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Barimani S, Rassouli M, Emadi Chashmi SH. Molecular detection of Neospora caninum in chicken meat and eggs in Iran. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY: REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2023; 40:100862. [PMID: 37068865 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite, phylum Apicomplexa. Canids are definitive hosts and different animals can be intermediate hosts. Neospora DNA has been also detected in humans, recently. This study aimed to understand the infection rate of N. caninum in chicken meat because consumption of raw and undercooked meat can be the main risk factor for canine neosporosis. Investigation of Neospora vertical transmission to the eggs is also important. One hundred chicken legs, and fifty eggs from free-range chickens, and fifty eggs from industrial chickens were collected from different stores in Semnan city, Iran. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of samples was extracted, and the Nested-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) on Neospora internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) gene was performed. Neospora caninum DNA was detected in eight out of one hundred (8%) chicken legs, and no eggs were infected. These results revealed that N. caninum infection in chicken meat for the first time in Iran. For the investigation of Neospora vertical transmission to eggs, more studies will be necessary. Indoor carnivores should be fed, and humans should be consumed well-cooked chicken meat to prevent infection.
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Amini L, Namavari M, Khodakaram-Tafti A, Divar MR, Hosseini SMH. The evaluation of attenuated Neospora caninum by long-term passages on murine macrophage cell line in prevention of vertical transmission in mice. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109171. [PMID: 32623187 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To date, there is no effective vaccine to prevent abortion or vertical transmission associated with neosporosis in cattle. In the present study, the efficacy of a live experimental vaccine of Neospora caninum attenuated (NCa) by long-term serial passages on a murine macrophage cell line was evaluated in the prevention of vertical transmission and abortion in the mouse model. Forty non-pregnant mice were randomly divided into four equal groups including non-immunized/challenged (injected with PBS); positive control (inoculated with un-attenuated NC-1 tachyzoites); immunized/challenged (inoculated with NCa attenuated strain) and immunized/non-challenged or vaccinated (inoculated with NCa) groups. Following pregnancy synchronization, both the immunized and control mice were challenged with virulent live NC-1 tachyzoites (2.5 × 106) in the mid-pregnancy stage. The number of abortions and post-natal pup mortalities was recorded. Serological, molecular, and histopathologic examinations were employed to evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine and the vertical transmission rates. Results indicated that the live attenuated N. caninum strain (NCa) could significantly reduce the risk of abnormal parturitions and fetal mortality in the vaccinated group (20 %) compared to the non-immunized/challenged group (80 %). Also, the NCa strain reduced the lesion score in the brain of the offspring (0.3 vs 1.9) compared to the non-immunized/challenged group (P < 0.05). The molecular assay showed a decrease in the parasite DNA detection rates from 83 % and 77 % in the non-immunized/challenged group to 27 % and 0 % in the vaccine group in the brain and liver tissues, respectively. While in the immunized/non-challenged group no parasite DNA was detected in the brain tissue samples of the pups. Serological analyses showed that NCa strain was able to stimulate the humoral immunity and create effective protection against neosporosis with a moderate systemic IFN-γ response. In conclusion, the NCa strain could significantly (P < 0.05) reduce the risk of vertical transmission and proved to be a safe vaccine while conferring significant levels of protection in the laboratory mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Amini
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Namavari
- Shiraz Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Divar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hossein Hosseini
- Shiraz Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran
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Abdoli A, Arbabi M, Pirestani M, Mirzaghavami M, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, Sadraei J. Molecular assessment of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in hooded crows ( Corvus cornix ) in Tehran, Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 57:69-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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de Barros LD, Miura AC, Minutti AF, Vidotto O, Garcia JL. Neospora caninum in birds: A review. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:397-402. [PMID: 29614327 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that infects domestic and wild animals. Canids are considered to be definitive hosts since they may shed oocysts into the environment through their feces. The disease is recognized as one of the major causes of bovine abortion worldwide, leading to important economic losses in the dairy and beef cattle industries. Previous studies have reported N. caninum infection in different species of birds; infection in birds has been associated with increased seroprevalence and reproductive problems in dairy cattle. Although the role of birds in the epidemiological cycle of neosporosis is unknown, birds are exposed to infection because they feed on the ground and could thus contribute to parasite dissemination. This review is focused on the current state of knowledge of neosporosis in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Daniel de Barros
