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Gupta S, Sangwan N, Sangwan AK, Gupta S, Kumar A, Maan S, Kumar A, Kumar S. Acaricide resistance status of deltamethrin and coumaphos in Hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected from different districts of Haryana. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 92:809-833. [PMID: 38448756 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
To study the acaricide resistance status and possible mechanisms of action in conferring resistance to commonly used acaricides (deltamethrin and coumaphos), Hyalomma anatolicum ticks were collected from 6 dairy farms of Hisar and Charkhi Dadri districts of Haryana. By using standard larval packet test, H. anatolicum tick larvae of Charkhi Dadri isolates were found to be susceptible (100% mortality) to both the acaricides. Level-I resistance against coumaphos was recorded from four isolates, whereas, level-II was observed in only one isolate, collected from Hisar. One isolates (Kaimri) from Hisar also showed level-I resistance against deltamethrin. Biochemically, the ticks having higher values of resistance factor (RF) against coumaphos were found to possess increased enzymatic activity of α-esterase, β-esterase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and mono-oxygenase enzymes, whereas, the monoamine oxidase did not show any constant trend. However, the RF showed a statistical significant correlation with GST only. Native PAGE analysis of H. anatolicum ticks revealed the presence of nine types of esterases (EST-1 h to EST-9 h) by using napthyl acetate as substrate. In the inhibitory assay, esterases were found to be inhibited by PMSF, indicating the presence of serine residue at catalytic triad. The partial cds of carboxylesterase and domain II of sodium channel genes were sequenced to determine any proposed mutations in resistant isolates of H. anatolicum ticks, however, no mutations were observed in either gene, indicating that increased expression of detoxification enzymes as a possible mechanism for resistance development, in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India.
| | - Nirmal Sangwan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Arun Kumar Sangwan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Jalukie, Nagaland, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Haryana Pashu Vigyan Kendra, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Uchani, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Sushila Maan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
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Gupta S, Sangwan N, Sangwan AK, Mann S, Gupta S, Kumar A, Kumar S. Understanding the resistance mechanisms of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks to synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates in south-west regions of Haryana, North India. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105634. [PMID: 37945265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical control of tick infestation on dairy farms in India strongly relies upon the use of synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin) and organophosphate (coumaphos) drugs. Therefore, the present manuscript aims to investigate the resistance status of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks against these acaricides. Fully engorged adult R. microplus ticks were randomly collected from 8 dairy farms in North India and evaluated for acaricide resistance by using the Larval Packet Test (LPT). Of these, ticks collected from one and three farms showed the emergence of Level I acaricide resistance against deltamethrin and coumaphos, respectively. Significant positive correlations were found in the enzymatic activity (α-esterase, β-esterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and mono-oxygenase) of R. microplus tick resistant against coumaphos. Native electrophoretogram analysis showed six different types of esterase activity in R. microplus (EST-1b to EST-6b), and EST-5b activity was more predominantly expressed in resistant ticks. Further, inhibitor studies using various esterase inhibitors suggested that EST-5b is a putative acetylcholine-esterase (AchE), and increased expression of one of the AchE might be responsible for the emergence of acaricide resistance. Further, no mutations were detected in the carboxylesterase (G1120A) and domain II S4-5 linker region (C190A) of the sodium channel genes of resistant R. microplus ticks, indicating that increased expression of detoxification enzymes was the probable mechanism for the development of acaricide resistance in the resistant ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India.
| | - Nirmal Sangwan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Arun Kumar Sangwan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Jalukie, Nagaland, India
| | - Sushila Mann
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
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Sarli M, Torrents J, Toffaletti JR, Morel N, Nava S. Evaluation of the impact of successive acaricide treatments on resistance evolution in Rhipicephalus microplus populations: Monodrugs versus drug combinations. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:105040. [PMID: 37804667 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to comparatively evaluate the evolution of resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus tick populations exposed to successive treatments with monodrug-based formulations and combinations of them in the same commercial formulation. Thirty-six heifers, naturally infested with R. microplus, were divided into three groups (G) and subjected to three successive treatments, on days 0 (Nov-2021), 43 (Jan-2022) and 78 (Feb-2022), with the following formulations: I) ivermectin 3.15% (Ivomec Gold®) (GI), II) fipronil 1% (Ectoline®) (GII) and III) a combination of fipronil 2% and ivermectin 1% (Vaquero®) (GIII). From Nov-2021 to Dec-2022, counts of R. microplus were periodically performed to evaluate the tick infestation. Engorged females were collected at the beginning and end of the trial to determine the evolution of tick resistance to ivermectin and fipronil by in vitro bioassays. At the end of trial, GII and GIII had higher tick counts (39.18 ± 11.88 and 38.33 ± 14.31, respectively) than group I (5.11 ± 6.24) (P<0.05). The in vitro results shows that the resistance ratio (RR50) values after the treatments were higher for fipronil (5.584 and 5.649 for GII and GIII, respectively) than for ivermectin (1.165 and 1.088 for GI and GIII, respectively). In the group treated with the combination (GIII), the RR50 increased for both drugs simultaneously. These results suggest that the successive use of drug combinations could exacerbate the problem of multi-resistance of R. microplus to chemical acaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Sarli
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Jorgelina Torrents
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - José R Toffaletti
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria El Colorado, El Colorado, Formosa, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Morel
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Shakya M, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Upadhaya D, Nagar G, Singh K, M S, Ghosh S. Acaricides resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus and expression profile of ABC-transporter genes in the sampled populations. Exp Parasitol 2023; 252:108584. [PMID: 37468088 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Currently, livestock owners manage tick infestations using chemicals, but the method is increasingly losing effectiveness as resistant tick populations have established in the field conditions. Thus, to develop effective tick management strategies, monitoring of resistance in most predominant tick species, Rhipicephalus microplus was targeted. The ticks were collected from eleven districts of Madhya Pradesh and one district of Punjab and tested against deltamethrin (DLM), cypermethrin (CYP), coumaphos (CMP), ivermectin (IVM) and fipronil (FIP), through adult immersion and larval packet tests. The field isolates were highly resistant to DLM [Resistance factor (RF) = 3.98-38.84]. Against CYP, resistance was observed in BWN (Barwani; RF = 2.81) and MND (Mandsaur; RF = 3.23) isolates. Surprisingly, most of the isolates were susceptible to CMP (0.34-1.58). Emerging level of resistance against IVM (1.05-4.98) and FIP (0.40-2.18) was also observed in all the isolates. Significantly elevated production of esterases (p < 0.01) was 90% correlated with RF of DLM while no positive correlation between production of monooxygenase and Glutathione S-transferase with RF to DLM was noted. Multiple sequence analysis of S4-5 linker region of the sodium channel gene of all the isolates revealed a point mutation at 190th position (C190A) which is associated with DLM resistance. Treatment of resistant LDH (Ludhiana) isolate with IVM resulted in upregulation of RmABCC2 gene and insignificant upregulation of RmABCC1 and RmABCB10 genes indicating the probability of linking IVM resistance with over-expression of RmABCC2 gene. The possible tick management strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Shakya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly- 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Deepak Upadhaya
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Kaushlendra Singh
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Sankar M
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly- 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India.
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A comparison of two in vitro bioassays to detect resistance of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus to fipronil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 37:100816. [PMID: 36623897 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to compare the sensitivity of two in vitro bioassays to detect resistant to fipronil in Argentinean populations of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Two different larval bioassays prepared with technical grade (97%) fipronil were compared: larval immersion test (LIT) and larval packet test (LPT). Seven strains from different provinces were treated with both assays. Colonia Tabay, Colonia Benítez, Intiyaco and Quimili strains were considered resistant in both LIT and LPT bioassays. The 95% confidence intervals (IC95) for lethal concentration 50% (LC50) did not overlap with the susceptible reference strain (SRS) and all the values of RR50 obtained were higher than 2. Garabato and Federal strains were considered as susceptible for both techniques because the IC95 for the LC50 overlapped with those of the SRS and the RR50 values were lesser than 2. An ambiguous situation occurs with Reconquista strain. This strain was considered as susceptible with LPT and with incipient resistant after LIT trial. The analysis of the results indicates that both LIT and LPT trials have enough sensibility to differentiate resistant and susceptible strains, but LIT was more sensitive than LPT when the resistance is incipient.
