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Al-Ebshahy E, El-Ansary RE, Zhang J, Badr Y, Rady A, El-Ashram S, Ma Y, Yuan M, Elgendy E. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of FMD virus isolated from two outbreaks in Egypt. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 123:105651. [PMID: 39089501 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite intensive control efforts, Foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks continue to occur regularly in Egypt and resulting in dramatic economic losses to the livestock industry. During 2018 and 2022, FMD was clinically suspected among previously vaccinated cattle in Beheira and Kafr El-Sheikh provinces, Egypt. FMDV RNA was detected in 18 (45%) out of 40 epithelial tissue samples using real-time RT-PCR based on a pan-FMDV primers set. The 2018 outbreak isolates (n = 8) included the FMDV serotypes A and SAT2, whereas all isolates (n = 10) from the 2022 outbreak belonged to the FMDV serotype A. Four selected isolates, designated FMDV/SAT2/EGY/Beheira/2018, FMDV/A/EGY/Kafr El-Sheikh/2018, FMDV/A/EGY/Kafr El-Sheikh/2022 and FMDV/A/EGY/Behiera/2022, were characterized on the basis of partial VP1 gene sequence analysis. The FMDV/SAT2/EGY/Beheira/2018 strain was clustered within the Lib-12 lineage of the topotype VII and shared 79.2-98.4% nucleotide identity with other Egyptian SAT2 strains available in Genbank database. On the other hand, the three FMDV serotype A sequences shared 74.4-99.1% nucleotide identity with each other. Also, they were phylogenetically classified within two distinct topotypes. The FMDV/A/Egy/Kafr El-Sheikh/2018 strain was grouped within the Asian topotype, meanwhile the FMDV/A/EGY/Kafr El-Sheikh/2022 and FMDV/A/EGY/Behiera/2022 strains were grouped together within the genotype IV of the African topotype. Interestingly, the deduced amino acid sequences of the four strains displayed numerous variations in comparison to the vaccine strains currently used in Egypt. In addition, most of these variations were present in prominent antigenic positions in the VP1 protein. These findings raise a crucial need to validate the protective potential of the vaccine strains against the newly emerging FMDV field strains and to update the vaccination strategy accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Al-Ebshahy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Abees10th, Alexandria 21944, Egypt
| | - Ramy E El-Ansary
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, China
| | - Yassien Badr
- Department of Infectious Diseases and epidemics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, 22511 Damanhour, El Beheira, Egypt
| | - Alaa Rady
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Abees10th, Alexandria 21944, Egypt
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan 528231, Guangdong Province, China; Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Yabin Ma
- Hebei Animal Husbandry and Breeding Work Station, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- Hebei Animal Husbandry and Breeding Work Station, Shijiazhuang 050061, China.
| | - Emad Elgendy
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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Abd-Ellatieff HA, Hegazy AA, AbouRawash ARA, Tohamy HG, Al-Shehri M, Bazh EK, Hassan H, Essa BH. Pathological and genetic characterization of foot and mouth disease viruses collected from cattle and water buffalo in Egypt. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291970. [PMID: 37819946 PMCID: PMC10566709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious viral disease caused by FMD virus (FMDV) that threatens Egypt's livestock industry. FMDV causes severe economic losses in the livestock, with restriction of international trade from endemic regions. Surveillance for FMDV serotypes circulating in Egypt is urgently needed to assess the epidemiological situation in the country. FMD outbreaks reported in Egypt in between December 2016 and January-March 2017. A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the FMDV serotypes responsible for the outbreaks and to collect information on the virus's morphopathological effects. Postmortem tissue and clinical samples (oral swabs, vesicular fluids from ruptured vesicles, and blood) were collected from recently deceased and infected animals. Pathological examination revealed classical FMD lesions as vesicular and erosive lesions on epithelial tissues with non-suppurative lymphoplasmacytic myocarditis. Phylogenetic and sequencing analyses demonstrated that FMDV serotype O, EA-3 topotype, VP1 is the prevalent serotype responsible for the pathological alterations and the high mortality in young calves, adult cattle, and water buffalo. The outcomes indicate continuous mutations in the circulating FMDV, which result in the occasional failure of vaccination. Based on these findings, extensive continuous monitoring and serotyping of the existing circulating FMDV isolates and regular vaccination with reevaluation of the currently used vaccine in Egypt are recommended to prevent the recurrence of such outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda A. Abd-Ellatieff
