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Takatsuki E, Kono T, Tomisato S, Ozawa H. Low-Dose Cisplatin-Based Radiation Therapy for Refractory Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:2335-2337. [PMID: 37812337 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papilloma (RRP) often presents multiple lesions in the respiratory tract and sometimes becomes fatal because of severe airway obstruction. We report the case of a 69-year-old woman who had juvenile-onset RRP in the trachea that was refractory to surgical treatment, and complete remission was achieved by low-dose cisplatin combined with de-escalated radiotherapy without any side effects. This case report is the first to illustrate the data on low-dose cisplatin for refractory benign RRP, and our experience reinforces the opinion that low-dose cisplatin combined with de-escalated radiotherapy can be an effective and safe treatment alternative for uncontrollable and lethal RRP. Laryngoscope, 134:2335-2337, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Takatsuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Kono
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuta Tomisato
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ozawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Zhang Y, Xu J, Miranda-Katz M, Sojati J, Tollefson SJ, Manni ML, Alcorn JF, Sarkar SN, Williams JV. Distinct roles for type I and type III interferons in virulent human metapneumovirus pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011840. [PMID: 38315735 PMCID: PMC10868789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important cause of acute lower respiratory infection in children and adults worldwide. There are four genetic subgroups of HMPV and both neutralizing antibodies and T cells contribute to protection. However, little is known about mechanisms of pathogenesis and most published work is based on a few extensively passaged, laboratory-adapted strains of HMPV. In this study, we isolated and characterized a panel of low passage HMPV clinical isolates representing all four genetic subgroups. The clinical isolates exhibited lower levels of in vitro replication compared to a lab-adapted strain. We compared disease phenotypes using a well-established mouse model. Several virulent isolates caused severe weight loss, lung pathology, airway dysfunction, and fatal disease in mice, which was confirmed in three inbred mouse strains. Disease severity did not correlate with lung viral titer, as virulent strains exhibited restricted replication in the lower airway. Virulent HMPV isolates were associated with markedly increased proinflammatory cytokine production and neutrophil influx; however, depletion of neutrophils or genetic ablation of inflammasome components did not reverse disease. Virulent clinical isolates induced markedly increased type I and type III interferon (IFN) secretion in vitro and in vivo. STAT1/2-deficient mice lacking both type I and type III IFN signaling showed reduced disease severity and increased lung viral replication. Inhibition of type I IFN signaling using a blocking antibody or genetic ablation of the type I IFN receptor reduced pathology with minimal effect on viral replication. Conversely, blockade of type III IFN signaling with a neutralizing antibody or genetic ablation of the IFN-lambda receptor had no effect on pathogenesis but restored viral replication. Collectively, these results demonstrate distinct roles for type I and type III IFN in HMPV pathogenesis and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jiuyang Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Margot Miranda-Katz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jorna Sojati
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sharon J. Tollefson
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Manni
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John F. Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Saumendra N. Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John V. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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3
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So RJ, Hidalgo Lopez JC, Ballestas SA, Klein AM, Steuer C, Shin DM, Abousaud M, Teng Y, Saba NF, Tkaczuk AT, Schaefer ES, Seiwert TY, McClellan K, Best SR. Efficacy of Systemic Bevacizumab for Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis with Pulmonary Involvement. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:577-581. [PMID: 37470254 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pulmonary papillomatosis is a rare but severe manifestation of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). Efficacy data of systemic bevacizumab for pulmonary RRP are limited. This study's objective was to characterize disease response of pulmonary RRP to systemic bevacizumab. METHODS A retrospective review was performed to identify patients with pulmonary RRP seen at three medical institutions. Clinical symptoms, CT findings, and disease response were compared before and after initiation of systemic bevacizumab therapy. Disease response was categorized as complete response, partial response, stabilization, or progression for each subsite involved by papilloma. RESULTS Of the 12 pulmonary RRP patients treated with systemic bevacizumab, 4 (33.3%) were male, and 11 (91.7%) were juvenile-onset RRP patients. All presented with laryngeal, tracheal, and pulmonary RRP. The median (range) age at first bevacizumab infusion was 48.1 (19.5-70.2) years. Progression to pulmonary malignancy was identified in 3 (25.0%) patients, 2 before initiation of and 1 after complete cessation of bevacizumab therapy. Clinical symptoms such as dyspnea (75.0% vs. 25.0%; p = 0.01) and dysphagia and/or odynophagia (33.3 vs. 0.0%; p = 0.03) were significantly decreased following bevacizumab therapy. Compared with pre-treatment baseline, 9 (75.0%) patients experienced a stable-to-partial response in the lungs to systemic bevacizumab, and 10 (83.3%) experienced partial-to-complete responses in the larynx and trachea. CONCLUSION Systemic bevacizumab is effective in stabilizing progression in even the most severe cases of RRP, with both a dramatic reduction in laryngeal and tracheal disease as well as a stable-to-partial response of pulmonary involvement in a majority of patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 134:577-581, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J So
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Julio C Hidalgo Lopez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Samir A Ballestas
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Adam M Klein
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Conor Steuer
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Dong M Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Marin Abousaud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Andrew T Tkaczuk
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | | | - Tanguy Y Seiwert
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Kim McClellan
- Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis Foundation, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, U.S.A
| | - Simon R Best
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
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Wu R, Mumtaz M, Maxwell AJ, Isaacs SR, Laiho JE, Rawlinson WD, Hyöty H, Craig ME, Kim KW. Respiratory infections and type 1 diabetes: Potential roles in pathogenesis. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2429. [PMID: 36790804 PMCID: PMC10909571 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Among the environmental factors associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D), viral infections of the gut and pancreas has been investigated most intensely, identifying enterovirus infections as the prime candidate trigger of islet autoimmunity (IA) and T1D development. However, the association between respiratory tract infections (RTI) and IA/T1D is comparatively less known. While there are significant amounts of epidemiological evidence supporting the role of respiratory infections in T1D, there remains a paucity of data characterising infectious agents at the molecular level. This gap in the literature precludes the identification of the specific infectious agents driving the association between RTI and T1D. Furthermore, the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections on the development of IA/T1D remains undeciphered. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the evidence to date, implicating RTIs (viral and non-viral) as potential risk factors for IA/T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Wu
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of New South WalesRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
- Virology and Serology DivisionNew South Wales Health PathologyPrince of Wales HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Mohsin Mumtaz
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of New South WalesRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
- Virology and Serology DivisionNew South Wales Health PathologyPrince of Wales HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Anna J. Maxwell
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of New South WalesRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
- Virology and Serology DivisionNew South Wales Health PathologyPrince of Wales HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sonia R. Isaacs
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of New South WalesRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
- Virology and Serology DivisionNew South Wales Health PathologyPrince of Wales HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jutta E. Laiho
- Department of VirologyFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
| | - William D. Rawlinson
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of New South WalesRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
- Virology and Serology DivisionNew South Wales Health PathologyPrince of Wales HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of New South WalesRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of New South WalesRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of VirologyFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
- Fimlab LaboratoriesTampereFinland
| | - Maria E. Craig
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of New South WalesRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
- Virology and Serology DivisionNew South Wales Health PathologyPrince of Wales HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
- Institute of Endocrinology and DiabetesChildren's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthDiscipline of Child and Adolescent HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ki Wook Kim
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of New South WalesRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
- Virology and Serology DivisionNew South Wales Health PathologyPrince of Wales HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
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Deji-Abiodun O, Ferrandiz-Mont D, Mishra V, Chiao C. A multilevel analysis of the social determinants associated with symptoms of acute respiratory infection among preschool age children in Pakistan: A population-based survey. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260658. [PMID: 34914709 PMCID: PMC8675759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As advocated by WHO in "Closing the Health Gap in a Generation", dramatic differences in child health are closely linked to degrees of social disadvantage, both within and between communities. Nevertheless, research has not examined whether child health inequalities include, but are not confined to, worse acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms among the socioeconomic disadvantaged in Pakistan. In addition to such disadvantages as the child's gender, maternal education, and household poverty, the present study also examined the linkages between the community environment and ARI symptoms among Pakistan children under five. Furthermore, we have assessed gender contingencies related to the aforementioned associations. METHODS Using data from the nationally representative 2017-2018 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, a total of 11,908 surviving preschool age children (0-59 months old) living in 561 communities were analyzed. We employed two-level multilevel logistic regressions to model the relationship between ARI symptoms and individual-level and community-level social factors. RESULTS The social factors at individual and community levels were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of the child suffering from ARI symptoms. A particularly higher risk was observed among girls who resided in urban areas (AOR = 1.42; p<0.01) and who had a birth order of three or greater. DISCUSSIONS Our results underscore the need for socioeconomic interventions in Pakistan that are targeted at densely populated households and communities within urban areas, with a particular emphasis on out-migration, in order to improve unequal economic underdevelopment. This could be done by targeting improvements in socio-economic structures, including maternal education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafunmilade Deji-Abiodun