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Rocha DDO, Roque RMDS, de Souza Vieira T, de Jesus ILR, Guimarães BG, Rocha MBDS, Scott FB, Avelar BR. Evaluation of the susceptibility to fipronil of Rhipicephalus microplus larvae from egg masses incubated at different times of oviposition. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2023; 45:e005922. [PMID: 37040296 PMCID: PMC10079253 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm005922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the susceptibility of R. microplus larvae from different oviposition times to fipronil. The LPT was performed in sextuplicate, at concentrations of 18.75, 37.5, 75, 150 and 300 µg.mL-1. The LC50 found for the egg masses incubated with +7, +14 and +21 days were respectively 105.87, 110.71 and 121.22 µg.mL-1. The larvae originating from egg masses from the same group of engorged females, incubated on different days, presented similar mortality rates compared to the evaluated fipronil concentrations, facilitating the maintenance of laboratory colonies of this tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela de Oliveira Rocha
- 1- Undergraduate in Veterinary Medicine, Instituto de Veterinária (IV), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roxanne Marina da Silva Roque
- 2- Veterinarian, Resident. Programa de Residência em Medicina Veterinária - Diagnóstico em Parasitologia Animal, IV, UFRRJ. Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago de Souza Vieira
- 3- Undergraduate in Zootechnics, Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ), UFRRJ. Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Lins Raquel de Jesus
- 4- Pharmacist, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias (PPGCV), Departamento de Parasitologia Animal (DPA), IV, UFRRJ. Seropédica, RJ. Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabio Barbour Scott
- Veterinarian, DSc. Departamento de Parasitologia Animal (DPA), Instituto de Veterinária (IV), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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Obaid MK, Islam N, Alouffi A, Khan AZ, da Silva Vaz I, Tanaka T, Ali A. Acaricides Resistance in Ticks: Selection, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Mitigation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:941831. [PMID: 35873149 PMCID: PMC9299439 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.941831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are blood-feeding ecto-parasites that have a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Ticks cause economic losses in the form of reduced blood, meat and dairy products, as well as pathogen transmission. Different acaricides such as organochlorines, organophosphates, formamidines (e.g. amitraz), synthetic pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones, fipronil, and fluazuron are currently used sequentially or simultaneously to control tick infestations. Most acaricide treatments now face increasingly high chances of failure, due to the resistance selection in different tick populations against these drugs. Acaricide resistance in ticks can be developed in different ways, including amino acid substitutions that result in morphological changes in the acaricide target, metabolic detoxification, and reduced acaricide entry through the outer layer of the tick body. The current literature brings a plethora of information regarding the use of different acaricides for tick control, resistance selection, analysis of mutations in target sites, and resistance mitigation. Alternatives such as synergistic use of different acaricides, plant-derived phytochemicals, fungi as biological control agents, and anti-tick vaccines have been recommended to avoid and mitigate acaricide resistance. The purpose of this review was to summarize and discuss different acaricides applied for tick control, their mechanisms of action and resistance selection, genetic polymorphisms in their target molecules, as well as the approaches used for diagnosis and mitigation of acaricide resistance, specifically in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabila Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alam Zeb Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia and Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Fular A, Sharma AK, Upadhaya D, Nandi A, Nagar G, Bisht N, Shakya M, Kumar S, Kumar S, Kumar R, Ghosh S. Evaluation of acaricidal resistance status of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks from the hilly state (Uttarakhand) of India and evaluation of efficacy of a natural formulation for the management of resistant ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 85:355-377. [PMID: 34766246 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The resistance status against deltamethrin, cypermethrin, coumaphos and ivermectin was assessed of Rhipicephalus microplus from five districts of Uttarakhand, through adult immersion test and larval packet test. The field isolates were highly resistant to deltamethrin (median resistance ratio [RR50] = 9.10-29.13-fold) followed by cypermethrin (2.23-3.55). Surprisingly the isolates were susceptible to coumaphos (0.34-3.17). Emerging resistance against ivermectin (1.55-3.27) was also observed in all the isolates. Elevated levels of esterases (enzyme ratio = 2.93-5.84-fold), glutathione S-transferases (5.10-10.06) and monooxygenases (1.68-4.02) in resistant fields isolates were highly correlated (47.4-86.0%) with the resistant factor (RR50) determined by bioassay. All the isolates except Uttarkashi possess mutation at the 190th position in domain II of the sodium channel gene. As a mitigation strategy an Ageratum conyzoides-based characterized natural formulation was tested against all the isolates and was found effective at the concentration of 10.1-11.5%. The possibility of using the natural formulation for the management of multi-acaricide resistant ticks is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Deepak Upadhaya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Abhijit Nandi
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Nisha Bisht
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Mukesh Shakya
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Satyanshu Kumar
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, Anand, Gujarat, 387310, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India.
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Selles SMA, Kouidri M, González MG, González J, Sánchez M, González-Coloma A, Sanchis J, Elhachimi L, Olmeda AS, Tercero JM, Valcárcel F. Acaricidal and Repellent Effects of Essential Oils against Ticks: A Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111379. [PMID: 34832535 PMCID: PMC8617816 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick control is a priority in order to prevent the transmission of vector-borne diseases. Industrial chemical acaricides and repellents have been the most efficient tools against hard ticks for a long time. However, the appearance of resistances has meant the declining effectiveness of the chemicals available on the market. The trend today is to develop alternative control methods using natural products to replace nonefficient pesticides and to preserve the efficient ones, hoping to delay resistance development. Traditional in vitro evaluation of acaricidal activity or resistance to synthetic pesticides have been reviewed and they mainly focus on just one species, the one host tick (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)). Recent reports have called for the standardization of natural product components, extraction techniques, and experimental design to fully discover their acaricidal potential. This study reviews the main variables used in the bibliography about the efficiency of natural products against ticks, and it proposes a unification of variables relating to ticks, practical development of bioassays, and estimation of ixodicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidi Mohammed Ammar Selles
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria;
- Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria
- Correspondence:
| | - Mokhtaria Kouidri
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria;
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Products, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria
| | - Marta G. González
- Grupo de Parasitología Animal, Departamento de Reproducción Animal (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.G.); (M.S.); (J.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Julia González
- Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - María Sánchez
- Grupo de Parasitología Animal, Departamento de Reproducción Animal (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.G.); (M.S.); (J.S.); (F.V.)
- Villamagna S.A., Finca “La Garganta”, 14440 Villanueva de Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Azucena González-Coloma
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jaime Sanchis
- Grupo de Parasitología Animal, Departamento de Reproducción Animal (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.G.); (M.S.); (J.S.); (F.V.)
- Facultad de Veterinaria, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Salto 1350, Uruguay
| | - Latifa Elhachimi
- Département de parasitologie et de Santé Publique, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat B.P. 6202, Morocco;
| | - A. Sonia Olmeda
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José Maria Tercero
- Villamagna S.A., Finca “La Garganta”, 14440 Villanueva de Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Félix Valcárcel
- Grupo de Parasitología Animal, Departamento de Reproducción Animal (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.G.); (M.S.); (J.S.); (F.V.)
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Kumar S, Sharma AK, Kumar B, Shakya M, Patel JA, Kumar B, Bisht N, Chigure GM, Singh K, Kumar R, Kumar S, Srivastava S, Rawat P, Ghosh S. Characterization of deltamethrin, cypermethrin, coumaphos and ivermectin resistance in populations of Rhipicephalus microplus in India and efficacy of an antitick natural formulation prepared from Ageratum conyzoides. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101818. [PMID: 34537543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is posing a serious threat to productive animal husbandry. Excessive use of synthetic chemicals in tick management has led to the development of resistant tick populations. Characterization of resistance to deltamethrin, cypermethrin, coumaphos and ivermectin in ticks is necessary to develop a suitable and sustainable control strategy. Based on adult immersion test and larval packet test, the resistance ratios (RR50) for adults and larvae of R. microplus populations from two Indian states ranged from 3.8 to 19.4 and 1.35-25.0 against deltamethrin, 0.061-26.3 and 0.22-19.2 against cypermethrin, and 0.2-9.5 and 0.01-3.1 against coumaphos, respectively, were recorded. Moreover, the RR50 for adults ranged from 0.212 to 3.87 against ivermectin. The RR50 for different acaricides was significantly (p<0.01) correlated with esterases, Glutathione S-transferase and monooxygenase activity. A point mutation at the 190th position of the domain II S4-5 linker region of the sodium channel gene in synthetic pyrethroids (SP) resistant populations was also detected. An antitick natural formulation prepared from the plant Azeratum conyzoides and containing two major compounds, Precocene-I (7‑methoxy-2, 2-dimethyl 2H-chromene) and Precocene II (6, 7-dimethoxy-2, 2-dimethyl- 3-chromene), was developed and tested against the resistant ticks. The LC50 values of the natural formulation against the resistant populations were in the range of 4.31-5.33% irrespective of their RR50 values. Multi-acaricide resistant populations of R. microplus are established in India and the A. conyzoides based natural formulation can be used for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhanu Kumar
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mukesh Shakya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jeemi A Patel
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Junagarh Agricultural University, Junagarh, 362001, Gujarat, India
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Junagarh Agricultural University, Junagarh, 362001, Gujarat, India
| | - Nisha Bisht
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gajanan M Chigure
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kaushlendra Singh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Satyanshu Kumar
- ICAR--Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, Anand, 387310 Gujarat India
| | - Sharad Srivastava
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Preeti Rawat
- Department of Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - S Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Comparative susceptibility of Rhipicephalus microplus collected from the northern state of India to coumaphos, malathion, deltamethrin, ivermectin, and fipronil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:460. [PMID: 34542704 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02886-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The chemical-based tick management method is gradually losing its clutch due to the establishment of resistant ticks. For development of region-specific tick management strategies, the present study was aimed to evaluate the comparative resistance profile of Rhipicephalus microplus isolates collected from seven districts of Uttar Pradesh, a northern state of India. Comparative analysis of the dose-response data using adult immersion test (AIT) against coumaphos, malathion, deltamethrin, ivermectin, and fipronil revealed that all the isolates were resistant to discriminating concentration of deltamethrin having LC50 of 295.12-436.52 ppm with a resistance ratio of 22.02-32.58. An emerging low level of ivermectin resistance (resistance ratio, RR50 = 1.03-2.26) with LC50 in the range of 22.39-48.98 ppm was found across the isolates. The coumaphos was highly effective against all except Amethi (AMT) isolate. Similarly, malathion was efficacious against most of the isolates except Pratapgarh (PRT) and Sultanpur (SUL) isolates showing LC50 of 5128.61 and 5623.41 ppm, respectively. All the isolates were responsive to fipronil. Comparative detoxifying enzymes profiles revealed a significant correlation between the increased activity of esterase and deltamethrin resistance. The GST activity was 51.2% correlated with RR50 of malathion while esterase activity was significantly correlated (68.9%) with RR50 of coumaphos. No correlation between the ivermectin resistance and enzyme activity was established. Multiple sequence analysis of S4-5 linker region of the sodium channel gene of all the isolates revealed a point mutation at 190th position (C190A) which is associated with deltamethrin resistance. The possible tick management strategies in this part of the country are discussed.
