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Schönegger D, Moubset O, Margaria P, Menzel W, Winter S, Roumagnac P, Marais A, Candresse T. Benchmarking of virome metagenomic analysis approaches using a large, 60+ members, viral synthetic community. J Virol 2023; 97:e0130023. [PMID: 37888981 PMCID: PMC10688312 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01300-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE We report here efforts to benchmark performance of two widespread approaches for virome analysis, which target either virion-associated nucleic acids (VANA) or highly purified double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs). This was achieved using synthetic communities of varying complexity levels, up to a highly complex community of 72 viral agents (115 viral molecules) comprising isolates from 21 families and 61 genera of plant viruses. The results obtained confirm that the dsRNA-based approach provides a more complete representation of the RNA virome, in particular, for high complexity ones. However, for viromes of low to medium complexity, VANA appears a reasonable alternative and would be the preferred choice if analysis of DNA viruses is of importance. Several parameters impacting performance were identified as well as a direct relationship between the completeness of virome description and sample sequencing depth. The strategy, results, and tools used here should prove useful in a range of virome analysis efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oumaima Moubset
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, Montpellier, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Paolo Margaria
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wulf Menzel
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Winter
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philippe Roumagnac
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, Montpellier, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Armelle Marais
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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da Silva JPH, de Resende FMP, da Silva JCF, de Breuil S, Nome C, Bejerman N, Zerbini FM. Amesuviridae: a new family of plant-infecting viruses in the phylum Cressdnaviricota, realm Monodnaviria. Arch Virol 2023; 168:223. [PMID: 37561218 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The phylum Cressdnaviricota comprises viruses with single-stranded, circular DNA genomes that encode an HUH-type endonuclease (known as Rep). The phylum includes two classes, eight orders, and 11 families. Here, we report the creation of a twelfth family in the order Mulpavirales, class Arfiviricetes of the phylum Cressdnaviricota. The family Amesuviridae comprises viruses that infect plants and is divided into two genera: Temfrudevirus, including the species Temfrudevirus temperatum (with temperate fruit decay-associated virus as a member), and Yermavirus, including the species Yermavirus ilicis (with yerba mate-associated circular DNA virus as a member). Both viruses encode Rep proteins with HUH endonuclease and SH3 superfamily helicase domains. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the replicative module of amesuviruses constitutes a well-supported monophyletic clade related to Rep proteins from viruses in the order Mulpavirales. Furthermore, both viruses encode a single capsid protein (CP) related to geminivirus CPs. Phylogenetic incongruence between the replicative and structural modules of amesuviruses suggests a chimeric origin resulting from remote recombination events between ancestral mulpavirales and geminivirids. The creation of the family Amesuviridae has been ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Soledad de Breuil
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IPAVE-CIAP-INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras Km 5.5, X5020ICA, Agropecuarias, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Nome
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IPAVE-CIAP-INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras Km 5.5, X5020ICA, Agropecuarias, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Bejerman
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IPAVE-CIAP-INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras Km 5.5, X5020ICA, Agropecuarias, Córdoba, Argentina
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Bayfield OW, Shkoporov AN, Yutin N, Khokhlova EV, Smith JLR, Hawkins DEDP, Koonin EV, Hill C, Antson AA. Structural atlas of a human gut crassvirus. Nature 2023; 617:409-416. [PMID: 37138077 PMCID: PMC10172136 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CrAssphage and related viruses of the order Crassvirales (hereafter referred to as crassviruses) were originally discovered by cross-assembly of metagenomic sequences. They are the most abundant viruses in the human gut, are found in the majority of individual gut viromes, and account for up to 95% of the viral sequences in some individuals1-4. Crassviruses are likely to have major roles in shaping the composition and functionality of the human microbiome, but the structures and roles of most of the virally encoded proteins are unknown, with only generic predictions resulting from bioinformatic analyses4,5. Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of Bacteroides intestinalis virus ΦcrAss0016, providing the structural basis for the functional assignment of most of its virion proteins. The muzzle protein forms an assembly about 1 MDa in size at the end of the tail and exhibits a previously unknown fold that we designate the 'crass fold', that is likely to serve as a gatekeeper that controls the ejection of cargos. In addition to packing the approximately 103 kb of virus DNA, the ΦcrAss001 virion has extensive storage space for virally encoded cargo proteins in the capsid and, unusually, within the tail. One of the cargo proteins is present in both the capsid and the tail, suggesting a general mechanism for protein ejection, which involves partial unfolding of proteins during their extrusion through the tail. These findings provide a structural basis for understanding the mechanisms of assembly and infection of these highly abundant crassviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Bayfield
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.
| | - Andrey N Shkoporov
- APC Microbiome Ireland and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Natalya Yutin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ekaterina V Khokhlova
- APC Microbiome Ireland and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jake L R Smith
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Dorothy E D P Hawkins
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alfred A Antson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.
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4
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Coffin J, Blomberg J, Fan H, Gifford R, Hatziioannou T, Lindemann D, Mayer J, Stoye J, Tristem M, Johnson W. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Retroviridae 2021. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001712. [PMID: 34939563 PMCID: PMC8744268 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses in the family Retroviridae are found in a wide variety of vertebrate hosts. Enveloped virions are 80-100 nm in diameter with an inner core containing the viral genome and replicative enzymes. Core morphology is often characteristic for viruses within the same genus. Replication involves reverse transcription and integration into host cell DNA, resulting in a provirus. Integration into germline cells can result in a heritable provirus known as an endogenous retrovirus. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Retroviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/retroviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hung Fan
- University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3905, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jens Mayer
- University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Jonathan Stoye
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | - ICTV Report Consortium
- Tufts University, Boston, MA 2111, USA
- Uppsala University, Sweden
- University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3905, USA
- Center for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065, USA
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Imperial College London, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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Yang JX, Chen X, Li YY, Song TY, Ge JQ. Isolation of a novel adomavirus from cultured American eels, Anguilla rostrata, with haemorrhagic gill necrosis disease. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1811-1818. [PMID: 34324718 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the culture of American eels (Anguilla rostrate) in China has been impacted by emergence of a disease with signs of haemorrhagic gill necrosis. The gills of diseased eels are covered with petecchia and they bleed when the operculum is pressed. In this study, a novel American eel adomavirus (AEAdoV) was isolated from the diseased eels using the eel ovary cell line (EO). The virus proliferated in the EO cells with a maximum TCID50 /ml of 106.29 ± 0.23 at 6 days post-infection. The virions were non-enveloped with a diameter of 75-85 nm and shown to be a DNA virus upon 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IDU) treatment. PCR assays showed that AEAdoV encodes a superfamily 3 helicases (S3H) replicase and shared high similarities with Anguilla marmorata adomavirus (MEAdoV). Although no clinical signs or mortality was observed among the eels injected with AEAdoV, the virus was reisolated from livers, kidneys and gills of injected eels at 35 days post-injection. Our results suggested that AEAdoV exhibited a latent infection in A. rostrata. The pathogenicity of the AEAdoV needs to be confirmed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xian Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tie-Ying Song
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun-Qing Ge
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
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Abstract
The family Genomoviridae (phylum Cressdnaviricota, class Repensiviricetes, order Geplafuvirales) includes viruses with circular single-stranded DNA genomes encoding two proteins, the capsid protein and the rolling-circle replication initiation protein. The genomes of the vast majority of members in this family have been sequenced directly from diverse environmental or animal- and plant-associated samples, but two genomoviruses have been identified infecting fungi. Since the last taxonomic update of the Genomoviridae, a number of new members of this family have been sequenced. Here, we report on the most recent taxonomic update, including the creation of one new genus, Gemytripvirus, and classification of ~420 new genomoviruses into 164 new species. We also announce the adoption of the "Genus + freeform epithet" binomial system for the naming of all 236 officially recognized species in the family Genomoviridae. The updated taxonomy presented in this article has been accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Khalifa ME, MacDiarmid RM. A Mechanically Transmitted DNA Mycovirus Is Targeted by the Defence Machinery of Its Host, Botrytis cinerea. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071315. [PMID: 34372522 PMCID: PMC8309985 DOI: 10.3390/v13071315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses were known only to infect plants and vertebrates until the discovery of the isolated DNA mycovirus from the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Similar viral sequences were reported from several other sources and classified in ten genera within the Genomoviridae family. The current study reports two circular ssDNA mycoviruses isolated from the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea, and their assignment to a newly created genus tentatively named Gemydayirivirus. The mycoviruses, tentatively named botrytis gemydayirivirus 1 (BGDaV1) and BGDaV2, are 1701 and 1693 nt long and encode three and two open reading frames (ORFs), respectively. Of the predicted ORFs, only ORF I, which codes for a replication initiation protein (Rep), shared identity with other proteins in GenBank. BGDaV1 is infective as cell-free purified particles and confers hypovirulence on its natural host. Investigation revealed that BGDaV1 is a target for RNA silencing and genomic DNA methylation, keeping the virus at very low titre. The discovery of BGDaV1 expands our knowledge of the diversity of genomoviruses and their interaction with fungal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud E. Khalifa
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand;
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta 34517, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Robin M. MacDiarmid
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand;
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Jo Y, Back CG, Kim KH, Chu H, Lee JH, Moh SH, Cho WK. Comparative Study of Metagenomics and Metatranscriptomics to Reveal Microbiomes in Overwintering Pepper Fruits. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6202. [PMID: 34201359 PMCID: PMC8227054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Red pepper (Capsicum annuum, L.), is one of the most important spice plants in Korea. Overwintering pepper fruits are a reservoir of various microbial pepper diseases. Here, we conducted metagenomics (DNA sequencing) and metatranscriptomics (RNA sequencing) using samples collected from three different fields. We compared two different library types and three different analytical methods for the identification of microbiomes in overwintering pepper fruits. Our results demonstrated that DNA sequencing might be useful for the identification of bacteria and DNA viruses such as bacteriophages, while mRNA sequencing might be beneficial for the identification of fungi and RNA viruses. Among three analytical methods, KRAKEN2 with raw data reads (KRAKEN2_R) might be superior for the identification of microbial species to other analytical methods. However, some microbial species with a low number of reads were wrongly assigned at the species level by KRAKEN2_R. Moreover, we found that the databases for bacteria and viruses were better established as compared to the fungal database with limited genome data. In summary, we carefully suggest that different library types and analytical methods with proper databases should be applied for the purpose of microbiome study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonhwa Jo
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.J.); (K.-H.K.)
