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Lazov CM, Lohse L, Belsham GJ, Rasmussen TB, Bøtner A. Experimental Infection of Pigs with Recent European Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122751. [PMID: 36560755 PMCID: PMC9780976 DOI: 10.3390/v14122751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), belonging to the genus Alphacoronavirus, can cause serious disease in pigs of all ages, especially in suckling pigs. Differences in virulence have been observed between various strains of this virus. In this study, four pigs were inoculated with PEDV from Germany (intestine/intestinal content collected from pigs in 2016) and four pigs with PEDV from Italy (intestine/intestinal material collected from pigs in 2016). The pigs were re-inoculated with the same virus on multiple occasions to create a more robust infection and enhance the antibody responses. The clinical signs and pathological changes observed were generally mild. Two distinct peaks of virus excretion were seen in the group of pigs inoculated with the PEDV from Germany, while only one strong peak was seen for the group of pigs that received the virus from Italy. Seroconversion was seen by days 18 and 10 post-inoculation with PEDV in all surviving pigs from the groups that received the inoculums from Germany and Italy, respectively. Attempts to infect pigs with a swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) from Slovakia were unsuccessful, and no signs of infection were observed in the inoculated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Lazov
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Louise Lohse
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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2
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Díaz I, Pujols J, Cano E, Cuadrado R, Navarro N, Mateu E, Martín M. Assessment of three commercial ELISAs for the detection of antibodies against Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus at different stages of the immune response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110206. [PMID: 33601087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Three commercial ELISAs -two based on spike (E1 and E3) and one on nucleocapsid protein (E2)-were used to analyze the development and persistence of antibodies against Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Seventy-five four-week-old PEDV-negative piglets were inoculated orally with a European G1b PEDV (INOC) and fourteen were kept as controls (CTRL). After the inoculation, E3 detected positive animals as soon as 7 days post inoculation (dpi), while the earliest detection with E1 and E2 was at 14 dpi. All samples were positive at 21 and 28 dpi using E1 and E3, respectively, while E2 failed to detect 23.3 % of the inoculated pigs at any time point. The percentages of positive samples were different through the study: E1 and E3 > E2 from 14 to 56 dpi; and E3 > E1 > E2 from 56 to 154 dpi (P < 0.05). Five months after the inoculation, E3 still detected 92.0 % (IC95 % = 85.1-98.8 %) of pigs as positive, while E1 and E2 detected only 27.0 % (IC95 % = 16.0-37.9 %) and 0%, respectively. The sensitivity for E2 never exceeded 0.62. Specificity was 1 for all ELISAs. These different outcomes could be related to the ELISA strategies (indirect versus competition), the antigens used, the cut-off, or to other intrinsic factors of each test. The observed differences could be of importance when assessing whether older animals, such as fatteners or gilts, had previously been in contact with PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Díaz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - J Pujols
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E Cano
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R Cuadrado
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N Navarro
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E Mateu
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), UAB, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M Martín
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), UAB, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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3
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Bernard L, Desoubeaux G, Bodier-Montagutelli E, Pardessus J, Brea D, Allimonnier L, Eymieux S, Raynal PI, Vasseur V, Vecellio L, Mathé L, Guillon A, Lanotte P, Pourchez J, Verhoeven PO, Esnouf S, Ferry M, Eterradossi N, Blanchard Y, Brown P, Roingeard P, Alcaraz JP, Cinquin P, Si-Tahar M, Heuzé-Vourc'h N. Controlled Heat and Humidity-Based Treatment for the Reuse of Personal Protective Equipment: A Pragmatic Proof-of-Concept to Address the Mass Shortage of Surgical Masks and N95/FFP2 Respirators and to Prevent the SARS-CoV2 Transmission. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:584036. [PMID: 33195335 PMCID: PMC7607499 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.584036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to an unprecedented shortage of healthcare resources, primarily personal protective equipment like surgical masks, and N95/filtering face piece type 2 (FFP2) respirators. Objective: Reuse of surgical masks and N95/FFP2 respirators may circumvent the supply chain constraints and thus overcome mass shortage. Methods, design, setting, and measurement: Herein, we tested the effects of dry- and moist-air controlled heating treatment on structure and chemical integrity, decontamination yield, and filtration performance of surgical masks and FFP2 respirators. Results: We found that treatment in a climate chamber at 70°C during 1 h with 75% humidity rate was adequate for enabling substantial decontamination of both respiratory viruses, oropharyngeal bacteria, and model animal coronaviuses, while maintaining a satisfying filtering capacity. Limitations: Further studies are now required to confirm the feasibility of the whole process during routine practice. Conclusion: Our findings provide compelling evidence for the recycling of pre-used surgical masks and N95/FFP2 respirators in case of imminent mass shortfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Bernard