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Ogata S, Pereira JAC, Jhonny LVA, Carolina HPG, Matsuno K, Orba Y, Sawa H, Kawamori F, Nonaka N, Nakao R. Molecular Survey of Babesia and Anaplasma Infection in Cattle in Bolivia. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8090188. [PMID: 34564582 PMCID: PMC8473379 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8090188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Latin American countries produce more than a quarter of the world's beef and are a major global supplier of livestock protein. Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are a major constraint to the livestock industry worldwide, including in Latin America. The aim of this study was to detect and characterise tick-borne pathogens in cattle from Santa Cruz, Bolivia, where no detailed epidemiological data are available. Blood samples were collected from 104 cattle. Apicomplexan parasites were detected by nested PCR amplification of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA), and Anaplasmataceae was screened by the PCR amplification of 16S rDNA, followed by characterisation based on the heat shock protein and citrate synthase gene sequences. Babesia infection was observed in nine cattle (one Babesia bovis and eight Babesia bigemina), while Anaplasmataceae infection was detected in thirty-two cattle. A sequencing analysis confirmed the presence of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma platys-like. These results provide the first molecular evidence for the four above-mentioned tick-borne pathogens in cattle in Bolivia. This information improves our understanding of the epidemiology of TBDs and will help in formulating appropriate and improved pathogen control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Ogata
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (S.O.); (N.N.)
| | - Juan Antonio Cristian Pereira
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Av. 26 de Febrero Entre Av. Busch y Av. Centenario, Ciudad Universitaria, Modulo 228, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; (J.A.C.P.); (L.V.A.J.); (H.P.G.C.); (F.K.)
| | - Loza Vega Ariel Jhonny
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Av. 26 de Febrero Entre Av. Busch y Av. Centenario, Ciudad Universitaria, Modulo 228, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; (J.A.C.P.); (L.V.A.J.); (H.P.G.C.); (F.K.)
| | - Herbas Perez Gladys Carolina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Av. 26 de Febrero Entre Av. Busch y Av. Centenario, Ciudad Universitaria, Modulo 228, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; (J.A.C.P.); (L.V.A.J.); (H.P.G.C.); (F.K.)
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (Y.O.); (H.S.)
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (Y.O.); (H.S.)
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (Y.O.); (H.S.)
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Kawamori
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Av. 26 de Febrero Entre Av. Busch y Av. Centenario, Ciudad Universitaria, Modulo 228, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; (J.A.C.P.); (L.V.A.J.); (H.P.G.C.); (F.K.)
| | - Nariaki Nonaka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (S.O.); (N.N.)
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (S.O.); (N.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-706-5196
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Janer EC, Díaz A, Fontes F, Baraibar F, Saporiti T, Olhagaray ME. Molecular survey of pyrethroid and fipronil resistance in isolates of Rhipicephalus microplus in the north of Uruguay. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101747. [PMID: 34102575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of Rhipicephalus microplus to acaricides is a serious control problem, so its early diagnosis by a molecular technique is important. This study aims to develop a multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the para-sodium channel gene and in the GABA-Cl gene, associated with pyrethroids (cypermethrin and flumethrin) and fipronil resistance, respectively. We used 22 tick field isolates from farms with tick control problems (sampling convenience). These farms are located in departments of northern Uruguay. Three mutations in the sodium channel gene (Domain II S4-5: C190A and G215T; domain III S6: T2134A) and one in the GABA-Cl gene (A286S/L: CG856CC/TG) were studied. Mutations G215T and T213A were not detected. In all field isolates, the resistant allele (R) for C190A mutation (knockdown resistance, kdr) was detected, mainly in heterozygous individuals (SR) (11.1% to 86.7%). The highest incidence of the kdr mutant allele occurred in the Tacuarembó tick field isolates, where on 7 out of 10 farms >30% of individuals were SR and on one farm > 30% of individuals were RR. The next highest was Artigas (half of farms had>30% SR individuals and a quarter had >30% RR individuals). The resistance to dieldrin locus (rdl) mutation (CG856CC/TG) was absent in five field isolates. The highest incidenceof the mutant allele was observed in ticks from farms in Rivera (all farms had SR in >30% of individuals and two farms had RR in >12.5 and >16.7% of individuals) followed by farms in Tacuarembó (3 of 10 farms had >30% SR and 2 with >30% RR). Less than half of the farms had rdl in homozygous individuals. No significant association was observed between phenotypic bioassays and the rdl resistance allele. Several field isolates were phenotypically susceptible to the presence of the rdl allele. Several causes are possible (bioassay sensitivity, discriminating concentration). Individuals with simultaneous kdr and rdl mutations were present in 17 field isolates, and their frequency varied between 0.06% and 60%. Genotypic analysis shows that tick resistance to both acaricides, especially pyrethroids, is a serious problem. It is important to monitor the resistance using molecular techniques to plan efficient control measures. This is the first report describing kdr and rdl detection in R. microplus in Uruguay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonor Castro Janer
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad de Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR. Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - André Díaz
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad de Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR. Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Fontes
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad de Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR. Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Baraibar
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad de Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR. Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tatiana Saporiti
- Departamento de Parasitología. Plataforma de Salud Animal. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria. Ruta 5km 386, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - María Ernestina Olhagaray
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad de Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR. Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Castro-Janer EA, Klafke GM, Díaz A, Fontes F, Baraibar F. Multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction to detect kdr and rdl mutations in the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 2021; 292:109397. [PMID: 33691265 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of Rhipicephalus microplus to pyrethroids is widely dispersed worldwide and has been associated with several nucleotide substitutions in its target site, the para-sodium ion channel (Na-channel) gene. The resistance of the tick to fipronil has been increasing in South America, and mutations in the GABA-gated chloride channel (GABA-Cl) have been described in fipronil-resistant tick strains. We developed a multiplex allele-specific PCR (mAS-PCR) to screen for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the resistance to pyrethroids (knockdown resistance or kdr) and fipronil (resistance to dieldrin or rdl) in susceptible tick populations from Uruguay (n = 11) and the Rio Grande do Sul state in Southern Brazil (n = 15). Toxicological in vitro assays with larvae and adults were used to confirm the resistance to cypermethrin, flumethrin, and fipronil. Three SNPs in the Na-channel gene were investigated (C190A, G215 T, and T2134A), and the mAS-PCR included the detection of an SNP (G858 T) coding a non-synonymous mutation in the GABA-Cl gene. C190A was present in all pyrethroid-resistant populations from Uruguay and Brazil, most frequently homozygous. The SNPs G215 T and T2134A were not found. Of the seventeen fipronil-resistant populations, fourteen presented at least one mutant GABA-Cl gene allele, more frequently in heterozygosis. Other mechanisms apart from target site insensitivity may be involved in fipronil resistance since in some resistant populations, the SNP G858 T was not detected. Sixteen (61,5%) of the populations presented individuals with simultaneous mutations in the Na-channel and GABA-Cl genes. This could be a significant problem for the future control of R. microplus. This study shows the wide dispersion of a pyrethroid resistance-associated SNP in high frequency in the region. Fipronil resistance mutations are also dispersed across the region and increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonor A Castro-Janer
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR- Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP.11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Guilherme M Klafke
- Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal(IPVDF). Estrada Do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil
| | - André Díaz
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR- Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP.11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Fontes
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR- Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP.11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Baraibar
- Departamento de Patobiología, Unidad Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR- Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP.11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Valsoni LM, Freitas MGD, Borges DGL, Borges FDA. Status of Rhipicephalus microplus resistance to ivermectin, fipronil and fluazuron in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e025220. [PMID: 33605390 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120201091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Southern cattle tick resistance to pour-on and injectable acaricides has yet to be evaluated on a broader scope, and the paucity of information on the subject may hinder efforts to control this parasite. The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance profile of ten populations of Rhipicephalus microplus to the acaricides fluazuron, fipronil and ivermectin in cattle herds in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The larval immersion test (LIT) was used to evaluate susceptibility to ivermectin and fipronil and the adult immersion test (AIT) was performed to evaluate fluazuron. Samples were randomly obtained in ten farms, and in general, we found resistance in five samples to fluazuron and in four samples to ivermectin and fipronil. Six samples showed incipient resistance to ivermectin and fipronil. Five of the ten evaluated samples showed resistance and/or incipient resistance to all the active ingredients, and the other five to two active ingredients. Among the samples classified as resistant, the average resistance ratio for ivermectin was 2.75 and 3.26 for fipronil. These results demonstrate the advanced status of resistance to the most modern chemical groups for the control of R. microplus in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Mendes Valsoni
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Mariana Green de Freitas
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Dyego Gonçalves Lino Borges
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
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Torrents J, Morel N, Rossner MV, Martínez NC, Toffaletti JR, Nava S. In vitro diagnosis of resistance of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to fipronil in Argentina. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 82:397-403. [PMID: 33000337 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to adapt and apply the in vitro larval bioassay packet test (LPT) to diagnose resistance of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks to fipronil in Argentina. Ten serial dilutions of fipronil were included in the LPT bioassay. Seven populations of R. microplus from six Argentinean Provinces were evaluated. Samples from Colonia Benítez, Quimilí and Intiyaco were unambiguously classified in the category 'resistant'. In all these cases the 95% confidence intervals did not overlap with that of the susceptible reference strain and the slope values were lower than the slope value obtained for the susceptible reference strain. The resistance ratio (RR50) values of the populations from Colonia Benítez I and II, Quimilí and Intiyaco were 2.23, 3.49, 6.84 and 3.39, respectively. Populations from El Colorado I and II, Acambuco, Vera and Feliciano were classified as 'susceptible' because the 95% confidence intervals overlapped with that of the susceptible reference strain and the RR50 values never exceeded 1.32. The results of these LPT bioassays indicate the presence of fipronil resistant R. microplus populations in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgelina Torrents
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, CP 3080, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Morel
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, CC 22, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maria V Rossner
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Colonia Benítez, Colonia Benítez, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Norberto C Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Agencia de Extensión Rural Garabato, Garabato, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - José R Toffaletti
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria El Colorado, El Colorado, Formosa, Argentina
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, CC 22, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Conicet), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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de Oliveira MVS, Konig IFM, Reis AC, Silva L, Peconick AP, Thomasi SS, Lima-De-Souza JR, Camargo-Mathias MI, Remedio RN. Sublethal concentrations of acetylcarvacrol affect reproduction and integument morphology in the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 82:265-279. [PMID: 32857314 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.), also known as the brown dog tick, is among the main tick species involved in the transmission of pathogens to humans and other animals and, therefore, the target of numerous control methods. However, due to the disadvantages of synthetic acaricides, the use of alternative products such as plant derivatives has been encouraged. This study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal potential of acetylcarvacrol and to determine its efficacy at sublethal doses for the control of R. sanguineus s.l. female ticks. In addition, as acetylcarvacrol was applied topically, morphological alterations in the integument were assessed. Acetylation of carvacrol was performed by reaction with acetic anhydride in a sodium hydroxide solution, being confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The lethal concentration for 50 and 90% (LC50 and LC90) of unfed ticks and the efficacy of acetylcarvacrol in engorged females were determined after the Adult Immersion Test (AIT). For the evaluation of effects of acetylcarvacrol in the integument, routine histological techniques were employed after the AIT. The LC50 and LC90 in unfed females were 2.8 and 7.2 μL/mL, respectively. Regarding reproductive performance, after treatment with 8.0 μL/mL acetylcarvacrol 90.9% control was achieved, as ticks showed the lowest egg production index (EPI), hatching rate (HR), and fecundity rate (FR). In the integument, considerable morphological alterations were observed both in cuticle and epithelium. Thus, acetylcarvacrol affected R. sanguineus s.l. external coating and reproduction when applied at sublethal concentrations, probably contributing to a long-term control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aline Chaves Reis
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Av. Dr. Sylvio Menicucci 1001, Lavras, MG, 37.200-900, Brazil
| | - Larissa Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Peconick
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Neodini Remedio
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Av. Dr. Sylvio Menicucci 1001, Lavras, MG, 37.200-900, Brazil.