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Abadiyyat Damanhur, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A. Hegazy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Abadiyyat Damanhur, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Rahman A. AbouRawash
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Abadiyyat Damanhur, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Hossam G. Tohamy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Al-Shehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman K. Bazh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Al-Kom, Egypt
| | - Hesham Hassan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bothaina H. Essa
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Abadiyyat Damanhur, El-Beheira, Egypt
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Metwally S, Bkear N, Badr Y, Elshafey B, Alhag SK, Al-Shuraym LA, Batiha G, Fakhry B, Hamada R. A Newly Emerging Serotype A Strain in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus with Higher Severity and Mortality in Buffalo than in Cattle Calves in North Egypt. Vet Sci 2023; 10:488. [PMID: 37624275 PMCID: PMC10457878 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A severe foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic struck several Egyptian provinces recently, causing significant losses among animals even in vaccinated farms. This study indicated the existence of the newly emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and first investigated its effect on the Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle calves in the Beheira province, north Egypt. Twenty tongue epithelial samples from diseased calves in five infected farms were randomly collected, prepared, and propagated using baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells. Whole genomic RNA was extracted from the cells of the third passage. A FMDV genome was detected and serotyped using one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs). Nucleotide sequencing of the purified serotype-specific PCR bands was performed, and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 600 base pairs of VP1 was constructed. The results identified FMDV, serotype A in all infected samples, whereas the serotypes O and SAT2 were negative. The obtained 20 sequences were identical to each other and similar to the newly reported strain in Egypt that belongs to the Europe-South America (Euro-SA) topotype. The epidemiological and clinical parameters associated with such a strain were fully recorded by veterinarians and analyzed in a single infected farm including 70 cattle and buffalo calves. It caused higher peracute mortalities in buffalo (25.7%; 95% CI: 13-43) than in cattle (8.6%; 95% CI: 2-24) calves. Severe clinical signs such as dullness, hypothermia, bradycardia, and cardiac arrhythmia were common to both except in fatal cases, whereas hyperthermia and respiratory signs were prevalent in cattle calves. In conclusion, we first characterized the newly emerging FMDV in the calves of Beheira as more fatal and severe in buffalo than in cattle calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Metwally
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nabil Bkear
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Yassien Badr
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Besheer Elshafey
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Sadeq K. Alhag
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayl Asser 61913, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Laila A. Al-Shuraym
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gaber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Bassant Fakhry
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Rania Hamada
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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Aslam M, Alkheraije KA. The prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in Asia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1201578. [PMID: 37456961 PMCID: PMC10347409 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1201578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is listed among the highly contagious diseases in animals and is endemic throughout the Asian continent. The disease is caused by the Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and affects a wide variety of domesticated animals as well as wild ungulates. Clinically, the disease is described as a vesicular lesion on the tongue, muzzle, lips, gum, dental pad, interdigital cleft, coronary band, and heel of the foot. Sometimes these lesions give rise to lameness. Mastitis is also caused due to teat lesions. A biochemical test reveals that during FMD infection, there are elevated levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-6, serum amyloid A protein, lactoferrin, mannose-binding lectin, and monocytes chemo-attractant protein-1 in the serum of infected animals. There is no specific treatment for FMD although some antivirals are given as prophylaxis and antibiotics are given to prevent secondary bacterial infection. This review presents comprehensive data on the prevalence of FMD and serotypes of FMDV that are attributable to the cause of FMD from a regional point of view. It also explains the worldwide dynamics of the seven serotypes of FMD and tries to identify epidemiological clusters of FMD in various geographical areas. Furthermore, the pathology associated with the foot and mouth disease virus along with the pathophysiology is discussed. The continent-wide prevalence and diversity patterns of FMD suggest that there is a need for stringent policies and legislation implementation regarding research and development aimed at manufacturing strain-specific vaccination, infection prevention, and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Aslam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid A. Alkheraije