- Médecine interne et maladies infectieuses, CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Desoubeaux
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Parasitologie-mycologie-médecine tropicale, CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
| | - Elsa Bodier-Montagutelli
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France.,Pharmacie à usage intérieure, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jeoffrey Pardessus
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
| | - Déborah Brea
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
| | - Laurine Allimonnier
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Eymieux
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Biologie cellulaire-Microscopie électronique, CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,UMR Inserm U1259-Morphogénèse et antigénicité du VIH et des virus des hépatites, Tours, France
| | - Pierre-Ivan Raynal
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Biologie cellulaire-Microscopie électronique, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Virginie Vasseur
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
| | - Laurent Vecellio
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
| | - Ludovic Mathé
- Blanchisserie centrale GCS NOT, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Antoine Guillon
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France.,Médecine intensive-Réanimation, CHU de Tours et Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Lanotte
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène hospitalière, CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,ISP Equipe 5-Bactéries et Risque Materno-fœtale, INRAE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Paul O Verhoeven
- GIMAP, EA 3064, Université Jean Monnet, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.,Service des Agents Infectieux et d'Hygiène, CHU de St-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphane Esnouf
- Service d'Étude du Comportement des Radionucléides (SECR), CEA, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Muriel Ferry
- Service d'Étude du Comportement des Radionucléides (SECR), CEA, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Paul Brown
- French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Biologie cellulaire-Microscopie électronique, CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,UMR Inserm U1259-Morphogénèse et antigénicité du VIH et des virus des hépatites, Tours, France
| | | | - Philippe Cinquin
- TIMC-IMAG, UMR5525 Univ. Grenoble Alpes-CNRS, La Tronche, France.,CIC-IT1406 INSERM/CHU Grenoble Alpes/Univ. Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc'h
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
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4
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Sozzi E, Moreno A, Lelli D, Perulli S, Prosperi A, Brocchi E, Capucci L, Papetti A, Giacomini E, Alborali GL, Lavazza A. Development and validation of a monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA for detection of antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV). Res Vet Sci 2018; 121:106-110. [PMID: 30384140 PMCID: PMC7111896 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), belongs to the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae and causes severe diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration and high mortality in seronegative newborn piglets. Thus, a precise and rapid diagnosis of PEDV infection is important for the application of control measures to limit viral dissemination. In this investigation, a monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antibodies against PEDV was developed and validated. The diagnostic performance of the test was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis using a panel of 829 known sera collected from different commercial pig farms, with or without a history of PED presence and from experimentally infected pigs. The competitive ELISA showed excellent diagnostic performance and discriminatory power with high sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) values (Se = 96.5%, 95% IC 94.1-98.1; Sp = 98.2%, 95% IC 96.3-99.3). Moreover, this competitive ELISA method has other properties, such as high feasibility of testing sera without pre-treatment and automatic and instrument-mediated revealing, that makes it appropriate for large-scale screenings of affected pig farms in endemic regions or for monitoring plans in PEDV-free areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Perulli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alice Prosperi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Capucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alice Papetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Giacomini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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5