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdades Integradas de Ourinhos, Rodovia BR 153, Km 338+420m, 19909-100 Ourinhos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Miura
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Minutti
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Odilon Vidotto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Abdoli A, Arbabi M, Dalimi A, Pirestani M. Molecular detection of Neospora caninum in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Iran. Avian Pathol 2016; 44:319-22. [PMID: 25971651 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite with a wide range of intermediate bird hosts. There is little information describing the prevalence and genetic characterization of N. caninum in bird hosts worldwide and in Iran. In this study, a total of 217 brain samples of house sparrow (Passer domesticus) were examined for N. caninum presence by nested polymerase chain reaction targeting the Nc-5 gene. N. caninum DNA was detected in 3.68% (8/217) of sparrows. Sequencing of the Nc5 genomic DNA revealed 97-99% of similarity with N. caninum sequences deposited in Genbank. To our knowledge, this study is the first molecular evidence of N. caninum DNA in bird hosts in Iran. The results of this study highlight the role of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) in maintaining and spreading N. caninum infection to canines in the feral and domestic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abdoli
- a Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Kashan University of Medical Science , Kashan , Iran
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Neospora caninum in free-range chickens of Central Mexico. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2016; 5:31-33. [PMID: 31014534 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the presence of Neospora caninum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in brain, myocardium and liver (150 organs) obtained from 50 free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) that coexisted with bovines and dogs in Central Mexico. N. caninum DNA was detected in two brains out of 150 organs (1.3%) from two out of 50 birds (4%). Results from the present study suggest that free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) of Central Mexico are infected of N. caninum. Further, although these parasites were detected in only a small percentage of birds (4%), they may represent a potential risk factor for dogs that feed on them and eventually excrete oocysts, thereby contaminating the water and food of other intermediate hosts. This finding is of particular importance for cases of horizontal transmission in cattle.
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Bahrami S, Rezaie A, Boroomand Z, Namavari M, Ghavami S. Embryonated pigeon eggs as a model to investigate Neospora caninum infection. Lab Anim 2016; 51:191-203. [DOI: 10.1177/0023677216652373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that embryonated chicken eggs can be used as animal models for experimental infections. The aim of the present study was to investigate pigeon embryonated eggs as animal models for experimental neosporosis. An infection with Neospora caninum Nc1 isolate was conducted in chicken and pigeon embryonated eggs to evaluate LD50. After calculation of LD50, 2LD50 of tachyzoites were injected into the eggs. Macroscopic changes of each embryo were observed, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) and molecular methods were used to investigate the parasitic distribution in the tissues. In the present study, histopathological changes were considered, and sections of those used for histopathological examination including the heart, liver, brain and chorioallantoic (CA) membrane were also subjected to IHC. Pigeon embryos showed more macroscopic changes than chicken embryos. A hemorrhage of the CA membrane was the main gross lesion. Microscopic examination of tissues revealed acute neosporosis due to hemorrhage, necrosis and infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells. Based on IHC and molecular results, the parasite DNA was detected in the liver, heart and CA membrane. As with chicken embryonated eggs, these results reinforce the susceptibility of pigeon embryonated eggs to N. caninum, and provide new insights into using an inexpensive and available animal model for N. caninum research. The results of the present study suggest that pigeon embryos may be a good choice for studying the biology of N. caninum in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Bahrami
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Annahita Rezaie
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Boroomand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Sepideh Ghavami
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Munhoz AD, Amaral TFD, Gonçalves LR, Moraes VMBD, Machado RZ. Gallus gallus domesticus are resistant to infection with Neospora caninum tachyzoites of the NC-1 strain. Vet Parasitol 2016; 206:123-8. [PMID: 25468016 PMCID: PMC7127050 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum may have been eliminated by the hens. The infected animals from different groups exhibited no changes in weight gain and feed intake. The tachyzoite infection does not appear to be appropriate to induce chronic infections in hens. The infection susceptibility in birds “in ovo” appears to be distinct in adult animals.