- Department of Medicine and Center for Global Health, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - David Ferrandiz-Mont
- Public Health Surveillance and Emergency Response Department of Vallès Occidental and Vallès Oriental, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vinod Mishra
- United Nations Population Division, New York City, NY, United States of America
| | - Chi Chiao
- Institute of Health and Welfare Policy, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Ross M, Henao R, Burke TW, Ko ER, McClain MT, Ginsburg GS, Woods CW, Tsalik EL. A comparison of host response strategies to distinguish bacterial and viral infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261385. [PMID: 34905580 PMCID: PMC8670660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Compare three host response strategies to distinguish bacterial and viral etiologies of acute respiratory illness (ARI). METHODS In this observational cohort study, procalcitonin, a 3-protein panel (CRP, IP-10, TRAIL), and a host gene expression mRNA panel were measured in 286 subjects with ARI from four emergency departments. Multinomial logistic regression and leave-one-out cross validation were used to evaluate the protein and mRNA tests. RESULTS The mRNA panel performed better than alternative strategies to identify bacterial infection: AUC 0.93 vs. 0.83 for the protein panel and 0.84 for procalcitonin (P<0.02 for each comparison). This corresponded to a sensitivity and specificity of 92% and 83% for the mRNA panel, 81% and 73% for the protein panel, and 68% and 87% for procalcitonin, respectively. A model utilizing all three strategies was the same as mRNA alone. For the diagnosis of viral infection, the AUC was 0.93 for mRNA and 0.84 for the protein panel (p<0.05). This corresponded to a sensitivity and specificity of 89% and 82% for the mRNA panel, and 85% and 62% for the protein panel, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A gene expression signature was the most accurate host response strategy for classifying subjects with bacterial, viral, or non-infectious ARI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ross
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Henao
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Thomas W. Burke
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Ko
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Duke Regional Hospital, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Micah T. McClain
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Medical Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey S. Ginsburg
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Christopher W. Woods
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Medical Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Ephraim L. Tsalik
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Emergency Medicine Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States of America
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7
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Heireman L, Abrams S, Bruynseels P, Cartuyvels R, Cuypers L, De Schouwer P, Laffut W, Lagrou K, Hens N, Ho E, Padalko E, Reynders M, Vandamme S, Van der Moeren N, Verstrepen W, Willems P, Naesens R. Evaluation of the SARS-CoV-2 positivity ratio and upper respiratory tract viral load among asymptomatic individuals screened before hospitalization or surgery in Flanders, Belgium. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259908. [PMID: 34762704 PMCID: PMC8584712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in the Belgian community is mainly estimated based on test results of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-like symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positivity ratio and distribution of viral loads within a cohort of asymptomatic patients screened prior hospitalization or surgery, stratified by age category. MATERIALS/METHODS We retrospectively studied data on SARS-CoV-2 real-time RT-PCR detection in respiratory tract samples of asymptomatic patients screened pre-hospitalization or pre-surgery in nine Belgian hospitals located in Flanders over a 12-month period (1 April 2020-31 March 2021). RESULTS In total, 255925 SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results and 2421 positive results for which a viral load was reported, were included in this study. An unweighted overall SARS-CoV-2 real-time RT-PCR positivity ratio of 1.27% was observed with strong spatiotemporal differences. SARS-CoV-2 circulated predominantly in 80+ year old individuals across all time periods except between the first and second COVID-19 wave and in 20-30 year old individuals before the second COVID-19 wave. In contrast to the first wave, a significantly higher positivity ratio was observed for the 20-40 age group in addition to the 80+ age group compared to the other age groups during the second wave. The median viral load follows a similar temporal evolution as the positivity rate with an increase ahead of the second wave and highest viral loads observed for 80+ year old individuals. CONCLUSION There was a high SARS-CoV-2 circulation among asymptomatic patients with a predominance and highest viral loads observed in the elderly. Moreover, ahead of the second COVID-19 wave an increase in median viral load was noted with the highest overall positivity ratio observed in 20-30 year old individuals, indicating they could have been the hidden drivers of this wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Heireman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, ZiekenhuisNetwerk Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Abrams
- Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
- Global Health Institute, Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peggy Bruynseels
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, ZiekenhuisNetwerk Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Lize Cuypers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Respiratory Pathogens, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Schouwer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, ZiekenhuisNetwerk Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Laffut
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Heilig Hart Hospital, Lier, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Respiratory Pathogens, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erwin Ho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sint-Maarten Hospital, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Elizaveta Padalko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijke Reynders
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sint-Jan Hospital, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Sarah Vandamme
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Walter Verstrepen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, ZiekenhuisNetwerk Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe Willems
- Department of Laboratory Medicine GasthuisZusters Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Reinout Naesens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, ZiekenhuisNetwerk Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
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Hsieh HY, Huang LC, Yu HR, Kuo KC, Chen WH, Su CH, Lee CP, Chen KJ, Yang YH, Sheen JM. Pediatric thalassemic patients have higher incidence of asthma: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258727. [PMID: 34735494 PMCID: PMC8568177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with hemoglobinopathies have been reported to have higher rates of pulmonary complications. Few studies have investigated the association between thalassemia and asthma in children. Methods We used the data of one million individuals randomly selected from the Registry for Beneficiaries of the National Health Insurance Research Database. One thalassemic child was matched with four control children without thalassemia according to sex, birth year, birth season, prematurity, and previous enteroviral infection. Results A total of 800 hundred thalassemic children and 3200 controls were included. Children with thalassemia had higher rates of developing asthma (41.81 vs 25.70 per 1000 person-years, P < 0.001) than the non-thalassemia controls with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19–1.58). Boys in the thalassemia cohort had a significantly higher adjusted incidence hazard ratio (IRR) of asthma than those in the non-thalassemia cohort (adjusted IRR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.02–1.73). The risk of atopic and nonatopic asthma was higher in the thalassemia cohort than in the non-thalassemia cohort (IRR = 1.3, 1.61, respectively). Conclusions Children with thalassemia were more likely to develop asthma. More attention should be paid to the early diagnosis of asthma and prevention of asthma attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Chi Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ren Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Che Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hao Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Pin Lee
- Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Jung Chen
- Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JMS); (YHY)
| | - Jiunn-Ming Sheen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JMS); (YHY)
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9
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Boo YY, Rai K, Cupp MA, Lakhanpaul M, Factor-Litvak P, Parikh P, Panda R, Manikam L. What are the determinants of childhood infections in India's peri-urban slums? A case study of eight cities. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257797. [PMID: 34653203 PMCID: PMC8519422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs) and Gastro-Intestinal (GI) infections are the leading causes of child mortality and morbidity. This study investigates the associations between the individual, household and slum-level determinants of children's health and vulnerability to RTIs and GI infections in peri-urban slums in India; an area of research interest at the Childhood Infections and Pollution Consortium. METHODS The 2015-16 Indian National Family Health Survey was used for data analysis on children aged 0-5 years. NFHS-4 includes data on slums in eight Indian cities, including Delhi, Meerut, Kolkata, Indore, Mumbai, Nagpur, Hyderabad, Chennai. The outcome variables, having fever and cough (FeCo) and diarrhoea in the last two weeks, were used to define the phenotype of infections; for this analysis fever and cough were measures of RTIs and diarrhoea was used to measure GI infections. Exposures considered in this study include variables at the individual, household and slum level and were all informed by existing literature. Multilevel models were used to estimate the association between exposures and outcomes variables; a prior of Cauchy distribution with a scale of 2.5 was selected when building the multilevel logistic models. RESULTS The total sample size of the number of children included in the analysis was n = 1,424. Data was imputed to account for missingness, and the original and imputed sample showing similar distributions. Results showed that diarrhoea and FeCo were both found to be more present in younger children than older children by a few months. In fixed effects, the odds of developing FeCo were higher if the mother perceives the child was born smaller than average (AOR 4.41, 1.13-17.17, P<0.05) at individual level. On the other hand, the odds of the diarrhoea outcome were lower if the child was older (AOR 0.97, 0.96-0.98, P<0.05) at individual level, and household's water source was public tap or standpipe (AOR 0.54, 0.31-0.96, P<0.05) at household level. CONCLUSION The determinants of health, both social and related to health care, at all levels demonstrated linkages to child morbidity in RTIs and GI infections. The empirical evidence highlights the need for contextualised ideas at each level, including one health approach when designing interventions to improve child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yebeen Ysabelle Boo