| | - Chang-Gi Back
- Horticultural and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.J.); (K.-H.K.)
| | - Hyosub Chu
- R&D Division, BERTIS Inc., Seongnam-si 13605, Korea;
| | - Jeong Hun Lee
- Anti-Aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon 21990, Korea; (J.H.L.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Sang Hyun Moh
- Anti-Aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon 21990, Korea; (J.H.L.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Won Kyong Cho
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.J.); (K.-H.K.)
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Abstract
Portogloboviridae is a family of viruses with circular, double-stranded DNA genomes of about 20 kbp. Their icosahedral virions have a diameter of 87 nm, and consist of an outer protein shell, an inner lipid layer and a nucleoprotein core wound up into a spherical coil. Portogloboviruses infect hyperthermophilic archaea of the genus Saccharolobus, order Sulfolobales and are presumably nonlytic. Portogloboviruses encode mini-CRISPR arrays which they use to compete against other co-infecting viruses. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Portogloboviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/portogloboviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Prangishvili
- Institut Pasteur, 25, Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 1079, Georgia
| | - Ying Liu
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - ICTV Report Consortium
- Institut Pasteur, 25, Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 1079, Georgia
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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Guo J, Bolduc B, Zayed AA, Varsani A, Dominguez-Huerta G, Delmont TO, Pratama AA, Gazitúa MC, Vik D, Sullivan MB, Roux S. VirSorter2: a multi-classifier, expert-guided approach to detect diverse DNA and RNA viruses. Microbiome 2021; 9:37. [PMID: 33522966 PMCID: PMC7852108 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses are a significant player in many biosphere and human ecosystems, but most signals remain "hidden" in metagenomic/metatranscriptomic sequence datasets due to the lack of universal gene markers, database representatives, and insufficiently advanced identification tools. RESULTS Here, we introduce VirSorter2, a DNA and RNA virus identification tool that leverages genome-informed database advances across a collection of customized automatic classifiers to improve the accuracy and range of virus sequence detection. When benchmarked against genomes from both isolated and uncultivated viruses, VirSorter2 uniquely performed consistently with high accuracy (F1-score > 0.8) across viral diversity, while all other tools under-detected viruses outside of the group most represented in reference databases (i.e., those in the order Caudovirales). Among the tools evaluated, VirSorter2 was also uniquely able to minimize errors associated with atypical cellular sequences including eukaryotic genomes and plasmids. Finally, as the virosphere exploration unravels novel viral sequences, VirSorter2's modular design makes it inherently able to expand to new types of viruses via the design of new classifiers to maintain maximal sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION With multi-classifier and modular design, VirSorter2 demonstrates higher overall accuracy across major viral groups and will advance our knowledge of virus evolution, diversity, and virus-microbe interaction in various ecosystems. Source code of VirSorter2 is freely available ( https://bitbucket.org/MAVERICLab/virsorter2 ), and VirSorter2 is also available both on bioconda and as an iVirus app on CyVerse ( https://de.cyverse.org/de ). Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ben Bolduc
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ahmed A Zayed
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Tom O Delmont
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | | | | | - Dean Vik
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Center of Microbiome Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Simon Roux
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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11
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Polintons are large mobile genetic elements found in the genomes of eukaryotic organisms that are considered the ancient ancestors of most eukaryotic dsDNA viruses. Originally considered as transposons, they have been found to encode virus capsid genes, suggesting they may actually be integrated viruses; however, an extracellular form has yet to be detected. Recently, circa 25 Polinton-like viruses have been discovered in environmental metagenomes and algal genomes, which shared distantly related genes to both Polintons and virophages (Lavidaviridae). These entities could be the first members of a major class of ancient eukaryotic viruses; however, owing to the lack of available genomes for analysis, information on their global diversity, evolutionary relationships, eukaryotic hosts, and status as free virus particles is limited. RESULTS Here, we analysed the metaviromes of an alpine lake to show that Polinton-like virus genome sequences are abundant in the water column. We identify major capsid protein genes belonging to 82 new Polinton-like viruses and use these to interrogate publicly available metagenomic datasets, identifying 543 genomes and a further 16 integrated into eukaryotic genomes. Using an analysis of shared gene content and major capsid protein phylogeny, we define large groups of Polinton-like viruses and link them to diverse eukaryotic hosts, including a new group of viruses, which possess all the core genes of virophages and infect oomycetes and Chrysophyceae. CONCLUSIONS Our study increased the number of known Polinton-like viruses by 25-fold, identifying five major new groups of eukaryotic viruses, which until now have been hidden in metagenomic datasets. The large enrichment (> 100-fold) of Polinton-like virus sequences in the virus-sized fraction of this alpine lake and the fact that their viral major capsid proteins are found in eukaryotic host transcriptomes support the hypothesis that Polintons in unicellular eukaryotes are viruses. In summary, our data reveals a diverse assemblage of globally distributed viruses, associated with a wide range of unicellular eukaryotic hosts. We anticipate that the methods we have developed for Polinton-like virus detection and the database of over 20,000 genes we present will allow for continued discovery and analysis of these new viral groups. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Bellas
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ruben Sommaruga
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
Ovaliviridae is a family of enveloped viruses with a linear dsDNA genome. The virions are ellipsoidal, and contain a multi-layered spool-like capsid. The viral genome is presumably replicated through protein priming by a putative DNA polymerase encoded by the virus. Progeny virions are released through hexagonal openings resulting from the rupture of virus-associated pyramids formed on the surface of infected cells. The only known host is a hyperthermophilic archaeon of the genus Sulfolobus. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Ovaliviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/ovaliviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- *Correspondence: Li Huang,
| | - Haina Wang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China
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13
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Abstract
Curcumin, the primary curcuminoid compound found in turmeric spice, has shown broad activity as an antimicrobial agent, limiting the replication of many different fungi, bacteria and viruses. In this review, we summarize recent studies supporting the development of curcumin and its derivatives as broad-spectrum antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan R. Jennings
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Robin J. Parks
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-737-8123
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14
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Xian Y, Xiao C. Current capsid assembly models of icosahedral nucleocytoviricota viruses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 108:275-313. [PMID: 33837719 PMCID: PMC8328511 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocytoviricota viruses (NCVs) belong to a newly established phylum originally grouped as Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. NCVs are unique because of their large and complicated genomes that contain cellular genes with homologs from all kingdoms of life, raising intensive debates on their evolutional origins. Many NCVs pack their genomes inside massive icosahedral capsids assembled from thousands of proteins. Studying the assembly mechanism of such capsids has been challenging until breakthroughs from structural studies. Subsequently, several models of the capsid assembly were proposed, which provided some interesting insights on this elaborate process. In this review, we discuss three of the most recent assembly models as well as supporting experimental observations. Furthermore, we propose a new model that combines research developments from multiple sources. Investigation of the assembly process of these vast NCV capsids will facilitate future deciphering of the molecular mechanisms driving the formation of similar supramolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejiao Xian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States.