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Vilela VLR, Feitosa TF, Bezerra RA, Klafke GM, Riet-Correa F. Multiple acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus in the semi-arid region of Paraíba State, Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Arafa WM, Klafke GM, Tidwell JP, de León AAP, Esteve-Gassent M. Detection of single nucleotide polymorphism in the para-sodium channel gene of Rhipicephalus annulatus populations from Egypt resistant to deltamethrin. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101488. [PMID: 32723654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus annulatus field populations collected from small cattle farms in Beni-Suef province in Egypt were evaluated for deltamethrin resistance by toxicological in vitro bioassays (adult immersion test-AIT and larval packet test-LPT). Moreover, a quantitative PCR high resolution melting (PCR-HRM) technique was used to detect nucleotide substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel (Na-channel) gene. By the in vitro bioassays, the examined ticks were phenotypically categorized as deltamethrin susceptible (populations El-Wasta - A, and El-Hakamna - C) or resistant (populations El-Wasta - B, El-Hakamna - D, EL-Halabia - E, and Kom-abokhalad - F). Based on LPT findings, the phenotypic resistant populations were found to have a resistance ratio between 6.5 - 10.8. The PCR-HRM genotyping of the ticks showed variable melting curves among the populations in domain II of the Na-channel gene. Analysis of the curves showed the presence of wild type, mutant homozygous, and mutant heterozygous tick individuals. By sequencing the PCR amplified fragments, the C190A mutation was the only detected nucleotide polymorphism of domain II among the phenotypically resistant populations, which was present in 39.5 % (34/86) of the ticks tested. On the other hand, the phenotypically susceptible populations A and C did not show C190A mutant homozygous (RR) individuals. Meanwhile, in domain III all of the examined populations revealed melting curves like the wild type. Furthermore, the sequence analysis of these populations confirmed the absence of SNPs in domain III. The C190A single point mutation was detected for the first time in domain II of the Na-channel gene of deltamethrin-resistant R. annulatus in Egypt using PCR-HRM. Screening for efficacy of chemical compounds used by farmers to control ticks on cattle should be considered as part of animal health programs to manage the emerging resistance to acaricides in R. annulatus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Arafa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62512, Egypt.
| | - Guilherme M Klafke
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd. MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA; Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal - IPVDF, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Jason P Tidwell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd. MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX, 78028, USA
| | - Maria Esteve-Gassent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, USA
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Menger J, Beauzay P, Chirumamilla A, Dierks C, Gavloski J, Glogoza P, Hamilton K, Hodgson EW, Knodel JJ, MacRae IV, Pezzini DT, Potter BD, Varenhorst AJ, Koch RL. Implementation of a Diagnostic-Concentration Bioassay for Detection of Susceptibility to Pyrethroids in Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:932-939. [PMID: 31961438 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, remains the most economically damaging arthropod pest of soybean in the midwestern United States and southern Canada. Foliar applications of a limited number of insecticide modes of action have been the primary management tactic, and pyrethroid resistance was documented recently with full concentration-response leaf-dip and glass-vial bioassays. Full concentration-response bioassays can be cumbersome, and a more efficient assessment tool was needed. In this study, we implemented a diagnostic-concentration glass-vial bioassay using bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin. Bioassays were conducted with field-collected soybean aphid populations to assess the geographic extent and severity of resistance to pyrethroids. In 2017, 10 of 18 and 11 of 21 field populations tested with bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin, respectively, had mean proportion mortalities less than the susceptible laboratory population. In 2018, 17 of 23 and 13 of 23 field populations tested with bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin, respectively, had mean proportion mortalities less than the susceptible laboratory population. Populations collected after reported field failures of a pyrethroid insecticide generally had mean proportion mortalities less than the susceptible laboratory population. In both years, there was a strong correlation between chemistries, which suggests cross-resistance between these insecticides. The diagnostic-concentration glass-vial bioassays reported here will provide the foundation for an insecticide resistance monitoring program with the ability to determine practical levels and geographic extent of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Menger
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Patrick Beauzay
- Extension Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | - Cole Dierks
- Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | | | | | - Krista Hamilton
- Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection, Madison, WI
| | - Erin W Hodgson
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Janet J Knodel
- Extension Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Ian V MacRae
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Northwest Research and Outreach Center, Crookston, MN
| | | | - Bruce D Potter
- University of Minnesota Extension, Southwest Research and Outreach Center, Lamberton, MN
| | - Adam J Varenhorst
- Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - Robert L Koch
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
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Shakya M, Kumar S, Fular A, Upadhaya D, Sharma AK, Bisht N, Nandi A, Ghosh S. Emergence of fipronil resistant Rhipicephalus microplus populations in Indian states. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 80:591-602. [PMID: 32180071 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The intensive usage of chemical acaricides for the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus has resulted in the development and establishment of multi-acaricide resistant populations. Fipronil, a phenylpyrazole insecticide, is currently marketed in India for the management of this important veterinary tick species. Here, we tested Indian isolates of R. microplus which have developed multi-acaricide resistance, for their susceptibility to fipronil. Twenty-five field isolates from five agro-climatic zones of the country were collected and tested by adult immersion test (AIT) and larval packet test (LPT). Sixteen isolates with resistance factor (RF) in the range of 1.56-10.9 were detected using LPT, whereas only 11 isolates with RF ranging from 1.05 to 4.1 were detected using AIT. A significant variation of RF between both tests was found, which raises doubt about the suitability of larva-based assays in screening of fipronil resistance. The data indicated possible cross-resistance between groups of acaricides in fipronil-resistant tick populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Shakya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Deepak Upadhaya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Nisha Bisht
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Abhijit Nandi
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India.
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22
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Fular A, Gupta S, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Upadhaya D, Shakya M, Nagar G, Ghosh S. Standardization of tick specific biochemical tools for estimation of esterases, monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferase for characterization of acaricide resistance. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 164:130-139. [PMID: 32284118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Protocols to determine metabolic resistance in ticks were mainly derived from reports published using mosquitoes and agriculturally important insects without prior standardization. In the present study, biochemical assays were standardized to quantify acaricide metabolizing enzymes in tick homogenates. Three variables viz., age, number of larvae and reaction time were optimized using reference susceptible IVRI-I and deltamethrin resistant IVRI-IV (Resistance Factor = 194) tick strains. The optimum conditions for estimation of general esterases were 10-15 day old 40 larvae with 15 mins reaction time, 15-20 day old 40 larvae with 20 mins reaction time for Glutathione S- transferase, while 10-15 day old 80 larvae with 5 mins reaction time for monooxygenase. The standardized protocols were further validated in multi acaricide resistant strain (IVRI-V) and in nine field isolates having variable resistant factors to different acaricides. In all the nine heterogeneous field isolates, a significant correlation (p < .05) between resistance to synthetic pyrethroids and over-expression of esterases and monooxygenase was noticed. Similarly, esterases and GST activities were significantly correlated with resistance to organophosphates. The details of the assay protocol are explained for adoption in different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, U.P., India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, U.P., India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, U.P., India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, U.P., India
| | - Deepak Upadhaya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, U.P., India
| | - Mukesh Shakya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, U.P., India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, U.P., India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, U.P., India.
