1
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Pénzes JJ, Pham HT, Chipman P, Smith EW, McKenna R, Tijssen P. Bipartite genome and structural organization of the parvovirus Acheta domesticus segmented densovirus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3515. [PMID: 37316488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38875-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses (family Parvoviridae) are currently defined by a linear monopartite ssDNA genome, T = 1 icosahedral capsids, and distinct structural (VP) and non-structural (NS) protein expression cassettes within their genome. We report the discovery of a parvovirus with a bipartite genome, Acheta domesticus segmented densovirus (AdSDV), isolated from house crickets (Acheta domesticus), in which it is pathogenic. We found that the AdSDV harbors its NS and VP cassettes on two separate genome segments. Its vp segment acquired a phospholipase A2-encoding gene, vpORF3, via inter-subfamily recombination, coding for a non-structural protein. We showed that the AdSDV evolved a highly complex transcription profile in response to its multipartite replication strategy compared to its monopartite ancestors. Our structural and molecular examinations revealed that the AdSDV packages one genome segment per particle. The cryo-EM structures of two empty- and one full-capsid population (3.3, 3.1 and 2.3 Å resolution) reveal a genome packaging mechanism, which involves an elongated C-terminal tail of the VP, "pinning" the ssDNA genome to the capsid interior at the twofold symmetry axis. This mechanism fundamentally differs from the capsid-DNA interactions previously seen in parvoviruses. This study provides new insights on the mechanism behind ssDNA genome segmentation and on the plasticity of parvovirus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit J Pénzes
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada.
- The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, the Sate University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Hanh T Pham
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
- HTG Molecular Diagnostics, 3430 E Global Loop, Tucson, AZ, 85706, USA
| | - Paul Chipman
- The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Emmanuel W Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
- JEOL USA Inc., Peabody, MA, 01960, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Peter Tijssen
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada.
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2
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Morais P, Trovão N, Abecasis A, Parreira R. Insect-specific viruses in the Parvoviridae family: genetic lineage characterization and spatiotemporal dynamics of the recently established Brevihamaparvovirus genus. Virus Res 2022; 313:198728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Perrin A, Gosselin-Grenet AS, Rossignol M, Ginibre C, Scheid B, Lagneau C, Chandre F, Baldet T, Ogliastro M, Bouyer J. Variation in the susceptibility of urban Aedes mosquitoes infected with a densovirus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18654. [PMID: 33122748 PMCID: PMC7596516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban Aedes mosquitoes are vectors of many viruses affecting human health such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. Insecticide resistance and environmental toxicity risks hamper the effectiveness of chemical control against these mosquito vectors. Alternative control methods, such as the use of mosquito-specific entomopathogenic viruses should be explored. Numerous studies have focused on evaluating the potential of different densoviruses species as biological control agents. However, knowledge on the extent of inter- and intra-specific variations in the susceptibility of Aedes mosquitoes to infection by different densoviruses remains insufficient. In this study, we compared infection and mortality rates induced by the Aedes albopictus densovirus 2 in different strains of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The two Aedes species were different in terms of susceptibility to viral infection. Under laboratory conditions, Aedes albopictus densovirus 2 appeared more virulent for the different strains of Aedes aegypti tested than for those of Aedes albopictus. In addition, we also found significant intra-specific variation in infection and mortality rates. Thus, although even if Aedes albopictus densoviruses could be powerful biocontrol agents used in the management of urban Aedes populations, our results also call into question the use of single viral isolate as biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Perrin
- UMR MIVEGEC, CNRS, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Marie Rossignol
- UMR MIVEGEC, CNRS, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Ginibre
- UMR MIVEGEC, CNRS, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Christophe Lagneau
- EID-med, Entente Interdépartementale pour la Démoustication du littoral méditerranéen, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- UMR MIVEGEC, CNRS, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Baldet
- ASTRE, Cirad, INRAE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jérémy Bouyer
- ASTRE, Cirad, INRAE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Insect Pest Control Sub-Programme, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency, Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Altinli M, Lequime S, Courcelle M, François S, Justy F, Gosselin-Grenet AS, Ogliastro M, Weill M, Sicard M. Evolution and phylogeography of Culex pipiens densovirus. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez053. [PMID: 31807318 PMCID: PMC6884738 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses of the Parvoviridae family infect a wide range of animals including vertebrates and invertebrates. So far, our understanding of parvovirus diversity is biased towards medically or economically important viruses mainly infecting vertebrate hosts, while invertebrate infecting parvoviruses—namely densoviruses—have been largely neglected. Here, we investigated the prevalence and the evolution of the only mosquito-infecting ambidensovirus, Culex pipiens densovirus (CpDV), from laboratory mosquito lines and natural populations collected worldwide. CpDV diversity generally grouped in two clades, here named CpDV-1 and -2. The incongruence of the different gene trees for some samples suggested the possibility of recombination events between strains from different clades. We further investigated the role of selection on the evolution of CpDV genome and detected many individual sites under purifying selection both in non-structural and structural genes. However, some sites in structural genes were under diversifying selection, especially during the divergence of CpDV-1 and -2 clades. These substitutions between CpDV-1 and -2 clades were mostly located in the capsid protein encoding region and might cause changes in host specificity or pathogenicity of CpDV strains from the two clades. However, additional functional and experimental studies are necessary to fully understand the protein conformations and the resulting phenotype of these substitutions between clades of CpDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Altinli