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Aceso Global Health Consultants PTE Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kritika Rai
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Aceso Global Health Consultants PTE Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Meghan A. Cupp
- Aceso Global Health Consultants PTE Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Monica Lakhanpaul
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Priti Parikh
- Engineering for International Development Centre, Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management, Faculty of Built Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Logan Manikam
- Aceso Global Health Consultants PTE Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, London, United Kingdom
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Fraile-Ágreda V, Cañadas O, Weaver TE, Casals C. Synergistic Action of Antimicrobial Lung Proteins against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011146. [PMID: 34681806 PMCID: PMC8538444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As key components of innate immunity, lung antimicrobial proteins play a critical role in warding off invading respiratory pathogens. Lung surfactant protein A (SP-A) exerts synergistic antimicrobial activity with the N-terminal segment of the SP-B proprotein (SP-BN) against Klebsiella pneumoniae K2 in vivo. However, the factors that govern SP-A/SP-BN antimicrobial activity are still unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the mechanisms by which SP-A and SP-BN act synergistically against K. pneumoniae, which is resistant to either protein alone. The effect of these proteins on K. pneumoniae was studied by membrane permeabilization and depolarization assays and transmission electron microscopy. Their effects on model membranes of the outer and inner bacterial membranes were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and membrane leakage assays. Our results indicate that the SP-A/SP-BN complex alters the ultrastructure of K. pneumoniae by binding to lipopolysaccharide molecules present in the outer membrane, forming packing defects in the membrane that may favor the translocation of both proteins to the periplasmic space. The SP-A/SP-BN complex depolarized and permeabilized the inner membrane, perhaps through the induction of toroidal pores. We conclude that the synergistic antimicrobial activity of SP-A/SP-BN is based on the capability of this complex, but not either protein alone, to alter the integrity of bacterial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Fraile-Ágreda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Olga Cañadas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (O.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Timothy E. Weaver
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children′s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Cristina Casals
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (O.C.); (C.C.)
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11
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Kleinehr J, Wilden JJ, Boergeling Y, Ludwig S, Hrincius ER. Metabolic Modifications by Common Respiratory Viruses and Their Potential as New Antiviral Targets. Viruses 2021; 13:2068. [PMID: 34696497 PMCID: PMC8540840 DOI: 10.3390/v13102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are known to be the most frequent causative mediators of lung infections in humans, bearing significant impact on the host cell signaling machinery due to their host-dependency for efficient replication. Certain cellular functions are actively induced by respiratory viruses for their own benefit. This includes metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, among others, which are modified during viral infections. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of metabolic pathway modifications mediated by the acute respiratory viruses respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), influenza virus (IV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), coronavirus (CoV) and adenovirus (AdV), and highlight potential targets and compounds for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kleinehr
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.K.); (J.J.W.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Janine J. Wilden
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.K.); (J.J.W.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.K.); (J.J.W.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.K.); (J.J.W.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiMIC), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Eike R. Hrincius
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.K.); (J.J.W.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
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12
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Levy MR, Thors V, Elínardottir SH, Moller AD, Haraldsson A. Decreasing death rates and causes of death in Icelandic children-A longitudinal analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257536. [PMID: 34591867 PMCID: PMC8483359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Global death rate in children has been declining during the last decades worldwide, especially in high income countries. This has been attributed to several factors, including improved prenatal and perinatal care, immunisations, infection management as well as progress in diagnosis and treatment of most diseases. However, there is certainly room for further progress. The aim of the current study was to describe the changes in death rates and causes of death in Iceland, a high-income country during almost half a century. Methods The Causes of Death Register at The Directorate of Health was used to identify all children under the age of 18 years in Iceland that died during the study period from January 1st, 1971 until December 31st, 2018. Using Icelandic national identification numbers, individuals could be identified for further information. Hospital records, laboratory results and post-mortem diagnosis could be accessed if cause of death was unclear. Findings Results showed a distinct decrease in death rates in children during the study period that was continuous over the whole period. This was established for almost all causes of death and in all age groups. This reduction was primarily attributed to a decrease in fatal accidents and fewer deaths due to infections, perinatal or congenital disease as well as malignancies, the reduction in death rates from other causes was less distinct. Childhood suicide rates remained constant. Interpretation Our results are encouraging for further prevention of childhood deaths. In addition, our results emphasise the need to improve measures to detect and treat mental and behavioural disorders leading to childhood suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ros Levy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Valtyr Thors
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Children’s Hospital Iceland, Landspítali University Hospital Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | | | - Asgeir Haraldsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Children’s Hospital Iceland, Landspítali University Hospital Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- * E-mail:
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13
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Dable C, Nicolli E. Manifestations of Human Papillomavirus in the Head and Neck. Med Clin North Am 2021; 105:849-858. [PMID: 34391538 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal cancers (OPC) are increasing due to infection with the virus. Most of the patients diagnosed with HPV-positive OPC are white men with numerous lifetime sexual partners who have smoked marijuana excessively. In working up the patient, it is important to obtain an extensive history and physical examination and obtain proper imaging. Once a full workup is done, it is crucial to engage a multidisciplinary team in treatment and continue following-up with the patient through posttreatment surveillance. Administering the HPV vaccine at a young age may help reduce the increasing rate of HPV-positive OPC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortney Dable
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1121 Northwest 14th Street, Sylvester Medical Office Building, 3rd, Floor Suite 325, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nicolli
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1121 Northwest 14th Street, Sylvester Medical Office Building, 3rd, Floor Suite 325, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Ayeni OA, Walaza S, Tempia S, Groome M, Kahn K, Madhi SA, Cohen AL, Moyes J, Venter M, Pretorius M, Treurnicht F, Hellferscee O, von Gottberg A, Wolter N, Cohen C. Mortality in children aged <5 years with severe acute respiratory illness in a high HIV-prevalence urban and rural areas of South Africa, 2009-2013. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255941. [PMID: 34383824 PMCID: PMC8360538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) is an important cause of mortality in young children, especially in children living with HIV infection. Disparities in SARI death in children aged <5 years exist in urban and rural areas. Objective To compare the factors associated with in-hospital death among children aged <5 years hospitalized with SARI in an urban vs. a rural setting in South Africa from 2009–2013. Methods Data were collected from hospitalized children with SARI in one urban and two rural sentinel surveillance hospitals. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for ten respiratory viruses and blood for pneumococcal DNA using polymerase chain reaction. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify patient and clinical characteristics associated with in-hospital death. Results From 2009 through 2013, 5,297 children aged <5 years with SARI-associated hospital admission were enrolled; 3,811 (72%) in the urban and 1,486 (28%) in the rural hospitals. In-hospital case-fatality proportion (CFP) was higher in the rural hospitals (6.9%) than the urban hospital (1.3%, p<0.001), and among HIV-infected than the HIV-uninfected children (9.6% vs. 1.6%, p<0.001). In the urban hospital, HIV infection (odds ratio (OR):11.4, 95% confidence interval (CI):5.4–24.1) and presence of any other underlying illness (OR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.0–9.2) were the only factors independently associated with death. In the rural hospitals, HIV infection (OR: 4.1, 95% CI: 2.3–7.1) and age <1 year (OR: 3.7, 95% CI: 1.9–7.2) were independently associated with death, whereas duration of hospitalization ≥5 days (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3–0.8) and any respiratory virus detection (OR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3–0.8) were negatively associated with death. Conclusion We found that the case-fatality proportion was substantially higher among children admitted to rural hospitals and HIV infected children with SARI in South Africa. While efforts to prevent and treat HIV infections in children may reduce SARI deaths, further efforts to address health care inequality in rural populations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin A. Ayeni