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23
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Upadhaya D, Kumar B, Kumar S, Sharma AK, Fular A, Bisht N, Srivastava S, Boruah RR, Nagar G, Shakya M, Nath T, Nandi SP, S K, Ghosh S. Characterization of acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus populations infesting cattle in northeastern India and assessment of local plant extracts for tick management. Vet Parasitol 2019; 277:109011. [PMID: 31841946 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the tick isolates were collected from Assam state, of northeastern region (NER) and characterized using in vitro bioassay, biochemical and molecular assays. Comparing LC50 value of susceptible IVRI-I and larvae of field isolates, revealed that RF against deltamethrin was highest for Morigaon (MGN = 21.8) and lowest for Sonitpur (SNP = 3.3) isolate. The RF against cypermethrin was highest for Nagaon (NGO = 5.0) and lowest for Barpeta (BPT = 1.2) isolate. Against coumaphos, the highest RF of 4.5 was calculated for BPT (4.5) and lowest for NGO (1.3) isolate. While using adults based assay, highest RF of 24.68 against deltamethrin and lowest RF of 4.96 was determined for MGN and SNP isolate, respectively. In contrast to the results obtained using larvae, against cypermethrin, highest RF was recorded for Kamrup Metropolitan (KMP) while it was NGO isolate using larvae. In case of coumaphos, both larvae and adults of BPT isolate were also highly resistant and lowest RF was detected in SNP (2.30) isolate. All the isolates were susceptible to ivermectin. A significant correlation (p < 0.01) between deltamethrin resistance and higher expression of glutathioneS-transferase was observed while no correlation with esterase and monooxygenase enzymes activity was noted. For the development of possible ecofriendly control measure, different accessions of Argemone mexicana and Datura metel plant species were collected, extracted and screened against adult ticks. Two accessions, NEA-03 and NED-06 collected from Amlighat and Diphu (East Karbi Anglong) were more than 90 % effective. Further dose response study of these accessions determined the LC50 values of 4.86 and 3.96 %, respectively.The resistance status of the collected tick isolates was compared with the data generated from other regions having higher livestock population and possibility of exploitation of identified plant species for the development of natural antitick product is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Upadhaya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Bhanu Kumar
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, U.P., India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Nisha Bisht
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Sharad Srivastava
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, U.P., India
| | | | - Gaurav Nagar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Mukesh Shakya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Tankeswar Nath
- DBT-AAU Centre, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, Assam, India
| | - Shoma Paul Nandi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology,Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, 201303, UP, India
| | - Karivaradharaja S
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India.
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24
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Kumar R, Sharma AK, Ghosh S. Menace of acaricide resistance in cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus in India: Status and possible mitigation strategies. Vet Parasitol 2019; 278:108993. [PMID: 31954273 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Livestock in general and dairy sector in particular plays a vital role in the Indian economy and in the socio-economic development of millions of people. Rhipicephalus microplus, a one-host and the most prevalent cattle tick in various agro climatic zones of India. This tick species is responsible for severe economic losses to livestock owners both through the direct effects of blood sucking, injection of toxins and indirectly by transmitting pathogens. Due to inadvertent and indiscriminate use of chemicals to kill ticks, field tick population has developed resistance to almost all chemicals that are used to manage them. The intention of this review is to provide the current status of resistance in ticks, the possible mechanisms of resistance operating in the tick population, factors contributing to the development of resistance and the managemental strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinesh Kumar
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, UP, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, UP, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, UP, India.
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25
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Kumar R. Molecular markers and their application in the monitoring of acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 78:149-172. [PMID: 31190248 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring acaricide resistance and understanding the underlying mechanisms are critically important in developing strategies for resistance management and tick control. Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the acaricide-resistant associated gene of Rhipicephalus microplus has enabled the development of molecular markers for detection and monitoring of resistance against different types of acaricide. There are many molecular markers developed for resistance monitoring, including mutations on target genes such as sodium channel, acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, β-adrenergic octopamine receptor, octopamine-tyramine etc. Molecular genotyping through molecular markers can detect the presence of resistance-associated genes in a tick population before it reaches high frequency. This review aims to provide an update on the various molecular markers discovered to date from different regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinesh Kumar
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Castro Janer E, Klafke GM, Fontes F, Capurro ML, Schumaker TSS. Mutations in Rhipicephalus microplus GABA gated chloride channel gene associated with fipronil resistance. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:761-765. [PMID: 30898542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tropical cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, is one of the most damaging parasites that affects cattle in tropical and subtropical regions in the world. Tick resistance to acaricides is dispersed worldwide and a number of associated mutations in target site genes have been described. Phenylpyrazole (e.g. fipronil) and cyclodiene (e.g. lindane, dieldrin) insecticides both have the same mode of action blocking the GABA-gated chloride channel encoded by the GABA-Cl gene. A conserved mutation, rdl (resistance to dieldrin) is found across a number of arthropods resistant to cyclodienes and phenylpyrazoles. In ticks, the mutation T290 L, was identified in the second transmembrane (TM2) domain of the GABA-gated chloride channel of Australian cattle tick populations that are resistant to dieldrin. Recently, cross-resistance between fipronil and lindane was reported in R. microplus populations obtained from Uruguay and Brazil. The objective of the present study was to identify mutations in the GABA-Cl gene associated with fipronil resistance. Genomic DNA was obtained from engorged females from fipronil-susceptible and resistant populations sampled from Uruguay and Brazil (n = 166). Initially, it was searched the T290 L mutation described in Australia; however, this mutation was not detected in individuals from resistant populations from either country. The sequencing of a fragment of the GABA-Cl gene revealed nucleotide polymorphisms in fipronil- and lindane-resistant ticks in two populations from Uruguay and five from Brazil. Five amino acid substitutions were present in the resistant strains. Two different substitutions were found in an alanine residue (A286S and A286 L) that is homolog to rdl mutations in fipronil-resistant individuals of other arthropod species. Four other amino acid substitutions (S281 T, V317I, T328 A and A329S) were present in some resistant strains, always with the mutation A286S. This is the first documentation of mutations in the GABA-Cl gene associated with fipronil-resistant in R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Castro Janer
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary, UDELAR. Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - G M Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - F Fontes
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary, UDELAR. Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M L Capurro
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, Cidade Universitária, CEP. 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - T S S Schumaker
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, Cidade Universitária, CEP. 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Synthetic pyrethroid resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks from north-western Himalayas, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1203-1208. [PMID: 30644011 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, adult immersion test (AIT) was used for evaluation of resistance against synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin and cypermethrin) in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks collected from nine districts of three agro-climatic zones of north-western Himalayan region of India. Resistance factors (RFs) were calculated between 0.94 to 50.71 for deltamethrin and 0.32 to 13.18 for cypermethrin. Resistance to deltamethrin was detected at level I in two, level II in four, level III and level IV in one isolate each while one isolate was susceptible. Against cypermethrin, resistance at levels I and II was detected in three isolates each while three isolates were found susceptible. The low altitude sub-tropical zone revealed higher density of resistant ticks where intensive animal husbandry practices were followed and the synthetic pyrethroid usage was common. Data generated on pyrethroid resistance status of ticks in north-western Himalayan region will provide new insights in acaricidal resistance particularly from remote areas of this region and will help in formulating suitable control measures.
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28
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Ravindran R, Jyothimol G, Amithamol KK, Sunil AR, Chandrasekhar L, Lenka DR, Amritha A, Sreelekha K, Sathish N, Udayan D, Krishna TPA, Divya TM, Juliet S, Kumar KGA, Nair SN, Ghosh S. In vitro efficacy of amitraz, coumaphos, deltamethrin and lindane against engorged female Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and Haemaphysalis bispinosa ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2018; 75:241-253. [PMID: 29737450 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study compares the in vitro efficacy of four chemical acaricides, viz. amitraz, coumaphos, deltamethrin and lindane, against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and Haemaphysalis bispinosa ticks based on adult immersion tests. Amitraz, at 350 ppm, elicited 29.2 ± 4.17% mortality against R. (B.) annulatus, 100% inhibition of fecundity and absence of hatching of eggs laid by treated ticks. The same compound at 300 ppm caused 62.5 ± 12.5% mortality against H. bispinosa, 96.7% inhibition of fecundity and complete blocking of eclosion. The LC50 value of amitraz against susceptible H. bispinosa was 181 ppm. Deltamethrin at 400 ppm, elicited 25.0 ± 4.81% adult R. (B.) annulatus mortality, 97.5% inhibition of fecundity and absence of egg hatching. Complete blocking of egg hatching was observed even at 30 ppm. However, deltamethrin (at 50 ppm) elicited 75.0 ± 10.76% mortality against H. bispinosa, 65.8% inhibition of fecundity and very low egg hatching (10%). The LC50 for deltamethrin against susceptible H. bispinosa was 33.8 ppm. Coumaphos at 50 ppm, caused mortality of 70.8 ± 4.17% with R. (B.) annulatus whereas 100% mortality was observed against H. bispinosa. The LC50 values of coumaphos against R. (B.) annulatus and H. bispinosa were 9 and 8.75 ppm, respectively. Complete inhibition (100%) of fecundity was observed even at 30 ppm against both parasites. Complete blocking of egg hatching was also observed even at 10 ppm of coumaphos. Lindane at 1000 ppm caused mortality of 87.5 ± 7.98% against R. (B.) annulatus and 83.3% mortality against H. bispinosa at 100 ppm. The LC50 values of lindane against R. (B.) annulatus and H. bispinosa were 157 and 8.61 ppm, respectively. Complete inhibition of fecundity was observed with R. (B.) annulatus treated with lindane above 200 ppm and with H. bispinosa at a concentration above 50 ppm. Complete blocking of egg hatching was observed in R. (B.) annulatus, even at 100 ppm. Lindane caused 100% blocking of egg hatching at 1 ppm in the case of H. bispinosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India.