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sebastian Lequime
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maxime Courcelle
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sarah François
- DGIMI, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fabienne Justy
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Mylene Weill
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Sicard
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
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5
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Mosquito-Borne Viruses and Insect-Specific Viruses Revealed in Field-Collected Mosquitoes by a Monitoring Tool Adapted from a Microbial Detection Array. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01202-19. [PMID: 31350319 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01202-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mosquito-borne diseases affecting humans are emerging or reemerging in the United States. The early detection of pathogens in mosquito populations is essential to prevent and control the spread of these diseases. In this study, we tested the potential applicability of the Lawrence Livermore Microbial Detection Array (LLMDA) to enhance biosurveillance by detecting microbes present in Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex mosquitoes, which are major vector species globally, including in Texas. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the LLMDA were tested in mosquito samples spiked with different concentrations of dengue virus (DENV), revealing a detection limit of >100 but <1,000 PFU/ml. Additionally, field-collected mosquitoes from Chicago, IL, and College Station, TX, of known infection status (West Nile virus [WNV] and Culex flavivirus [CxFLAV] positive) were tested on the LLMDA to confirm its efficiency. Mosquito field samples of unknown infection status, collected in San Antonio, TX, and the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV), TX, were run on the LLMDA and further confirmed by PCR or quantitative PCR (qPCR). The analysis of the field samples with the LLMDA revealed the presence of cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV) in A. aegypti populations. Wolbachia was also detected in several of the field samples (A. albopictus and Culex spp.) by the LLMDA. Our findings demonstrated that the LLMDA can be used to detect multiple arboviruses of public health importance, including viruses that belong to the Flavivirus, Alphavirus, and Orthobunyavirus genera. Additionally, insect-specific viruses and bacteria were also detected in field-collected mosquitoes. Another strength of this array is its ability to detect multiple viruses in the same mosquito pool, allowing for the detection of cocirculating pathogens in an area and the identification of potential ecological associations between different viruses. This array can aid in the biosurveillance of mosquito-borne viruses circulating in specific geographical areas.IMPORTANCE Viruses associated with mosquitoes have made a large impact on public and veterinary health. In the United States, several viruses, including WNV, DENV, and chikungunya virus (CHIKV), are responsible for human disease. From 2015 to 2018, imported Zika cases were reported in the United States, and in 2016 to 2017, local Zika transmission occurred in the states of Texas and Florida. With globalization and a changing climate, the frequency of outbreaks linked to arboviruses will increase, revealing a need to better detect viruses in vector populations. With the capacity of the LLMDA to detect viruses, bacteria, and fungi, this study highlights its ability to broadly screen field-collected mosquitoes and contribute to the surveillance and management of arboviral diseases.
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6
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Mietzsch M, Pénzes JJ, Agbandje-McKenna M. Twenty-Five Years of Structural Parvovirology. Viruses 2019; 11:E362. [PMID: 31010002 PMCID: PMC6521121 DOI: 10.3390/v11040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses, infecting vertebrates and invertebrates, are a family of single-stranded DNA viruses with small, non-enveloped capsids with T = 1 icosahedral symmetry. A quarter of a century after the first parvovirus capsid structure was published, approximately 100 additional structures have been analyzed. This first structure was that of Canine Parvovirus, and it initiated the practice of structure-to-function correlation for the family. Despite high diversity in the capsid viral protein (VP) sequence, the structural topologies of all parvoviral capsids are conserved. However, surface loops inserted between the core secondary structure elements vary in conformation that enables the assembly of unique capsid surface morphologies within individual genera. These variations enable each virus to establish host niches by allowing host receptor attachment, specific tissue tropism, and antigenic diversity. This review focuses on the diversity among the parvoviruses with respect to the transcriptional strategy of the encoded VPs, the advances in capsid structure-function annotation, and therapeutic developments facilitated by the available structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Judit J Pénzes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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7
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Parry R, Bishop C, De Hayr L, Asgari S. Density-dependent enhanced replication of a densovirus in Wolbachia-infected Aedes cells is associated with production of piRNAs and higher virus-derived siRNAs. Virology 2018; 528:89-100. [PMID: 30583288 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis has been shown to restrict a range of RNA viruses in Drosophila melanogaster and transinfected dengue mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Here, we show that Wolbachia infection enhances replication of Aedes albopictus densovirus (AalDNV-1), a single stranded DNA virus, in Aedes cell lines in a density-dependent manner. Analysis of previously produced small RNAs of Aag2 cells showed that Wolbachia-infected cells produced greater absolute abundance of virus-derived short interfering RNAs compared to uninfected cells. Additionally, we found production of virus-derived PIWI-like RNAs (vpiRNA) produced in response to AalDNV-1 infection. Nuclear fractions of Aag2 cells produced a primary vpiRNA signature U1 bias whereas the typical "ping-pong" signature (U1 - A10) was evident in vpiRNAs from the cytoplasmic fractions. This is the first report of the density-dependent enhancement of DNA viruses by Wolbachia. Further, we report the generation of vpiRNAs in a DNA virus-host interaction for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Parry
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cameron Bishop
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lachlan De Hayr
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sassan Asgari
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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8