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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ElAshmawy WR, Aly SS, Farouk MM. Decision tree risk analysis for FMD outbreak prevention in Egyptian feedlots. Prev Vet Med 2023; 211:105820. [PMID: 36584568 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is one of the most contagious and economically influential viral diseases on animal health and productivity. Introduction of newly purchased animals to beef farms constitutes a greater risk for the FMD outbreaks in endemic countries. Physical examination of newly purchased animals in live animal markets and/or at the receiving farm, and the timing of preventative FMD vaccination may reduce the risk of FMD outbreaks under endemic conditions. Small (< 50 animals) and medium (50-500 animals) sized beef farms in Egypt constitute more than 60% of the country's beef industry where protocols for receiving newly purchased animals vary widely between farms. The current risk analysis aimed to build a decision tree model to reduce FMD outbreaks associated with introduction of replacement cattle on Egypt's medium sized beef farms. Management practices explored were the use of physical examinations and FMD vaccination and their timing for replacements with the goal of reducing losses due to FMD outbreaks. A producer survey revealed that more than 50% of the study herds relied on live animal markets as a source for replacements and reported more FMD outbreaks (P-value=0.09), FMD herd morbidity > 50% (p-value=0.05), and weight loss > 15 kg/animal in FMD clinical cases (P-value=0.01) in comparison to herds that received replacements from other farms, imported, or purchased from small stakeholders. More than 70% of the surveyed farms received replacements ≤ 1year old and reported significantly higher FMD outbreaks (P-value=0.02) in comparison to farms that received older animals. More than 80% of the surveyed farms performed physical examination of newly purchased animals before arrival at their premises. Of the surveyed farms, 73% reported FMD outbreaks with 67% of the outbreaks being reported during the Fall and Winter seasons. The decision tree identified physical examination of newly purchased animals prior to arrival and mixing with a premises beef herd followed by vaccination against FMD upon arrival as the intervention resulting in the lowest probability of FMD outbreak (8.9%). In contrast, herds that did not perform physical examination and delay the FMD vaccination for two or more weeks had the highest probability of FMD outbreaks (33.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagdy R ElAshmawy
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Sharif S Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Manar M Farouk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Assessment of the potency and effectiveness of a heptavalent oil-adjuvanted (ISA 206) foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in Egypt. Arch Virol 2023; 168:62. [PMID: 36633687 PMCID: PMC9836974 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a serious highly contagious viral disease affecting all cloven-hoofed animals, and outbreaks can have a severe economic impact. An inactivated heptavalent oil-adjuvanted FMD vaccine (Aphtovac-7, MEVAC) was prepared from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains A-Iran05, A-Africa-IV, O-PanAsia2, O-Manisa, O-EA3, SAT-2 Gharbia, and SAT-2 LIB-12. The vaccine potency and effectiveness were evaluated in three groups of 6- to 8-month-old calves and 200 adult dairy cattle under field conditions. All animals were vaccinated with the vaccine preparation, and the three groups of calves were challenged after 28 days by intradermolingual inoculation with 104 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of FMDV serotype A, O, or SAT-2. Mock-vaccinated calves (two per group) served as unvaccinated controls during the challenge test. Adult dairy cattle were tested for seroconversion using a virus neutralization test at 30, 60, and 120 days post-vaccination. All calves displayed complete protection against challenge with the different serotypes of FMDV when compared to the control groups. Serum samples collected after the primary and booster immunizations at 30 days post-vaccination contained high titers of protective antibodies (≥ 1/32; i.e. 1.5 log10). Antibodies persisted until the end of the study period (120 days), with a peak value around 60 days post-vaccination. The heptavalent FMD vaccine preparation was found to be potent and capable of providing a protective immune response under both experimental and field conditions.
