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Sui C, Cui H, Ji J, Xu X, Kan Y, Yao L, Bi Y, Zhang X, Xie Q. Epidemiological investigations and locally determined genotype diversity of Mycoplasma synoviae in Central China from 2017 to 2019. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101522. [PMID: 34818613 PMCID: PMC8626675 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) has been identified worldwide to cause respiratory diseases, infectious synovitis, airsacculitis, and eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA) in commercial chickens, which results in substantial economic losses to the poultry industry. Therefore, in this study, 258 flocks were investigated between 2017 and 2019 for M. synoviae by screening samples from Central China. Subsequently, 129 M. synoviae strains were isolated, with a positive rate of 50%. Moreover, a higher incidence of M. Synoviae infections was in layers (74.1%) than in broilers (20%) in this study. The 5′-end conserved segment of the variable lipoprotein hemagglutinin A (vlhA) gene of these isolates was then cloned and sequenced because it is a common genomic target identified so far for M. synoviae genotyping. Genotyping of all isolates was based on the phylogenetic analysis and length analysis of the proline-rich-repeat (PRR) regions, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 5′-end conserved segment of the vlhA gene (76–421 nt) assigned the majority of the occurring strains as being from group 6, and others from groups 2 and 3. Results identified that these isolates were of 6 types: A (38aa), D (23aa), E (19aa), I (28aa), J (20aa), and L (35aa), based on the size of the PRR region analysis. Furthermore, most of the isolates (81.4% were identified as type L. Additionally, the epidemic types included only I and L in 2017; however, the types rose to 5 (A, D, E, I, L) in 2018 and rose to 6 (A, D, E, I, J, L) in 2019. These data showed the genotype diversity of M. synoviae in Central China. The high rate of positive flocks suggests the urgent need to take real-time supervisory controls of this Mycoplasma species in avian flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoge Sui
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Hao Cui
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Jun Ji
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China.
| | - Xin Xu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Yunchao Kan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
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Molecular Differentiation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Outbreaks: A Last Decade Study on Italian Farms Using GTS and MLST. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040665. [PMID: 33182244 PMCID: PMC7712042 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infects many avian species and leads to significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Transmission of this pathogen occurs both horizontally and vertically, and strategies to avoid the spread of MG rely on vaccination and the application of biosecurity measures to maintain breeder groups as pathogen-free. Two live attenuated MG vaccine strains are licensed in Italy: 6/85 and ts-11. After their introduction, the implementation of adequate genotyping tools became necessary to distinguish between field and vaccine strains and to guarantee proper infection monitoring activity. In this study, 40 Italian MG isolates collected between 2010–2019 from both vaccinated and unvaccinated farms were genotyped using gene-targeted sequencing (GTS) of the cythadesin gene mgc2 and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) based on six housekeeping genes. The discriminatory power of GTS typing ensures 6/85-like strain identification, but the technique does not allow the identification ts-11 strains; conversely, MLST differentiates both vaccine strains, describing more detailed interrelation structures. Our study describes MG genetic scenario within a mixed farming context. In conclusion, the use of adequate typing methods is essential to understand the evolutionary dynamics of MG strains in a particular area and to conduct epidemiological investigations in the avian population.