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Miller JR, Koren S, Dilley KA, Puri V, Brown DM, Harkins DM, Thibaud-Nissen F, Rosen B, Chen XG, Tu Z, Sharakhov IV, Sharakhova MV, Sebra R, Stockwell TB, Bergman NH, Sutton GG, Phillippy AM, Piermarini PM, Shabman RS. Analysis of the Aedes albopictus C6/36 genome provides insight into cell line utility for viral propagation. Gigascience 2018; 7:1-13. [PMID: 29329394 PMCID: PMC5869287 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/gix135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 50-year-old Aedes albopictus C6/36 cell line is a resource for the detection, amplification, and analysis of mosquito-borne viruses including Zika, dengue, and chikungunya. The cell line is derived from an unknown number of larvae from an unspecified strain of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Toward improved utility of the cell line for research in virus transmission, we present an annotated assembly of the C6/36 genome. Results The C6/36 genome assembly has the largest contig N50 (3.3 Mbp) of any mosquito assembly, presents the sequences of both haplotypes for most of the diploid genome, reveals independent null mutations in both alleles of the Dicer locus, and indicates a male-specific genome. Gene annotation was computed with publicly available mosquito transcript sequences. Gene expression data from cell line RNA sequence identified enrichment of growth-related pathways and conspicuous deficiency in aquaporins and inward rectifier K+ channels. As a test of utility, RNA sequence data from Zika-infected cells were mapped to the C6/36 genome and transcriptome assemblies. Host subtraction reduced the data set by 89%, enabling faster characterization of nonhost reads. Conclusions The C6/36 genome sequence and annotation should enable additional uses of the cell line to study arbovirus vector interactions and interventions aimed at restricting the spread of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Miller
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.,College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV 25443, USA
| | - Sergey Koren
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kari A Dilley
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Vinita Puri
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - David M Brown
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Derek M Harkins
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Rosen
- USDA 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg 306 Barc-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhijian Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and the Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Igor V Sharakhov
- Department of Entomology and the Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Laboratory of Ecology, Genetics and Environmental Protection, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Maria V Sharakhova
- Department of Entomology and the Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Laboratory of Ecology, Genetics and Environmental Protection, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Robert Sebra
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | - Granger G Sutton
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Adam M Phillippy
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter M Piermarini
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.,Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Reed S Shabman
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.,ATCC, 217 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
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Ito K, Fujii T, Yokoyama T, Kadono-Okuda K. Decrease in the expression level of the gene encoding the putative Bombyx mori bidensovirus receptor during virus infection. Arch Virol 2018; 163:3327-3338. [PMID: 30220036 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx mori bidensovirus (BmBDV) is a pathogen that replicates only in the midgut columnar cells of silkworms, causing fatal disease. Resistance to BmBDV, which does not depend on the viral dose, is determined by a single gene, nsd-2 (resistance gene). Previously, we identified nsd-2 by positional cloning using B. mori genome information and found that this gene encodes a putative amino acid transporter that may function as a receptor for BmBDV. In this study, to understand the relationship between BmBDV and the putative virus receptor, we performed expression analysis of +nsd-2 (allele of nsd-2; susceptibility gene) after virus infection. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis using total RNA isolated from the midgut of an uninfected and a virus-infected silkworm revealed no change in the expression levels of +nsd-2 in the uninfected silkworm, whereas the expression levels of +nsd-2 drastically decreased in the virus-infected silkworm. Moreover, comparison of the expression pattern between the BmBDV-derived transcript and +nsd-2 revealed that the expression level of +nsd-2 decreased with an increase in the virus-derived transcript. In addition, expression analysis of 26 genes encoding other transporters in the midgut demonstrated that the expression levels of three other genes also decreased similarly to the decrease of the expression levels of +nsd-2 after virus infection. Thus, our results suggest that some transporters, including +nsd-2, are affected by BmBDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ito
- Department of Science of Biological Production, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- Department of Science of Biological Production, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yokoyama
- Department of Science of Biological Production, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Keiko Kadono-Okuda
- Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
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Intracellular Localization of Blattella germanica Densovirus (BgDV1) Capsid Proteins. Viruses 2018; 10:v10070370. [PMID: 30011943 PMCID: PMC6071259 DOI: 10.3390/v10070370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Densovirus genome replication and capsid assembly take place in the nucleus of the infected cells. However, the mechanisms underlying such processes as the delivery of virus proteins to the nucleus and the export of progeny virus from the nucleus remain elusive. It is evident that nuclear transport signals should be involved in these processes. We performed an in silico search for the putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear export signal (NES) motifs in the capsid proteins of the Blattella germanica Densovirus 1 (BgDV1) densovirus. A high probability NLS motif was found in the common C-terminal of capsid proteins together with a NES motif in the unique N-terminal of VP2. We also performed a global search for the nuclear traffic signals in the densoviruses belonging to five Densovirinae genera, which revealed high diversity in the patterns of NLSs and NESs. Using a heterologous system, the HeLa mammalian cell line expressing GFP-fused BgDV1 capsid proteins, we demonstrated that both signals are functionally active. We suggest that the NLS shared by all three BgDV1 capsid proteins drives the trafficking of the newly-synthesized proteins into the nucleus, while the NES may play a role in the export of the newly-assembled BgDV1 particles into the cytoplasm through nuclear pore complexes.
