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Ivanov G, Klement E, Gelman B, Elnekave E, Karniely S. Foot and mouth disease viruses are recurrently introduced to Israel and spread by extensively reared sheep and cattle: Insights from a whole-genome sequence analysis. Virology 2024; 590:109950. [PMID: 38104361 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite routine vaccination, Israel experiences recurrent outbreaks of foot and mouth disease (FMD). We analyzed VP1 coding sequences of viruses isolated during FMD outbreaks from 2001 to 2011 in Israel and neighboring nations. The Israeli strains were aligned with strains from neighboring countries in corresponding years, implying repeated FMD virus incursions. In 2007 a large FMD epidemic, caused by a serotype O virus, occurred in Israel. Bayesian analysis of whole-genome sequences of viruses isolated during this epidemic revealed predominant transmission among extensively farmed beef-cattle and small ruminants. Small ruminants were key in spreading to beef-cattle, which then transmitted the virus to feedlot-cattle. Wild gazelles had a minor role in transmission. The results may suggest probable transmission of FMD virus from the Palestinian Authority to Israel. Targeting extensive farms via enhanced surveillance and vaccination could improve FMDV control. Given cross-border transmission, a collaborative FMD mitigation strategy across the Middle-East is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Ivanov
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Boris Gelman
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Ehud Elnekave
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Sharon Karniely
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
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Karniely S, Hamed F, Gelman B, King R, Storm N, Eyngor E, Even Tov B. First isolation of foot and mouth disease virus from wild boars in the Middle East. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1725-1729. [PMID: 32034998 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Domestic pigs are susceptible to foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection and suffer from severe clinical disease. Our knowledge on the clinical manifestations of FMD in and its transmission by wild boars (Sus scrofa) is very limited. During an FMD outbreak in the Golan Heights in 2018, wild boars grazing in close proximity to cattle were observed showing lameness. Infectious FMDV was isolated from throat and heart tissues of two young wild boars with FMD clinical signs. This is the first report of wild boars clinically infected with FMDV in the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Karniely
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Fares Hamed
- Israeli Veterinary Services, Rosh Pina, Israel
| | - Boris Gelman
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Roni King
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nick Storm
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Evgeny Eyngor
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
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Meyer A, Zamir L, Ben Yair Gilboa A, Gelman B, Pfeiffer DU, Vergne T. Quantitative Assessment of the Risk of Release of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus via Export of Bull Semen from Israel. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2017; 37:2350-2359. [PMID: 28334452 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Various foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus strains circulate in the Middle East, causing frequent episodes of FMD outbreaks among Israeli livestock. Since the virus is highly resistant in semen, artificial insemination with contaminated bull semen may lead to the infection of the receiver cow. As a non-FMD-free country with vaccination, Israel is currently engaged in trading bull semen only with countries of the same status. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of release of FMD virus through export of bull semen in order to estimate the risk for FMD-free countries considering purchasing Israeli bull semen. A stochastic risk assessment model was used to estimate this risk, defined as the annual likelihood of exporting at least one ejaculate of bull semen contaminated with viable FMD virus. A total of 45 scenarios were assessed to account for uncertainty and variability around specific parameter estimates and to evaluate the effect of various mitigation measures, such as performing a preexport test on semen ejaculates. Under the most plausible scenario, the annual likelihood of exporting bull semen contaminated with FMD virus had a median of 1.3 * 10-7 for an export of 100 ejaculates per year. This corresponds to one infected ejaculate exported every 7 million years. Under the worst-case scenario, the median of the risk rose to 7.9 * 10-5 , which is equivalent to the export of one infected ejaculate every 12,000 years. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the most influential parameter is the probability of viral excretion in infected bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meyer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - L Zamir
- Israel Veterinary Services, Beit-Dagan, Israel
| | | | - B Gelman
- Kimron Laboratory Institute, Israel Veterinary Services, Beit-Dagan, Israel
| | - D U Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - T Vergne
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- MIVEGEC Group (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM2), Montpellier, France
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The long term effect of age and maternally derived antibodies against foot and mouth disease on the serological response following vaccination in young dairy calves. Vaccine 2016; 34:4927-4934. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Prevalence and risk factors for foot and mouth disease infection in cattle in Israel. Prev Vet Med 2016; 130:51-9. [PMID: 27435646 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease with major economic consequences. In Israel, FMD epidemics recur almost every year and mostly affect cattle. The highest number of outbreaks occurs among beef cattle farms, followed by feedlot farms and dairy farms. We performed several cross-sectional serological studies in Israel during 2006-2014, aimed to reveal if the virus is endemic among cattle and to determine the sero-prevalence of antibodies directed against non-structural proteins (NSP) of FMD virus. Additionally we aimed to determine the risk factors for such sero-positivity. A risk based sampling was performed and the presence of anti-NSP antibodies was estimated using the PrioCHECK(®) ELISA kit. Beef cattle showed the highest sero-prevalence (13.2%, CI95%=10.8-15.8%). Higher FMD sero-prevalence in beef cattle sampled in 2014 was associated with previous FMD outbreaks in the farm and with age (adult cows versus calves (p<0.05)). Sero-prevalence in feedlot calves was significantly lower with only one sero-positive calf out of 256 (0.4%, CI95%=0-2.2%). Sero-prevalence among dairy cattle was 2.7% (CI95%=2-3.6%) with location of up to 3km from FMD outbreaks in multiple farms and location of up to 5km from the nearest border standing out as significant (p<0.05) risk factors for sero-positivity. The extremely low sero-prevalence of FMD in feedlot cattle and the significant association of infection in beef cattle with previous outbreaks suggest absence of virus circulation between these two populations during the study period, although previous data show that during outbreaks such transmission can occur. Low sero-prevalence in dairy cattle located in areas adjacent to previous FMD outbreaks may be attributed to intense routine vaccination and stringent control measures that were applied during outbreaks such as emergency vaccination and strict quarantine. Early detection of FMD outbreaks among grazing beef herds as well as the implementation of control measures among these farms are therefore the methods of choice to prevent future outbreaks in Israel.