The aim of this study was to experimentally evaluate infection in Gallus gallus domesticus with Neospora caninum tachyzoites of the NC-1 strain. Experimental infection was conducted in 90-day-old chickens, embryonated eggs and bioassays in dogs. In the first experiment, poults were randomly divided into four groups. Groups I and II were provided feed with coccidiostat, whereas groups III and IV received feed without coccidiostat. When the poults from groups I and III reached 90 days of age, they received a subcutaneous inoculation of N. caninum. Once the hens entered their egg-laying period, during the following 30 days, the eggs were collected, identified, weighed and placed in an incubator. On the 70th day after inoculation, all animals, including the chicks, were euthanized. Tissue samples from the adult poultry and chicks were collected for histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and PCR. Brain tissue and pectoral muscle samples from infected birds were fed to two dogs. Notably, the average weight of the group III eggs was lower than that of the group IV eggs (p < 0.05). No changes consistent with infection in adult poultry or chicks were detected by histopathology or IHC; moreover, no amplified parasite DNA was detected in the birds’ tissues or dogs’ feces. No dog eliminated oocysts. In the second experiment, the embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with 1 × 102N. caninum tachyzoites, on the 10th day of incubation, and chicks born from these eggs were housed in boxes suitable for the species and received commercial feed and distilled water ad libitum. On the 30th day after infection (DAI), the poultry were euthanized, and their organs were processed as described in experiment I. The amplification of parasite DNA was observed in the spleen and pectoral muscles of one of the birds. The ingestion of bird tissues by dogs did not result in oocyst elimination. These results indicate that the parasite may have been eliminated by the host and that the use of tachyzoites to induce chronic disease might be a poor source for hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dias Munhoz
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade Rodovia, Ilhéus Itabuna, Km 16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +55 16 3209 2662; fax: +55 16 3209 2662.
| | - Tatiane Fernanda do Amaral
- Departamento de Patologia Animal, Universidade Estadual Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP/Jaboticabal, Rod. Paulo Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves
- Departamento de Patologia Animal, Universidade Estadual Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP/Jaboticabal, Rod. Paulo Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Barbosa de Moraes
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP/Jaboticabal, Rod. Paulo Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Departamento de Patologia Animal, Universidade Estadual Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP/Jaboticabal, Rod. Paulo Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +55 16 3209 2662; fax: +55 16 3209 2662.
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Setasimy A, Namavari M. Use of chicken embryonated eggs for evaluating the virulence of Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasit Dis 2015; 40:1223-1225. [PMID: 27876920 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to examine the virulence of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain tachyzoites in embryonated eggs after continuous passage in Vero cell line. The first T. gondii tachyzoites was considered low passage (no passage) and then passaged for 80 times on Vero as high passage. Groups of 9-day-old embryonated eggs with ten eggs in each group were inoculated with 102,103 and 104 of low or high-passage T. gondii tachyzoites, and any mortality was recorded. Suitable samples from different tissues (liver, heart, and brain) of the dead embryos were collected for histopathological study. In this study, the mortality in group 103 and 104 was observed, but there was no significant differences in mortality rate in T. gondii low passage and high passage. This finding exactly correspond to previous studies that were performed in mice as animal model for T. gondii RH strain. Thus on base of this study we could introduce the embryonated eggs as an appropriate animal model to evaluate the virulence of T. gondii tachyzoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Setasimy
- Islamic Azad University Fars Science and Research Branch, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Namavari
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Shiraz, Iran
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Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in free ranging chickens (Gallus domesticus). J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:845-7. [PMID: 27605795 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently chickens are considered as an important intermediate hosts for Neospora caninum. Free range chickens expose to infection with N. caninum oocysts because they feed from the ground therefore they could be a good index of the environmental contamination. We studied N. caninum infection in free range chickens by serological. One hundred and fifty chickens purchased from five regions from Fars province and their blood were used for serological testing. Antibodies to N. caninum were found in 26 (17.33 %) of 150 serum samples by MAT. This study is the first to describe the presence of antibodies to N. caninum in chicken in Iran. These serological results indicate a widespread exposure of free range chickens to N. caninum in south of Iran.