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11
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Coelho SVA, Neris RLS, Papa MP, Schnellrath LC, Meuren LM, Tschoeke DA, Leomil L, Verçoza BRF, Miranda M, Thompson FL, Da Poian AT, Souza TML, Carneiro FA, Damaso CR, Assunção-Miranda I, de Arruda LB. Development of standard methods for Zika virus propagation, titration, and purification. J Virol Methods 2017; 246:65-74. [PMID: 28445704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has stimulated several research groups to study and collaborate to understand virus biology and pathogenesis. These efforts may assist with the development of antiviral drugs, vaccines and diagnostic tests, as well as to promote advancements in public health policies. Here, we aim to develop standard protocols for propagation, titration, and purification of ZIKV strains, by systematically testing different cell types, kinetics, multiplicity of infection and centrifugation protocols. ZIKV produces a productive infection in human, non-human primate, and rodents-derived cell lines, with different efficacies. The highest yield of ZIKV-AFR and ZIKV-BR infectious progeny was obtained at 7days post infection in C6/36 cells (7×107 and 2×108 PFU/ml, respectively). However, high titers of ZIKV-AFR could be obtained at earlier time points in Vero cells (2.5×107PFU/ml at 72hpi), whereas ZIKV-BR titers reached 108 PFU/ml at 4dpi in C6/36 cells. High yield of purified virus was obtained by purification through a discontinuous sucrose gradient. This optimized procedure will certainly contribute to future studies of virus structure and vaccine development. Beyond the achievement of efficient virus propagation, the normalization of these protocols will also allow different laboratories around the world to better compare and discuss data regarding different features of ZIKV biology and disease, contributing to more efficient collaborations and progression in ZIKV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharton Vinicius Antunes Coelho
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Leão Silva Neris
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michelle Premazzi Papa
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Laila Castro Schnellrath
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lana Monteiro Meuren
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diogo A Tschoeke
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Leomil
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Brunno Renato Farias Verçoza
- NUMPEX - Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas, Polo Avançado de Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Milene Miranda
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabiano L Thompson
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea Thompson Da Poian
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Moreno L Souza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT/IDN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Avila Carneiro
- NUMPEX - Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas, Polo Avançado de Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Clarissa R Damaso
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Iranaia Assunção-Miranda
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Barros de Arruda
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Jensen SM, Nguyen CT, Jewett JC. A gradient-free method for the purification of infective dengue virus for protein-level investigations. J Virol Methods 2016; 235:125-130. [PMID: 27265428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that infects approximately 100 million people annually. Multi-day protocols for purification of DENV reduce the infective titer due to viral sensitivity to both temperature and pH. Herein we describe a 5-h protocol for the purification of all DENV serotypes, utilizing traditional gradient-free ultracentrifugation followed by selective virion precipitation. This protocol allows for the separation of DENV from contaminating proteins - including intact C6/36 densovirus, for the production of infective virus at high concentration for protein-level analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Jensen
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Celina T Nguyen
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - John C Jewett
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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13
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Shi C, Liu Y, Hu X, Xiong J, Zhang B, Yuan Z. A metagenomic survey of viral abundance and diversity in mosquitoes from Hubei province. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129845. [PMID: 26030271 PMCID: PMC4452694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes as one of the most common but important vectors have the potential to transmit or acquire a lot of viruses through biting, however viral flora in mosquitoes and its impact on mosquito-borne disease transmission has not been well investigated and evaluated. In this study, the metagenomic techniquehas been successfully employed in analyzing the abundance and diversity of viral community in three mosquito samples from Hubei, China. Among 92,304 reads produced through a run with 454 GS FLX system, 39% have high similarities with viral sequences belonging to identified bacterial, fungal, animal, plant and insect viruses, and 0.02% were classed into unidentified viral sequences, demonstrating high abundance and diversity of viruses in mosquitoes. Furthermore, two novel viruses in subfamily Densovirinae and family Dicistroviridae were identified, and six torque tenosus virus1 in family Anelloviridae, three porcine parvoviruses in subfamily Parvovirinae and a Culex tritaeniorhynchus rhabdovirus in Family Rhabdoviridae were preliminarily characterized. The viral metagenomic analysis offered us a deep insight into the viral population of mosquito which played an important role in viral initiative or passive transmission and evolution during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinfeng Xiong