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Elnekave E, King R, van Maanen K, Shilo H, Gelman B, Storm N, Klement E. Seroprevalence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Susceptible Wildlife in Israel. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:32. [PMID: 27200364 PMCID: PMC4842776 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemics recur in Israel almost every year. Wild even-toed ungulates are seldom affected during these epidemics. The seroprevalence of FMD in wild ungulates during 2000 and 2005-2013 was estimated using anti-non-structural proteins ELISA. Overall, 209 samples were tested, comprising sera of 120 wild boar (Sus scrofa lybicus), 64 mountain gazelles (Gazella gazella gazella), 6 water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), and 19 Persian fallow deer (Dama dama mesopotamica). None of the tested animals presented clinical signs of FMD during blood collection. Sixteen samples [7.7% (95% confidence interval (CI95%) = 4.4-12.1%)] were found to be seropositive. Fifteen out of 120 samples (12.5%) from wild boar were seropositive, compared with only 1 out of 89 samples (1.1%) from all other species combined (Fisher's exact test: p = 0.003). Most of the positive samples obtained from wild boar [13/15 (86.7%)] were collected during 2007, and analysis was restricted to that year and species only. The seroprevalence of FMD in this species during 2007 was estimated at 54.2% (CI95% = 32.8-74.5%; n = 24). A significant infection cluster, comprising nine seropositive samples collected in three different locations, was identified in the north-eastern part of Israel. These findings indicate that wild boar was affected during the 2007 FMD epidemic, even though wild boar presenting FMD typical clinical signs were not observed during that year. The actual role of wild boar in the spread of FMD virus in this epidemic, however, could not be determined. The negligible seroprevalence of FMD found for all other surveillance years indicates that ongoing circulation of FMD among wildlife in Israel is unlikely. It is concluded that while the role of wildlife species in the dynamics of FMD in Israel is usually limited, there might be occasions, in which wildlife plays a part in the spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Elnekave
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roni King
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kees van Maanen
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EUFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Hila Shilo
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Nick Storm
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Eyal Klement
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Elnekave E, van Maanen K, Shilo H, Gelman B, Storm N, Berdenstain S, Berke O, Klement E. Prevalence and risk factors for foot and mouth disease infection in small ruminants in Israel. Prev Vet Med 2015; 125:82-8. [PMID: 26774447 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, 27% of the foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Israel affected small ruminant (SR) farms. FMD outbreaks reoccur in Israel despite vaccination of all livestock and application of control measures. We performed a cross-sectional serological study, aimed at estimating the prevalence of FMD infection in SR in Israel and the possible risk factors for infection. Overall, 2305 samples of adult sheep (n=1948) and goats (n=357) were collected during 2011-14 in two separate surveys. One survey was based on random sampling of intensive management system farms and the other was originally aimed at the detection of Brucella melitensis at extensive and semi-intensive management system farms. Sera were tested by NS blocking ELISA (PrioCHECK(®)). The serological prevalence of antibodies against non structural proteins (NSP) of FMD virus was estimated at 3.7% (95% confidence interval (CI95%)=3.0% -4.5%). Additionally, a significantly lower infection prevalence (p value=0.049) of 1.0% (CI95%=0.1%-3.6%) was found in a small sample (197 sera) of young SR, collected during 2012. The positive samples from adult SR were scattered all over Israel, though two significant infection clusters were found by the spatial scan statistic. Occurrence of an outbreak on a non-SR farm within 5km distance was associated with a fifteen times increase in the risk of FMD infection of SR in the univariable analysis. Yet, this variable was not included in the multivariable analysis due to collinearities with the other independent variables. Multivariable logistic regression modeling found significantly negative associations (P value<0.05) of grazing and being in a herd larger than 500 animals with risk of infection. Grazing herds and herds larger than 500 animals, both represent farms that are intensively or semi-intensively managed. Higher maintenance of bio-safety, fewer introductions of new animals and higher vaccination compliance in these farms may explain their lower risk of infection by FMD virus. We conclude that despite the wide distribution of infection among SR farms, low farm level prevalence indicates that in Israel SR pose only limited role in the transmission and dissemination of FMD. This conclusion may be applicable for other endemic countries in which, similar to Israel, all livestock are vaccinated against FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Elnekave
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Kees van Maanen
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EUFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Italy
| | - Hila Shilo
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Boris Gelman
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, The Foot and Mouth Disease laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Nick Storm