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Keswani C, Prakash O, Bharti N, Vílchez JI, Sansinenea E, Lally RD, Borriss R, Singh SP, Gupta VK, Fraceto LF, de Lima R, Singh HB. Re-addressing the biosafety issues of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:841-852. [PMID: 31302549 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To promote agronomic sustainability, extensive research is being carried out globally, investigating biofertilizer development. Recently, it has been realized that some microorganisms used as biofertilizers behave as opportunistic pathogens and belong to the biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) classification. This poses serious risk to the environmental and human health. Evidence presented in various scientific forums is increasingly favoring the merits of using BSL-2 microorganisms as biofertilizers. In this review, we emphasize that partial characterization based on traditional microbiological approaches and small subunit rRNA gene sequences/conserved regions are insufficient for the characterization of biofertilizer strains. It is advised herein, that research and industrial laboratories developing biofertilizers for commercialization or environmental release must characterize microorganisms of interest using a multilateral polyphasic approach of microbial systematics. This will determine their risk group and biosafety characteristics before proceeding with formulation development and environmental application. It has also been suggested that microorganisms belonging to risk-group-1 and BSL-1 category should be used for formulation development and for field scale applications. While, BSL-2 microorganisms should be restricted for research using containment practices compliant with strict regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Keswani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Om Prakash
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Nidhi Bharti
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Juan I Vílchez
- Department of Plant Growth Promotion Rhizobacteria, Plant Stress Centre for Biology (PSC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.
| | - Estibaliz Sansinenea
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico.
| | - Richard D Lally
- Research Department, Alltech, 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA.
| | - Rainer Borriss
- Nord Reet UG Greifswald, Germany and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Surya P Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Vijai K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Leonardo F Fraceto
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Três de Março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Renata de Lima
- LABiToN - LaboratóriodeAvaliaçãodeBioatividadeeToxicologiade Nanomateriais, University of Sorocaba, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Harikesh B Singh
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agriculture Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Bekő K, Kreizinger Z, Sulyok KM, Kovács ÁB, Grózner D, Catania S, Bradbury J, Lysnyansky I, Olaogun OM, Czanik B, Ellakany H, Gyuranecz M. Genotyping Mycoplasma gallisepticum by multilocus sequence typing. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:191-196. [PMID: 30955809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease and reproductive disorders in many bird species, resulting in considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. Maintenance of M. gallisepticum-free flocks is the most adequate method to control infection. To this end, monitoring systems and vaccination programs with live vaccine strains are applied worldwide. There is strong demand for efficient epidemiological investigation tools to distinguish M. gallisepticum strains in order to control disease. Up to now, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been regarded as gold standard for genotyping bacteria due to its good reproducibility and high discriminatory power. The aim of this study was to develop an MLST assay which can determine phylogenetic distances between M. gallisepticum strains. After analysing more than 30 housekeeping genes, six loci (atpG, dnaA, fusA, rpoB, ruvB, uvrA) were selected for the MLST assay due to their genomic location and high diversity. Examination of 130 M. gallisepticum strains with this MLST method yielded 57 unique sequence types (STs) with a 0.96 Simpson's index of diversity. Considering the large number of STs and high diversity index, this MLST method was found to be appropriate to discriminate M. gallisepticum strains. In addition, the developed method was shown to be suitable for epidemiological investigations, as it confirmed linkage between related strains from outbreaks in different farms. Besides, MLST also suggested high impact of extensive international trade on the spread of different M. gallisepticum strains. Furthermore this method can be used for differentiation among vaccine and field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katinka Bekő
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsa Kreizinger
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Kinga M Sulyok
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Áron B Kovács
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Dénes Grózner
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Salvatore Catania
- Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via San Giacomo 5, Verona 37000, Italy.
| | - Janet Bradbury
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Inna Lysnyansky
- Department of Avian and Fish Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Olusola Martins Olaogun
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Béla Czanik
- NAGISZ Ltd, Fő u. 19, Nádudvar 4181, Hungary.
| | - Hany Ellakany
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Elgomhoria st. 63, Damanhour, Elbehira 22511, Egypt.