- Hubei Disease Control and Prevention Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Dhar AK, Robles-Sikisaka R, Saksmerprome V, Lakshman DK. Biology, genome organization, and evolution of parvoviruses in marine shrimp. Adv Virus Res 2014; 89:85-139. [PMID: 24751195 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800172-1.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As shrimp aquaculture has evolved from a subsistent farming activity to an economically important global industry, viral diseases have also become a serious threat to the sustainable growth and productivity of this industry. Parvoviruses represent an economically important group of viruses that has greatly affected shrimp aquaculture. In the early 1980s, an outbreak of a shrimp parvovirus, infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), led to the collapse of penaeid shrimp farming in the Americas. Since then, considerable progress has been made in characterizing the parvoviruses of shrimp and developing diagnostic methods aimed to preventing the spread of diseases caused by these viruses. To date, four parvoviruses are known that infect shrimp; these include IHHNV, hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV), spawner-isolated mortality virus (SMV), and lymphoid organ parvo-like virus. Due to the economic repercussions that IHHNV and HPV outbreaks have caused to shrimp farming over the years, studies have been focused mostly on these two pathogens, while information on SMV and LPV remains limited. IHHNV was the first shrimp virus to be sequenced and the first for which highly sensitive diagnostic methods were developed. IHHNV-resistant lines of shrimp were also developed to mitigate the losses caused by this virus. While the losses due to IHHNV have been largely contained in recent years, reports of HPV-induced mortalities in larval stages in hatchery and losses due to reduced growth have increased. This review presents a comprehensive account of the history and current knowledge on the biology, diagnostics methods, genomic features, mechanisms of evolution, and management strategies of shrimp parvoviruses. We also highlighted areas where research efforts should be focused in order to gain further insight on the mechanisms of parvoviral pathogenicity in shrimp that will help to prevent future losses caused by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vanvimon Saksmerprome
- Centex Shrimp, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Dilip K Lakshman
- USDA-ARS, Floral & Nursery Plants Research Unit, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
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15
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Huang Y, Mi Z, Zhuang L, Ma M, An X, Liu W, Cao W, Tong Y. Presence of entomobirnaviruses in Chinese mosquitoes in the absence of Dengue virus co-infection. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:663-667. [PMID: 23175239 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.048231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Birnaviruses, including the genus Entomobirnavirus, are socio-economically important viruses. Currently, only Drosophila X virus has been formally assigned to the genus Entomobirnavirus, but two more viruses were recently isolated, Espirito Santo virus (ESV) and Culex Y virus. The host mosquito has been reported to carry many viruses, but seldom entomobirnaviruses. To discover potential pathogens in mosquitoes, we exploited small-RNAs high-throughput sequencing of three mosquito species caught in South China. A virus that genetically likes entomobirnavirus, Mosquito X virus (MXV), was identified from Anopheles sinensis and was 97% identical to ESV, which co-infects with Dengue virus (DENV). However, the absence of DENV in the A. sinensis suggested the independence of MXV infection from dengue co-infection. Our discovery complements prior research on entomobirnaviruses and proved that MXV may be widespread in mosquitoes on different continents. This work also highlights the applying of high-throughput sequencing of small RNAs to survey viruses carried by insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Lu Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Maijuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Xiaoping An
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Wuchun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yigang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
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Abstract
Espirito Santo virus (ESV) is a newly discovered virus recovered as contamination in a sample of a virulent strain of dengue-2 virus (strain 44/2), which was recovered from a patient in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, and amplified in insect cells. ESV was found to be dependent upon coinfection with a virulent strain of dengue-2 virus and to replicate in C6/36 insect cells but not in mammalian Vero cells. A sequence of the genome has been produced by de novo assembly and was not found to match to any known viral sequence. An incomplete match to the nucleotide sequence of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Drosophila X virus (DXV), another birnavirus, could be detected. Mass spectrometry analysis of ESV proteins found no matches in the protein data banks. However, peptides recovered by mass spectrometry corresponded to the de novo-assembled sequence by BLAST analysis. The composition and three-dimensional structure of ESV are presented, and its sequence is compared to those of other members of the birnavirus family. Although the virus was found to belong to the family Birnaviridae, biochemical and sequence information for ESV differed from that of DXV, the representative species of the genus Entomobirnavirus. Thus, significant differences underscore the uniqueness of this infectious agent, and its relationship to the coinfecting virus is discussed.
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Mosimann ALP, Bordignon J, Mazzarotto GCA, Motta MCM, Hoffmann F, Santos CNDD. Genetic and biological characterization of a densovirus isolate that affects dengue virus infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106:285-92. [PMID: 21655815 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brevidensoviruses have an encapsidated, single-stranded DNA genome that predominantly has a negative polarity. In recent years, they have received particular attention due to their potential role in the biological control of pathogenic arboviruses and to their unnoticed presence in cell cultures as contaminants. In addition, brevidensoviruses may also be useful as viral vectors. This study describes the first genetic and biological characterization of a mosquito densovirus that was isolated in Brazil; moreover, we examined the phylogenetic relationship between this isolate and the other brevidensoviruses. We further demonstrate that this densovirus has the potential to be used to biologically control dengue virus (DENV) infection with in vitro co-infection experiments. The present study provides evidence that this densovirus isolate is a fast-spreading virus that affects cell growth and DENV infection.