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15
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Mäntynen S, Laanto E, Sundberg LR, Poranen MM, Oksanen HM, Report Consortium ICTV. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Finnlakeviridae. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:894-895. [PMID: 32840474 PMCID: PMC7654751 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Finnlakeviridae is a family of icosahedral, internal membrane-containing bacterial viruses with circular, single-stranded DNA genomes. The family includes the genus, Finnlakevirus, with the species, Flavobacterium virus FLiP. Flavobacterium phage FLiP was isolated with its Gram-negative host bacterium from a boreal freshwater habitat in Central Finland in 2010. It is the first described single-stranded DNA virus with an internal membrane and shares minimal sequence similarity with other known viruses. The virion organization (pseudo T=21 dextro) and major capsid protein fold (double-β-barrel) resemble those of Pseudoalteromonas phage PM2 (family Corticoviridae), which has a double-stranded DNA genome. A similar major capsid protein fold is also found in other double-stranded DNA viruses in the kingdom Bamfordvirae. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) report on the family Finnlakeviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/finnlakeviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Mäntynen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Elina Laanto
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lotta-Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Minna M. Poranen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna M. Oksanen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - ICTV Report Consortium
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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Krupovic M, Varsani A, Kazlauskas D, Breitbart M, Delwart E, Rosario K, Yutin N, Wolf YI, Harrach B, Zerbini FM, Dolja VV, Kuhn JH, Koonin EV. Cressdnaviricota: a Virus Phylum Unifying Seven Families of Rep-Encoding Viruses with Single-Stranded, Circular DNA Genomes. J Virol 2020; 94:e00582-20. [PMID: 32269128 PMCID: PMC7307096 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00582-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA Viruses/classification
- DNA Viruses/genetics
- DNA, Circular/chemistry
- DNA, Circular/genetics
- DNA, Circular/metabolism
- DNA, Single-Stranded/chemistry
- DNA, Single-Stranded/genetics
- DNA, Single-Stranded/metabolism
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- Diatoms/virology
- Genome Size
- Genome, Viral
- Insecta/virology
- Phylogeny
- Plants/virology
- Terminology as Topic
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Krupovic
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Darius Kazlauskas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mya Breitbart
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karyna Rosario
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Natalya Yutin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuri I Wolf
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Balázs Harrach
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - F Murilo Zerbini
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valerian V Dolja
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Chabi-Jesus C, Najar A, Fontenele RS, Kumari SG, Ramos-González PL, Freitas-Astúa J, Kraberger S, Varsani A. Viruses representing two new genomovirus species identified in citrus from Tunisia. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1225-1229. [PMID: 32146505 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using a high-throughput sequencing approach, we identified four genomoviruses (family Genomoviridae) associated with a sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) plant collected in Tunisia. The ssDNA genomes of these genomoviruses, which were amplified, cloned and Sanger sequenced, range in size from 2156 to 2191 nt. Three of these viruses share > 99% full-genome pairwise sequence identity and are referred to as citrus Tunisia genomovirus 1 (CTNGmV-1). The CTNGmV-1 isolates share < 62% genome-wide pairwise nucleotide sequence identity with other genomoviruses and belong to the genus Gemykolovirus. The genome of the fourth virus, which was called CTNGmV-2, shares < 68% nucleotide sequence identity with other genomoviruses and belongs to the genus Gemycircularvirus. Based on the species demarcation criteria for members of the family Genomoviridae, CTNGmV-1 and -2 would each represent a new species. Although found associated with Citrus sp. plants, it is likely that these viruses infect fungi or other organisms associated with the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Chabi-Jesus
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz/Esalq/USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
- Instituto Biológico/IB, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Asma Najar
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, National Institute of Agronomic Research of Tunisia, Rue Hédi Karray, El Menzah, Tunisia.
| | - Rafaela S Fontenele
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Safaa G Kumari
- Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Tunis, Tunisia
- International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Instituto Biológico/IB, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura/CNPMF, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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18
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Schulz F, Roux S, Paez-Espino D, Jungbluth S, Walsh DA, Denef VJ, McMahon KD, Konstantinidis KT, Eloe-Fadrosh EA, Kyrpides NC, Woyke T. Giant virus diversity and host interactions through global metagenomics. Nature 2020; 578:432-436. [PMID: 31968354 PMCID: PMC7162819 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our current knowledge about nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) is largely derived from viral isolates that are co-cultivated with protists and algae. Here we reconstructed 2,074 NCLDV genomes from sampling sites across the globe by building on the rapidly increasing amount of publicly available metagenome data. This led to an 11-fold increase in phylogenetic diversity and a parallel 10-fold expansion in functional diversity. Analysis of 58,023 major capsid proteins from large and giant viruses using metagenomic data revealed the global distribution patterns and cosmopolitan nature of these viruses. The discovered viral genomes encoded a wide range of proteins with putative roles in photosynthesis and diverse substrate transport processes, indicating that host reprogramming is probably a common strategy in the NCLDVs. Furthermore, inferences of horizontal gene transfer connected viral lineages to diverse eukaryotic hosts. We anticipate that the global diversity of NCLDVs that we describe here will establish giant viruses-which are associated with most major eukaryotic lineages-as important players in ecosystems across Earth's biomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Schulz
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Simon Roux
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David Paez-Espino
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sean Jungbluth
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David A Walsh
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie, Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent J Denef
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katherine D McMahon
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Emiley A Eloe-Fadrosh
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nikos C Kyrpides
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tanja Woyke
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Orton JP, Morales M, Fontenele RS, Schmidlin K, Kraberger S, Leavitt DJ, Webster TH, Wilson MA, Kusumi K, Dolby GA, Varsani A. Virus Discovery in Desert Tortoise Fecal Samples: Novel Circular Single-Stranded DNA Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020143. [PMID: 31991902 PMCID: PMC7077246 DOI: 10.3390/v12020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sonoran Desert tortoise Gopherus morafkai is adapted to the desert, and plays an important ecological role in this environment. There is limited information on the viral diversity associated with tortoises (family Testudinidae), and to date no DNA virus has been identified associated with these animals. This study aimed to assess the diversity of DNA viruses associated with the Sonoran Desert tortoise by sampling their fecal matter. A viral metagenomics approach was used to identify the DNA viruses in fecal samples from wild Sonoran Desert tortoises in Arizona, USA. In total, 156 novel single-stranded DNA viruses were identified from 40 fecal samples. Those belonged to two known viral families, the Genomoviridae (n = 27) and Microviridae (n = 119). In addition, 10 genomes were recovered that belong to the unclassified group of circular-replication associated protein encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA virus and five circular molecules encoding viral-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Orton
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.P.O.); (M.M.); (R.S.F.); (K.S.); (M.A.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Matheo Morales
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.P.O.); (M.M.); (R.S.F.); (K.S.); (M.A.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Rafaela S. Fontenele
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.P.O.); (M.M.); (R.S.F.); (K.S.); (M.A.W.); (K.K.)
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Kara Schmidlin
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.P.O.); (M.M.); (R.S.F.); (K.S.); (M.A.W.); (K.K.)
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Daniel J. Leavitt
- Natural Resources Program, Naval Facilities Engineering Command-Navy Region Southwest, San Diego, CA 92101, USA, USA;
| | - Timothy H. Webster
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.P.O.); (M.M.); (R.S.F.); (K.S.); (M.A.W.); (K.K.)
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Melissa A. Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.P.O.); (M.M.); (R.S.F.); (K.S.); (M.A.W.); (K.K.)
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Kenro Kusumi
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.P.O.); (M.M.); (R.S.F.); (K.S.); (M.A.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Greer A. Dolby
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.P.O.); (M.M.); (R.S.F.); (K.S.); (M.A.W.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: (G.A.D.); (A.V.); Tel.: +1-480-965-7456 (G.A.D.); +1-480-727-2093 (A.V.)
| | - Arvind Varsani
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.P.O.); (M.M.); (R.S.F.); (K.S.); (M.A.W.); (K.K.)
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Correspondence: (G.A.D.); (A.V.); Tel.: +1-480-965-7456 (G.A.D.); +1-480-727-2093 (A.V.)
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Divilov K, Schoolfield B, Morga B, Dégremont L, Burge CA, Mancilla Cortez D, Friedman CS, Fleener GB, Dumbauld BR, Langdon C. First evaluation of resistance to both a California OsHV-1 variant and a French OsHV-1 microvariant in Pacific oysters. BMC Genet 2019; 20:96. [PMID: 31830898 PMCID: PMC6909534 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variants of the Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) cause high losses of Pacific oysters globally, including in Tomales Bay, California, USA. A suite of new variants, the OsHV-1 microvariants (μvars), cause very high mortalities of Pacific oysters in major oyster-growing regions outside of the United States. There are currently no known Pacific oysters in the United States that are resistant to OsHV-1 as resistance has yet to be evaluated in these oysters. As part of an effort to begin genetic selection for resistance to OsHV-1, 71 families from the Molluscan Broodstock Program, a US West Coast Pacific oyster breeding program, were screened for survival after exposure to OsHV-1 in Tomales Bay. They were also tested in a quarantine laboratory in France where they were exposed to a French OsHV-1 microvariant using a plate assay, with survival recorded from three to seven days post-infection. RESULTS Significant heritability for survival were found for all time points in the plate assay and in the survival phenotype from a single mortality count in Tomales Bay. Genetic correlations between survival against the French OsHV-1 μvar in the plate assay and the Tomales Bay variant in the field trait were weak or non-significant. CONCLUSIONS Future breeding efforts will seek to validate the potential of genetic improvement for survival to OsHV-1 through selection using the Molluscan Broodstock Program oysters. The lack of a strong correlation in survival between OsHV-1 variants under this study's exposure conditions may require independent selection pressure for survival to each variant in order to make simultaneous genetic gains in resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Divilov
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon USA
| | - Blaine Schoolfield
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon USA
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | - Colleen A. Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland USA
| | | | - Carolyn S. Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Brett R. Dumbauld
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon USA
| | - Chris Langdon
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon USA
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Akashi M, Takemura M. Co-Isolation and Characterization of Two Pandoraviruses and a Mimivirus from a Riverbank in Japan. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121123. [PMID: 31817274 PMCID: PMC6950457 DOI: 10.3390/v11121123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant viruses, like pandoraviruses and mimiviruses, have been discovered from diverse environments, and their broad global distribution has been established. Here, we report two new isolates of Pandoravirus spp. and one Mimivirus sp., named Pandoravirus hades, Pandoravirus persephone, and Mimivirus sp. isolate styx, co-isolated from riverbank soil in Japan. We obtained nearly complete sequences of the family B DNA polymerase gene (polB) of P. hades and P. persephone; the former carried two known intein regions, while the latter had only one. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two new pandoravirus isolates are closely related to Pandoravirus dulcis. Furthermore, random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis revealed that P. hades and P. persephone might harbor different genome structures. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the partial polB sequence, Mimivirus sp. isolate styx belongs to mimivirus lineage A. DNA staining suggested that the Pandoravirus spp. asynchronously replicates in amoeba cells while Mimivirus sp. replicates synchronously. We also observed that P. persephone- or Mimivirus sp. isolate styx-infected amoeba cytoplasm is extruded by the cells. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report the isolation of pandoraviruses in Asia. In addition, our results emphasize the importance of virus isolation from soil to reveal the ecology of giant viruses.