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária körút 23-25, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
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Sun S, Lin X, Liu J, Tian Z, Chen F, Cao Y, Qin J, Luo T. Phylogenetic and pathogenic analysis of Mycoplasma Synoviae isolated from native chicken breeds in China. Poult Sci 2018; 96:2057-2063. [PMID: 28093481 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) infection leads to serious economic losses in the world every year. Between 2013 and 2014, the infectious synovitis, caused by M. synoviae infection, occurred in native chickens in China and resulted in the loss of millions of chickens in Chinese poultry farms. However, there has been no data about phylogenetic and pathogenic analysis of Chinese M. synoviae isolates. In this study, a total of 110 M. synoviae strains were isolated from M. synoviae infected chickens. The isolates identified in the present study were classified into a new distinct subgroup based on analysis of the 5'-end vlhA sequences, tentatively termed the K group. In addition, though the pathogenicity was significantly different among isolates, there was no close relationship between pathogenicity and genotype for Chinese M. synoviae based on a pathogenic analysis of the 5'-end of the vlhA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikai Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, WENS Group Academy, Yunfu, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, WENS Group Academy, Yunfu, Guangdong, China
| | - Junmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongqiang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianping Qin
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, WENS Group Academy, Yunfu, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingrong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Limpavithayakul K, Sasipreeyajan J, Pakpinyo S. Characterization of Thai Mycoplasma synoviae Isolates by Sequence Analysis of Partial vlhA Gene. Avian Dis 2017; 60:810-816. [PMID: 27902903 DOI: 10.1637/11450-061216-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), a remarkable pathogen in poultry, causes subclinical infection of the upper respiratory tract and an infectious synovitis, especially in the tendon sheaths and synovial membranes of joints. Because the specific detection of MS 16S rRNA gene-based PCR was unsuitable for strain differentiation, vlhA gene-based PCR was designed to differentiate the MS strains. The vlhA gene of MS encodes for hemagglutinin and other immunodominant membrane proteins involved in colonization, antigenic variations, and virulence. Sequence analysis of the vlhA gene based on the nucleotide insertion/deletion of the proline-rich repeat (PRR) region and the nucleotide polymorphisms of the RIII region in vlhA gene fragments was useful for typing and subtyping of MS strains. This study aimed to characterize the Thai MS field isolates and to differentiate the field and vaccine strains in Thailand by using sequence analysis of the partial vlhA gene. In total, 20 MS field isolates submitted from registered chicken farms in Thailand during 2015 were identified as Type C1 (n = 1), C2 (n = 4), E1 (n = 9), E2 (n = 1), and L (n = 5). The results revealed that six of the nine isolates resulting in respiratory signs were Type E1. In addition, four isolates from lame chickens showing joint swelling were identified as Type L, with a length of 105 nucleotides. This study provides the first molecular data of Thai MS isolates and the first evidence of Type L for being an arthropathic strain that differs from a previous study demonstrating that only MS Type B, with a longer PRR of 135 nucleotides, could be highly invasive strains and associated with infectious synovitis in chickens. Furthermore, one farm showed coinfection of MS Types E and L, but most of the farms were affected by only one type of MS. The results indicated that sequence analysis of the partial vlhA gene can be used as a tool for tracing MS characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriengwich Limpavithayakul
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Somsak Pakpinyo
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Dijkman R, Feberwee A, Landman WJM. Development and evaluation of a multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Mycoplasma synoviae. Avian Pathol 2017; 45:426-42. [PMID: 26926568 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1154135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reproducible molecular Mycoplasma synoviae typing techniques with sufficient discriminatory power may help to expand knowledge on its epidemiology and contribute to the improvement of control and eradication programmes of this mycoplasma species. The present study describes the development and validation of a novel multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for M. synoviae. Thirteen M. synoviae isolates originating from different poultry categories, farms and lesions, were subjected to whole genome sequencing. Their sequences were compared to that of M. synoviae reference strain MS53. A high number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) indicating considerable genetic diversity were identified. SNPs were present in over 40 putative target genes for MLST