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology and biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Sibongile Walaza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology and biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stefano Tempia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology and biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Influenza Programme, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Mass Genics, Duluth, Georgia, Unites States of America
| | - Michelle Groome
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- Faculty of Health Sciences, MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | - Shabir A. Madhi
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adam L. Cohen
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Influenza Programme, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jocelyn Moyes
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marthi Pretorius
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Florette Treurnicht
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Orienka Hellferscee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology and biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Nicole Wolter
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology and biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, Johannesburg, South Africa
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15
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Lian P, Bai Y, Li J, Wang H, Niu X, Zhang Z, Li H, Zhao L, Qiao J. Vitamin D receptor and 1α-hydroxylase are highly expressed in lungs of mice infected with H9N2 avian influenza viruses. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 211:105907. [PMID: 33965570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza viruses infect poultry worldwide, and can potentially cause a human pandemic without adaptation. Vitamin D3 (D3) is increasingly being recognized for its extra-skeletal roles, such as the inflammatory and immune responses to infection. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the lung tissues of mice infected with H9N2. The mice were intranasally inoculated with the appropriate dose of the virus, and various clinical indices were measured on days 3, 7, 14 and 21 post-infection. H9N2 infection significantly increased the expression levels of 1α-hydroxylase mRNA and protein, which is the activating enzyme of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D3), but had no significant effect on the 25(OH)D3 inactivating enzyme 24-hydroxylase, indicating that inactive D3 might be converted to its active form in the H9N2-infected lungs. Furthermore, a significant increase was also observed in the VDR mRNA and protein levels, suggesting enhanced responsiveness of the lung tissues to 1, 25(OH)2D3 post H9N2 infection. In addition, daily 25(OH)D3 injection from day 2-14 post-infection did not affect the clinical signs, virus replication and cytokine (IL-1β and TNF-α) production in the lungs of the infected mice. Given that the biological effects of D3 rely on its activation, and the binding of 1, 25(OH)2D3 to VDR in specific tissues, our findings provide novel insights into the possible role of vitamin D in the development and progression of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjing Lian
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Xiaofei Niu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Zihui Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongru Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Qiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Seyfoori A, Shokrollahi Barough M, Mokarram P, Ahmadi M, Mehrbod P, Sheidary A, Madrakian T, Kiumarsi M, Walsh T, McAlinden KD, Ghosh CC, Sharma P, Zeki AA, Ghavami S, Akbari M. Emerging Advances of Nanotechnology in Drug and Vaccine Delivery against Viral Associated Respiratory Infectious Diseases (VARID). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6937. [PMID: 34203268 PMCID: PMC8269337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral-associated respiratory infectious diseases are one of the most prominent subsets of respiratory failures, known as viral respiratory infections (VRI). VRIs are proceeded by an infection caused by viruses infecting the respiratory system. For the past 100 years, viral associated respiratory epidemics have been the most common cause of infectious disease worldwide. Due to several drawbacks of the current anti-viral treatments, such as drug resistance generation and non-targeting of viral proteins, the development of novel nanotherapeutic or nano-vaccine strategies can be considered essential. Due to their specific physical and biological properties, nanoparticles hold promising opportunities for both anti-viral treatments and vaccines against viral infections. Besides the specific physiological properties of the respiratory system, there is a significant demand for utilizing nano-designs in the production of vaccines or antiviral agents for airway-localized administration. SARS-CoV-2, as an immediate example of respiratory viruses, is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the coronaviridae family. COVID-19 can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, similarly to other members of the coronaviridae. Hence, reviewing the current and past emerging nanotechnology-based medications on similar respiratory viral diseases can identify pathways towards generating novel SARS-CoV-2 nanotherapeutics and/or nano-vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Seyfoori
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (A.S.); (T.W.)
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Shokrollahi Barough
- Department of Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran;
- ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran;
- Autophagy Research Center, Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran; (M.A.); (T.M.)
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of IRAN, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Alireza Sheidary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6451, Iran;
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran; (M.A.); (T.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6451, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Kiumarsi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
| | - Tavia Walsh
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (A.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Kielan D. McAlinden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia;
| | - Chandra C. Ghosh
- Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-Oncology Institute (Ix2), Providence, RI 02908, USA;
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Amir A. Zeki
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, U.C. Davis Lung Center, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, CA 95817, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Autophagy Research Center, Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (A.S.); (T.W.)
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
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Umuhoza T, Bulimo WD, Oyugi J, Musabyimana JP, Kinengyere AA, Mancuso JD. Prevalence of human respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and adenoviruses in East Africa Community partner states of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2007-2020). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249992. [PMID: 33905425 PMCID: PMC8078816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viruses are responsible for a large proportion of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). Human influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory-syncytial-virus, and adenoviruses are among the leading cause of ARTIs. Epidemiological evidence of those respiratory viruses is limited in the East Africa Community (EAC) region. This review sought to identify the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, and adenoviruses among cases of ARTI in the EAC from 2007 to 2020. Methods A literature search was conducted in Medline, Global Index Medicus, and the grey literature from public health institutions and programs in the EAC. Two independent reviewers performed data extraction. We used a random effects model to pool the prevalence estimate across studies. We assessed heterogeneity with the I2 statistic, and Cochran’s Q test, and further we did subgroup analysis. This review was registered with PROSPERO under registration number CRD42018110186. Results A total of 12 studies met the eligibility criteria for the studies documented from 2007 to 2020. The overall pooled prevalence of adenoviruses was 13% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6–21, N = 28829), respiratory syncytial virus 11% (95% CI: 7–15, N = 22627), and parainfluenza was 9% (95% CI: 7–11, N = 28363). Pooled prevalence of reported ARTIs, all ages, and locality varied in the included studies. Studies among participants with severe acute respiratory disease had a higher pooled prevalence of all the three viruses. Considerable heterogeneity was noted overall and in subgroup analysis. Conclusion Our findings indicate that human adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus are prevalent in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. These three respiratory viruses contribute substantially to ARTIs in the EAC, particularly among those with severe disease and those aged five and above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Umuhoza
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wallace D. Bulimo
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Directorate – Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Julius Oyugi
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Alison A. Kinengyere
- Sir Albert Cook Library, College of Health Sciences, University Makerere, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James D. Mancuso
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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18
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Mtambo SE, Amoako DG, Somboro AM, Agoni C, Lawal MM, Gumede NS, Khan RB, Kumalo HM. Influenza Viruses: Harnessing the Crucial Role of the M2 Ion-Channel and Neuraminidase toward Inhibitor Design. Molecules 2021; 26:880. [PMID: 33562349 PMCID: PMC7916051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, influenza viruses (IVs) are known causative agents of respiratory infection in vertebrates. They remain a major global threat responsible for the most virulent diseases and global pandemics in humans. The virulence of IVs and the consequential high morbidity and mortality of IV infections are primarily attributed to the high mutation rates in the IVs' genome coupled with the numerous genomic segments, which give rise to antiviral resistant and vaccine evading strains. Current therapeutic options include vaccines and small molecule inhibitors, which therapeutically target various catalytic processes in IVs. However, the periodic emergence of new IV strains necessitates the continuous development of novel anti-influenza therapeutic options. The crux of this review highlights the recent studies on the biology of influenza viruses, focusing on the structure, function, and mechanism of action of the M2 channel and neuraminidase as therapeutic targets. We further provide an update on the development of new M2 channel and neuraminidase inhibitors as an alternative to existing anti-influenza therapy. We conclude by highlighting therapeutic strategies that could be explored further towards the design of novel anti-influenza inhibitors with the ability to inhibit resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphamadla E. Mtambo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Daniel G. Amoako
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Anou M. Somboro
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Clement Agoni
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Monsurat M. Lawal
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Nelisiwe S. Gumede
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Rene B. Khan
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Hezekiel M. Kumalo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.E.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.A.); (M.M.L.); (N.S.G.); (R.B.K.)