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Lasa A, di Cesare A, Tassistro G, Borello A, Gualdi S, Furones D, Carrasco N, Cheslett D, Brechon A, Paillard C, Bidault A, Pernet F, Canesi L, Edomi P, Pallavicini A, Pruzzo C, Vezzulli L. Dynamics of the Pacific oyster pathobiota during mortality episodes in Europe assessed by 16S rRNA gene profiling and a new target enrichment next-generation sequencing strategy. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4548-4562. [PMID: 31325353 PMCID: PMC7379488 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infectious agents such as the bacteria Vibrio aestuarianus or Ostreid herpesvirus 1 have been repeatedly associated with dramatic disease outbreaks of Crassostrea gigas beds in Europe. Beside roles played by these pathogens, microbial infections in C. gigas may derive from the contribution of a larger number of microorganisms than previously thought, according to an emerging view supporting the polymicrobial nature of bivalve diseases. In this study, the microbial communities associated with a large number of C. gigas samples collected during recurrent mortality episodes at different European sites were investigated by real-time PCR and 16SrRNA gene-based microbial profiling. A new target enrichment next-generation sequencing protocol for selective capturing of 884 phylogenetic and virulence markers of the potential microbial pathogenic community in oyster tissue was developed allowing high taxonomic resolution analysis of the bivalve pathobiota. Comparative analysis of contrasting C. gigas samples conducted using these methods revealed that oyster experiencing mortality outbreaks displayed signs of microbiota disruption associated with the presence of previously undetected potential pathogenic microbial species mostly belonging to genus Vibrio and Arcobacter. The role of these species and their consortia should be targeted by future studies aiming to shed light on mechanisms underlying polymicrobial infections in C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aide Lasa
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Andrea di Cesare
- National Research Council‐Water Research Institute (CNR‐IRSA), Largo Tonolli 50, 28822VerbaniaItaly
| | - Giovanni Tassistro
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Alessio Borello
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Stefano Gualdi
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Deborah Cheslett
- Fish Health UnitThe Marine Institute, Rinville OranmoreGalwayIreland
| | - Amanda Brechon
- Fish Health UnitThe Marine Institute, Rinville OranmoreGalwayIreland
| | - Christine Paillard
- Laboratoire des sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Institut Universitaire Européen de la MUniversité de Bretagne Occidentale – UMR6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/IfremerPlouzanéFrance
| | - Adeline Bidault
- Laboratoire des sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Institut Universitaire Européen de la MUniversité de Bretagne Occidentale – UMR6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/IfremerPlouzanéFrance
| | - Fabrice Pernet
- Ifremer, Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes MarinsUMR 6539 LEMAR (CNRS/Ifremer/IRD/UBO) Technopole Iroise, CS 1007029280PlouzaneFrance
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Paolo Edomi
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of TriesteTriesteItaly
| | | | - Carla Pruzzo
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Luigi Vezzulli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
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Sommers P, Fontenele RS, Kringen T, Kraberger S, Porazinska DL, Darcy JL, Schmidt SK, Varsani A. Single-Stranded DNA Viruses in Antarctic Cryoconite Holes. Viruses 2019; 11:E1022. [PMID: 31689942 PMCID: PMC6893807 DOI: 10.3390/v11111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antarctic cryoconite holes, or small melt-holes in the surfaces of glaciers, create habitable oases for isolated microbial communities with tightly linked microbial population structures. Viruses may influence the dynamics of polar microbial communities, but the viromes of the Antarctic cryoconite holes have yet to be characterized. We characterize single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses from three cryoconite holes in the Taylor Valley, Antarctica, using metagenomics. Half of the assembled metagenomes cluster with those in the viral family Microviridae (n = 7), and the rest with unclassified circular replication associated protein (Rep)-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses (n = 7). An additional 18 virus-like circular molecules encoding either a Rep, a capsid protein gene, or other unidentified but viral-like open reading frames were identified. The samples from which the genomes were identified show a strong gradient in microbial diversity and abundances, and the number of viral genomes detected in each sample mirror that gradient. Additionally, one of the CRESS genomes assembled here shares ~90% genome-wide pairwise identity with a virus identified from a freshwater pond on the McMurdo Ice Shelf (Antarctica). Otherwise, the similarity of these viruses to those previously identified is relatively low. Together, these patterns are consistent with the presence of a unique regional virome present in fresh water host populations of the McMurdo Dry Valley region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pacifica Sommers
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Rafaela S Fontenele
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA.
| | - Tayele Kringen
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA.
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA.
| | - Dorota L Porazinska
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - John L Darcy
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Steven K Schmidt
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA.
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
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Maia LMS, Pinto AZDL, Carvalho MSD, Melo FLD, Ribeiro BM, Slhessarenko RD. Novel Viruses in Mosquitoes from Brazilian Pantanal. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100957. [PMID: 31627274 PMCID: PMC6832572 DOI: 10.3390/v11100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are ubiquitous and diverse microorganisms arising as a result of interactions within their vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Here we report the presence of different viruses in the salivary glands of 1657 mosquitoes classified over 28 culicinae species from the North region of the Brazilian Pantanal wetland through metagenomics, viral isolation, and RT-PCR. In total, 12 viruses were found, eight putative novel viruses with relatively low similarity with pre-existing species of viruses within their families, named Pirizal iflavirus, Furrundu phlebovirus, Pixé phlebovirus, Guampa vesiculovirus, Chacororé flavivirus, Rasqueado orbivirus, Uru chuvirus, and Bororo circovirus. We also found the already described Lobeira dielmorhabdovirus, Sabethes flavivirus, Araticum partitivirus, and Murici totivirus. Therefore, these findings underscore the vast diversity of culicinae and novel viruses yet to be explored in Pantanal, the largest wetland on the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marina Siqueira Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Sáude, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Andressa Zelenski de Lara Pinto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Sáude, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Michellen Santos de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Sáude, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Lucas de Melo
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
| | - Bergmann Morais Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
| | - Renata Dezengrini Slhessarenko
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Sáude, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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Fontenele RS, Lacorte C, Lamas NS, Schmidlin K, Varsani A, Ribeiro SG. Single Stranded DNA Viruses Associated with Capybara Faeces Sampled in Brazil. Viruses 2019; 11:E710. [PMID: 31382446 PMCID: PMC6723397 DOI: 10.3390/v11080710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), the world's largest rodents, are distributed throughout South America. These wild herbivores are commonly found near water bodies and are well adapted to rural and urban areas. There is limited information on the viruses circulating through capybaras. This study aimed to expand the knowledge on the viral diversity associated with capybaras by sampling their faeces. Using a viral metagenomics approach, we identified diverse single-stranded DNA viruses in the capybara faeces sampled in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. A total of 148 complete genomes of viruses in the Microviridae family were identified. In addition, 14 genomoviruses (family Genomoviridae), a novel cyclovirus (family Circoviridae), and a smacovirus (family Smacoviridae) were identified. Also, 37 diverse viruses that cannot be assigned to known families and more broadly referred to as unclassified circular replication associated protein encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses were identified. This study provides a snapshot of the viral diversity associated with capybaras that may be infectious to these animals or associated with their microbiota or diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela S Fontenele
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF 70770-017, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Lacorte
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF 70770-017, Brazil
| | - Natalia S Lamas
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF 70770-017, Brazil
| | - Kara Schmidlin
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Simone G Ribeiro
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF 70770-017, Brazil.