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18
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Ma M, Huang Y, Gong Z, Zhuang L, Li C, Yang H, Tong Y, Liu W, Cao W. Discovery of DNA viruses in wild-caught mosquitoes using small RNA high throughput sequencing. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24758. [PMID: 21949749 PMCID: PMC3176773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-borne infectious diseases pose a severe threat to public health in many areas of the world. Current methods for pathogen detection and surveillance are usually dependent on prior knowledge of the etiologic agents involved. Hence, efficient approaches are required for screening wild mosquito populations to detect known and unknown pathogens. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we explored the use of Next Generation Sequencing to identify viral agents in wild-caught mosquitoes. We extracted total RNA from different mosquito species from South China. Small 18-30 bp length RNA molecules were purified, reverse-transcribed into cDNA and sequenced using Illumina GAIIx instrumentation. Bioinformatic analyses to identify putative viral agents were conducted and the results confirmed by PCR. We identified a non-enveloped single-stranded DNA densovirus in the wild-caught Culex pipiens molestus mosquitoes. The majority of the viral transcripts (.>80% of the region) were covered by the small viral RNAs, with a few peaks of very high coverage obtained. The +/- strand sequence ratio of the small RNAs was approximately 7∶1, indicating that the molecules were mainly derived from the viral RNA transcripts. The small viral RNAs overlapped, enabling contig assembly of the viral genome sequence. We identified some small RNAs in the reverse repeat regions of the viral 5'- and 3' -untranslated regions where no transcripts were expected. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate for the first time that high throughput sequencing of small RNA is feasible for identifying viral agents in wild-caught mosquitoes. Our results show that it is possible to detect DNA viruses by sequencing the small RNAs obtained from insects, although the underlying mechanism of small viral RNA biogenesis is unclear. Our data and those of other researchers show that high throughput small RNA sequencing can be used for pathogen surveillance in wild mosquito vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maijuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengda Gong
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Lu Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Cun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yigang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Wuchun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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19
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Dhar AK, Kaizer KN, Betz YM, Harvey TN, Lakshman DK. Identification of the core sequence elements in Penaeus stylirostris densovirus promoters. Virus Genes 2011; 43:367-75. [PMID: 21811852 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In silico analysis of three Penaeus stylirostris densovirus (PstDNV) promoters, designated P2, P11, and P61, revealed sequence motifs including the TATA box, downstream promoter element (DPE), GC- and A-rich regions, inverted repeat, activation sequence-1 like (ASL) box, and a conserved guanosine (G) at +24. To delineate the regulatory role of these motifs on promoter activity, deletion constructs were made in a promoter assay vector, pGL3 Basic, that contains a luciferase reporter gene. Luciferase assay showed that P2 had the highest promoter activity followed by P11 and P61 in Sf9 cells. The deletions of inverted repeat, DPE, and GC-rich regions in P2 had the highest negative impact on this promoter. Deletions of DPE, G at the +24, and ASL box in P11 had the highest negative impact on this promoter activity. In P61, DPE and G at +24 are the two key regulators of transcriptional activity. Identification of the key transcriptional regulators is important in understanding the PstDNV pathogenesis in shrimp. This information is also valuable in constructing shrimp viral promoter-based vectors for protein expression in insect cell culture system as well as in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Dhar
- Viracine Therapeutics Corporation, Columbia, MD 21046, USA.
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20
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Sivaram A, Barde PV, Gokhale MD, Singh DK, Mourya DT. Evidence of co-infection of chikungunya and densonucleosis viruses in C6/36 cell lines and laboratory infected Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:95. [PMID: 20939884 PMCID: PMC2964651 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Densonucleosis viruses are the etiological agents of insect's disease. We have reported the isolation of densovirus from India and its distribution among the natural populations of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes across the country. Since densonucleosis virus persistently infects mosquito populations, and is demonstrated to negatively affect multiplication of dengue virus in Aedes albopictus, it would be interesting to study if this virus has a role in determining the susceptibility of the vector mosquito Ae. aegypti to chikugunya virus. METHODS Mosquito cell lines and adult Ae. aegypti mosquitoes infected with densovirus were superinfected with Chikungunya virus and both the viruses were quantitated by determining their genomic copy number by real time amplification. Comparison was made between the log of genomic copy numbers of the viruses in the presence and absence of each other. RESULTS The log of copy number of the viruses did not vary due to co-infection. Even though the RNA copy number of chikungunya virus increased over the period of time, no change was observed in the RNA copy number between the control and the co-infected group on any given day. Similarly, DNA copy number of densovirus also remained unchanged between the control and the co-infected groups. CONCLUSION Chikungunya virus neither stimulates the replication of densovirus nor is its own replication suppressed due to co-infection. Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with densovirus infection were as susceptible to infection by chikungunya virus as the uninfected mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Sivaram
- Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411 021, India
| | - Pradip V Barde
- Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411 021, India
| | - Mangesh D Gokhale
- Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411 021, India
| | - Dinesh K Singh
- Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411 021, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411 021, India
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21
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Abstract
Penaeus stylirostris densovirus (PstDNV), a pathogen of penaeid shrimp, causes significant damage to farmed and wild shrimp populations. In contrast to other parvoviruses, PstDNV probably has only one type of capsid protein that lacks the phospholipase A2 activity that has been implicated as a requirement during parvoviral host cell infection. The structure of recombinant virus-like particles, composed of 60 copies of the 37.5-kDa coat protein, the smallest parvoviral capsid protein reported thus far, was determined to 2.5-Å resolution by X-ray crystallography. The structure represents the first near-atomic resolution structure within the genus Brevidensovirus. The capsid protein has a β-barrel "jelly roll" motif similar to that found in many icosahedral viruses, including other parvoviruses. The N-terminal portion of the PstDNV coat protein adopts a "domain-swapped" conformation relative to its twofold-related neighbor similar to the insect parvovirus Galleria mellonella densovirus (GmDNV) but in stark contrast to vertebrate parvoviruses. However, most of the surface loops have little structural resemblance to any of the known parvoviral capsid proteins.