| | - Gopi Jyothimol
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Krishnan Kavillimakkil Amithamol
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Athalathil Ramankutty Sunil
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Leena Chandrasekhar
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Dibya Ranjan Lenka
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Achuthkumar Amritha
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Padannakkad, Kasargod, Kerala, 671314, India
| | - Kanapadinchareveetil Sreelekha
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Nanjundappa Sathish
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Darsana Udayan
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | | | - Thirumangalath Meethal Divya
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Karapparambu Gopalan Ajith Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Suresh Narayanan Nair
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Srikanta Ghosh
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, 243122, India
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Castro KNDC, Canuto KM, Brito EDS, Costa-Júnior LM, Andrade IMD, Magalhães JA, Barros DMA. In vitro efficacy of essential oils with different concentrations of 1,8-cineole against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2018; 27:203-210. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of essential oils from three species of plants with intermediary concentrations of 1,8-cineole against the tick species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. For this purpose, five serial concentrations (100.0, 50.0, 25.0, 12.5, 6.2 mg/mL) of essential oils from Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze, Ocimum gratissimum L. and Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B. L. Burtt & R. M. Sm. were used on larval packet and adult immersion tests. The essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), being detected 35.8, 24.7 and 24.0% of 1.8-cineol in the oils of M. suaveolens, O. gratissimum and A. zerumbet, respectively. The lethal concentration (LC 50) of each oil for larvae and engorged females was calculated through Probit analysis. All essential oils showed high efficacy (≥ 95.0%) on engorged females at the 100.0 mg/mL concentration. In regards to larvae, O. gratissimum (LC 50 = 11.9 mg/mL) was the most potent, followed by the A. zerumbet (LC50 = 19.7 mg/mL) and the M. suaveolens (LC50 = 51.6 mg/mL) essential oils. These results show that other compounds interfere with 1,8-cineole action.
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Nandi A, Sagar SV, Chigure G, Fular A, Sharma AK, Nagar G, Kumar S, Saravanan B, Ghosh S. Determination and validation of discriminating concentration of ivermectin against Rhipicephalus microplus. Vet Parasitol 2018; 250:30-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gaur RS, Sangwan AK, Sangwan N, Ghosh M, Kumar S. Comparative study of esterases in deltamethrin and diazinon resistant Rhipicephalus microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected from the Trans-Gangetic plains of India. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 73:115-127. [PMID: 28894981 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of esterases in susceptible and resistant ticks revealed six types of esterases (EST-1b, EST-2b, EST-3b, EST-4b, EST-5b and EST-6b) in Rhipicephalus microplus and four types (EST-1h, EST-2h, EST-3h, EST-4h) in Hyalomma anatolicum using α-naphthyl acetate substrate. Inhibition studies with eserine sulfate, p-chloromercuribenzoate, copper sulphate and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride revealed a marked variation in band intensity between susceptible and resistant ticks, with the latter being more intense. Qualitative expression of EST-4b along with an extra band of EST-5b and EST-6b were indicative of deltamethrin and diazinon resistance in R. microplus, whereas qualitative expression of EST-4h was probably responsible for diazinon resistance in H. anatolicum. The data suggest that increased esterase activity may represent a detoxification strategy leading to the development of resistance in these tick populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Singh Gaur
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India.
| | - Arun Kumar Sangwan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Nirmal Sangwan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Mayukh Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Science and Technology, Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, 110070, India.
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Janadaree Bandara KMU, Parakrama Karunaratne SHP. Mechanisms of acaricide resistance in the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Sri Lanka. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 139:68-72. [PMID: 28595924 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High tolerance of ticks to acaricides is increasingly becoming a problem to cattle farmers. Resistance status of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)from two cattle farms of Sri Lanka were determined against different concentrations of pyrethroid permethrin, organophosphate malathion, organochlorine DDT and carbamate propoxur using Larval Packet Test (LPT) as recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Mechanisms of acaricide resistance were studied by conducting biochemical and PCR assays. Tick larvae were tested for the activity levels of acaricide metabolizing enzymes i.e.esterases, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and monooxygenases, and for altered target sites i.e.acetylcholinesterase (target site of organophosphates and carbamates) and sodium channel regulatory proteins (target site of pyrethroids and DDT). According to discriminating dosages specified by FAO for ticks both populations were 24-56% resistant to DDT. LC values showed that the both populations were susceptible to permethrin and resistant to malathion. Moderate insensitivity of AChEs and knock-down resistance (kdr) mutations were found as resistance mechanisms. GSTs and monooxygenases were not elevated. The kdr type mutation G72V (G215T in the gene) found in the sodium channel regulatory protein of R. (B.) microplus samples may be responsible for DDT resistance. Systematic and sophisticated insecticide resistance monitoring programmes and a better understanding on the mechanisms which govern resistance development are vital for future tick control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S H P Parakrama Karunaratne
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Rd, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka; Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka.
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Ghosh S, Gupta S, Ajith Kumar KG, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Nagar G, Kumar R, Paul S, Fular A, Chigure G, Nandi A, Manjunathachar HV, Mohammad A, Verma MR, Saravanan BC, Ray D. Characterization and establishment of a reference deltamethrin and cypermethrin resistant tick line (IVRI-IV) of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 138:66-70. [PMID: 28456306 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The problem of ticks and tick borne diseases is a global threat and growing reports of resistance to commonly used insecticides further aggravated the condition and demands for country specific resistance monitoring tools and possible solutions of the problem. Establishment of standard reference is prerequisite for development of monitoring tools. For studying possible role of different mechanisms involved in development of resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus population and to develop newer drug to manage the problem of resistance, a deltamethrin exposed and selected tick colony, referred to as IVRI-IV, was characterized using reference susceptible IVRI-I tick line as control. The RF values of IVRI-IV ticks against deltamethrin, cypermethrin and diazinon were determined as 194.0, 26.6, 2.86, respectively, against adults. The esterase enzyme ratios of 2.60 and 5.83 was observed using α-naphthyl and β-naphthyl acetate while glutathione S-transferase (GST) ratio was 3.77. Comparative analysis of IVRI-I and IVRI-IV carboxylesterase gene sequences revealed 13 synonymous and 5 non synonymous mutations, reported for the first time. The C190A mutation in the domain II S4-5 linker region of sodium channel gene leading to leucine to isoleucine (L64I) amino acid substitution was also detected in the IVRI-IV population. In the present study, monitorable indicators for the maintenance of the reference IVRI-IV colony, the first established deltamethrin and cypermethrin resistant tick line of India, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India.
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India
| | - K G Ajith Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Rinesh Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Souvik Paul
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Gajanan Chigure
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Abhijit Nandi
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India
| | - H V Manjunathachar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Aquil Mohammad
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India
| | - M R Verma
- Division of Economics and Statistics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India
| | - B C Saravanan
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Debdatta Ray
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India
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Dutta S, Godara R, Katoch R, Yadav A, Katoch M, Singh NK. Detection of amitraz and malathion resistance in field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Jammu region of India. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 71:291-301. [PMID: 28251410 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Detection of resistance levels against amitraz and malathion in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from four districts of Jammu region (India) was carried out using the adult immersion test. The regression graphs of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log values of concentration of drugs were utilised for the determination of slope of mortality, lethal concentration for 50% (LC50), 95% (LC95) and resistance factor (RF). On the basis of the data generated on variables (mortality, egg mass weight, reproductive index and percentage inhibition of oviposition) the resistance level was categorised as I, II, III and IV. Out of these four districts, resistance to amitraz was detected at level I in Udhampur (RF = 2.81), Jammu (RF = 2.53) and Samba isolates (RF = 2.24) whereas Rajouri isolate was found susceptible (RF = 1.0). Resistance to malathion was detected at level I in Udhampur (RF = 4.01) and Jammu isolates (RF = 1.76) whereas Rajouri (RF = 0.472) and Samba (RF = 0.199) isolates were found susceptible. The data generated on amitraz and malathion resistance status will help in formulating a tick control strategy in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dutta
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R.S. Pura-181 102, Jammu, India
| | - R Godara
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R.S. Pura-181 102, Jammu, India
| | - R Katoch
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R.S. Pura-181 102, Jammu, India.