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Harvey E, Madden D, Polkinghorne A, Holmes EC. Identification of A Novel Picorna-Like Virus, Burpengary Virus, that is Negatively Associated with Chlamydial Disease in the Koala. Viruses 2019; 11:E211. [PMID: 30832350 PMCID: PMC6466430 DOI: 10.3390/v11030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are native Australian marsupials whose populations are in decline from a range of threats. Infectious diseases caused by the bacterium Chlamydia pecorum and other pathogens are of particular concern. We analysed 26 poly-A selected RNA-sequencing libraries from a data set designed to study the immune response of koalas to ocular chlamydial infection. Using virus discovery techniques, we identified the coding-complete genome sequence of a novel picorna-like virus, denoted Burpengary virus, that was most common in south-east Queensland. Notably, abundance measurements of the virus across all 26 libraries revealed an inverse relationship between abundance and ocular disease in koalas, suggesting that the co-infection of Burpengary virus and Chlamydia pecorum is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Harvey
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Danielle Madden
- Animal Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia.
| | - Adam Polkinghorne
- Animal Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia.
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Abstract
The Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDV) of eukaryotes (proposed order "Megavirales") comprise an expansive group of eukaryotic viruses that consists of the families Poxviridae, Asfarviridae, Iridoviridae, Ascoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Marseilleviridae, Pithoviridae, and Mimiviridae, as well as Pandoraviruses, Molliviruses, and Faustoviruses that so far remain unaccounted by the official virus taxonomy. All these viruses have double-stranded DNA genomes that range in size from about 100 kilobases (kb) to more than 2.5 megabases. The viruses with genomes larger than 500kb are informally considered "giant," and the largest giant viruses surpass numerous bacteria and archaea in both particle and genome size. The discovery of giant viruses has been highly unexpected and has changed the perception of viral size and complexity, and even, arguably, the entire concept of a virus. Given that giant viruses encode multiple proteins that are universal among cellular life forms and are components of the translation system, the quintessential cellular molecular machinery, attempts have been made to incorporate these viruses in the evolutionary tree of cellular life. Moreover, evolutionary scenarios of the origin of giant viruses from a fourth, supposedly extinct domain of cellular life have been proposed. However, despite all the differences in the genome size and gene repertoire, the NCLDV can be confidently defined as monophyletic group, on the strength of the presence of about 40 genes that can be traced back to their last common ancestor. Using several most strongly conserved genes from this ancestral set, a well-resolved phylogenetic tree of the NCLDV was built and employed as the scaffold to reconstruct the history of gene gain and loss throughout the course of the evolution of this group of viruses. This reconstruction reveals extremely dynamic evolution that involved extensive gene gain and loss in many groups of viruses and indicates that giant viruses emerged independently in several clades of the NCLDV. Thus, these giants of the virus world evolved repeatedly from smaller and simpler viruses, rather than from a fourth domain of cellular life, and captured numerous genes, including those for translation system components, from eukaryotes, along with some bacterial genes. Even deeper evolutionary reconstructions reveal apparent links between the NCLDV and smaller viruses of eukaryotes, such as adenoviruses, and ultimately, derive all these viruses from tailless bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Natalya Yutin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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28
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Burioli EAV, Varello K, Lavazza A, Bozzetta E, Prearo M, Houssin M. A novel divergent group of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 μVar variants associated with a mortality event in Pacific oyster spat in Normandy (France) in 2016. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:1759-1769. [PMID: 30151980 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The acute course of disease in young oysters infected by OsHV-1 and the rapid tissue degradation often preclude histological examination of specimens collected during outbreaks in field. Herein, live spat originated from two geographical areas were sampled just at the onset of a mortality event that occurred in Normandy (France) in June 2016. The lesions, associated with high OsHV-1 DNA quantities, were characterized by severe and diffuse haemocytosis mainly involving blast-like cells, myocyte degeneration and large, irregularly shaped degenerate eosinophilic cells in the connective tissue. The herpesvirus was identified by negative staining TEM and real-time PCR. Sequencing of the C region and ORFs 42/43 confirmed that the variants met the definition of OsHV-1 μVar. We sequenced 30 other ORFs in twenty OsHV-1-positive individuals and compared them to the μVar specimens isolated between 2009 and 2011. The ORFs encoding putative membrane proteins showed the highest number of variations. Seven different genotypes were identified, confirming the presence of relevant genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analysis provided evidence for a well-separated μVar new group, with an evolutionary divergence estimated at 0.0013 from the other μVar variants. The geographical distribution of these newly described variants and their effective virulence should be investigated in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika A V Burioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France
| | - Katia Varello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Maryline Houssin
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR BOREA MNHN, UPMC, UCN, CNRS 7208, IRD 207, Caen, France
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29
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Jeske H. Barcoding of Plant Viruses with Circular Single-Stranded DNA Based on Rolling Circle Amplification. Viruses 2018; 10:E469. [PMID: 30200312 PMCID: PMC6164888 DOI: 10.3390/v10090469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The experience with a diagnostic technology based on rolling circle amplification (RCA), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses, and direct or deep sequencing (Circomics) over the past 15 years is surveyed for the plant infecting geminiviruses, nanoviruses and associated satellite DNAs, which have had increasing impact on agricultural and horticultural losses due to global transportation and recombination-aided diversification. Current state methods for quarantine measures are described to identify individual DNA components with great accuracy and to recognize the crucial role of the molecular viral population structure as an important factor for sustainable plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Jeske
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
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30
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Kazlauskas D, Varsani A, Krupovic M. Pervasive Chimerism in the Replication-Associated Proteins of Uncultured Single-Stranded DNA Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040187. [PMID: 29642587 PMCID: PMC5923481 DOI: 10.3390/v10040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous metagenomic studies have uncovered a remarkable diversity of circular replication-associated protein (Rep)-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses, the majority of which are uncultured and unclassified. Unlike capsid proteins, the Reps show significant similarity across different groups of CRESS DNA viruses and have conserved domain organization with the N-terminal nuclease and the C-terminal helicase domain. Consequently, Rep is widely used as a marker for identification, classification and assessment of the diversity of CRESS DNA viruses. However, it has been shown that in certain viruses the Rep nuclease and helicase domains display incongruent evolutionary histories. Here, we systematically evaluated the co-evolutionary patterns of the two Rep domains across classified and unclassified CRESS DNA viruses. Our analysis indicates that the Reps encoded by members of the families Bacilladnaviridae, Circoviridae, Geminiviridae, Genomoviridae, Nanoviridae and Smacoviridae display largely congruent evolutionary patterns in the two domains. By contrast, among the unclassified CRESS DNA viruses, 71% appear to have chimeric Reps. Such massive chimerism suggests that unclassified CRESS DNA viruses represent a dynamic population in which exchange of gene fragments encoding the nuclease and helicase domains is extremely common. Furthermore, purging of the chimeric sequences uncovered six monophyletic Rep groups that may represent new families of CRESS DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Kazlauskas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Av. 7, Vilnius 10257, Lithuania.
- Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7700, South Africa.
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75015, France.
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32
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Yu DT, Han LL, Zhang LM, He JZ. Diversity and Distribution Characteristics of Viruses in Soils of a Marine-Terrestrial Ecotone in East China. Microb Ecol 2018; 75:375-386. [PMID: 28825127 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A substantial gap remains in our understanding of the abundance, diversity, and ecology of viruses in soil although some advances have been achieved in recent years. In this study, four soil samples according to the salinity gradient from shore to inland in East China have been characterized. Results showed that spherical virus particles represented the largest viral component in all of the four samples. The viromes had remarkably different taxonomic compositions, and most of the sequences were derived from single-stranded DNA viruses, especially from families Microviridae and Circoviridae. Compared with viromes from other aquatic and sediment samples, the community compositions of our four soil viromes resembled each other, meanwhile coastal sample virome closely congregated with sediment and hypersaline viromes, and high salinity paddy soil sample virome was similar with surface sediment virome. Phylogenetic analysis of functional genes showed that four viromes have high diversity of the subfamily Gokushovirinae in family Microviridae and most of Circoviridae replicase protein sequences grouped within the CRESS-DNA viruses. This work provided an initial outline of the viral communities in marine-terrestrial ecotone and will improve our understanding of the ecological functions of soil viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Li-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ji-Zheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Abstract
Many new and emerging RNA and DNA viruses are zoonotic or have zoonotic origins in an animal reservoir that is usually mammalian and sometimes avian. Not all zoonotic viruses are transmissible (directly or by an arthropod vector) between human hosts. Virus genome sequence data provide the best evidence of transmission. Of human transmissible virus, 37 species have so far been restricted to self-limiting outbreaks. These viruses are priorities for surveillance because relatively minor changes in their epidemiologies can potentially lead to major changes in the threat they pose to public health. On the basis of comparisons across all recognized human viruses, we consider the characteristics of these priority viruses and assess the likelihood that they will further emerge in human populations. We also assess the likelihood that a virus that can infect humans but is not capable of transmission (directly or by a vector) between human hosts can acquire that capability.
