools, estimated human density, and adult dog population were associated with the vaccination performance. However, there was an inverse correlation to human densities. Nonetheless, the use of the GDL improved data capturing and monitoring capacity of the campaign, enabling the Namibian government to improve strategies for the vaccination of at-risk areas towards achieving adequate vaccination coverage which would effectively break the transmission of rabies. We used a custom-developed vaccination tracking device—the Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC) Data Logger—to capture dog rabies vaccination data during the 2019 and 2020 mass vaccination campaign in the Northern Communal Areas of Namibia, and then integrated the collected data into the web-based Rabies Epidemiological Bulletin, a rabies-specific disease surveillance platform for rabies-endemic countries. This approach allowed automatic collation, analysis and, visualization of data and drastically improved the data capturing and monitoring capacity of the Namibian government led campaign. Additionally, subsequent GIS analysis enabled a better estimation of vaccination coverage at a much higher spatial resolution, thus identifying areas where improvements in the vaccination strategy are needed to ensure long-term success of the project.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rauna Athingo
- Animal Disease Control, Sub-division, North-West, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Ongwediva, Namibia
| | - Tenzin Tenzin
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Sub-Regional Representation for Southern Africa, Gaborone, Botswana
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Andre Coetzer
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC), Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel H. Hikufe
- Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Josephat Peter
- Outapi State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Omusati region, Outapi, Namibia
| | - Laina Hango
- Outapi State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Omusati region, Outapi, Namibia
| | - Tangeni Haimbodi
- Ondangwa State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Oshana region, Ondangwa, Namibia
| | - Johannes Lipinge
- Ondangwa State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Oshana region, Ondangwa, Namibia
| | - Frenada Haufiku
- Omuthiya State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Oshikoto region, Omuthiya, Namibia
| | - Matias Naunyango
- Eenhana State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Ohangwena region, Eenhana, Namibia
| | - Magano Kephas
- Eenhana State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Ohangwena region, Eenhana, Namibia
| | - Albertina Shilongo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Kenneth K. Shoombe
- Animal Disease Control, Sub-division, North-West, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Ongwediva, Namibia
| | - Siegfried Khaiseb
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture Water and Land Reform, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Moetapele Letshwenyo
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Sub-Regional Representation for Southern Africa, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Lorenz Nake
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, France
| | - Louis H. Nel
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC), Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Conrad M. Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
A case of human rabies with a long incubation period in Wuhan. IDCases 2020; 23:e00998. [PMID: 33318930 PMCID: PMC7724148 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report one case of human rabies with a long incubation period in Wuhan, China. In Wuhan, many free-roaming dogs are not only dangerous to domestic dogs and livestock, they are also a threat to humans. Epidemiology of rabies with emphasis on its potential to spread in urban-rural fringe in Wuhan has been discussed. The elimination of RABV from free-roaming domestic dogs will drive a considerable reduction in human disease. We showed that the efficient collaboration was important between the hospital and a professional laboratory for rabies diagnosis.
Rabies remains endemic in China and continues to pose a major threat to public health with a nearly 100 % case fatality rate in humans. We confirmed a case of human rabies in Wuhan, in May 2018. The patient had got a dog bite wound 3 years before symptoms of confusion, hydrophobia, and photophobia onset. On May 14, our laboratory confirmed that the patient was infected with a rabies virus that circulates in dogs in China and died on May 24, two weeks later after admission. Complete glycoprotein gene sequences determined for this isolate indicated the source of a RABV infection was dog-related RABV variants.
Collapse
|
12
|
Leelahapongsathon K, Kasemsuwan S, Pinyopummintr T, Boodde O, Phawaphutayanchai P, Aiyara N, Bobe K, Vos A, Friedrichs V, Müller T, Freuling CM, Chanachai K. Humoral Immune Response of Thai Dogs after Oral Vaccination against Rabies with the SPBN GASGAS Vaccine Strain. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040573. [PMID: 33019605 PMCID: PMC7711832 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Applied research is crucial in pushing the boundaries and finding a solution to the age-old problem of dog-mediated rabies. Although oral vaccination of dogs is considered to have great potential in mass dog vaccination campaigns and could have far-reaching benefits, it is perhaps the most ignored of all available tools in efforts to eliminate dog-mediated rabies, not least because of limited data on immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of potential oral rabies vaccine candidates. In this study, the long-term immunogenicity in local Thai dogs after oral administration of the highly attenuated 3rd generation rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS was assessed. The oral rabies vaccine was administered to dogs by either direct oral administration (n = 10) or by offering a vaccine loaded intestine bait (n = 15). The humoral immune response was then compared to three groups of dogs; a group that received a parenteral delivered inactivated rabies vaccine (n = 10), a group offered a placebo intestine bait (n = 7), and a control group (n = 4) for an observation period of 365 days. There was no significant difference in the immune response of dogs that received oral and parenteral vaccine in terms of magnitude, kinetics, and persistence of both rabies virus (RABV) neutralizing (RFFIT) and binding (ELISA) antibodies. Although the single parenteral injection of an inactivated rabies vaccine mounted a slightly higher humoral immune response than the orally delivered live vaccine, RABV specific antibodies of both types were still detectable after one year in most animals for all treatment groups and resulted in no difference in seropositivity. Characterization of rabies specific antibodies revealed two main classes of antibodies involved in the immune response of dogs vaccinated. While IgM antibodies were the first to appear, the succeeding IgG response was mainly IgG2 dominated independent of the vaccine type used. The results support the view that SPBN GASGAS induces a sustained detectable immune response in local dogs both after direct oral administration and via bait application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kansuda Leelahapongsathon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.L.); (S.K.); (T.P.); (O.B.)