| | - A Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R.S. Pura-181 102, Jammu, India
| | - M Katoch
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, 180 001, India
| | - N K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141 004, India
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Webster A, Pradel E, Souza UA, Martins JR, Reck J, Schrank A, Klafke G. Does the effect of a Metarhizium anisopliae isolate on Rhipicephalus microplus depend on the tick population evaluated? Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 8:270-274. [PMID: 27908773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is an arthropod pathogen used in the biological control of pests in agriculture and livestock. The effect of the fungus M. anisopliae on ticks has been shown in experiments in vitro. The aim of the present study was to compare the susceptibility of different field isolates of Rhipicephalus microplus to M. anisopliae. A total of 67 field isolates were evaluated. Rhipicephalus microplus larvae were immersed in an M. anisopliae suspension (108 conidia/mL) for 5min. The median lethal times (LT50) ranged from 2.6 to 24.9days. Mortality observed at the 15th day after treatment ranged from 26.3 to 100% in the tested samples. The effect of M. anisopliae on tick isolates was not associated with their susceptibility to any acaricide tested, animal stocking rate, cattle breed, rotational grazing, cultivated pasture, production system, presence of wet areas or biome. The integration of livestock and agriculture practices in the farm and the frequency of acaricide treatment seem to be associated with tick susceptibility to M. anisopliae. These results demonstrated that field populations of R. microplus show a high variation in their susceptibility to M. anisopliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise Webster
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - Endrigo Pradel
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Ugo Araújo Souza
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - João Ricardo Martins
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schrank
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
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Multiple resistance to acaricides in field populations of Rhipicephalus microplus from Rio Grande do Sul state, Southern Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 8:73-80. [PMID: 27717758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acaricide resistance is a major obstacle to the control of Rhipicephalus microplus. Historically, the indiscriminate use of chemical compounds has contributed to the selection of populations resistant to different classes of acaricides. Therefore, multiple acaricide resistance is an important threat to the chemical control of the cattle tick. To investigate the occurrence and extent of multiple resistance to acaricides in Southern Brazil we performed larval tests with cypermethrin, chlorpyriphos, amitraz, fipronil and ivermectin on 104 cattle tick field samples from different ranches in Rio Grande do Sul, between the years 2013 and 2015. Adult immersion tests with a commercial formulation mixture of chlorpyriphos and cypermethrin were performed on 75 samples. Four levels of resistance were established according to the mortality of larvae: Level I: mortality between 82% and 95%; Level II: mortality between 57% and 82%; Level III: mortality between 25% and 57%; and Level IV: mortality lower than 25%. Resistance to cypermethrin was detected in 98.08% of the samples evaluated, mostly at resistance level IV. The frequency of samples resistant to amitraz, chlorpyriphos, ivermectin and fipronil was 76.92%, 60.58%, 60.58% and 53.85% respectively. Multiple resistance to three or more compounds was found in 78.85% of the samples. The results obtained in this study are alarming and reveal a new scenario for the challenge of tick control using chemicals. This is an issue of high importance to cattle production systems where this tick is responsible for a high economic impact.
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Deltamethrin resistance in south Indian isolates of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2016; 5:37-41. [PMID: 31014536 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present communication deals with the detection and characterization of deltamethrin resistance in tick populations using biological (larval packet test), biochemical (esterase enzyme assay) and molecular assays. Ticks were collected from cattle farms of Korutla, Telangana (KOR), Mehboob Nagar, Telangana (MBN), Nagpur, Maharashtra (NAG), Parbani, Maharashtra (PBN), Madhavaram, Tamil Nadu (MAD), Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu (CUD), Sakhleshpur, Karnataka (SAK) and Buvenduvella, Karnataka (BUV). Out of eight field isolates, seven were identified as Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus while one isolate (CUD) was identified as R. (B.) annulatus. The LC50 values and resistance factors (RF) of field isolates were assessed by larval packet test (LPT). RF values of two isolates viz., Korutla and Parbhani (KOR, PAR) were close to that of reference susceptible isolate. R. (B.) microplus isolate from Nagpur (NAG) and Sakleshpur (SAK) revealed slightly higher RF values (6.42 and 4.51). They revealed slightly elevated esterase enzyme activity too. Other isolates did not reveal higher values for RF or esterase activity. Previously identified mutations conferring synthetic pyrethroid resistance in R. (B.) microplus populations were analysed by sequencing the mutation flanking regions of the carboxyl esterase and the sodium channel genes (domain III S6 and domain II S4-5 linker region). However, these point mutations were not detected in the field isolates. The results of the present study revealed that low levels of synthetic pyrethroid resistance had developed in field populations of ticks of southern India.
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Gaur RS, Sangwan AK, Sangwan N, Kumar S. Acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum collected from Haryana and Rajasthan states of India. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2016; 69:487-500. [PMID: 27100113 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Acaricide resistance status of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum ticks against deltamethrin and diazinon was assessed in Hisar (Haryana) and its adjoining district Churu (Rajasthan) using adult immersion test (AIT) and larval packet test (LPT). The mortality slope, LC50, LC95, 95 % confidence limit and resistance factor of field ticks were determined. Results showed that R. (B.) microplus ticks collected from Tohana (Hisar) were found resistant to both the acaricides while the ticks of Agroha (Hisar) were found to be susceptible using AIT. Similar results were observed by using standard method of LPT. Again, H. anatolicum tick isolates of Tara Nagar (Churu) were found susceptible whereas Churu tick isolates were found to be resistant using AIT for both the acaricides. LPT indicated susceptible status of H. anatolicum ticks collected from Churu as well as Tara Nagar for both the acaricides. The study warrants the need for strategic use of available acaricides to overcome the development of acaricide resistance in ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Singh Gaur
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India.
| | - Arun Kumar Sangwan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Nirmal Sangwan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
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Eiden AL, Kaufman PE, Allan SA, Oi F. Establishing the discriminating concentration for permethrin and fipronil resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (Acari: Ixodidae), the brown dog tick. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:1390-1395. [PMID: 26449370 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille), the brown dog tick, is a veterinary canine and urban pest. These ticks have been found to develop resistance and tolerance to the two commonly used acaricides permethrin and fipronil respectively. We have developed a discriminating concentration that can be used for rapid detection of permethrin and fipronil resistance in brown dog tick populations. The availability of a discriminating concentration for the brown dog tick provides an inexpensive and rapid resistance diagnostic technique that can be used to guide tick management plans for companion animals and aid in the selection of environmental treatment options. RESULTS Establishing the discriminating concentration for permethrin and fipronil in brown dog ticks enables a resistant:susceptible screening. For permethrin the discriminating concentration was set at 0.19%, and for fipronil at 0.15%. Three additional diagnostic concentrations were chosen to evaluate resistance levels when larval tick numbers were available for screening. CONCLUSION Future tick submissions from residences and kennel facilities can be subjected to a single chemical concentration to diagnose resistance, which minimizes time, costs and tick rearing requirements and guides effective control plans. With the standardized use of larval ticks, a client-submission quantity of ideally five engorged females would provide sufficient larval numbers to utilize this technique. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Eiden
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Phillip E Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Faith Oi
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Singh NK, Jyoti, Vemu B, Prerna M, Singh H, Dumka V, Sharma S. Acaricidal activity of leaf extracts of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (Fabaceae) against synthetic pyrethroid resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ziapour SP, Kheiri S, Asgarian F, Fazeli-Dinan M, Yazdi F, Mohammadpour RA, Aarabi M, Enayati A. First report of pyrethroid resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus larvae (Say, 1821) from Iran. Acta Trop 2016; 156:22-9. [PMID: 26772446 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus is one of the most important hard ticks parasitizing cattle in northern Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate pyrethroid resistance levels of this species from Nur County, northern Iran. The hard ticks were collected through a multistage cluster randomized sampling method from the study area and fully engorged female R. (B.) annulatus were reared in a controlled insectary until they produced larvae for bioassay. Seventeen populations of the hard ticks were bioassayed with cypermethrin and 12 populations with lambda-cyhalothrin using a modified larval packet test (LPT). Biochemical assays to measure the contents/activity of different enzyme groups including mixed function oxidases (MFOs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and general esterases were performed. Population 75 showed a resistance ratio of 4.05 with cypermethrin when compared with the most susceptible field population 66 at the LC50 level. With lambda-cyhalothrin the resistance ratio based on LC50 was 3.67 when compared with the susceptible population. The results of biochemical assays demonstrated significantly elevated levels of GSTs and esterases in populations tested compared with the heterozygous susceptible filed population and a correlation coefficient of these enzymes was found in association to lambda-cyhalothrin resistance. Based on the results, pyrethroid acaricides may operationally fail to control R. (B.) annulatus in North of Iran. This study is the first document of pyrethroid resistance in R. (B.) annulatus populations from Iran.
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Chemo-profiling and bioassay of phytoextracts from Ageratum conyzoides for acaricidal properties against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting cattle and buffaloes in India. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:342-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jyoti, Singh NK, Singh H, Singh NK, Rath SS. Multiple mutations in the acetylcholinesterase 3 gene associated with organophosphate resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks from Punjab, India. Vet Parasitol 2015; 216:108-17. [PMID: 26801603 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The organophosphate (OP) resistance status in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks collected from seventeen districts located in the northwestern Indian state, Punjab were characterized using three data sets (bioassay, biochemical and molecular assays). Adult immersion test (AIT) was adopted and the resistance factors (RF) for the field isolates were determined. Resistance to malathion was detected in 12 isolates among which 11 showed level I resistance status while level II status was recorded in one isolate (RF of 5.35). To understand the possible mechanism of resistance development, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and gene sequences of the AChE3 were analyzed. A significantly (P<0.001) higher level of percent uninhibited AChE activity was recorded in all field isolates (36.36±0.46-43.77±1.21) in comparison to the susceptible population (29.39±0.40). The AChE activity was positively correlated with RF against malathion with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.359. Analysis of nucleotides and their deduced amino acids sequences of partial AChE3 gene revealed the presence of six amino acid substitutions (I48L, I54V, V71A, I77M, S79P and R86Q). Three novel amino acid substitutions (V71A, I77M and S79P) in partial AChE3 gene were also identified in some of the isolates which may possibly have a role in OP resistance development. The PCR-RFLP assay with HaeIII revealed the presence of restriction site corresponding to R86Q mutation in all the field isolates along with an additional restriction site in seven field isolates corresponding to V71A mutation. The results of the study indicate the involvement of both insensitive AChE and higher percent uninhibited AChE activity as the possible mechanism in these field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India.