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34
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McKeown DA, Stevens K, Peters AF, Bond P, Harper GM, Brownlee C, Brown MT, Schroeder DC. Phaeoviruses discovered in kelp (Laminariales). ISME J 2017; 11:2869-2873. [PMID: 28742072 PMCID: PMC5702736 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phaeoviruses are latent double-stranded DNA viruses that insert their genomes into those of their brown algal (Phaeophyceae) hosts. So far these viruses are known only from members of the Ectocarpales, which are small and short-lived macroalgae. Here we report molecular and morphological evidence for a new Phaeovirus cluster, referred to as sub-group C, infecting kelps (Laminariales) of the genera Laminaria and Saccharina, which are ecologically and commercially important seaweeds. Epifluorescence and TEM observations indicate that the Laminaria digitata Virus (LdigV), the type species of sub-group C, targets the host nucleus for its genome replication, followed by gradual degradation of the chloroplast and assembly of virions in the cytoplasm of both vegetative and reproductive cells. This study is the first to describe phaeoviruses in kelp. In the field, these viruses infected two thirds of their host populations; however, their biological impact remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A McKeown
- Viral Ecology, Marine Biological, Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, UK
| | - Kim Stevens
- Viral Ecology, Marine Biological, Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Peter Bond
- Electron Microscopy Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, UK
| | - Glenn M Harper
- Electron Microscopy Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, UK
| | - Colin Brownlee
- Viral Ecology, Marine Biological, Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
- School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Murray T Brown
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, UK
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- Viral Ecology, Marine Biological, Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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35
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Zablocki O, van Zyl LJ, Kirby B, Trindade M. Diversity of dsDNA Viruses in a South African Hot Spring Assessed by Metagenomics and Microscopy. Viruses 2017; 9:E348. [PMID: 29156552 PMCID: PMC5707555 DOI: 10.3390/v9110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current view of virus diversity in terrestrial hot springs is limited to a few sampling sites. To expand our current understanding of hot spring viral community diversity, this study aimed to investigate the first African hot spring (Brandvlei hot spring; 60 °C, pH 5.7) by means of electron microscopy and sequencing of the virus fraction. Microscopy analysis revealed a mixture of regular- and 'jumbo'-sized tailed morphotypes (Caudovirales), lemon-shaped virions (Fuselloviridae-like; salterprovirus-like) and pleiomorphic virus-like particles. Metavirome analysis corroborated the presence of His1-like viruses and has expanded the current clade of salterproviruses using a polymerase B gene phylogeny. The most represented viral contig was to a cyanophage genome fragment, which may underline basic ecosystem functioning provided by these viruses. Furthermore, a putative Gemmata-related phage was assembled with high coverage, a previously undocumented phage-host association. This study demonstrated that a moderately thermophilic spring environment contained a highly novel pool of viruses and should encourage future characterization of a wider temperature range of hot springs throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Zablocki
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, South Africa.
| | - Leonardo Joaquim van Zyl
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, South Africa.
| | - Bronwyn Kirby
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, South Africa.
| | - Marla Trindade
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, South Africa.
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Leigh BA, Djurhuus A, Breitbart M, Dishaw LJ. The gut virome of the protochordate model organism, Ciona intestinalis subtype A. Virus Res 2017; 244:137-146. [PMID: 29155033 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of host-specific bacterial and viral communities associated with diverse animals has led to the concept of the metaorganism, which defines the animal and all of its associated microbes as a single unit. Here we sequence the viruses found in the gut (i.e., the gut virome) of the marine invertebrate model system, Ciona intestinalis subtype A, in samples collected one year apart. We present evidence for a host-associated virome that is distinct from the surrounding seawater and contains some temporally-stable members. Comparison of gut tissues before and after starvation in virus-free water enabled the differentiation between the Ciona-specific virome and transient viral communities associated with dietary sources. The Ciona gut viromes were dominated by double-stranded DNA tailed phages (Order Caudovirales) and sequence assembly yielded a number of complete circular phage genomes, most of which were highly divergent from known genomes. Unique viral communities were found in distinct gut niches (stomach, midgut and hindgut), paralleling the compartmentalization of bacterial communities. Additionally, integrase and excisionase genes, including many that are similar to prophage sequences within the genomes of bacterial genera belonging to the Ciona core microbiome, were prevalent in the viromes, indicating the active induction of prophages within the gut ecosystem. Knowledge of the gut virome of this model organism lays the foundation for studying the interactions between viruses, bacteria, and host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Leigh
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, FL, USA; University of South Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Anni Djurhuus
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Mya Breitbart
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Larry J Dishaw
- University of South Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
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Maumus F, Blanc G. Study of Gene Trafficking between Acanthamoeba and Giant Viruses Suggests an Undiscovered Family of Amoeba-Infecting Viruses. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:3351-3363. [PMID: 27811174 PMCID: PMC5203793 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) are a group of extremely complex double-stranded DNA viruses, which are major parasites of a variety of eukaryotes. Recent studies showed that certain unicellular eukaryotes contain fragments of NCLDV DNA integrated in their genome, when surprisingly many of these organisms were not previously shown to be infected by NCLDVs. These findings prompted us to search the genome of Acanthamoeba castellanii strain Neff (Neff), one of the most prolific hosts in the discovery of giant NCLDVs, for possible DNA inserts of viral origin. We report the identification of 267 markers of lateral gene transfer with viruses, approximately half of which are clustered in Neff genome regions of viral origins, transcriptionally inactive or exhibit nucleotide-composition signatures suggestive of a foreign origin. The integrated viral genes had diverse origin among relatives of viruses that infect Neff, including Mollivirus, Pandoravirus, Marseillevirus, Pithovirus, and Mimivirus However, phylogenetic analysis suggests the existence of a yet-undiscovered family of amoeba-infecting NCLDV in addition to the five already characterized. The active transcription of some apparently anciently integrated virus-like genes suggests that some viral genes might have been domesticated during the amoeba evolution. These insights confirm that genomic insertion of NCLDV DNA is a common theme in eukaryotes. This gene flow contributed fertilizing the eukaryotic gene repertoire and participated in the occurrence of orphan genes, a long standing issue in genomics. Search for viral inserts in eukaryotic genomes followed by environmental screening of the original viruses should be used to isolate radically new NCLDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Blanc
- Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory (IGS), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR (IMM FR 3479), Marseille, France
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Jackson EW, Bistolas KSI, Button JB, Hewson I. Novel Circular Single-Stranded DNA Viruses among an Asteroid, Echinoid and Holothurian (Phylum: Echinodermata). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166093. [PMID: 27855181 PMCID: PMC5113903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinoderms are prone to large population fluctuations that can be mediated by pervasive disease events. For the majority of echinoderm disease events the causative pathogen is unknown. Viruses have only recently been explored as potential pathogens using culture-independent techniques though little information currently exists on echinoderm viruses. In this study, ten circular ssDNA viruses were discovered in tissues among an asteroid (Asterias forbesi), an echinoid (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) and a holothurian (Parastichopus californicus) using viral metagenomics. Genome architecture and sequence similarity place these viruses among the rapidly expanding circular rep-encoding single stranded (CRESS) DNA viral group. Multiple genomes from the same tissue were no more similar in sequence identity to each other than when compared to other known CRESS DNA viruses. The results from this study are the first to describe a virus from a holothurian and continue to show the ubiquity of these viruses among aquatic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot W. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kalia S. I. Bistolas
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason B. Button
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Ian Hewson
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Mei Y, He C, Deng W, Ba D, Yang M, Zhang J, Zhang S, Shen P, Chen X. A Real-Time PCR Method to Detect the Population Level of Halovirus SNJ1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155642. [PMID: 27192212 PMCID: PMC4871410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although viruses of haloarchaea are the predominant predator in hypersaline ecosystem, the culture studies about halovirus-host systems are infancy. The main reason is the tradition methodology (plaque assay) for virus-host interaction depends on culturable and susceptible host. Actually, more than 90% of haloarchaea are unculturable. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an approach for detecting the dynamics of virus in hypersaline environment without culture. In this study, we report a convenient method to determine the dynamics of halovirus SNJ1 based on quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). All findings showed that the qPCR method was specific (single peak in melt curves), accurate (a good linear relationship between the log of the PFU and the Ct values, R2 = 0.99), reproducible (low coefficient of variations, below 1%). Additionally, the physicochemical characteristics of the samples tested did not influence the stability of qPCR. Therefore, the qPCR method has the potential value in quantifying and surveying haloviruses in halophilic ecological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Mei