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, The Foot and Mouth Disease laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Svetlane Berdenstain
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Brucellosis referent laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Olaf Berke
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Elnekave E, Zamir L, Hamd F, Even Tov B, Klement E. Risk factors for foot and mouth disease outbreaks in grazing beef cattle herds. Prev Vet Med 2015; 120:236-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Elnekave E, Even-Tov B, Gelman B, Sharir B, Klement E. Association of the time that elapsed from last vaccination with protective effectiveness against foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:87-92. [PMID: 25293489 PMCID: PMC4367153 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine and emergency vaccination of small ruminants against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is mandatory in many endemic countries, yet data on the field effectiveness of the vaccines used is scarce. We conducted an investigation of a serotype O FMD outbreak that took place in a sheep and goat pen, and estimated the effectiveness of various routine vaccination statuses. We also evaluated the protection provided by colostrum administration and emergency vaccination. Animals which were routinely vaccinated twice were not clinically affected while disease incidence was observed among animals routinely vaccinated only once (p = 0.004 according to a two-sided Fisher's exact test). In groups vaccinated only once, there was a significant association between the average time that elapsed since last vaccination and the disease incidence (n = 5; Spearman correlation coefficient: rs = 1.0, p < 0.01). In addition, non-vaccinated lambs fed colostrum from dams vaccinated more than 2 months before parturition had a mortality rate of 33%. Administration of emergency vaccination 2 days after the occurrence of the index case was the probable reason for the rapid blocking of the FMD spread within 6 days from its onset in the pen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Elnekave
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100,
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Elnekave E, Li Y, Zamir L, Even-Tov B, Hamblin P, Gelman B, Hammond J, Klement E. The field effectiveness of routine and emergency vaccination with an inactivated vaccine against foot and mouth disease. Vaccine 2012; 31:879-85. [PMID: 23246551 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
High potency, inactivated foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccines may be used in non endemic countries for emergency vaccination during outbreaks in order to prevent virus spread. In endemic countries either standard or high potency vaccines are used for routine vaccination. Despite their wide use there is a shortage of data on the field effectiveness of inactivated FMD vaccines. Epidemics of FMD caused by viruses of serotype O occur frequently in Israel, where a high potency (≥6PD(50)) vaccine is used for both routine and emergency vaccination. We investigated an outbreak of FMD caused by a virus of serotype O, which took place during 2011 in a feedlot and an adjacent dairy herd. Post outbreak testing of antibodies against non-structural protein demonstrated that infection occurred in 96% of the calves that received two doses of vaccine at least three months prior to the outbreak and more than 50% showed clinical signs consistent with FMD. Replacement heifers that had been vaccinated 3-5 times with the last vaccination administered 7 months prior to the outbreak were all infected and 18% showed clinical signs. Testing of cattle sera of the same vaccination status as the affected cattle demonstrated low neutralizing antibody (NA) titers against the field virus strain and an r(1) value of 0.37 compared to the vaccine strain. In contrast, cattle vaccinated only once but up to two weeks before the outbreak, were almost all protected from clinical disease and to a lesser extent, protected from FMD virus infection, despite low NA titers. We conclude that emergency vaccination was highly effective due to a mechanism not associated with NA, whereas routine vaccination with the same vaccine formulation provided only limited protection due to poor longevity of the elicited immunity and low matching with the field strain (despite an r(1) higher than 0.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Elnekave
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Ahmed HA, Salem SAH, Habashi AR, Arafa AA, Aggour MGA, Salem GH, Gaber AS, Selem O, Abdelkader SH, Knowles NJ, Madi M, Valdazo-González B, Wadsworth J, Hutchings GH, Mioulet V, Hammond JM, King DP. Emergence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus SAT 2 in Egypt During 2012. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 59:476-81. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Ahmed
- Animal Health Research Institute; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | | | - A. R. Habashi
- Animal Health Research Institute; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | - A. A. Arafa
- Animal Health Research Institute; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | | | - G. H. Salem
- Animal Health Research Institute; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | - A. S. Gaber
- Animal Health Research Institute; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | - O. Selem
- General Organisation for Veterinary Services; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | - S. H. Abdelkader
- General Organisation for Veterinary Services; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | | | - M. Madi
- Institute for Animal Health; Pirbright; UK
| | | | | | | | - V. Mioulet
- Institute for Animal Health; Pirbright; UK
| | | | - D. P. King
- Institute for Animal Health; Pirbright; UK
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