Evaluation of a virulent strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis used as a heat-killed vaccine

Evaluation of the cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of a synthetic tunicamycin derivative against Mycobacterium avium complex

Two synthetic derivatives of the tunicamycin antibiotic, TunR1 and TunR2, were previously developed that significantly reduced toxicity in eukaryotes but remained potent against Gram positive prokaryotes. TunR2 has been demonstrated to be non-toxic and effective in a zebrafish model of mycobacterial infection. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity in bovine cells and the antibacterial effect of natural Tun as well as two synthetic derivatives of Tun, designated TunR1 and TunR2, on Mycobacterium avium complex. The average minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) for TunR2 ranged from 16 to 32 μg/mL when tested on seven Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) strains. MICs were higher for the closely related Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis (>32 μg/mL), and lower for Mycobacterium marinum (0.025 μg/mL) and Mycobacterium smegmatis (3.2 μg/mL). Effects on the Map cell wall could be detected by electron microscopy at TunR2 concentrations above 128 μg/mL. The toxicity of TunR2 in eukaryotes was evaluated in vitro by hemolysis of bovine red blood cells (RBCs) and by MTT viability assay on a bovine epithelial cell line, cultured bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and bovine monocyte-derived macrophages (bMDMs). The concentrations of the drug that produce 50% of inhibition (IC50) in each of these three cell types was lower than the MIC for Map. Hemolytic activity was demonstrated in 91% of RBCs when exposed to 31 μg/mL of TunR2. Also, low-dose TunR2 treatment of infected macrophages did not significantly decrease Map survival after 48 h of infection. These results suggest that TunR2 is not a good candidate to treat Map infections.

In silico design of a multi-epitope vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

The widespread chronic enteritis known as Paratuberculosis (PTB) or Johne's disease (JD) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), posing a significant threat to global public health. Given the challenges associated with PTB or JD, the development and application of vaccines are potentially important for disease control. The aim of this study was to design a multi-epitope vaccine against MAP. A total of 198 MAP genomes were analyzed using pan-genome and reverse vaccinology approaches. B-cell and T-cell epitope analysis was performed on the selected promising cross-protective antigens followed by selection of epitopes with high antigenicity, no allergenicity, and no toxicity for the design of the vaccine. The designed vaccine was evaluated through molecular dynamics simulations, molecular docking, and immunological simulations. The results revealed the identification of five promising cross-protective antigens. In total, 10 B-cell epitopes, 10 HTL epitopes, and 9 CTL epitopes were selected for the design of the vaccine. Both the vaccine candidate and the vaccine-TLR4 complex demonstrated considerable stability in molecular dynamics simulations. Molecular docking studies confirmed that the vaccine candidate successfully interacted with TLR4. Immunological simulations showed an increase in both B-cell and T-cell populations after vaccination. Additionally, the vaccine candidate exhibited a codon adaptability index of 1.0 and a GC content of 53.64%, indicating strong potential for successful expression in Escherichia coli. This research developed a multi-epitope vaccine targeting MAP through pan-genomes and reverse vaccinology methods, offering innovative strategies for creating effective vaccines against MAP.

Superior protection against paratuberculosis by a heterologous prime-boost immunization in a murine model

Vaccination is the best strategy to control Paratuberculosis (PTB), which is a significant disease in cattle and sheep. Previously we showed the humoral and cellular immune response induced by a novel vaccine candidate against PTB based on the Argentinian Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) 6611 strain. To improve 6611 immunogenicity and efficacy, we evaluated this vaccine candidate in mice with two different adjuvants and a heterologous boost with a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) expressing the antigen 85A (MVA85A). We observed that boosting with MVA85A did not improve total IgG or specific isotypes in serum induced by one or two doses of 6611 formulated with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). However, when 6611 was formulated with ISA201 adjuvant, MVA85A boost enhanced the production of IFNγ, Th1/Th17 cytokines (IL-2, TNF, IL-17A) and IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10. Also, this group showed the highest levels of IgG2b and IgG3 isotypes, both important for better protection against Map infection in the murine model. Finally, the heterologous scheme elicited the highest levels of protection after Map challenge (lowest CFU count and liver lesion score). In conclusion, our results encourage further evaluation of 6611 strain + ISA201 prime and MVA85A boost in bovines.