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Congcong He
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Deng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dala Ba
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shunxi Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Adriaenssens EM, van Zyl LJ, Cowan DA, Trindade MI. Metaviromics of Namib Desert Salt Pans: A Novel Lineage of Haloarchaeal Salterproviruses and a Rich Source of ssDNA Viruses. Viruses 2016; 8:v8010014. [PMID: 26761024 PMCID: PMC4728574 DOI: 10.3390/v8010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral communities of two different salt pans located in the Namib Desert, Hosabes and Eisfeld, were investigated using a combination of multiple displacement amplification of metaviromic DNA and deep sequencing, and provided comprehensive sequence data on both ssDNA and dsDNA viral community structures. Read and contig annotations through online pipelines showed that the salt pans harbored largely unknown viral communities. Through network analysis, we were able to assign a large portion of the unknown reads to a diverse group of ssDNA viruses. Contigs belonging to the subfamily Gokushovirinae were common in both environmental datasets. Analysis of haloarchaeal virus contigs revealed the presence of three contigs distantly related with His1, indicating a possible new lineage of salterproviruses in the Hosabes playa. Based on viral richness and read mapping analyses, the salt pan metaviromes were novel and most closely related to each other while showing a low degree of overlap with other environmental viromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien M Adriaenssens
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Natural Sciences II, Lynnwood Road, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Leonardo Joaquim van Zyl
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Don A Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Natural Sciences II, Lynnwood Road, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Marla I Trindade
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Hannigan GD, Meisel JS, Tyldsley AS, Zheng Q, Hodkinson BP, SanMiguel AJ, Minot S, Bushman FD, Grice EA. The human skin double-stranded DNA virome: topographical and temporal diversity, genetic enrichment, and dynamic associations with the host microbiome. mBio 2015; 6:e01578-15. [PMID: 26489866 PMCID: PMC4620475 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01578-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Viruses make up a major component of the human microbiota but are poorly understood in the skin, our primary barrier to the external environment. Viral communities have the potential to modulate states of cutaneous health and disease. Bacteriophages are known to influence the structure and function of microbial communities through predation and genetic exchange. Human viruses are associated with skin cancers and a multitude of cutaneous manifestations. Despite these important roles, little is known regarding the human skin virome and its interactions with the host microbiome. Here we evaluated the human cutaneous double-stranded DNA virome by metagenomic sequencing of DNA from purified virus-like particles (VLPs). In parallel, we employed metagenomic sequencing of the total skin microbiome to assess covariation and infer interactions with the virome. Samples were collected from 16 subjects at eight body sites over 1 month. In addition to the microenviroment, which is known to partition the bacterial and fungal microbiota, natural skin occlusion was strongly associated with skin virome community composition. Viral contigs were enriched for genes indicative of a temperate phage replication style and also maintained genes encoding potential antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. CRISPR spacers identified in the bacterial DNA sequences provided a record of phage predation and suggest a mechanism to explain spatial partitioning of skin phage communities. Finally, we modeled the structure of bacterial and phage communities together to reveal a complex microbial environment with a Corynebacterium hub. These results reveal the previously underappreciated diversity, encoded functions, and viral-microbial dynamic unique to the human skin virome. IMPORTANCE To date, most cutaneous microbiome studies have focused on bacterial and fungal communities. Skin viral communities and their relationships with their hosts remain poorly understood despite their potential to modulate states of cutaneous health and disease. Previous studies employing whole-metagenome sequencing without purification for virus-like particles (VLPs) have provided some insight into the viral component of the skin microbiome but have not completely characterized these communities or analyzed interactions with the host microbiome. Here we present an optimized virus purification technique and corresponding analysis tools for gaining novel insights into the skin virome, including viral "dark matter," and its potential interactions with the host microbiome. The work presented here establishes a baseline of the healthy human skin virome and is a necessary foundation for future studies examining viral perturbations in skin health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey D Hannigan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacquelyn S Meisel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amanda S Tyldsley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qi Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brendan P Hodkinson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam J SanMiguel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samuel Minot
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gauthier L, Cornman S, Hartmann U, Cousserans F, Evans JD, de Miranda JR, Neumann P. The Apis mellifera Filamentous Virus Genome. Viruses 2015; 7:3798-815. [PMID: 26184284 PMCID: PMC4517127 DOI: 10.3390/v7072798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A complete reference genome of the Apis mellifera Filamentous virus (AmFV) was determined using Illumina Hiseq sequencing. The AmFV genome is a double stranded DNA molecule of approximately 498,500 nucleotides with a GC content of 50.8%. It encompasses 247 non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), equally distributed on both strands, which cover 65% of the genome. While most of the ORFs lacked threshold sequence alignments to reference protein databases, twenty-eight were found to display significant homologies with proteins present in other large double stranded DNA viruses. Remarkably, 13 ORFs had strong similarity with typical baculovirus domains such as PIFs (per os infectivity factor genes: pif-1, pif-2, pif-3 and p74) and BRO (Baculovirus Repeated Open Reading Frame). The putative AmFV DNA polymerase is of type B, but is only distantly related to those of the baculoviruses. The ORFs encoding proteins involved in nucleotide metabolism had the highest percent identity to viral proteins in GenBank. Other notable features include the presence of several collagen-like, chitin-binding, kinesin and pacifastin domains. Due to the large size of the AmFV genome and the inconsistent affiliation with other large double stranded DNA virus families infecting invertebrates, AmFV may belong to a new virus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gauthier
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Ulrike Hartmann
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - François Cousserans
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jay D Evans
- Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Joachim R de Miranda
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden.
| | - Peter Neumann
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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Pentland I, Parish JL. Targeting CTCF to Control Virus Gene Expression: A Common Theme amongst Diverse DNA Viruses. Viruses 2015; 7:3574-85. [PMID: 26154016 PMCID: PMC4517120 DOI: 10.3390/v7072791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
All viruses target host cell factors for successful life cycle completion. Transcriptional control of DNA viruses by host cell factors is important in the temporal and spatial regulation of virus gene expression. Many of these factors are recruited to enhance virus gene expression and thereby increase virus production, but host cell factors can also restrict virus gene expression and productivity of infection. CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) is a host cell DNA binding protein important for the regulation of genomic chromatin boundaries, transcriptional control and enhancer element usage. CTCF also functions in RNA polymerase II regulation and in doing so can influence co-transcriptional splicing events. Several DNA viruses, including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) utilize CTCF to control virus gene expression and many studies have highlighted a role for CTCF in the persistence of these diverse oncogenic viruses. CTCF can both enhance and repress virus gene expression and in some cases CTCF increases the complexity of alternatively spliced transcripts. This review article will discuss the function of CTCF in the life cycle of DNA viruses in the context of known host cell CTCF functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieisha Pentland
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Joanna L Parish
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Conceição-Neto N, Zeller M, Heylen E, Lefrère H, Mesquita JR, Matthijnssens J. Fecal virome analysis of three carnivores reveals a novel nodavirus and multiple gemycircularviruses. Virol J 2015; 12:79. [PMID: 25986582 PMCID: PMC4459443 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More knowledge about viral populations in wild animals is needed in order to better understand and assess the risk of zoonotic diseases. In this study we performed viral metagenomic analysis of fecal samples from three healthy carnivores: a badger (Meles meles), a mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) and an otter (Lutra lutra) from Portugal. RESULTS We detected the presence of novel highly divergent viruses in the fecal material of the carnivores analyzed, such as five gemycircularviruses. Four of these gemycircularviruses were found in the mongoose and one in the badger. In addition we also identified an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene from a putative novel member of the Nodaviridae family in the fecal material of the otter. CONCLUSIONS Together these results underline that many novel viruses are yet to be discovered and that fecal associated viruses are not always related to disease. Our study expands the knowledge of viral species present in the gut, although the interpretation of the true host species of such novel viruses needs to be reviewed with great caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Conceição-Neto
- Laboratory of viral metagenomics, Rega Institute for Medical Research Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
| | - Mark Zeller
- Laboratory of viral metagenomics, Rega Institute for Medical Research Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
| | - Elisabeth Heylen
- Laboratory of viral metagenomics, Rega Institute for Medical Research Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
| | - Hanne Lefrère
- Laboratory of viral metagenomics, Rega Institute for Medical Research Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
| | - João Rodrigo Mesquita
- Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Department of Animal Science, Rural Engineering and Veterinary, Viseu, Portugal.