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19
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Abstract
Lack of an appropriate animal model to study severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent responsible for COVID-19 pandemic disease, represents a significant hurdle in the process of understanding disease biology and evaluating therapeutic and preventive candidates. It is time for public health agencies to revisit regulation on transplantation of human pluripotent stem cells for the possibility of the development of a humanized mice model with a humanized lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Pujhari
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences
| | - Jason L Rasgon
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences
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20
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Abstract
Cellular senescence permanently arrests the replication of various cell types and contributes to age-associated diseases. In particular, cellular senescence may enhance chronic lung diseases including COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. However, the role cellular senescence plays in the pathophysiology of acute inflammatory diseases, especially viral infections, is less well understood. There is evidence that cellular senescence prevents viral replication by increasing antiviral cytokines, but other evidence shows that senescence may enhance viral replication by downregulating antiviral signalling. Furthermore, cellular senescence leads to the secretion of inflammatory mediators, which may either promote host defence or exacerbate immune pathology during viral infections. In this Perspective article, we summarise how senescence contributes to physiology and disease, the role of senescence in chronic lung diseases, and how senescence impacts acute respiratory viral infections. Finally, we develop a potential framework for how senescence may contribute, both positively and negatively, to the pathophysiology of viral respiratory infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome due to the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kelley
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel R Goldstein
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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21
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Minh NNQ, Toi PV, Qui LM, Tinh LBB, Ngoc NT, Kim LTN, Uyen NH, Hang VTT, Chinh B’Krong NTT, Tham NT, Khoa TD, Khuong HD, Vi PQ, Phuc NNH, Vien LTM, Pouplin T, Khanh DV, Phuong PN, Lam PK, Wertheim HFL, Campbell JI, Baker S, Parry CM, Bryant JE, Schultsz C, Hung NT, de Jong MD, van Doorn HR. Antibiotic use and prescription and its effects on Enterobacteriaceae in the gut in children with mild respiratory infections in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. A prospective observational outpatient study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241760. [PMID: 33147269 PMCID: PMC7641406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Treatment guidelines do not recommend antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections (ARI), except for streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis and pneumonia. However, antibiotics are prescribed frequently for children with ARI, often in absence of evidence for bacterial infection. The objectives of this study were 1) to assess the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for mild ARI in paediatric outpatients in relation to available guidelines and detected pathogens, 2) to assess antibiotic use on presentation using questionnaires and detection in urine 3) to assess the carriage rates and proportions of resistant intestinal Enterobacteriaceae before, during and after consultation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were prospectively enrolled in Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and diagnoses, prescribed therapy and outcome were recorded on first visit and on follow-up after 7 days. Respiratory bacterial and viral pathogens were detected using molecular assays. Antibiotic use before presentation was assessed using questionnaires and urine HPLC. The impact of antibiotic usage on intestinal Enterobacteriaceae was assessed with semi-quantitative culture on agar with and without antibiotics on presentation and after 7 and 28 days. RESULTS A total of 563 patients were enrolled between February 2009 and February 2010. Antibiotics were prescribed for all except 2 of 563 patients. The majority were 2nd and 3rd generation oral cephalosporins and amoxicillin with or without clavulanic acid. Respiratory viruses were detected in respiratory specimens of 72.5% of patients. Antibiotic use was considered inappropriate in 90.1% and 67.5%, based on guidelines and detected pathogens, respectively. On presentation parents reported antibiotic use for 22% of patients, 41% of parents did not know and 37% denied antibiotic use. Among these three groups, six commonly used antibiotics were detected with HPLC in patients' urine in 49%, 40% and 14%, respectively. Temporary selection of 3rd generation cephalosporin resistant intestinal Enterobacteriaceae during antibiotic use was observed, with co-selection of resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. CONCLUSIONS We report overuse and overprescription of antibiotics for uncomplicated ARI with selection of resistant intestinal Enterobacteriaceae, posing a risk for community transmission and persistence in a setting of a highly granular healthcare system and unrestricted access to antibiotics through private pharmacies. REGISTRATION This study was registered at the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number registry under number ISRCTN32862422: http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN32862422.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngo Ngoc Quang Minh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Children’s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Van Toi
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Minh Qui
- Children’s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Nguyen Hanh Uyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Ty Hang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Thi Tham
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thai Dang Khoa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Huynh Duy Khuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Quynh Vi
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Ngoc Hong Phuc
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Minh Vien
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thomas Pouplin
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Doan Van Khanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Nguyen Phuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phung Khanh Lam
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Heiman F. L. Wertheim
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James I. Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Christopher M. Parry
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Juliet E. Bryant
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Constance Schultsz
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Global Health-Amsterdam, Institute of Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Menno D. de Jong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Lin HA, Lin SF, Chang HW, Lee YJ, Chen RJ, Hou SK. Clinical impact of monocyte distribution width and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for distinguishing COVID-19 and influenza from other upper respiratory tract infections: A pilot study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241262. [PMID: 33137167 PMCID: PMC7605646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic. Rapidly distinguishing COVID-19 from other respiratory infections is a challenge for first-line health care providers. This retrospective study was conducted at the Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taiwan. Patients who visited the outdoor epidemic prevention screening station for respiratory infection from February 19 to April 30, 2020, were evaluated for blood biomarkers to distinguish COVID-19 from other respiratory infections. Monocyte distribution width (MDW) ≥ 20 (odds ratio [OR]: 8.39, p = 0.0110, area under curve [AUC]: 0.703) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) < 3.2 (OR: 4.23, p = 0.0494, AUC: 0.673) could independently distinguish COVID-19 from common upper respiratory tract infections (URIs). Combining MDW ≥ 20 and NLR < 3.2 was more efficient in identifying COVID-19 (AUC: 0.840). Moreover, MDW ≥ 20 and NLR > 5 effectively identified influenza infection (AUC: 0.7055). Thus, MDW and NLR can distinguish COVID-19 from influenza and URIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-An Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Lin
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Physician Hospitalist, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuarn-Jang Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Jade Chen
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sen-Kuang Hou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Mohapatra RK, Pintilie L, Kandi V, Sarangi AK, Das D, Sahu R, Perekhoda L. The recent challenges of highly contagious COVID-19, causing respiratory infections: Symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, possible vaccines, animal models, and immunotherapy. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020. [PMID: 32654267 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.v96.510.1111/cbdd.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is highly contagious pathogenic viral infection initiated from Wuhan seafood wholesale market of China on December 2019 and spread rapidly around the whole world due to onward transmission. This recent outbreak of novel coronavirus (CoV) was believed to be originated from bats and causing respiratory infections such as common cold, dry cough, fever, headache, dyspnea, pneumonia, and finally Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in humans. For this widespread zoonotic virus, human-to-human transmission has resulted in nearly 83 lakh cases in 213 countries and territories with 4,50,686 deaths as on 19 June 2020. This review presents a report on the origin, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, possible vaccines, animal models, and immunotherapy for this novel virus and will provide ample references for the researchers toward the ongoing development of therapeutic agents and vaccines and also preventing the spread of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, India