of which five target genes were selected (nanA, uvrA, lepA, ruvB and ugpA) for the MLST scheme. This scheme was evaluated analysing 209 M. synoviae samples from different countries, categories of poultry, farms and lesions. Eleven clonal clusters and 76 different sequence types (STs) were obtained. Clustering occurred following geographical origin, supporting the hypothesis of regional population evolution. M. synoviae samples obtained from epidemiologically linked outbreaks often harboured the same ST. In contrast, multiple M. synoviae lineages were found in samples originating from swollen joints or oviducts from hens that produce eggs with eggshell apex abnormalities indicating that further research is needed to identify the genetic factors of M. synoviae that may explain its variations in tissue tropism and disease inducing potential. Furthermore, MLST proved to have a higher discriminatory power compared to variable lipoprotein and haemagglutinin A typing, which generated 50 different genotypes on the same database.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dijkman
- a GD-Animal Health Service , Deventer , the Netherlands
| | - A Feberwee
- a GD-Animal Health Service , Deventer , the Netherlands
| | - W J M Landman
- a GD-Animal Health Service , Deventer , the Netherlands
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Cizelj I, Berčič RL, Slavec B, Narat M, Dovč P, Benčina D. Multilocus sequence analysis forMycoplasma synoviaemolecular genotyping. Br Poult Sci 2016; 56:658-65. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1113506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dijkman R, Feberwee A, Landman WJM. Variable lipoprotein haemagglutinin (vlhA) gene sequence typing of mainly DutchMycoplasma synoviaeisolates: comparison withvlhAsequences from Genbank and with amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:465-72. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.958980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Adam IA, Abdalla MA, Mohamed MEH, Aradaib IE. Prevalence of bluetongue virus infection and associated risk factors among cattle in North Kordufan State, Western Sudan. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:94. [PMID: 24762138 PMCID: PMC4022533 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bluetongue virus causes febrile disease in sheep and a fatal hemorrhagic infection in North American White-tailed deer. However, in cattle the disease is typically asymptomatic and no clinical overt disease is associated with bluetongue infection. Bluetongue virus activity has been detected in Khartoum, Sennar and South Darfur states of the Sudan. Currently, no information is available in regard to previous exposure of livestock to Bluetongue virus in North Kordufan State, the largest livestock producing region in the country. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of bluetongue antibodies and to identify the potential risk factors associated with the presence of bluetongue antibodies among cattle in North Kordufan State, Sudan. A total of 299 bovine blood samples were collected randomly from six localities in North Kordufan State and were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of BTV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. RESULTS The serological evidence of Bluetongue virus infection was observed in 58 out of 299 cows, accounting for a 19.4% prevalence rate among cattle in North Kordufan State. Older cattle (>2 years of age) had four times the odds to be infected with BTV compared to young cattle (OR = 4.309, CI = 1.941-9.567, p-value = 0.01). Application of preventive measures, such as spraying or dipping with insecticide protects cattle against Bluetongue infection. Application of vector control measures decreased the odds for bluetongue seropositivity by 7 times (OR = 7.408, CI = 3.111-17.637, p-value = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicated that age and application of routine insecticides are influential risk factors for seroprevalence of Bluetongue in cattle. Surveillance of Bluetongue virus should be extended to include other susceptible animals and to study the distribution of the insect vectors in the region to better predict and respond to BTV outbreak in the State of North Kordufan, Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Adam
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32 Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Mohamed A Abdalla
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University for Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed EH Mohamed
- Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Imadeldin E Aradaib
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32 Khartoum North, Sudan