| | - Nirbhay Kumar Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Harkirat Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Singh
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Shitanshu S Rath
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
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Ahanger RR, Godara R, Katoch R, Yadav A, Bhutyal ADS, Katoch M, Singh NK, Bader MA. Deltamethrin resistance in field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Jammu and Kashmir, India. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2015; 67:467-475. [PMID: 26255278 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Detection of resistance levels against deltamethrin in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from six districts of Jammu and Kashmir (India) was carried out using the adult immersion test. The regression graphs of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log values of concentration of drug were utilised for the determination of slope of mortality, lethal concentration for 50% (LC50), 95% (LC95) and resistance factor (RF). On the basis of the data generated on mortality, egg mass weight, reproductive index and percentage inhibition of oviposition, the resistance level was categorised as I, II, III and IV. Out of these six districts, resistance to deltamethrin at level I was detected in one district (RF = 1.9), at level II in two districts (RF = 7.08-10.07) and at level IV in three districts (RF = 96.08-288.72). The data generated on deltamethrin resistance status will help in formulating tick control strategy in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Ahanger
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R.S. Pura, Jammu, 181 102, India
| | - R Godara
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R.S. Pura, Jammu, 181 102, India
| | - R Katoch
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R.S. Pura, Jammu, 181 102, India.
| | - A Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R.S. Pura, Jammu, 181 102, India
| | - A D S Bhutyal
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R.S. Pura, Jammu, 181 102, India
| | - M Katoch
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, 180 001, India
| | - N K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141 004, India
| | - M A Bader
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R.S. Pura, Jammu, 181 102, India
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Ghosh S, Kumar R, Nagar G, Kumar S, Sharma AK, Srivastava A, Kumar S, Ajith Kumar KG, Saravanan BC. Survey of acaricides resistance status of Rhipiciphalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from selected places of Bihar, an eastern state of India. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 6:668-75. [PMID: 26117183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring acaricide resistance in field ticks and use of suitable managemental practices are essential for controlling tick populations infesting animals. In the present study, the acaricide resistance status in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks infesting cattle and buffaloes of five districts located in the eastern Indian state, Bihar were characterized using three data sets (AIT, Biochemical assays and gene sequences). Adult immersion test (AIT) was adopted using seven field isolates and their resistance factor (RF) was determined. Six isolates (DNP, MUZ, BEG, VSH, DRB and SUL) were found resistant to both deltamethrin and diazinon and except VSH all were resistant to cypermethrin. One isolate (PTN) was susceptible with a RF below 1.5. To understand the possible mode of resistance development, targeted enzymes and gene sequences of the para sodium channel and achetylcholinesterase 2 (AChE2) were analyzed. The esterase, monooxygenase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity of reference susceptible IVRI-I line was determined as 2.47 ± 0.007 nmol/min/mg protein, 0.089 ± 0.0016 nmol/mg of protein and 0.0439 ± 0.0003 nmol/mg/min respectively, which increased significantly in the resistant field isolates. However, except esterases, the fold increase of monooxygenase (1.14-2.27 times) and GST (0.82-1.53 times) activities were not very high. A cytosine (C) to adenine (A) nucleotide substitution (CTC to ATC) at position 190 in domain II S4-5 linker region was detected only in one isolate (SUL) having RF of 34.9 and in the reference deltamethrin resistant line (IVRI-IV). However, the T2134A mutation was not detected in domain IIIS6 transmembrane segment of resistant isolates and also in reference IVRI-IV line despite of varying degree of resistance. The flumethrin specific G215T and the recently identified T170C mutations were also absent in domain II sequences under study. Four novel amino acid substitutions in AChE2 gene of field isolates and in organophosphate (OP) resistant reference IVRI-III line were identified which can possibly have a role in resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, U.P., India.
| | - Rinesh Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, U.P., India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, U.P., India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, U.P., India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, U.P., India
| | | | - Suman Kumar
- Animal Husbandry Department, Raghopur, Vaishali, Bihar, India
| | - K G Ajith Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, U.P., India
| | - B C Saravanan
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, U.P., India
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Ghosh S, Tiwari SS, Srivastava S, Kumar S, Sharma AK, Nagar G, Kumar KGA, Kumar R, Rawat AKS. In vitro acaricidal properties of Semecarpus anacardium fruit and Datura stramonium leaf extracts against acaricide susceptible (IVRI-I line) and resistant (IVRI-V line) Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Res Vet Sci 2015; 101:69-74. [PMID: 26267092 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to identify plants having anti-tick properties, the 95% ethanolic and 50% hydro-ethanolic extracts of the fruits of Semecarpus anacardium and leaves of Datura stramonium were evaluated against reference tick lines of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The 95% ethanolic extracts of S. anacardium and D. stramonium caused 50% and 20% mortality, respectively, within 72 h of treatment by adult immersion test. The LC90 value of the ethanolic fruit extract of S. anacardium was determined as 13.5% (CI 12.05-15.12). The extract was also found efficacious (73.3%±3.3%) against the multi-acaricide-resistant IVRI-V line of R.(B.) microplus. The S. anacardium extract significantly affected the reproductive physiology of treated ticks by inhibiting the oviposition and was found safe. The HPTLC fingerprinting profile revealed the presence of pyrocatechol as a marker compound. The acaricidal property of S. anacardium against chemical acaricide-resistant R. (B.) microplus was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Parasitology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, UP, India.
| | - Shashi Shankar Tiwari
- Division of Pharmacognosy & Ethnopharmacology, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, P.B. 436, Lucknow 226001, UP, India
| | - Sharad Srivastava
- Division of Pharmacognosy & Ethnopharmacology, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, P.B. 436, Lucknow 226001, UP, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Parasitology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Parasitology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- Entomology Laboratory, Parasitology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - K G Ajith Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Parasitology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - A K S Rawat
- Division of Pharmacognosy & Ethnopharmacology, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, P.B. 436, Lucknow 226001, UP, India
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Determination and establishment of discriminating concentrations of malathion, coumaphos, fenvalerate and fipronil for monitoring acaricide resistance in ticks infesting animals. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 6:383-7. [PMID: 25840925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Discriminating concentrations (DCs) of malathion, coumaphos, fenvalerate and fipronil were determined to monitor acaricide resistance in field conditions. The LC99 values with 95% confidence interval for malathion, coumaphos, fenvalerate and fipronil were 5126.8 (5011.5-5240.7), 131.0 (120.4-142.5), 2257.5 (2198.1-2318.4) and 6.2 (5.87-6.55), respectively. The narrow confidence intervals in LC50 and LC99 of adult immersion test (AIT) and larval packet test (LPT) affirming the homogeneity of IVRI-I line. Variation in LPT based LC50 and LC99 values of malathion (55.9ppm) and coumpahos (28.4ppm) compared to those obtained in AIT indicating that larvae were more susceptible to these chemicals. The DCs for malathion, coumaphos, fenvalerate and fipronil against adults were determined as 10253.6, 262.0, 4515.0 and 12.4ppm while against larvae the values were 111.8, 56.8, 4014.0 and 9.6ppm, respectively. The working efficiency of DCs was successfully tested in field tick isolates. Establishment of country specific DCs of commonly used insecticides for monitoring of resistance in field ticks is emphasized for establishing tick control strategies.
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Castro Janer E, Klafke GM, Capurro ML, Schumaker TTS. Cross-resistance between fipronil and lindane in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 2015; 210:77-83. [PMID: 25868846 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini), is one of the most damaging parasites of cattle in tropical and subtropical regions. Several chemical groups have been used for its control, including cyclodienes (lindane and dieldrin). In Uruguay and Brazil these products were used at the beginning of the 1960s and during a few years. Fipronil and lindane act on the same target site. In both countries, southern cattle tick resistance to fipronil has sometimes developed quickly after only a few acaricide treatments (three to seven). The objective of the present study was to determine cross-resistance between fipronil and lindane in southern cattle ticks from Uruguay and Brazil. Initially, the FAO's (Food and Agricultural Organization) larval packet test with lindane was applied to a fipronil-resistant strain and to susceptible field populations. Mozo and POA strains were used as the susceptible controls. A larval immersion test was used to assess fipronil toxicity. Of fifteen fipronil-resistant field populations that were tested with lindane, eleven were lindane-resistant and three were susceptible. The last three populations had incipient resistance to fipronil. Finally, cross-resistance between fipronil and lindane in the southern cattle tick is reported in this study for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Castro Janer
- Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary-UDELAR, Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP 1600, Montevideo, Uruguay; Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, CEP 05508000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - G M Klafke
- Laboratory of Parasitology, FEPAGRO Animal Health, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - M L Capurro
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, CEP 05508000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - T T S Schumaker
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, CEP 05508000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Singh NK, Jyoti, Vemu B, Singh H, Prerna M, Daundkar PS, Sharma SK, Dumka VK. In vitro acaricidal activity of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng (Rutaceae) extracts against synthetic pyrethroid-resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1531-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Machado FA, Pivoto FL, Ferreira MST, Gregorio FDV, Vogel FSF, Sangioni LA. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in the western-central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: multiresistant tick. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2014; 23:337-42. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the acaricide resistance of tick populations in the western-central region of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), which has not previously been reported. Fifty-four cattle farms were visited and specimens of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus were collected and subjected to the adult immersion test, using nine commercial acaricides in the amidine, pyrethroid and organophosphate groups. Climatic data, including monthly precipitation, were recorded. The results from the present study demonstrated that seven of the acaricides analyzed presented mean efficacy values of less than 95%, with large differences among the products tested. Nine of them exhibited satisfactory and unsatisfactory acaricide results on at least one farm. In conclusion, the farms located in the western-central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, exhibited populations of R. (Boophilus) microplus with variable degrees of susceptibility to different acaricides, thus suggesting that resistance to the active compounds exists. It is suggested that treatment protocols should be implemented at the beginning of winter and summer, using the acaricides that showed efficacy in the adult immersion test.
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