| | - Suwicha Kasemsuwan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.L.); (S.K.); (T.P.); (O.B.)
| | - Tanu Pinyopummintr
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.L.); (S.K.); (T.P.); (O.B.)
| | - Orawan Boodde
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.L.); (S.K.); (T.P.); (O.B.)
| | | | - Nirut Aiyara
- Department of Health, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Thapthan 61120, Thailand; (P.P.); (N.A.)
| | - Katharina Bobe
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau–Rosslau, Germany; (K.B.); (A.V.)
| | - Ad Vos
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau–Rosslau, Germany; (K.B.); (A.V.)
| | - Virginia Friedrichs
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (C.M.F.); Tel.: +49-383-5171-659 (T.M.); +49-383-5171-660 (C.M.F.)
| | - Conrad M. Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (C.M.F.); Tel.: +49-383-5171-659 (T.M.); +49-383-5171-660 (C.M.F.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bonwitt J, Bonaparte S, Blanton J, Gibson AD, Hoque M, Kennedy E, Islam K, Siddiqi UR, Wallace RM, Azam S. Oral bait preferences and feasibility of oral rabies vaccination in Bangladeshi dogs. Vaccine 2020; 38:5021-5026. [PMID: 32513512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) can increase rabies vaccination coverage among dogs that are inaccessible to parenteral vaccination (i.e., inaccessible dogs). Because bait uptake can differ according to the bait attractant used and dog characteristics, we evaluated proportion of bait uptake and time to bait uptake using three bait formulations. We looked for associations between bait uptake and dog characteristics (temperament, age, and body condition) and assessed the efficiency of using these bait formulations, as measured by number of dogs vaccinated per hour. A total of 356 baits were offered to free roaming dogs in urban and peri-urban districts of Bangladesh. Fish baits were ignored by 86% (n = 122; 95% CI: 79-91%) of dogs, whereas 60% (n = 45; 95% CI: 49-70%) consumed egg baits and 89% (n = 124; 95% CI: 83-93%) consumed intestine baits. Among the consumed baits, dogs fully consumed 56% (n = 10; 95% CI: 34-75%) of fish baits, 84% (n = 38; 95% CI: 71-92%) of egg baits, and 98% (n = 122; 95% CI: 94-100%) of intestine baits. Among inaccessible dogs, no associations were found between bait uptake and dog characteristics in either bivariate or multivariate analyses. Bait consumption averaged 2 dogs per hour for fish baits, 10 dogs per hour for egg baits, and 18 dogs per hour for intestine baits. The absence of association between bait type preference and individual dog characteristics simplifies the process of choosing attractants for oral rabies vaccines. While intestine attractants achieved highest uptake, egg baits may prove a suitable compromise when considering biological and operational constraints. The efficiency of ORV was demonstrated when compared to parenteral vaccination of free-roaming dogs previously described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Bonwitt
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah Bonaparte
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; ORISE Fellow, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jesse Blanton
- Divison of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew D Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, UK; The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Mahbub Hoque
- TEPHINET, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Erin Kennedy
- Global Immunisation Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kamrul Islam
- Zoonotic Disease Control Programme, Communicable Disease Control Unit, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Umme Ruman Siddiqi
- Zoonotic Disease Control Programme, Communicable Disease Control Unit, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ryan M Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shakif Azam
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Modern biologics for rabies prophylaxis and the elimination of human cases mediated by dogs. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1347-1359. [PMID: 32370562 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1766021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Rabies is a major viral zoonosis and neglected tropical disease, with a global distribution. Humans, domestic animals, and wild mammals are susceptible to infection. Etiological agents reside in the Order Mononegavirales, Family Rhabdoviridae, Genus Lyssavirus. This acute, progressive encephalitis causes the highest case fatality of any conventional infectious disease. Tens of millions of humans become exposed annually to the bites of infected mammals, predominantly in Asia and Africa. Despite the existence of effective vaccines and immune globulins, tens of thousands of people, typically children in the developing world, succumb. Areas covered: Concentrating upon both historical and major published references from the peer-reviewed literature over the past 5 years, we describe current biologics for rabies prevention, newly recommended principles for prophylaxis, and relevant future products in the developmental pipeline. Expert opinion: Modern human rabies biologics are pure, potent, safe, and efficacious, when used in a timely and appropriate manner. Few individuals survive after clinical signs. Anti-viral compounds are not licensed. Experimental therapy, while obviously desirable, is highly controversial. Education on bite prevention and integrated risk management are critical. Access to affordable care, dose-sparing, and shortened regimens of human rabies biologics remain key.