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Landman WJM, Feberwee A. Longitudinal field study on the occurrence ofMycoplasma synoviaein Dutch turkey flocks with lameness and experimental induction of the condition. Avian Pathol 2012; 41:141-9. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.652595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Ramirez AS, Naylor CJ, Yavari CA, Dare CM, Bradbury JM. Analysis of the 16S to 23S rRNA intergenic spacer region of Mycoplasma synoviae field strains. Avian Pathol 2011; 40:79-86. [PMID: 21331951 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2010.537305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae has been associated with economic loss in the chicken and turkey industries. The molecular characterization of M. synoviae at strain level allows the analysis of relationships between strains that may be valuable in epidemiological investigations. In the present study, the intergenic spacer region (ISR) between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes was examined to see whether useful information about strains could be derived. M. synoviae has two copies of this region, which may not be exactly the same (intercistronic heterogeneity). Sequencing of the ISRs of 21 M. synoviae isolates and the type strain revealed that 19 of them had such heterogeneity so DNA cloning was performed where necessary. All sequences were analysed and aligned; the percentage similarity of the DNA was calculated and a dendrogram was constructed. The length of the ISRs varied between 305 and 309 base pairs. Apart from having extra A/Ts in poly-A or poly-T regions and the presence of a few polymorphisms, the sequences of the M. synoviae strains were similar. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the strains were assigned to 10 groups-taking into account that within each group the DNA similarity was 100%, while the lowest similarity between groups was 95.8%. The results were compared with those obtained with the vlhA gene, resulting in very similar M. synoviae groups. Although the ISR could be a good target for strain typing, as has been shown by others for Mycoplasma gallisepticum, the method may be too cumbersome for routine use with M. synoviae because of complications with intercistronic heterogeneity. However, if the ISR sequence information was to be combined with other mutation detection techniques it could increase the discriminatory power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Ramirez
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Ghorashi SA, Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF. Differentiation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains using PCR and high-resolution melting curve analysis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 156:1019-1029. [PMID: 20035007 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.031351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an economically important pathogen of poultry worldwide, causing chronic respiratory disease in chickens and turkeys. Differentiation of MG strains is critical, especially in countries where poultry flocks are vaccinated with live vaccines. In this study, oligonucleotide primers were designed based on a region preceding the trinucleotide repeat of a member of the vlhA gene family, and amplicons of 145-352 bp were generated from cultures of 10 different MG strains, including the ts-11, F and 6/85 vaccine strains. High-resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis of the resultant amplicons could differentiate all MG strains. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the amplicons from each strain revealed that each melting curve profile related to a unique DNA sequence. The HRM curve profiles (for ts-11) remained consistent after at least five passages under laboratory conditions. PCR-HRM curve analysis of 33 DNA extracts derived from respiratory swabs, or mycoplasma cultures grown from respiratory swabs, of ts-11-vaccinated commercial or specific pathogen-free chickens identified all these specimens, according to their sequences, as ts-11. The potential of the PCR-HRM curve analysis was also shown in the genotyping of 30 additional MG isolates from Europe, the USA and Israel. The results presented in this study indicate that PCR followed by HRM curve analysis provides a rapid and robust technique for genotyping of MG isolates/strains using both MG cultures and clinical swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed A Ghorashi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Philip F Markham
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
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Feberwee A, de Wit JJ, Landman WJM. Induction of eggshell apex abnormalities by Mycoplasma synoviae: field and experimental studies. Avian Pathol 2009; 38:77-85. [PMID: 19156584 DOI: 10.1080/03079450802662772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel eggshell pathology, characterized by an altered shell surface, thinning, increased translucency, and cracks and breaks in the eggshell apex, has become increasingly common in layer flocks of various breeds in The Netherlands. Two field studies found an association between the eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA) and infection with Mycoplasma synoviae. M. synoviae was isolated from the oviduct of birds that produced abnormal eggs, but not from birds in control flocks, although both affected and control birds had agglutinating antibodies against M. synoviae. After a single injection with long-acting oxytetracycline, the production of abnormal eggs ceased, but then reoccurred about 12 days later. A causal relationship between EAA and M. synoviae infection was subsequently demonstrated experimentally. EAA occurred after intratracheal inoculation of birds with M. synoviae, and even more frequently in