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Gebhardt P, Würbach L, Heidrich A, Heinrich L, Walther M, Opfermann T, Sørensen B, Saluz H. Dynamic behaviour of selected PET tracers in embryonated chicken eggs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gebhardt P, Würbach L, Heidrich A, Heinrich L, Walther M, Opfermann T, Sørensen B, Saluz HP. Dynamic behaviour of selected PET tracers in embryonated chicken eggs. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2013; 32:371-7. [PMID: 24001399 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET/CT) is an established method in preclinical research in small animal disease models and the clinical diagnosis of cancer. It combines functional information of the positron-emitting biomarker with the anatomical data obtained from the CT image. Thus, it allows for 4D in vivo investigation of biological processes. Recently, PET/CT was used to monitor bone growth of chicken embryos using (18)F-fluoride as a bone-seeking tracer. We are interested in investigating the adequacy of additional PET/CT tracers in chicken embryos as an in vivo model system. For this reason, we evaluated several positron emitting compounds typically used in clinical tests or if these were not commercially available, we synthesised them. We studied the properties of these (18)F- and (68)Ga-labelled tracers and of (64)Cu-chloride in catheterised eggs via small animal microPET/CT. 2-Deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoroglucose ([(18)F]FDG) was primarily absorbed at the sites of bone growth. (64)Cu chloride and a (68)Ga-labelled amyloid-fibril-binding antibody accumulated in the liver, while the (68)Ga-albumin desferrioxamine conjugate signal in liver decreased over time. These results indicate that these biomarkers can potentially be used for the monitoring of biological processes in chicken eggs as an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gebhardt
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany.
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Experimental Neospora caninum infection in domestic bird's embryonated eggs. J Parasit Dis 2013; 39:241-4. [PMID: 26064008 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, there are no reports regarding comparison between different bird species in Neospora. caninum infection. In the present study 70 embryonated eggs from quail, partridge, broiler and egg laying chickens were divided into 7 groups equally. Six groups in each species were inoculated with different dilutions (10, 10(2), 10(3), 10(4), 10(5), and 10(6)) of tachyzoites/embryonated egg in the chorioallantoic membrane and the seventh group was considered as control. The mortality rates and clinical signs were studied. All the egg laying chickens and some of the broiler chickens and quails showed neurologic signs like. The results revealed that the mortality rate was dose dependent in broiler chicken embryonated eggs. But mortality rate was dose independent in egg laying chickens and quail. Partridge revealed 100 % mortality rate in all doses. The LD50 in broiler chicken embryonated was 10(2.3). In conclusion, LD50 in the broiler chickens is the lowest between different animal models which shows that the broiler chicken embryonated egg is the best animal model for experimental inducing of neosporosis. Partridge is the most susceptible bird to N. caninum infection. These results reinforce that there is genetic susceptibility to N. caninum in chickens like mice and provide new insights to reach an inexpensive and available animal model for N. caninum infection.
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Khordadmehr M, Namavari M, Khodakaram-Tafti A, Mansourian M, Rahimian A, Daneshbod Y. Comparison of use of Vero cell line and suspension culture of murine macrophage to attenuation of virulence of Neospora caninum. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:515-21. [PMID: 23684321 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study the tachyzoite yields of Neospora caninum were compared in two cell lines: Vero (African Green Monkey Kidney) and suspension culture of murine macrophage (J774) cell lines. Then, N. caninum were continuously passaged in these cell lines for 3 months and the effect of host cells on virulence of tachyzoites was assessed by broiler chicken embryonated eggs. Inoculation was performed in the chorioallantoic (CA) liquid of the embryonated eggs with different dilutions (0.5 × 10(4), 1.0 × 10(4), 1.5 × 10(4)) of tachtzoites isolated from these cell cultures. The mortality pattern and pathological changes of the dead embryos and hatched chickens were noted. Tissue samples of brain, liver and heart were examined by histopathological and detection of DNA of parasite by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also, consecutive sections of the tissues examined histologically were used for immunohistochemical (IHC) examination. Embryos inoculated with tachyzoites derived from Vero cell line (group V) showed a higher mortality rate (100%) than the embryos that received tachyzoites derived from J774 cell line (group J) (10% mortality rate). The results of this study indicated that the culture of N. caninum in J774 cell led to a marked increase in the number of tachyzoite yields and rapid attenuation in comparison to Vero, so the results were confirmed by IHC and PCR. This study is the first report of the significant effect of host cell on the attenuation of virulence of N. caninum tachyzoites. These findings could potentially provide a practical approach in the mass production of N. caninum tachyzoites, and also in producing live attenuated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Khordadmehr
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Iran