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22
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Insect cell culture and applications to research and pest management. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2009; 45:93-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Zhai YG, Lv XJ, Sun XH, Fu SH, Gong ZD, Fen Y, Tong SX, Wang ZX, Tang Q, Attoui H, Liang GD. Isolation and characterization of the full coding sequence of a novel densovirus from the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:195-199. [PMID: 18089743 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During an investigation of arboviruses in China, a novel densovirus (DNV) was isolated from the adult female Culex pipiens pallens. The virus, designated Culex pipiens pallens densovirus (CppDNV), caused cytopathic effect in C6/36 cells. The virus particles were icosahedral, non-enveloped and had a mean diameter of 24 nm. The complete coding region of CppDNV was found to be 3335 nt and it contained three open reading frames (ORFs). CppDNV shares 82-93 % identical nucleotides with isolates of the Aedes albopictus densovirus [isolates AalDNV-1, AalDNV-2 (C6/36 DNV) and AalDNV-3], Aedes aegypti densovirus (AaeDNV) and Haemagogus equines densovirus (HeDNV). The nucleotide sequence identity among CppDNV isolates exceeds 98 %. Phylogenetic trees based on non-structural (NS1 and NS2) and capsid (VP) genes show that CppDNV clustered with the species AaeDNV and represents a novel variant of this species within the genus Brevidensovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Gang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin Street, Beijing 100052, PR China
| | - Xin-Jun Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin Street, Beijing 100052, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin Street, Beijing 100052, PR China
| | - Shi-Hong Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin Street, Beijing 100052, PR China
| | - Zheng-da Gong
- Department of Arbovirus and Chlamydia, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, 33 Wenhua Road, Dali City 67100, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Yun Fen
- Department of Arbovirus and Chlamydia, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, 33 Wenhua Road, Dali City 67100, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Su-Xiang Tong
- Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1 Jianquan Street, Urumqi City 830000, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous, PR China
| | - Zhao-Xiao Wang
- Department of Virology, Guizhou Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 73 BaGeYan Road, GuiYang City 550004, Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin Street, Beijing 100052, PR China
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Department of Arbovirology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Guo-Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin Street, Beijing 100052, PR China
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Mosquito densonucleosis virus non-structural protein NS2 is necessary for a productive infection. Virology 2008; 374:128-37. [PMID: 18222517 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito densonucleosis viruses synthesize two non-structural proteins, NS1 and NS2. While NS1 has been studied relatively well, little is known about NS2. Antiserum was raised against a peptide near the N-terminus of NS2, and used to conduct Western blot analysis and immuno-fluorescence assays. Western blots revealed a prominent band near the expected size (41 kDa). Immuno-fluorescence studies of mosquito cells transfected with AeDNV indicate that NS2 has a wider distribution pattern than does NS1, and the distribution pattern appears to be a function of time post-infection. Nuclear localization of NS2 requires intact C-terminus but does not require additional viral proteins. Mutations ranging from complete NS2 knock-out to a single missense amino acid substitution in NS2 can significantly reduce viral replication and production of viable progeny.
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25
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Li Z, He J, Huang X, Dai A, Cheng L, Shao D, Zhang J. The truncated virus-like particles of C6/36 cell densovirus: implications for the assembly mechanism of brevidensovirus. Virus Res 2008; 132:248-52. [PMID: 18201787 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The brevidensovirus is one of the smallest viruses in the world and the capsid of Aedes albopictus C6/36 cell densovirus (C6/36DNV) is the simplest and most compact capsid in brevidensovirus. To understand the assembly mechanism of icosahedral-virus capsid from this simplest model, we tried to express various lengths of virus proteins (VPs) of C6/36DNV in Bac-to-Bac system and evaluate their self-assembly capacities in insect Spodoptera frugiperda 9 (Sf9) cells. The result showed that the N-terminal GGSG sequence (residue 23-26), highly conserved glycine-rich region in Parvoviridae, and C-terminal GTGGVVTCMP (residue 344-353) were essential for capsid assembly, while the N-terminal nuclear localization signal, GTKRKR sequence (residue 15-20), was nonessential for the virus-like particles (VLPs) assembly, but did effect the formation of crystalline arrays in infected Sf9 cells. These information provided clues for how icosahedral-virus capsids formed and showed the potential of C6/36DNV-VLPs becoming a powerful nanoparticle vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Li
- Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
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Cheng L, Chen S, Zhou ZH, Zhang J. Structure comparisons of Aedes albopictus densovirus with other parvoviruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:70-4. [PMID: 17393085 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-007-2036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parvoviridae is a family of the smallest viruses known with a wide variety of hosts. The capsid structure of the Aedes albopictus C6/36 cell densovirus (C6/36 DNV) at 1.2-nm resolution was obtained by electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM) and three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction. Structure comparisons between the C6/36 DNV and other parvoviruses reveal that the degree of structural similarity between C6/36 DNV and the human parvovirus B19 is higher than that between C6/36 DNV and other insect parvoviruses. The amino acid sequence comparisons of structural and non-structural proteins also reveal higher levels of similarity between C6/36 DNV and parvovirus