| | - Lucia Pintilie
- Department of Synthesis of Bioactive Substances and Pharmaceutical Technologies, National Institute for Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Venkataramana Kandi
- Department of Microbiology, Pratima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashish K Sarangi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India
| | - Debadutta Das
- Department of Chemistry, Sukanti Degree College, Subarnapur, Odisha, India
| | - Raghaba Sahu
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lina Perekhoda
- Department of medicinal chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
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24
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Emanuels A, Hawes SE, Newman KL, Martin ET, Englund JA, Tielsch JM, Kuypers J, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Katz J, Chu HY. Respiratory viral coinfection in a birth cohort of infants in rural Nepal. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:739-746. [PMID: 32567818 PMCID: PMC7578290 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory illnesses are a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality in children. Coinfection with multiple respiratory viruses is common. Although the effects of each virus have been studied individually, the impacts of coinfection on disease severity are less understood. METHODS A secondary analysis was performed of a maternal influenza vaccine trial conducted between 2011 and 2014 in Nepal. Prospective weekly household-based active surveillance of infants was conducted from birth to 180 days of age. Mid-nasal swabs were collected and tested for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, influenza, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), coronavirus, parainfluenza (HPIV), and bocavirus by RT-PCR. Coinfection was defined as the presence of two or more respiratory viruses detected as part of the same illness episode. RESULTS Of 1730 infants with a respiratory illness, 327 (19%) had at least two respiratory viruses detected in their primary illness episode. Of 113 infants with influenza, 23 (20%) had coinfection. Of 214 infants with RSV, 87 (41%) had coinfection. The cohort of infants with coinfection had increased occurrence of fever lasting ≥ 4 days (OR 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.0), and so did the subset of coinfected infants with influenza (OR 5.8, 95% CI: 1.8, 18.7). Coinfection was not associated with seeking further care (OR 1.1, 95% CI: 0.8, 1.5) or pneumonia (OR 1.2, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.6). CONCLUSION A high proportion of infants had multiple viruses detected. Coinfection was associated with greater odds of fever lasting for four or more days, but not with increased illness severity by other measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Emanuels
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Kira L. Newman
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Janet A. Englund
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Seattle Children’s HospitalSeattleWAUSA
| | - James M. Tielsch
- Department of Global HealthGeorge Washington University Milken Institute School of Public HealthWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Jane Kuypers
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Subarna K. Khatry
- Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
- Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project – Sarlahi (NNIPS)KathmanduNepal
| | - Steven C. LeClerq
- Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
- Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project – Sarlahi (NNIPS)KathmanduNepal
| | - Joanne Katz
- Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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25
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Tkaczuk A, Trivedi S, Mody MD, Steuer CE, Shin DM, Klein AM, Saba NF. Parenteral Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Severe Respiratory Papillomatosis in an Adult Population. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:E921-E928. [PMID: 33107615 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare, potentially life-threatening, disease that impacts the voice, breathing, and quality of life of patients. Frequent surgical interventions may be needed to control symptoms. We examined the safety and efficacy of utilizing parenteral bevacizumab in the management of severe RRP in adults. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective review of clinical management approaches in a group of patients with severe RRP defined as having a high disease burden, frequent need for debridement, and/or tracheobronchial disease. Patients were initially treated with 15 mg/kg of bevacizumab at 3-week intervals. Bevacizumab dosing and frequency was then individually titrated down. RESULTS Fourteen adults received a median of 8.5 (range 2-17) bevacizumab infusions over approximately 24 months. All had a history of laryngeal RRP with 6/14 having additional tracheobronchial lesions. Patients required a median of 4 (range 2-11) procedures in the year prior to treatment. Only 3/10 (30%) patients who continued therapy required any additional procedures. Bevacizumab administration was generally well tolerated, with four patients discontinuing therapy. Medical reasons included severe epistaxis and hypertension and thrombocytopenia in an individual with systemic lupus erythematosus. Common side effects included hypertension (grade 2), headache (grades 1-2), elevated creatinine (grades 1-2), and epistaxis (grade 3). CONCLUSIONS Intravenous bevacizumab for the primary treatment of severe RRP in adults appears clinically effective and safe. Expected and typically mild side effects related to bevacizumab were observed. Continued investigation of bevacizumab through a prospective clinical trial is warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4. Laryngoscope, 131:E921-E928, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tkaczuk
- Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Sumita Trivedi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Mayur D Mody
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Conor E Steuer
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Dong M Shin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Adam M Klein
- Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Nabil F Saba
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
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26
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Chang WS, Li CX, Hall J, Eden JS, Hyndman TH, Holmes EC, Rose K. Meta-Transcriptomic Discovery of a Divergent Circovirus and a Chaphamaparvovirus in Captive Reptiles with Proliferative Respiratory Syndrome. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101073. [PMID: 32992674 PMCID: PMC7600432 DOI: 10.3390/v12101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral pathogens are being increasingly described in association with mass morbidity and mortality events in reptiles. However, our knowledge of reptile viruses remains limited. Herein, we describe the meta-transcriptomic investigation of a mass morbidity and mortality event in a colony of central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) in 2014. Severe, extensive proliferation of the respiratory epithelium was consistently found in affected dragons. Similar proliferative lung lesions were identified in bearded dragons from the same colony in 2020 in association with increased intermittent mortality. Total RNA sequencing identified two divergent DNA viruses: a reptile-infecting circovirus, denoted bearded dragon circovirus (BDCV), and the first exogeneous reptilian chaphamaparvovirus—bearded dragon chaphamaparvovirus (BDchPV). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that BDCV was most closely related to bat-associated circoviruses, exhibiting 70% amino acid sequence identity in the Replicase (Rep) protein. In contrast, in the nonstructural (NS) protein, the newly discovered BDchPV showed approximately 31%–35% identity to parvoviruses obtained from tilapia fish and crocodiles in China. Subsequent specific PCR assays revealed BDCV and BDchPV in both diseased and apparently normal captive reptiles, although only BDCV was found in those animals with proliferative pulmonary lesions and respiratory disease. This study expands our understanding of viral diversity in captive reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shan Chang
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.-S.C.); (C.-X.L.); (J.-S.E.)
| | - Ci-Xiu Li
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.-S.C.); (C.-X.L.); (J.-S.E.)
| | - Jane Hall
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia;
| | - John-Sebastian Eden
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.-S.C.); (C.-X.L.); (J.-S.E.)
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Timothy H. Hyndman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.-S.C.); (C.-X.L.); (J.-S.E.)
- Correspondence: (E.C.H.); (K.R.)
| | - Karrie Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia;
- Correspondence: (E.C.H.); (K.R.)