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Shaban AK, Mohamed RH, Zakaria AM, Baheeg EM. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in raw milk in Menofia Governorate and its effect on reproductive hormones and physiochemical properties of milk. Vet World 2022; 15:2202-2209. [PMID: 36341056 PMCID: PMC9631359 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2202-2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious viral disease that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. In Egypt, FMD has been enzootic since the 1950s and caused great economic losses in cattle and buffalos over the past few years. This study aimed to detect FMD virus (FMDV) in serum and raw milk samples collected from infected and adjacent cattle and buffalos from different localities in El Menofia Governorate, Egypt. Materials and Methods Blood and milk samples were collected from apparently diseased and adjacent 100 cows and 100 buffalos. Serum samples were prepared and used for the detection of FMDV using a non-structural protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) was used for the detection of FMDV in milk samples. Reproductive hormones were estimated using radioimmunoassay kits. Milk constituents were determined by Lactoscan. Results Of the 200 examined serum samples (100 cows and 100 buffalos), 56% and 44% were seropositive for FMDV non-structural protein antibodies in cattle and buffalo, respectively. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results confirmed that all examined milk samples collected from seropositive animals were positive for FMDV. Estrogen and progesterone levels in the serum of seropositive and seronegative animals were measured, and FMDV was proven to significantly elevate estrogen and reduce progesterone levels in both non-pregnant and pregnant animals during different stages of pregnancy. The effect of the virus on milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC) was also studied, revealing that FMDV infection significantly decreased the level of milk fat, protein, and lactose but did not significantly affected minerals, pH, and conductivity. Moreover, it significantly increased the SCC. Conclusion Data recorded in this study indicates a widespread occurrence of FMDV in cattle and buffalo all over Menofia Governorate, Egypt. Infected raw milk is of poor quality and, if put for commercial sale, may have health risks for consumers and play a significant role in spreading the virus. Moreover, FMDV may disturb some reproductive hormones, which could adversely affect cattle and buffalo productivity. Therefore, preventive programs and accurate diagnosis are essential for successful disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Khamees Shaban
- Shebeen El-Kome Branch, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ragab Hassan Mohamed
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Asem Mohammed Zakaria
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Eman Mohamed Baheeg
- ELISA Unite and Viral Strain Bank, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Soltan MA, Mahmoud MM, Hegazy Y, Abd-Eldiam MM. Emergence of foot and mouth disease virus, serotype O, Europe-South America topotype in Egypt, 2022. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:2409-2411. [PMID: 35679058 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Soltan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.,Laboratory of Research and Development in Veterinary Vaccines (LRDVV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Mahmoud
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yamen Hegazy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abd-Eldiam
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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El Bagoury GF, Elhabashy R, Mahmoud AH, Hagag NM, El Zowalaty ME. Development and evaluation of one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for improved detection of foot-and-mouth-disease virus serotypes circulating in Egypt. J Virol Methods 2022; 306:114525. [PMID: 35337855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious and economically important viral disease affecting livestock. Rapid and precise diagnosis of FMD is critical for efficient control and surveillance strategies of the disease. In this study, one-step real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays using newly designed primers/probe sets in the conserved regions within the VP1 coding sequence were developed for specific detection of FMDV serotypes SAT 2 and O with their different lineage circulating in Egypt. The assays were validated for the efficacy to detect different lineages of these endemic serotypes in Egypt; the detection limit was 10 genomic copies for serotype SAT 2 and one genomic copy for serotype O, with no cross-reactivity observed. These findings were confirmed by the specific and sensitive detection of FMDV in clinical samples obtained from different regions in Egypt and representing a range of subtypes within the SAT 2 and O serotypes. The results illustrate the potential of tailored RT-qPCR tools for the rapid detection and serotyping of FMDV belonging to different lineages of serotypes SAT 2 and O circulating in Egypt with high sensitivity and specificity. The developed assays could be easily deployed for routine surveillance and hence improving the disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabr F El Bagoury
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Rawan Elhabashy
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ayman H Mahmoud
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, El Saleheya El Gadida, 44813, Ash Sharqia, Egypt; Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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10