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Broes A. A comment on “Inter-laboratory study to characterize the detection of serum antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus”. Vet Microbiol 2018; 224:116-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Stadler J, Moser L, Numberger J, Rieger A, Strutzberg-Minder K, Stellberger T, Ladinig A, Ritzmann M, Fux R. Investigation of three outbreaks of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea in Germany in 2016 demonstrates age dependent differences in the development of humoral immune response. Prev Vet Med 2017; 150:93-100. [PMID: 29406090 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has reemerged in Europe since 2014. Characterized by a rapid onset of diarrhea in pigs of all ages, morbidity can reach up to 100% whereas mortality is variable. The virus strains involved in the recent European outbreaks all cluster together with US strains (S INDEL) that lead to less severe clinical signs. In this study, fattening pigs and suckling piglets (n = 105) on farms with no prior PED history were monitored after an acute outbreak of the disease, caused by an S INDEL strain of PED virus (PEDV). For diagnostic investigations in the affected farms, real time RT-PCR was performed to detect PEDV RNA in individually taken fecal samples, and two commercial ELISA kits, both based on the N protein of PEDV, were used to detect IgG in serum samples of pigs experiencing acute signs of the disease. PEDV RNA could be detected in fecal samples up to 14 days after initial sampling. Comparing both ELISAs by Cohens Kappa showed substantial agreement (κ = 0,771). Antibodies were detectable in all fattening pigs (100%) within 10 days after the occurrence of first clinical signs and remained detectable for about two months at least in 20.6% (farm 1) and 45.7% (farm 2) of the animals, respectively. In contrast, only 18 of 34 (52.9%) suckling piglets seroconverted. Although, PEDV RNA was found in fecal samples of all piglets, 13 piglets did not demonstrate antibodies at any sampling day. PCR to detect PEDV RNA in fecal samples seems to be a reliable diagnostic tool during and after the acute outbreak. In the present study, IgG ELISA kits proved to be a feasible diagnostic tool, but age dependent differences in detection rate and persistence of antibodies need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Lisa Moser
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Numberger
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Anna Rieger
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Katrin Strutzberg-Minder
- IVD Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratory, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 5, 30926, Seelze, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Stellberger
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Veterinaerstrasse 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
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7
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Leidenberger S, Schröder C, Zani L, Auste A, Pinette M, Ambagala A, Nikolin V, de Smit H, Beer M, Blome S. Virulence of current German PEDV strains in suckling pigs and investigation of protective effects of maternally derived antibodies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10825. [PMID: 28883628 PMCID: PMC5589859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11160-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has caused tremendous losses to the United States pig industry since 2013. From 2014, outbreaks were also reported from Central Europe. To characterize the Central European PEDV strains regarding their virulence in suckling piglets, and to assess the protective effect of maternally derived antibodies (MDA), four trial groups were randomly assigned, each consisting of two pregnant sows and their litter. To induce MDA in a subset of piglets, two sows received a cell culture-adapted PEDV strain, and another two sows were inoculated with field material from German PED outbreaks. Four sows stayed naïve. Subsequently, all piglets were inoculated with the corresponding PEDV strains at an age of 3 to 6 days, and virus shedding, clinical signs and occurrence of specific antibodies were assessed. Piglets without MDA showed a morbidity of 100% and low lethality, while almost all MDA-positive piglets stayed clinically healthy and showed considerably lower virus shedding. Taken together, the Central European PEDV strains showed rather low virulence under experimental conditions, and pre-inoculation of sows led to a solid protection of their offspring. The latter is the prerequisite for a sow vaccination concept that could help to prevent PED induced losses in the piglet sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Leidenberger
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, Greifswald, Insel Riems, 17493, Germany
| | - Ch Schröder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, Greifswald, Insel Riems, 17493, Germany
| | - L Zani
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, Greifswald, Insel Riems, 17493, Germany
| | - A Auste
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, Greifswald, Insel Riems, 17493, Germany
| | - M Pinette
- Canadian Food inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - A Ambagala
- Canadian Food inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - V Nikolin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center, Hannover, 30559, Germany
| | - H de Smit
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center, Hannover, 30559, Germany
| | - M Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, Greifswald, Insel Riems, 17493, Germany
| | - S Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, Greifswald, Insel Riems, 17493, Germany.
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