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Liu H, Xie Y, Gao L, Sun X, Liang X, Deng C, Gao Y, Liu G. Impact on using cryopreservation of testicular or epididymal sperm upon intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome in men with obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:2643-2651. [PMID: 32935172 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether there was a significant impact on using cryopreservation of testicular or epididymal sperm upon the outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in patients with obstructive azoospermia (OA). METHOD Systematic review and meta-analysis of 20 retrospective studies in databases from January 1, 1995, to June 1, 2020. RESULT Twenty articles were included in this study. A total of 3602 (64.1%) of 5616 oocytes injected with fresh epididymal sperm were fertilized, compared with 2366 (61.2%) of 3862 oocytes injected with cryopreserved sperm (relative risk ratio (RR) 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.90, 1.02), P > 0.05). A total of 303 (44.1%) of 687 ICSI cycles using fresh epididymal sperm resulted in a clinical pregnancy, compared with 150 (36.6%) of 410 ICSI cycles using cryopreserved epididymal sperm (RR 0.84, 95% CI (0.72, 0.97), P < 0.05). In the testis, a total of 2147 (68.7%) of 3125 oocytes injected with fresh sperm were fertilized, compared with 1623 (63.5%) of 2557 oocytes injected with cryopreserved sperm (RR 0.97, 95% CI (0.90, 1.06), P > 0.05). A total of 151 (47.8%) of 316 ICSI cycles using fresh testicular sperm resulted in a clinical pregnancy, compared with 113 (38.2%) of 296 ICSI cycles using cryopreserved sperm (RR 0.87, 95% CI (0.72, 1.05), P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In men with OA, there was a statistical lower clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) by using frozen epididymal sperm compared with fresh epididymal sperm, but showing no difference on fertilization rate (FR). Additionally, FR and CPR were not affected by whether the retrieved testicular sperm was frozen or fresh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchao Liu
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linzhi Gao
- Reproductive Centre, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhong shan 2nd Rd., Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiangzhou Sun
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liang
- Reproductive Centre, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhong shan 2nd Rd., Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chunhua Deng
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 26 Yuan cun er heng Rd., Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guihua Liu
- Reproductive Centre, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhong shan 2nd Rd., Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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He F, Xia X, Nie D, Yang H, Jiang Y, Huo X, Guo F, Fang B, Hu B, Jiang H, Zhan F, Lv J. Respiratory bacterial pathogen spectrum among COVID-19 infected and non-COVID-19 virus infected pneumonia patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 98:115199. [PMID: 32979617 PMCID: PMC7470696 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 positive (194) and negative (212) pneumonia patients were selected to analyze bacterial pathogens coinfection. Results showed that 50% of COVID-19 patients were coinfected or carried bacterial pathogens. Bordetella pertussis infection rate was significantly higher in positive patients. Consequently, preventions should be taken to control bacterial pathogens coinfection in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation & Utilization, Hubei Engineering Research Center of Characteristic Wild Vegetable Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstrating Center, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Danwen Nie
- Suizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suizhou, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongzhong Jiang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Xixiang Huo
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Suizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suizhou, China
| | - Bin Fang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Honglin Jiang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Faxian Zhan
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jing Lv
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China.
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29
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Dumm RE, Wellford SA, Moseman EA, Heaton NS. Heterogeneity of Antiviral Responses in the Upper Respiratory Tract Mediates Differential Non-lytic Clearance of Influenza Viruses. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108103. [PMID: 32877682 PMCID: PMC7462569 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses initiate infection in the upper respiratory tract (URT), but early viral tropism and the importance of cell-type-specific antiviral responses in this tissue remain incompletely understood. By infecting transgenic lox-stop-lox reporter mice with a Cre-recombinase-expressing influenza B virus, we identify olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) as a major viral cell target in the URT. These cells become infected, then eliminate the virus and survive in the host post-resolution of infection. OSN responses to infection are characterized by a strong induction of interferon-stimulated genes and more rapid clearance of viral protein relative to other cells in the epithelium. We speculate that this cell-type-specific response likely serves to protect the central nervous system from infection. More broadly, these results highlight the importance of evaluating antiviral responses across different cell types, even those within the same tissue, to more fully understand the mechanisms of viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah E Dumm
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sebastian A Wellford
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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30
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Álvez F. SARS-CoV2 coronavirus: so far polite with children. Debatable immunological and non-immunological evidence. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2020; 48:500-506. [PMID: 32771236 PMCID: PMC7332921 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The reasons for the relative resistance of children to certain infections such as that caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV2 are not yet fully clear. Deciphering these differences can provide important information about the pathogenesis of the disease. Regarding the SARS-CoV2 virus, children are at the same risk of infection as the general population of all ages, with the most serious cases being found in infants. However, it has been reported that the disease is much less frequent than in adults and that most cases are benign or moderate (even with high viral loads), provided there are no other risk factors or underlying diseases. It is not clear why they have lower morbidity and virtually no mortality. A series of findings, relationships and behavioral patterns between the infectious agent and the child host may account for the lower incidence and a greatly attenuated clinical presentation of the disease in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Álvez
- Vaccines and Pediatric Infections (GENVIP), Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Unit (UNIV), University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectology, Spain.
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31
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Zaidi A, Kaur H, Gupta P, Gupta N, Srinivasan R, Dey P, Rohilla M, Rajwanshi A, Bal A, Agarwal R. Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosing pulmonary infections and malignancies: Experience from a tertiary care center. Diagn Cytopathol 2020; 48:1290-1299. [PMID: 32770787 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), is a safe, minimally invasive procedure to sample the terminal airways and the lung parenchyma. Although frequently used, there is lack of contemporary literature regarding the diagnostic utility of BAL for various pulmonary diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the utility of BAL in diagnosis of various pulmonary pathologies, both infectious and neoplastic. METHODS This was a retrospective study performed over a period of 2 years. All the BAL samples reported on cytology were studied, their clinical details were retrieved, and the corresponding smears were reviewed. Cyto-histopathologic correlation was done, wherever possible. RESULTS There were a total of 1835 cases (1153 men, 682 women; age, 8 months to 78 years). Of these, 19 (1%) cases were assessed as inadequate for opinion. In 348 (19%) cases, specific infective cause could be identified on BAL cytology alone. Tuberculosis and fungal infections could be diagnosed in 165 (9%) and 178 (9.7%) cases respectively. There were 46 (2.5%) neoplasms, including adenocarcinoma (n = 20), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 5), small cell carcinoma (n = 2), Langerhans cell histiocytosis (n = 1), suspicious for malignancy (n = 15) and metastatic carcinoma (n = 3). Some rare diagnoses were also reported on BAL cytology, including sarcoidosis, actinomycosis, leishmaniasis, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and metastatic papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. CONCLUSION BAL is a safe and useful procedure for primary diagnosis of infections such as tuberculosis and fungal infections, which has special significance in developing nations where prevalence of such infections is high. In addition, BAL has the potential to diagnose both primary as well as secondary malignant lung lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariba Zaidi
- Department of Pathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Parikshaa Gupta
- Department of Cytology and Gynecologic Pathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nalini Gupta
- Department of Cytology and Gynecologic Pathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Radhika Srinivasan
- Department of Cytology and Gynecologic Pathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pranab Dey
- Department of Cytology and Gynecologic Pathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manish Rohilla
- Department of Cytology and Gynecologic Pathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arvind Rajwanshi
- Department of Cytology and Gynecologic Pathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amanjit Bal
- Department of Pathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritesh Agarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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32
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Ogata H, Harada E, Moriya S, Fukuyama S, Suzuki K, Shiraishi Y, Ando H, Uryu K, Shinozaki S, Ide M, Sakamoto A, Nakanishi T, Hamada N, Yoneshima Y, Ota K, Kohashi K, Tateishi Y, Miyashita Y, Oda Y, Matsumoto K. Pleuropulmonary Paragonimiasis with Multiple Nodules in the Pleura. Intern Med 2020; 59:1879-1881. [PMID: 32350198 PMCID: PMC7474994 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.4457-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An asymptomatic 47-year-old woman was admitted with pleural effusion and pulmonary infiltrates 1 month after ingesting raw wild boar and deer meat. Both her blood and pleural fluid were eosinophilic. Thoracoscopy revealed multiple nodules of the pleura, and biopsy samples of the nodules showed necrosis with epithelioid cell granulomas. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was positive for antibodies against Paragonimus westermani, and the patient was successfully treated with praziquantel. This is the first reported case of pulmonary or pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis where several pleural nodules were observed. The detection of pleural nodules on thoracoscopy can contribute to the prompt and accurate diagnosis of paragonimiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ogata
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Eiji Harada
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Soichiro Moriya
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Satoru Fukuyama
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Suzuki
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Shiraishi
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ando
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Kazuyasu Uryu
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Seiji Shinozaki
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Maako Ide
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Aiko Sakamoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakanishi
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Naoki Hamada