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Bayoumi Y, Sobhy N, Morsi A, El-Neshwey W, El-Seddawy N, Abdallah A. Clinical and histopathological studies on neurodegeneration and dysautonomia in buffalo calves during foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Egypt. Vet World 2021; 14:1622-1630. [PMID: 34316212 PMCID: PMC8304408 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1622-1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Signs of dysautonomia were frequently observed in calves that died during foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) outbreaks in Egypt from 2015 to 2018. This study aimed to describe the clinical and histopathological features of the central nervous system in malignant cases of FMD and excluding possible concurrent bacterial, and bovine herpes virus 4 (BHV4) infections or both. Materials and Methods In this study, 335 FMDV-infected buffalo calves aged 1-22 months were clinically examined and followed until recovery or death. Of the 335 calves, 134 died (malignant group) and 201 recovered after exhibiting classic symptoms of FMD (recover group). The calves were subjected to clinical examination. For the malignant group, several laboratory trials were conducted to assess the possible cause/s of dysautonomia-related viral, bacterial, or concurrent infections. Koch's postulates and polymerase chain reaction were employed. Postmortem and histopathological examinations of nervous tissue were performed. Results In the malignant group, signs of dysautonomia were observed before death, including partial or complete gut dysfunction, loss of anal sphincter tone, rapid breathing sounds, fluctuating body temperature, and cardiac arrhythmias. In the malignant group, histopathological examination of the spinal cord, pons, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and cerebrum revealed demyelination, neuronal degeneration, and focal areas of malacia and gliosis. The nervous tissue and heart samples from malignant cases were positive for serotype O FMDV. Conclusion Findings revealed in this study support the existence of neurodegeneration induced by FMDV infection in buffalo calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Bayoumi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nader Sobhy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdelkarem Morsi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wafaa El-Neshwey
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nora El-Seddawy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdelmonem Abdallah
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Characterization of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT-2 in Swamp Water Buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis) under the Egyptian Smallholder Production System. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061697. [PMID: 34200281 PMCID: PMC8228956 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Continuous mutations of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) result in the emergence of new topotypes and lineages of FMDV, which contribute to an occasional vaccination failure. Thus, molecular characterization of the circulating FMDV strains associated with a recent outbreak in Egyptian water buffaloes is essential for the control strategies. The results revealed that the circulating virus was SAT-2 serotype, closely related to the lineage of lib12, topotype VII, with a similarity of 98.9%. The new incursions reported in this study explain the considerable high morbidity of FMDV outbreaks in Egypt in early 2019. Abstract Spontaneous mutations are a common characteristic of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), leading to wide antigenic variations resulting in the emergence of new topotypes and lineages of FMDV, which contributes to occasional vaccination failures. The objectives of the present study were to genetically characterize FMDV isolated from water buffaloes and study the biochemical and histopathological indicators of infected animals. Fifty-four water buffaloes of both sexes and different ages suffered from acute symptoms of FMD were clinically examined and randomly selected for inclusion in this study. Oral desquamated epithelial and oropharyngeal fluid samples have been tested for FMDV by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Tissue and serum samples were also collected from the diseased buffaloes and subjected to histopathological and biochemical analysis. Our findings showed that all examined samples were confirmed to be positive to FMDV serotype SAT-2 and were adjusted to be responsible for the recent disease outbreak in this study. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the circulating viruses were of the SAT-2 serotype, closely related to the lineage of lib12, topotype VII, with 98.9% identity. The new lineage of SAT-2 showed a high virulence resulting in the deaths of water buffaloes due to heart failure, confirmed by high serum levels of inflammatory and cardiac markers, including haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, cardiac troponin I and creatine phosphokinase-MB, indicating an unfavorable FMD-infection prognosis. In conclusion, we document the presence of new incursions circulating in water buffalo populations in Egypt in early 2019, explaining the high morbidity rate of FMD outbreak in early 2019. Furthermore, the newly identified serotype SAT-2 lib12 lineage, topotype VII, showed an aggressive pattern in water buffaloes of the smallholder production system.
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Abu-Elnaga HI, Rizk SA, Daoud HM, Mohamed AA, Mossad W, Gamil MA, Soudy AF, El-Shehawy LI. Comparative nucleotide sequencing of the VP1 capsid gene of recent isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O from Egypt. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2021-2028. [PMID: 32601957 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since 2006, Egypt has been affected by eleven various foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) lineages. Accordingly, the nucleotide sequences of the 1D gene and the genes encoding the external capsid protein of some isolates of serotype O (the most predominant epidemic serotype in the country) collected from 2004 to 2017 were determined. All of these viruses (including the vaccine strain) belonged to serotype O, topotype ME-SA, and lineage Sharquia-72, and their sequences were of 98.6-98.9% identical to that of strain O1/Sharquia/EGY/72 (DQ164871), and differed from cultured and clinical (D197E) virus strains. The characteristic sites on the surface of the structural proteins of the Egyptian serotype O, topotype ME-SA viruses were located at residues 138 and 198 of VP1, residue 132 of VP2, and residues 56 and 104 of VP3. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree revealed that Sharquia-72 was the only lineage present in Egypt for many decades prior to 2007. Unfortunately, however, during the last decade, five lineages of two separate topotypes of FMDV serotype O were detected in Egypt. Lineages Sharquia-72 and PanAsia-2 belong to topotype ME-SA and show ~ 14.5 to 17.5% intra-lineage divergence. In addition, lineages Qal-13, Ism-16, and Alx-17 cluster within topotype EA-3 and show ~ 4.5 to 15% intra-lineage diversity. The predecessors of the Egyptian EA-3 viruses are likely to have been from Sudan. Finally, at least a penta- or hexavalent vaccine comprising strains representing the endemic FMDV topotypes should be implemented on a wide scale in Egypt, which could combat the incursion of new lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany I Abu-Elnaga
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt.