birds infected with infectious bronchitis virus 5 days before inoculation of M. synoviae. EAA also occurred, although less frequently, in birds inoculated intravenously with M. synoviae and infected with infectious bronchitis virus. EAA did not occur in birds only inoculated intravenously with M. synoviae. M. synoviae was only isolated from the oviducts of birds producing abnormal eggs. The mean daily egg production was reduced in all groups infected with M. synoviae. Examination of the eggshells by scanning electron microscopy revealed that the mammillary layer of the calcified zone was absent and that the inner eggshell membranes were thicker. Isolates of M. synoviae from the oviducts of birds from farms producing abnormal eggs were examined by amplified fragment-length polymorphism analysis and did not appear to be clonal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Feberwee
- Animal Health Service (GD), AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
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Mannering SA, McAuliffe L, Lawes JR, Erles K, Brownlie J. Strain typing of Mycoplasma cynos isolates from dogs with respiratory disease. Vet Microbiol 2008; 135:292-6. [PMID: 18977617 PMCID: PMC7126931 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The association of Mycoplasma cynos with canine infectious respiratory disease is increasingly being recognised. This study describes the strain typing of 14 M. cynos isolates cultured from trachea and bronchoalveolar lavage samples of six dogs with respiratory disease, from two separate kennels in the United Kingdom. The genetic similarity of the isolates was investigated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Most of the isolates from four dogs housed at a re-homing kennel were genetically similar and some isolates from different dogs were indistinguishable by both PFGE and RAPD. These isolates were cultured from dogs with non-overlapping stays in the kennel, which may indicate maintenance of some strains within kennels. A small number of isolates showed much greater genetic heterogeneity and were genetically distinct from the main group of M. cynos strains. There was also a high degree of similarity of the M. cynos type strain (isolated from a dog with respiratory disease in Denmark in 1971) to at least one of the United Kingdom isolates using PFGE analysis, which may suggest possible conservation of pathogenic strains of M. cynos.
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Feberwee A, Landman WJM, von Banniseht-Wysmuller T, Klinkenberg D, Vernooij JCM, Gielkens ALJ, Stegeman JA. The effect of a live vaccine on the horizontal transmission of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Avian Pathol 2007; 35:359-66. [PMID: 16990145 DOI: 10.1080/03079450600924226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a live Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine on the horizontal transmission of this Mycoplasma species was quantified in an experimental animal transmission model in specific pathogen free White Layers. Two identical trials were performed, each consisting of two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups each consisted of 20 birds 21 weeks of age, which were housed following a pair-wise design. One group was vaccinated twice with a commercially available live attenuated M. gallisepticum vaccine, while the other group was not vaccinated. Each pair of the experimental group consisted of a challenged chicken (10(4) colony-forming units intratracheally) and a susceptible in-contact bird. The control group consisted of 10 twice-vaccinated birds housed in pairs and five individually housed non-vaccinated birds. The infection was monitored by serology, culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The vaccine strain and the challenge strain were distinguished by a specific polymerase chain reaction and by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. In both experiments, all non-vaccinated challenged chickens and their in-contact 'partners' became infected with M. gallisepticum. In the vaccinated challenged and corresponding in-contact birds, a total of 19 and 13 chickens, respectively, became infected with M. gallisepticum. Analysis of the M. gallisepticum shedding patterns showed a significant effect of vaccination on the shedding levels of the vaccinated in-contact chickens. Moreover, the Cox Proportional Hazard analysis indicated that the rate of M. gallisepticum transmission from challenged to in-contact birds in the vaccinated group was 0.356 times that of the non-vaccinated group. In addition, the overall estimate of R (the average number of secondary cases infected by one typical infectious case) of the vaccinated group (R = 4.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.6 to 49.9) was significantly lower than that of the non-vaccinated group (R = infinity, 95% confidence interval = 9.9 to infinity). However, the overall estimate of R in the vaccinated group still exceeded 1, which indicates that the effect of the vaccination on the horizontal transmission M. gallisepticum is insufficient to stop its spread under these experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Feberwee
- Animal Health Service, Deventer, the Netherlands
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