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Gonçalves I, Uzêda R, Lacerda G, Moreira R, Araújo F, Oliveira R, Corbellini L, Gondim L. Molecular frequency and isolation of cyst-forming coccidia from free ranging chickens in Bahia State, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:74-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Khodakaram-Tafti A, Mansourian M, Namavari M, Hosseini A. Immunohistochemical and polymerase chain reaction studies in Neospora caninum experimentally infected broiler chicken embryonated eggs. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:10-3. [PMID: 22475417 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic characteristics of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were studied in the tissues of broiler chicken embryos experimentally infected by Neospora caninum. An infection with N. caninum NC-1 isolate was conducted in 70 broiler chicken embryonated eggs randomly divided into seven equal groups. After 8 days of incubation, six groups were inoculated with 10, 10(2), 10(3), 10(4), 10(5), and 10(6) doses of tachyzoites/embryonated egg. The 7th group was considered as control. The mortality rate and pathological changes of the dead embryos and hatched chickens up to 60 days old were noticed. Consecutive sections to those used for histopathological examination including the liver, heart, brain, and chorioalantoic (CA) membrane were subjected to IHC. The intensity and distribution of the immunostaining was graded as highly to mildly positive. For PCR procedure, DNA was extracted from 50mg of the tissues and primer pair Np21/Np6 was used for amplification of the Nc-5 gene. The results of the immunosignaling ranged from variable degrees of mild to moderate staining as dark-brown to brown and coarsely to finely granular, mostly within the cytoplasm of infected cells such as the endothelial cells of blood vessels. The parasite aggregation was more predominant in the heart than other tissues. Immunoreactivity for N. caninum antigen was multifocally moderate positive in the heart, liver and CA of the 10(3) dose, and also heart, liver, brain and CA of the 10(4) dose. IHC showed mildly positive in the liver and heart of the chicken embryos infected with 10 and 10(2) tachyzoites, as well. The results of the PCR confirmed the existence of the parasite in all of the examined tissues from the 10(3) and 10(4) doses. In conclusion, the results indicate a good agreement between IHC and PCR in diagnosis of neospora antigen in the infected tissues.
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Martins J, Kwok O, Dubey J. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) from the Americas. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:349-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Monney T, Debache K, Hemphill A. Vaccines against a Major Cause of Abortion in Cattle, Neospora caninum Infection. Animals (Basel) 2011; 1:306-25. [PMID: 26486502 PMCID: PMC4513463 DOI: 10.3390/ani1030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We review the efforts to develop a vaccine against neosporosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum. Vertical transmission is the main mode of infection, and can lead to stillbirth, abortion, or birth of weak calves. We provide information on the biology of Neospora caninum and on the disease caused by this parasite, and summarize the current understanding on how the host deals with infection. We review studies on live- and subunit-vaccines, and demonstrate advantages and setbacks in the use of small laboratory animal models in investigations on a disease with high relevance in cattle. Abstract Neosporosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum, represents one of the economically most important causes of abortion in cattle. During pregnancy, the parasite infects the placental tissue and the fetus, which can lead to stillbirth, abortion, or birth of weak calves. Alternatively, calves are born without clinical symptoms, but they can carry over the parasite to the next generation. In addition, N. caninum causes neuromuscular disease in dogs. The economic importance of neosporosis has prompted researchers to invest in the development of measures to prevent infection of cattle by vaccination. A good vaccine must stimulate protective cellular immune responses as well as antibody responses at mucosal sites and, systemically, must activate T-helper cells to produce relevant cytokines, and must elicit specific antibodies that aid in limiting parasite proliferation, e.g., by interference with host cell invasion, activation of complement, and/or opsonization of parasites to have them killed by macrophages. Different types of vaccines have been investigated, either in bovines or in the mouse model. These include live vaccines such as naturally less virulent isolates of N. caninum, attenuated strains generated by irradiation or chemical means, or genetically modified transgenic strains. Live vaccines were shown to be very effective; however, there are serious disadvantages in terms of safety, costs of production, and stability of the final product. Subunit vaccines have been intensively studied, as they would have clear advantages such as reduced costs in production, processing and storage, increased stability and shelf life. The parasite antigens involved in adhesion and invasion of host cells, such as surface constituents, microneme-, rhoptry- and dense granule-components represent interesting targets. Subunit vaccines have been applied as bacterially expressed recombinant antigens or as DNA vaccines. Besides monovalent vaccines also polyvalent combinations of different antigens have been used, providing increased protection. Vaccines have been combined with immunostimulating carriers and, more recently, chimeric vaccines, incorporating immuno-relevant domains of several antigens into a single protein, have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Monney
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland.
| | - Karim Debache
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland.
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