| | - Sonia A Rizk
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Hind M Daoud
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Assem A Mohamed
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Wael Mossad
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Gamil
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Soudy
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Laila I El-Shehawy
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
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Tesfaye Y, Khan F, Gelaye E. Molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses collected from Northern and Central Ethiopia during the 2018 outbreak. Vet World 2020; 13:542-548. [PMID: 32367962 PMCID: PMC7183482 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.542-548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in several developing countries and affects poor farmers through loss of production, death of diseased animals, and loss of animal byproducts. Forty-three samples were collected from 12 sites of five geographical located areas from suspected FMD virus (FMDV)-infected cattle during 2018. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the FMDVs using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and gene sequencing. Materials and Methods Forty-three FMDV-suspected clinical samples cultured on BHK-21 cell were examined, followed by virus serotype identification using RT-PCR and gene sequencing. Results Twenty-nine (67.44%) samples were cultured on BHK-21 cell, of which 14 (32.56%) were not isolated; the 43 samples were analyzed using FMDV screening primers and serotype-specific primers. The contribution of the disease-causing serotype was serotype O of 8 (18.60%) samples, serotype A of 20 (46.51%) samples, and mixed infection (O and A) of 1 (2.33%) sample. Serotypes O and A were further characterized by phylogenetic analysis, which grouped them under East Africa 3 and Africa topotypes of genotype IV, respectively. Interestingly, serotype A was isolated for the 1st time from Keyet sub-woreda and Mulo woreda of Ethiopia, and mixed serotypes (O and A) were identified from the purchased animal. Conclusion Molecular test result, sequencing, and phylogenetic tree reconstruction analysis revealed that the 2018 FMD outbreak in Ethiopia was caused by FMDV serotypes O and A. FMDV serotype A was the predominant strain circulating in most study areas of the country. Infections in one sample with mixed serotypes of O and A were also reported. The authors recommend a vaccine matching study of those field isolated viruses with the vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeneneh Tesfaye
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Research and Development, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- Department of Research and Development, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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El-Rhman MMA, Abo El-Hassan DG, Awad WS, Salem SAH. Serological evaluation for the current epidemic situation of foot and mouth disease among cattle and buffaloes in Egypt. Vet World 2020; 13:1-9. [PMID: 32158144 PMCID: PMC7020118 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study was aimed to investigate the epidemic situation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Egypt from 2016 to 2018 based on the detection of FMD virus (FMDV) in carrier or previously infected animals, by determination of antibodies against non-structural protein (NSP), implementation a pilot study on circulating FMDV serotypes and assure the efficacy of locally produced inactivated trivalent vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1500 sera were collected from apparent healthy vaccinated cattle and buffaloes from three Egyptian geographical sectors, representing ten governorates. Determination of FMD antibodies against NSP was carried out using 3ABC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Serotyping of the circulating FMDV and assure the vaccine efficacy was performed using solid-phase competitive ELISA. RESULTS The 3ABC ELISA test revealed 26.4% and 23.7% positive for FMDV-NSP antibodies in cattle and buffalo sera, respectively. The highest positivity was in Delta Sector among both cattle 42.3% and buffaloes 28.8%. Serotyping of FMDV-positive NSP sera in El-Qalyubia Governorate for the circulating FMDV serotypes O, A, and Southern African Territories (SAT) 2 was 52.2%, 17.4%, and 30.4% in cattle and 31.8%, 27.3%, and 40.9% in buffaloes, respectively. The overall protection level due to the vaccination program was 62.1 and 60.9% in cattle and buffaloes, respectively, while the protective level of the FMDV serotypes O, A, and SAT2 included in the inactivated trivalent vaccine was 73.9, 84.6, and 63.8% in cattle and 72.3, 82.3, and 63.5% in buffaloes, respectively. CONCLUSION The present study recommended full determination for the immunogenic relationship between the vaccine strains and the field strains to attain maximum protection against the circulating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M. Abd El-Rhman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Diea G. Abo El-Hassan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Walid S. Awad
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sayed A. H. Salem