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Laboratory of viral metagenomics, Rega Institute for Medical Research Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
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Taboada B, Espinoza MA, Isa P, Aponte FE, Arias-Ortiz MA, Monge-Martínez J, Rodríguez-Vázquez R, Díaz-Hernández F, Zárate-Vidal F, Wong-Chew RM, Firo-Reyes V, del Río-Almendárez CN, Gaitán-Meza J, Villaseñor-Sierra A, Martínez-Aguilar G, Salas-Mier MDC, Noyola DE, Pérez-Gónzalez LF, López S, Santos-Preciado JI, Arias CF. Is there still room for novel viral pathogens in pediatric respiratory tract infections? PLoS One 2014; 9:e113570. [PMID: 25412469 PMCID: PMC4239085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most frequent cause of respiratory disease in children. However, despite the advanced diagnostic methods currently in use, in 20 to 50% of respiratory samples a specific pathogen cannot be detected. In this work, we used a metagenomic approach and deep sequencing to examine respiratory samples from children with lower and upper respiratory tract infections that had been previously found negative for 6 bacteria and 15 respiratory viruses by PCR. Nasal washings from 25 children (out of 250) hospitalized with a diagnosis of pneumonia and nasopharyngeal swabs from 46 outpatient children (out of 526) were studied. DNA reads for at least one virus commonly associated to respiratory infections was found in 20 of 25 hospitalized patients, while reads for pathogenic respiratory bacteria were detected in the remaining 5 children. For outpatients, all the samples were pooled into 25 DNA libraries for sequencing. In this case, in 22 of the 25 sequenced libraries at least one respiratory virus was identified, while in all other, but one, pathogenic bacteria were detected. In both patient groups reads for respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus-OC43, and rhinovirus were identified. In addition, viruses less frequently associated to respiratory infections were also found. Saffold virus was detected in outpatient but not in hospitalized children. Anellovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus, as well as several animal and plant viruses were detected in both groups. No novel viruses were identified. Adding up the deep sequencing results to the PCR data, 79.2% of 250 hospitalized and 76.6% of 526 ambulatory patients were positive for viruses, and all other children, but one, had pathogenic respiratory bacteria identified. These results suggest that at least in the type of populations studied and with the sampling methods used the odds of finding novel, clinically relevant viruses, in pediatric respiratory infections are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Taboada
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Marco A. Espinoza
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Pavel Isa
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Fernando E. Aponte
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rosa María Wong-Chew
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico
| | | | | | - Jesús Gaitán-Meza
- Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Daniel E. Noyola
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Susana López
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos F. Arias
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Bandín I, Souto S, Cutrín JM, López-Vázquez C, Olveira JG, Esteve C, Alcaide E, Dopazo CP. Presence of viruses in wild eels Anguilla anguilla L, from the Albufera Lake (Spain). J Fish Dis 2014; 37:597-607. [PMID: 24846700 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A virological analysis was conducted on wild eels from the Albufera Lake (Spain). A total of 179 individuals at different growth stages were collected in two different surveys (2004 and 2008). Presence of anguillid herpesvirus (AngHV-1), aquabirnavirus and betanodavirus was confirmed by PCR procedures in both surveys, although the number of detections was clearly higher in 2008 (83% of the eels analysed resulted positive for virus presence). AngHV-1 was the viral agent most frequently detected, followed by aquabirnaviruses. Betanodaviruses were detected by the first time in wild eels, and although the detections were only made by nested PCR, high percentage of positives were achieved. In addition, in 2008, seven aquabirnaviruses were isolated. Phylogenetic analysis performed using partial sequences of both genomic segments of aquabirnaviruses indicated that the seven isolates could be typed as WB (genogroup I) on the basis of segment A sequences, but when segment B was used six of them clustered with C1 strain (genogroup V) and one was typed as Ab (genogroup II). These results indicate natural reassortment between different strains of aquabirnaviruses in the eels. Although betanodaviruses were not isolated in cell culture, the analysis of the sequence of the nested PCR product indicated that they clustered with SJNNV genotype. The diversity of viral agents and the high level of viral detections suggest that viral infections may play a more prominent role in the decline of the European eel than initially thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bandín
- Unidad de Ictiopatología -Patología Viral, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Krupovic M, Koonin EV. Evolution of eukaryotic single-stranded DNA viruses of the Bidnaviridae family from genes of four other groups of widely different viruses. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5347. [PMID: 24939392 PMCID: PMC4061559 DOI: 10.1038/srep05347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded (ss)DNA viruses are extremely widespread, infect diverse hosts from all three domains of life and include important pathogens. Most ssDNA viruses possess small genomes that replicate by the rolling-circle-like mechanism initiated by a distinct virus-encoded endonuclease. However, viruses of the family Bidnaviridae, instead of the endonuclease, encode a protein-primed type B DNA polymerase (PolB) and hence break this pattern. We investigated the provenance of all bidnavirus genes and uncover an unexpected turbulent evolutionary history of these unique viruses. Our analysis strongly suggests that bidnaviruses evolved from a parvovirus ancestor from which they inherit a jelly-roll capsid protein and a superfamily 3 helicase. The radiation of bidnaviruses from parvoviruses was probably triggered by integration of the ancestral parvovirus genome into a large virus-derived DNA transposon of the Polinton (polintovirus) family resulting in the acquisition of the polintovirus PolB gene along with terminal inverted repeats. Bidnavirus genes for a receptor-binding protein and a potential novel antiviral defense modulator are derived from dsRNA viruses (Reoviridae) and dsDNA viruses (Baculoviridae), respectively. The unusual evolutionary history of bidnaviruses emphasizes the key role of horizontal gene transfer, sometimes between viruses with completely different genomes but occupying the same niche, in the emergence of new viral types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Department of Microbiology, Paris 75015, France
| | - Eugene V. Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
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Huchin-Mian JP, Rodríguez-Canul R, Briones-Fourzán P, Lozano-Álvarez E. Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1) infection prevalence and risk factors in a Mexican lobster fishery employing casitas. Dis Aquat Organ 2013; 107:87-97. [PMID: 24334351 DOI: 10.3354/dao02676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In Bahía de la Ascensión in Mexico, the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus fishery is based on extensive use of artificial shelters (casitas) that can harbor both juveniles and adults of this highly gregarious species. There is concern that the use of casitas might increase contact transmission of Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1). However, a previous study found no evidence for lobster crowding within casitas influencing the prevalence of clinical PaV1 disease, although differences in clinical prevalence were noted between different bay environments. To investigate this more closely, 683 lobsters were sampled from casitas in 2 zones in this bay (Vigía Chico, a shallow low-vegetation zone, and Punta Allen, a deeper dense-vegetation zone) previously found to have the lowest and highest prevalence, respectively, of observed clinical signs. When hemolymph collected from these lobsters was tested by PCR, the prevalence of PaV1 infection was found to be significantly lower in Vigía Chico relative to Punta Allen irrespective of season or the size, sex, or presence of shell injuries on lobsters. Among 714 large commercial-catch lobsters collected throughout the bay, the prevalence of infection was low irrespective of year or sex. For all lobsters tested, the sensitivity (0.510) at which PaV1 infection was detected by observed clinical signs was about half that determined by PCR, but the specificity of clinical signs was absolute (1), indicating that a simple 2× correction factor can be used to accurately estimate PaV1 infection prevalence based on more easily conducted visual assessments of lobsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Huchin-Mian
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-Unidad Mérida, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico
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Donà MG, Paolini F, Benevolo M, Vocaturo A, Latini A, Giglio A, Venuti A, Giuliani M. Identification of episomal human papillomavirus and other DNA viruses in cytological anal samples of HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72228. [PMID: 23951299 PMCID: PMC3741190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, there have been only few studies that investigated integration of anal Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Most of them were conducted on HIV-infected individuals and mainly analyzed samples from high-grade lesions and invasive cancer. We aimed to investigate HPV physical status in HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) with a detectable anal HPV infection, irrespective of the presence of lesions. We also sought to explore the presence of other circular DNA viruses in the anal region. Study participants were attendees of an STI screening program, which were also screened for anal HPV infection and cytological abnormalities. HPV physical status was assessed using multiply-primed RCA. HPV16-positive samples were also analyzed using E2/E6 multiplex PCR, qRT-PCR and APOT assay. RCA and virus-specific PCR were employed to investigate the presence of other DNA viruses. Anal HPV infection was detected in 76.9% of the 230 MSM enrolled. The anal cytological reports were: 129 NILM, 37 ASC-US and 28 L-SIL (36 samples were inadequate for interpretation). HPV physical status was evaluated in the 109 anal specimens that harbored one or two different HPV genotypes. Integration was observed only in one HPV16-positive sample (0.9%), in which integrate-derived viral transcripts of type B were detected. Integration occurred in chromosome 14 q. In 22 of the 53 (41.5%) mucosal HPV-negative samples, RCA restriction results would seem to indicate the presence of circular DNA viruses. Indeed, cutaneous HPV (4 samples), MCPyV (5 samples) and TTV (4 samples) were detected. In conclusion, anal HPV integration was rarely evidenced in HIV-uninfected MSM with no or mild anal cytological abnormalities, although the integration rate may have been underestimated because of the limitations of the employed assays. Other DNA viruses were detected in the anal samples of these individuals, although the significance of this occurrence needs to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Donà
- Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Paolini
- Virology Laboratory and HPV Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Benevolo
- Pathology Department, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Amina Vocaturo
- Pathology Department, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Latini
- Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Amalia Giglio
- Microbiology and Clinical Pathology Department, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Venuti
- Virology Laboratory and HPV Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Massimo Giuliani
- Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
The recent discovery of giant viruses exhibiting double-stranded DNA genomes larger than a million base pairs, encoding more than a thousand proteins and packed in near micron-sized icosahedral particles, opened a new and unexpected chapter in virology. As of today, these giant viruses and their closest relatives of lesser dimensions infect unicellular eukaryotes found in aquatic environments, but belonging to a wide diversity of early branching phyla. This broad phylogenetic distribution of hosts is consistent with the hypothesis that giant viruses originated prior to the radiation of the eukaryotic domain and/or might have been involved in the partition of nuclear versus cytoplasmic functions in ancestral cells. The distinctive features of the known giant viruses, in particular the recurrent presence of components of the translation apparatus in their proteome, raise a number of fundamental questions about their origin, their mode of evolution, and the relationship they may entertain with other dsDNA viruses, the genome size of which exhibits the widest distribution among all biological entities, from less than 5 kb to more than 1.25 Mb (a ratio of 1:250). At a more conceptual level, the convergence between the discovery of increasingly reduced parasitic cellular organisms and that of giant viruses exhibiting a widening array of cellular-like functions may ultimately abolish the historical discontinuity between the viral and the cellular world.
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