B19 than those between C6/36 DNV and other parvoviruses. These findings indicate that C6/36 DNV is closely related to the human virus B19, and the former might evolve from the human species other than from other insect viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- LingPeng Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioscience & Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Dhar AK, Lakshman DK, Natarajan S, Allnutt FCT, van Beek NAM. Functional characterization of putative promoter elements from infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) in shrimp and in insect and fish cell lines. Virus Res 2007; 127:1-8. [PMID: 17434223 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) of shrimp contains a linear single-stranded DNA genome of approximately 4.1kb with three putative open reading frames (ORFs) on the same DNA strand designated, the Left, Middle, and Right ORFs. The Left ORF codes for non-structural protein and the Right ORF codes for capsid protein, whereas the role of the Middle ORF is still unknown. Two putative promoters, designated P2 and P61, were detected upstream of the Left ORF and Right ORF, respectively. We evaluated the activities of these two promoters with or without a transcriptional enhancer element via the use of firefly luciferase reporter constructs in insect and fish cells, and in shrimp tail muscle. In insect and fish cells, the P2 promoter was stronger than the P61 promoter. The presence of the SV40 enhancer element negatively affected P2 but not P61 promoter activity in insect cells. However, in fish cells, the SV40 enhancer element dramatically increased the activities of both promoters. In shrimp, there was no significant difference in luciferase expression driven by these two promoters. In shrimp tail muscle, the presence of SV40 enhancer element in the construct had no significant effect on the P2 promoter and a negative effect on the P61 promoter. The IHHNV P2 and P61 promoters were found to be constitutive promoters that can drive gene expression in both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Dhar
- Advanced BioNutrition Corporation, 7155 Columbia Gateway Drive, Suite H, Columbia, MD 21046, United States.
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Becnel JJ, White SE. Mosquito pathogenic viruses--the last 20 years. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2007; 23:36-49. [PMID: 17853596 DOI: 10.2987/8756-971x(2007)23[36:mpvly]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
There are several types of viral pathogens that cause disease in mosquitoes with most belonging to 4 major groups. The most common viruses of mosquitoes are the baculoviruses (NPVs) (Baculoviridae: Nucleopolyhedrovirus) and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPVs) (Reoviridae: Cypovirus). The other major types of viruses in mosquitoes are represented by the densoviruses (DNVs) (Parvoviridae: Brevidensovirus) and the iridoviruses (MIVs) (Iridoviridae: Chloriridovirus). Baculoviruses, densoviruses and iridoviruses are DNA viruses while cypoviruses are the main RNA viruses in mosquitoes. This chapter presents an overview of the recent advancements in the study of mosquito pathogenic viruses and discusses how this new understanding of virus-mosquito interactions can be used to develop novel research and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Becnel
- USDA/ARS, 1600 S.W. 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Abstract
Mosquito densoviruses (MDV) are parvoviruses that replicate in the nuclei of mosquito cells and cause the characteristic nuclear hypertrophy (densonucleosis) that gives them their name. Several MDV that differ in pathogenicity both in vitro and in vivo have been isolated. MDV have a number of features that make them potentially attractive as biological control agents for mosquito-borne disease. They are nonenveloped and relatively stable in the environment. They are highly specific for mosquitoes and they infect and kill larvae in a dose dependent manner in the aqueous larval habitat. Infected larvae that survive to become adult mosquitoes exhibit a dose-dependent shortening of lifespan and many do not survive longer than the extrinsic incubation period for arboviruses. Thus they may have a significant impact on transmission of pathogens. Infected females can transmit the virus vertically by laying infected eggs in new oviposition sites. Studies on how MDV affect populations are relatively limited. Population cage studies suggest that they will persist and spread in populations and limited field studies have shown similar preimaginal mortality in wild populations to that seen in laboratory studies. The availability of infectious clones of MDV genomes allows the development of densovirus vectors for expressing genes of interest in mosquito cells and mosquitoes. Recently short hairpin RNA expression cassettes that induce RNA interference have been inserted into densovirus genomes. These expression cassettes should be useful for both research and disease-control applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Carlson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Paterson A, Robinson E, Suchman E, Afanasiev B, Carlson J. Mosquito densonucleosis viruses cause dramatically different infection phenotypes in the C6/36 Aedes albopictus cell line. Virology 2005; 337:253-61. [PMID: 15919104 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito densoviruses generally establish persistent infections in mosquito cell lines including the C6/36 Aedes albopictus cell line. In contrast, the closely related Haemagogus equinus densovirus (HeDNV) causes dramatic cytopathic effects in the C6/36 Aedes albopictus cell line. Infection of C6/36 cells by HeDNV causes internucleosomal fragmentation of host chromosomal DNA, changes in cellular morphology (membrane budding, apoptotic bodies), caspase activation and exposure of phosphatidylserine on the cellular membrane. This is accompanied by a higher rate of infection and more vigorous production of virus in these cells. These observations are consistent with the induction of apoptosis during infection. In contrast, expression of AeDNV proteins in C6/36 cells does not cause obvious cytopathic effects although NS1 expression causes accumulation of cells in G2 phase. C6/36 cells persistently infected with AeDNV were not protected from superinfection with HeDNV. Thus, there does not seem to be an antiviral state induced by AeDNV persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Paterson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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