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Soltan MA, Dohreig RMA, Abbas H, Ellawa M, Yousif I, Aly AE, Wasfy M, El-Sayed MM. Emergence of foot and mouth disease virus, Lib-12 lineage of topotype VII, serotype SAT2 in Egypt, 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1105-1106. [PMID: 30779326 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Soltan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Momtaz Wasfy
- Middle East for Veterinary vaccines (MEVAC), Salhea, Egypt
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Al-Hosary AA, Kandeil A, El-Taweel AN, Nordengrahn A, Merza M, Badra R, Kayali G, Ali MA. Co-infection with different serotypes of FMDV in vaccinated cattle in Southern Egypt. Virus Genes 2019; 55:304-313. [PMID: 30771081 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During 2015-2016 period, an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was observed in cattle in four governorates of the upper of Egypt. The infection was extended to the vaccinated cattle. A total of 54 mouth swabs and serum samples were collected from vaccinated cattle for serological and virological investigation. The typical clinical signs of FMDV infection were observed in all cattle under investigation. All samples were positive for FMDV using molecular methods, while the serological method showed 85% positive of tested samples. Typing of FMDV-positive samples using serotype-specific primers showed that 51.8% of samples were serotype O, 9.2% were serotype A, and 18.5% were SAT 2. Surprisingly, co-infections of serotypes A/SAT 2 (12.9%) and O/SAT 2 (7.4%) were also detected. By geographical location, the 3 serotypes A, O, and SAT2 were detected in all four governorates. The phylogenetic assessment of the detected viruses showed that two distinct groups of FMDV serotype O of East Africa-3 (EA-3) topotype were most closely related to circulating viruses in Sudan, as well as FMDV strains belonging to the topotype VII of serotype SAT 2. The detected SAT 2 strains clustered in separate clades in topotype VII, indicating new incursions. The VP1 signatures and protein sequences of some characterized viruses were analyzed. Multiple mutations were detected in VP1. Therefore, to enhance the control of FMD in Egypt, we recommend establishing an active surveillance system to characterize newly emerging virus strains/serotypes and subsequently updating vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Adel Al-Hosary
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Po. Box 71526, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Nageh El-Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ann Nordengrahn
- Boehringer Ingelheim Svanova, Uppsala Business Park, Po. Box 1545, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malik Merza
- Boehringer Ingelheim Svanova, Uppsala Business Park, Po. Box 1545, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Human Link, Hazmieh, Lebanon.
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
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Diab E, Bazid AHI, Fawzy M, El-Ashmawy WR, Fayed AA, El-Sayed MM. Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Egypt during 2013-2014: Molecular characterization of serotypes A, O, and SAT2. Vet World 2019; 12:190-197. [PMID: 31040557 PMCID: PMC6460869 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.190-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes A, O and South African Territories (SAT2) are endemic in Egypt; each is presented by a number of partially related topotypes and lineages, depending on their geographical origin. Continuous mutations and the emergence of new topotypes that lead to occasional vaccination failures were frequently recorded, so this study aimed to genetically characterize the circulating FMD virus strains in Egypt during 2013 and 2014 outbreaks, focusing on amino acids variations in VP1 region. Materials and Methods A total of 51 oral tissue samples were collected from cattle and buffaloes in 13 farms, and 38 individual cases showed clinical signs suspected to be FMD in six Egyptian Governorates (Cairo, Giza, Qaliubia, Fayoum, Sharquia, and Assiut). FMDV in collected samples was characterized by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of full VP1 region, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Results Out of 51 samples, 44 (86.27%) were positive by RT-PCR using universal primers. Serotype O was predominant and detected in 31 samples (70.45%), serotype A was detected in 9 samples (20.45%), and then serotype SAT2 was identified in 4 samples (9.10%). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of VP1 demonstrated clustering of serotype O, A, and SAT2 in EA-3 topotype, ASIA topotype, and topotype VII, respectively. Serotype O is closely related to O/SUD/8/2008 with 94.6% identity but showed 14.6% differences from vaccine strain (O/PanAsia-2) of ME-SA topotype. Furthermore, Serotype A and SAT2 were closely related to recent circulating Egyptian isolates and vaccine strains type A/EGY/1/2012 (Asia topotype, lineage Iran-05) with identity 96.4% and vaccine strain of SAT2/EGY/A/2012 (topotype VII, lineage SAT2/VII/ALX-12) with identity 95.3%, respectively. Conclusion The present study recommended further studies of serotype O to determine the immunogenic relationship between the vaccine strain and the new strains to attain maximum protection against circulating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Diab