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gibson AD, Wallace RM, Rahman A, Bharti OK, Isloor S, Lohr F, Gamble L, Mellanby RJ, King A, Day MJ. Reviewing Solutions of Scale for Canine Rabies Elimination in India. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E47. [PMID: 32210019 PMCID: PMC7157614 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies elimination can be achieved through mass vaccination of the dog population, as advocated by the WHO, OIE and FAO under the 'United Against Rabies' initiative. Many countries in which canine rabies is endemic are exploring methods to access dogs for vaccination, campaign structures and approaches to resource mobilization. Reviewing aspects that fostered success in rabies elimination campaigns elsewhere, as well as examples of largescale resource mobilization, such as that seen in the global initiative to eliminate poliomyelitis, may help to guide the planning of sustainable, scalable methods for mass dog vaccination. Elimination of rabies from the majority of Latin America took over 30 years, with years of operational trial and error before a particular approach gained the broad support of decision makers, governments and funders to enable widespread implementation. The endeavour to eliminate polio now enters its final stages; however, there are many transferrable lessons to adopt from the past 32 years of global scale-up. Additionally, there is a need to support operational research, which explores the practicalities of mass dog vaccination roll-out and what are likely to be feasible solutions at scale. This article reviews the processes that supported the scale-up of these interventions, discusses pragmatic considerations of campaign duration and work-force size and finally provides an examples hypothetical resource requirements for implementing mass dog vaccination at scale in Indian cities, with a view to supporting the planning of pilot campaigns from which expanded efforts can grow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Gibson
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Ryan M. Wallace
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Abdul Rahman
- Commonwealth Veterinary Association 123, 7th B Main Road, 4th Block West, Jayanagar, Bangalore 560011, Karnataka, India
| | - Omesh K. Bharti
- State Institute of Health and Family Welfare, Parimahal, Kasumpti, Shimla 171009, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Bangalore Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Frederic Lohr
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | | | - Michael J. Day
- World Small Animal Veterinary Association and School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gibson A, Yale G, Vos A, Corfmat J, Airikkala-Otter I, King A, Wallace R, Gamble L, Handel I, Mellanby R, Bronsvoort BDC, Mazeri S. Oral bait handout as a method to access roaming dogs for rabies vaccination in Goa, India: A proof of principle study. Vaccine X 2019; 1:100015. [PMID: 31384737 PMCID: PMC6668228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies has profound public health, social and economic impacts on developing countries, with an estimated 59,000 annual human rabies deaths globally. Mass dog vaccination is effective at eliminating the disease but remains challenging to achieve in India due to the high proportion of roaming dogs that cannot be readily handled for parenteral vaccination. Two methods for the vaccination of dogs that could not be handled for injection were compared in Goa, India; the oral bait handout (OBH) method, where teams of two travelled by scooter offering dogs an empty oral bait construct, and the catch-vaccinate-release (CVR) method, where teams of seven travel by supply vehicle and use nets to catch dogs for parenteral vaccination. Both groups parenterally vaccinated any dogs that could be held for vaccination. The OBH method was more efficient on human resources, accessing 35 dogs per person per day, compared to 9 dogs per person per day through CVR. OBH accessed 80% of sighted dogs, compared to 63% by CVR teams, with OBH accessing a significantly higher proportion of inaccessible dogs in all land types. All staff reported that they believed OBH would be more successful in accessing dogs for vaccination. Fixed operational team cost of CVR was four times higher than OBH, at 127 USD per day, compared to 34 USD per day. Mean per dog vaccination cost of CVR was 2.53 USD, whilst OBH was 2.29 USD. Extrapolation to a two week India national campaign estimated that 1.1 million staff would be required using CVR, but 293,000 staff would be needed for OBH. OBH was operationally feasible, economical and effective at accessing the free roaming dog population. This study provides evidence for the continued expansion of research into the use of OBH as a supplementary activity to parenteral mass dog vaccination activities in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A.D. Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - G. Yale
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa, India
| | - A. Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Dessau – Rosslau, Germany
| | - J. Corfmat
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa, India
| | | | - A. King
- Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ, USA
| | - R.M. Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L. Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - I.G. Handel
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - B.M. de C. Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - S. Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|