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Bażanów B, Pawęska JT, Pogorzelska A, Florek M, Frącka A, Gębarowski T, Chwirot W, Stygar D. Serological Evidence of Common Equine Viral Infections in a Semi-Isolated, Unvaccinated Population of Hucul Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082261. [PMID: 34438717 PMCID: PMC8388522 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Huculs (Equus caballus) are an old breed of primitive mountain horses, originating from the Carpathian Mountains. To the best of our knowledge, data concerning the epidemiology of viral infections observed within this breed are sparse. The objective of this study was to estimate the serological status of a semi-isolated, unvaccinated Hucul herd, with respect to both common equine viral infections and horse-infecting arboviruses, the presence of which was previously reported in Poland. Twenty horses of the Hucul breed, living in a remote area in Poland, were studied in 2018 from March to May. Using nasal secretion swabs as a specimen source, isolation attempts were negative regarding ERAV, EHV-1, EAV, and EIV. According to the virus neutralisation method, in the sera obtained from the animals, antibodies against the following viruses were detected: EHV-1 in 12 horses (60%; with titres from 1:8 to 1:64), EIV A/H7N7 in 13 (65%; titres from 1:20 to 1:80), EIV A /H3N8 in 12 (60%; titres from 1:20 to 1:80), USUV in 5 (25%; titres from 1:10 to 1:80), and ERAV in 1 (5%; titre 1:32). Antibodies against EAV, EIAV, and WNV were not present in the tested sera. The detected presence of specific antibodies associated with five out of the eight equine viruses investigated indicates that the Hucul herd, due to its partial separation and lack of specific prophylaxis, could serve as a sentinel animal group for the detection of equine viruses/arboviruses present within the local ecosystem. The detection of common equine viral infections within the herd provides additional epidemiological data concerning the breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bażanów
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.P.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Janusz T. Pawęska
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa;
| | - Aleksandra Pogorzelska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Magdalena Florek
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.P.); (M.F.)
| | | | - Tomasz Gębarowski
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Chwirot
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Dominika Stygar
- Chair and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine with Dentistry Division in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
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Carossino M, Lee PYA, Nam B, Skillman A, Shuck KM, Timoney PJ, Tsai YL, Ma LJ, Chang HFG, Wang HTT, Balasuriya UBR. Development and evaluation of a reverse transcription-insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (RT-iiPCR) assay for detection of equine arteritis virus in equine semen and tissue samples using the POCKIT™ system. J Virol Methods 2016; 234:7-15. [PMID: 27036504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory and reproductive disease of horses. Most importantly, EAV induces abortion in pregnant mares and can establish persistent infection in up to 10-70% of the infected stallions, which will continue to shed the virus in their semen. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a reverse transcription insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (RT-iiPCR) for the detection of EAV in semen and tissue samples. The newly developed assay had a limit of detection of 10 RNA copies and a 10-fold higher sensitivity than a previously described real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Evaluation of 125 semen samples revealed a sensitivity and specificity of 98.46% and 100.00%, respectively for the RT-qPCR assay, and 100.00% and 98.33%, respectively for the RT-iiPCR assay. Both assays had the same accuracy (99.2%, k=0.98) compared to virus isolation. Corresponding values derived from testing various tissue samples (n=122) collected from aborted fetuses, foals, and EAV carrier stallions are as follows: relative sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 88.14%, 96.83%, and 92.62% (k=0.85), respectively for the RT-qPCR assay, and 98.31%, 92.06%, and 95.08% (k=0.90), respectively for the RT-iiPCR assay. These results indicate that RT-iiPCR is a sensitive, specific, and a robust test enabling detection of EAV in semen and tissue samples with very considerable accuracy. Even though the RT-qPCR assay showed a sensitivity and specificity equal to virus isolation for semen samples, its diagnostic performance was somewhat limited for tissue samples. Thus, this new RT-iiPCR could be considered as an alternative tool in the implementation of EAV control and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Bora Nam
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ashley Skillman
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kathleen M Shuck
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter J Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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6
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Vairo S, Saey V, Bombardi C, Ducatelle R, Nauwynck H. The recent European isolate (08P178) of equine arteritis virus causes inflammation but not arteritis in experimentally infected ponies. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:238-43. [PMID: 24975896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, outbreaks of equine viral arteritis (EVA) have been reported in Europe, but little is known about these European isolates of equine arteritis virus (EAV). EAV European strain (08P178, EU-1 clade) isolated from one of these recent outbreaks is able to cause clinical signs on experimental infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microscopical lesions induced by this isolate after experimental infection of ponies. Animals were killed at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days post infection (dpi). At 3 dpi, lesions were essentially restricted to the respiratory tract and intestines and were characterized by mild multifocal epithelial degeneration and associated mononuclear cell infiltration. Lesions were more severe at 7 dpi and by 14 dpi, respiratory lesions were even more severe and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates extended to other organs. At 28 dpi, lesions were still present in the viscera. In all specimens the most prominent histological change was intraepithelial, subepithelial and perivascular lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, ranging from mild and multifocal to extensive and diffuse. No signs of arterial damage such as infarcts, haemorrhages or necrosis were found. In conclusion, infection of naïve animals with the European 08P178 strain of EAV is associated with inflammation, but not arteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vairo
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and ImmunologyGhent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - V Saey
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C Bombardi
- Department of Morphophysiology, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna University, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - R Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - H Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and ImmunologyGhent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Chung C, Wilson C, Timoney P, Balasuriya U, Adams E, Adams DS, Evermann JF, Clavijo A, Shuck K, Rodgers S, Lee SS, McGuire TC. Validation of an improved competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Equine arteritis virus antibody. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:727-35. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713508401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to validate a previously described competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) to detect antibody to Equine arteritis virus (EAV) based on GP5-specific nonneutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) 17B79 using the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)–recommended protocol, which includes the following 5 in-house analyses. 1) The assay was calibrated with the OIE-designated reference serum panel for EAV; 2) repeatability was evaluated within and between assay runs; 3) analytical specificity was evaluated using sera specific to related viruses; 4) analytical sensitivity was evaluated with sera from horses vaccinated with an EAV modified live virus (MLV) vaccine; and 5) the duration of cELISA antibody detection following EAV vaccination was determined. The positive cELISA cutoff of ≥35% inhibition (%I) was confirmed by receiver operating characteristic plot analysis. Analytical sensitivity of the cELISA was comparable to the serum neutralization (SN) assay in that it detected EAV-specific antibody as early as 8 days postvaccination. The duration of EAV-specific antibody detected by cELISA was over 5 years after the last vaccination. This cELISA could detect EAV-specific antibody in serum samples collected from horses infected with various EAV strains. In the field trial performed by American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians–accredited state laboratories and OIE laboratory, the diagnostic specificity of the cELISA was 99.5% and the diagnostic sensitivity was 98.2%. The data using various serum panels also had consistently significant positive correlation between SN titers and cELISA %I results. The results further confirm that the EAV antibody cELISA is a reliable, simple alternative to the SN assay for detecting EAV-specific antibodies in equine sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungwon Chung
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Carey Wilson
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Peter Timoney
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Udeni Balasuriya
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Ethan Adams
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - D. Scott Adams
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - James F. Evermann
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Kathleen Shuck
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Sandy Rodgers
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Stephen Sauchi Lee
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Travis C. McGuire
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
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