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Hamid I Bazid
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32958, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fawzy
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Wagdy R El-Ashmawy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt
| | - Adel A Fayed
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt
| | - Magdy M El-Sayed
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt
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Hansen S, Dill V, Shalaby MA, Eschbaumer M, Böhlken-Fascher S, Hoffmann B, Czerny CP, Abd El Wahed A. Serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus using oxford nanopore sequencing. J Virol Methods 2018; 263:50-53. [PMID: 30393148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), belonging to the family of Picornaviridae, infects mostly cloven-hoofed animals and leads to huge economic losses. Since there is no cross-protection between the seven serotypes of FMDV, effective vaccination relies on the knowledge of the serotype causing the outbreak. The most common methods of serotyping are antigen ELISAs and amplification-based sequencing. Serotype-specific PCR methods exist but have limitations due to emerging mutants within serotypes. Sequencing is a promising technology, but currently suffers from cumbersome procedures and long turnaround times. In this study, we have established a novel sequencing protocol relying on nanopore sequencing and offline BLAST search. The procedure was completed in 5 h including RNA extraction, reverse transcription, second-strand synthesis, barcoding, sequencing and data analysis, which did not require a bioinformatician. In total, 12,193 sequence files were obtained. The offline BLAST search to the P1 region revealed the most successful categorization of the seven FMDV serotypes (specificity: 98.3%) over whole genome (24.8%), P2 (23.6%) and P3 (21.4%). In conclusion, our protocol enables rapid and reliable FMDV serotyping. The whole procedure can be conducted with a mobile suitcase laboratory, which is easy to use at the point of need in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Hansen
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, University of Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Veronika Dill
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mohamed A Shalaby
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Susanne Böhlken-Fascher
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, University of Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claus-Peter Czerny
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, University of Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, University of Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
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Sobhy NM, Bayoumi YH, Mor SK, El-Zahar HI, Goyal SM. Outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in Egypt: Molecular epidemiology, evolution and cardiac biomarkers prognostic significance. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:22-30. [PMID: 30255074 PMCID: PMC6148740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) was isolated from sloughed tongue epithelium of Egyptian cattle presenting with mouth lesions and ropy salivation in two Egyptian governorates (El-Fayoum and Dakahlia). The virus was isolated in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and identified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The complete genome was obtained by next generation sequencing. The strains isolated from El-Fayoum and Dakahlia were serotype A and O, respectively and both isolates had identity with the previously reported Egyptian strains. This study reports successive outbreaks of FMDV that occurred in Egypt during 2015–2016 and describes the dynamics of two outbreaks in addition to the use of cardiac biomarkers in the diagnosis of FMD-related myocarditis in calves and its clinical relevance. Serum cardiac troponin1 (cTn I) and creatinine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) were measured. Mean serum cardiac troponin1 (cTn I) showed significant increase (P < 0.001) in FMDV-infected calves. The increase in fatal and recovered cases was (2.794 ± 0.502 ng/mL) and (1.196 ± 0.443 ng/mL), respectively, compared to the healthy control cases (0.014 ± 0.002 ng/mL). Thus, the serum cTn-I successfully diagnosed FMD-associated myocarditis in calves but not prognostic for the fatal cases. The FMDV sequences described in this study should further help in studying FMDV endemicity in Egypt, tracking the source of infection, selection of control strategies and vaccine updates. The study also determines the clinical relevance of cardiac biomarkers in diagnosis of FMDV-related myocarditis in infected calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader M Sobhy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia 44511, Egypt
| | - Yasmin H Bayoumi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia 44511, Egypt
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine (Virology), University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Heba I El-Zahar
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia 44511, Egypt
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine (Virology), University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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