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Yasuto Yoneshima
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ota
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Yuki Tateishi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Yu Miyashita
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Koichiro Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
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Jayawardena ADL, Liu T, Pereira B, Wang Y, Baker L, Leary R, Mirambeaux M, Zablah E, Sabatos-Peyton CA, Hartnick CJ. Immune Signature Variation in Twins With Clinically Different Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:E1335-E1338. [PMID: 32722845 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asitha D L Jayawardena
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tingyu Liu
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bernard Pereira
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ye Wang
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Baker
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Leary
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marcos Mirambeaux
- Department of Otolaryngology, Roberto Reid Cabral, Santa Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Evelyn Zablah
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Hartnick
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
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34
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Liang F, Dong L, Zhou L, Shi Y, Tian L. Traditional Chinese medicine for symptoms of upper respiratory tract of COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21320. [PMID: 32791725 PMCID: PMC7387049 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing the effectiveness and safety of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for symptoms of upper respiratory tract of coronavirus disease 2019 is the main purpose of this systematic review protocol. METHODS The following electronic databases will be searched from inception to Sep 2020: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, TCM, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP database), and Wan-Fang Database. Search dates: from inception dates to June 2020. Language: English. Publication period: from inception dates to June 2020. The primary outcome is the time and rate of appearance of main symptoms (including coughing, pharyngalgia, and nasal obstruction). The secondary outcome is the length of hospital stay. Two independent reviewers will conduct the study selection, data extraction and assessment. RevMan V.5.3 will be used for the assessment of risk of bias and data synthesis. RESULTS The results will provide a high-quality synthesis of current evidence for researchers in this subject area. CONCLUSION The conclusion of our study will provide an evidence to judge whether TCM is effective and safe for the patients with symptoms of upper respiratory tract of coronavirus disease 2019. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This protocol will not evaluate individual patient information or affect patient rights and therefore does not require ethical approval. Results from this review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and conference reports. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020187422.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqi Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Rehabilitation, the people's hospital of Wenjiang
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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35
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Chen J, Kelley WJ, Goldstein DR. Role of Aging and the Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections: Potential Implications for COVID-19. J Immunol 2020; 205:313-320. [PMID: 32493812 PMCID: PMC7343582 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging impairs immunity to promote diseases, especially respiratory viral infections. The current COVID-19 pandemic, resulting from SARS-CoV-2, induces acute pneumonia, a phenotype that is alarmingly increased with aging. In this article, we review findings of how aging alters immunity to respiratory viral infections to identify age-impacted pathways common to several viral pathogens, permitting us to speculate about potential mechanisms of age-enhanced mortality to COVID-19. Aging generally leads to exaggerated innate immunity, particularly in the form of elevated neutrophil accumulation across murine and large animal studies of influenza infection. COVID-19 patients who succumb exhibit a 2-fold increase in neutrophilia, suggesting that exaggerated innate immunity contributes to age-enhanced mortality to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further investigation in relevant experimental models will elucidate the mechanisms by which aging impacts respiratory viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Such investigation could identify therapies to reduce the suffering of the population at large, but especially among older people, infected with respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - William J Kelley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Daniel R Goldstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
- Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Ballegeer
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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37
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Leung NHL, Chu DKW, Shiu EYC, Chan KH, McDevitt JJ, Hau BJP, Yen HL, Li Y, Ip DKM, Peiris JSM, Seto WH, Leung GM, Milton DK, Cowling BJ. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nat Med 2020. [PMID: 32371934 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-16836/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness. Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets. Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy H L Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel K W Chu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eunice Y C Shiu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - James J McDevitt
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benien J P Hau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dennis K M Ip
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Hong Seto
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Baptist Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Donald K Milton
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Lucas R, Hadizamani Y, Gonzales J, Gorshkov B, Bodmer T, Berthiaume Y, Moehrlen U, Lode H, Huwer H, Hudel M, Mraheil MA, Toque HAF, Chakraborty T, Hamacher J. Impact of Bacterial Toxins in the Lungs. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040223. [PMID: 32252376 PMCID: PMC7232160 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial toxins play a key role in the pathogenesis of lung disease. Based on their structural and functional properties, they employ various strategies to modulate lung barrier function and to impair host defense in order to promote infection. Although in general, these toxins target common cellular signaling pathways and host compartments, toxin- and cell-specific effects have also been reported. Toxins can affect resident pulmonary cells involved in alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) and barrier function through impairing vectorial Na+ transport and through cytoskeletal collapse, as such, destroying cell-cell adhesions. The resulting loss of alveolar-capillary barrier integrity and fluid clearance capacity will induce capillary leak and foster edema formation, which will in turn impair gas exchange and endanger the survival of the host. Toxins modulate or neutralize protective host cell mechanisms of both the innate and adaptive immunity response during chronic infection. In particular, toxins can either recruit or kill central players of the lung's innate immune responses to pathogenic attacks, i.e., alveolar macrophages (AMs) and neutrophils. Pulmonary disorders resulting from these toxin actions include, e.g., acute lung injury (ALI), the acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS), and severe pneumonia. When acute infection converts to persistence, i.e., colonization and chronic infection, lung diseases, such as bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis (CF) can arise. The aim of this review is to discuss the impact of bacterial toxins in the lungs and the resulting outcomes for pathogenesis, their roles in promoting bacterial dissemination, and bacterial survival in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Lucas
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Department of Medicine and Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (J.H.); Tel.: +41-31-300-35-00 (J.H.)
| | - Yalda Hadizamani
- Lungen-und Atmungsstiftung, Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Pneumology, Clinic for General Internal Medicine, Lindenhofspital Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joyce Gonzales
- Department of Medicine and Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Boris Gorshkov
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Thomas Bodmer
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstr. 37 CH-3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland;
| | - Yves Berthiaume
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Ueli Moehrlen
- Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital, Zürich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zürch, Switzerland;
| | - Hartmut Lode
- Insitut für klinische Pharmakologie, Charité, Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Reichsstrasse 2, D-14052 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Hanno Huwer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Voelklingen Heart Center, 66333 Voelklingen/Saar, Germany;
| | - Martina Hudel
- Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.H.); (M.A.M.); (T.C.)
| | - Mobarak Abu Mraheil
- Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.H.); (M.A.M.); (T.C.)
| | - Haroldo Alfredo Flores Toque
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.H.); (M.A.M.); (T.C.)
| | - Jürg Hamacher
- Lungen-und Atmungsstiftung, Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Pneumology, Clinic for General Internal Medicine, Lindenhofspital Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Medical Clinic V-Pneumology, Allergology, Intensive Care Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, University Medical Centre of the Saarland, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (J.H.); Tel.: +41-31-300-35-00 (J.H.)
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Piri R, Ivaska L, Yahya M, Toivonen L, Lempainen J, Kataja J, Nuolivirta K, Tripathi L, Waris M, Peltola V. Prevalence of respiratory viruses and antiviral MxA responses in children with febrile urinary tract infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1239-1244. [PMID: 32048070 PMCID: PMC7088029 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Blood myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) has broad antiviral activity, and it is a potential biomarker for symptomatic virus infections. Limited data is available of MxA in coinciding viral and bacterial infections. We investigated blood MxA levels in children hospitalized with a febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) with or without simultaneous respiratory virus infection. We conducted a prospective observational study of 43 children hospitalized with febrile UTI. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected at admission and tested for 16 respiratory viruses by nucleic acid detection methods. Respiratory symptoms were recorded, and blood MxA levels were determined. The median age of study children was 4 months (interquartile range, 2–14 months). A respiratory virus was detected in 17 (40%) children with febrile UTI. Of the virus-positive children with febrile UTI, 7 (41%) had simultaneous respiratory symptoms. Blood MxA levels were higher in virus-positive children with respiratory symptoms (median, 778 [interquartile range, 535–2538] μg/L) compared to either virus-negative (155 [94–301] μg/L, P < 0.001) or virus-positive (171 [112–331] μg/L, P = 0.006) children without respiratory symptoms at presentation with febrile UTI. MxA differentiated virus-positive children with respiratory symptoms from virus-negative without symptoms by an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.96. Respiratory viruses were frequently detected in children with febrile UTI. In UTI with simultaneous respiratory symptoms, host antiviral immune response was demonstrated by elevated blood MxA protein levels. MxA protein could be a robust biomarker of symptomatic viral infection in children with febrile UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruut Piri
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Mohamed Yahya
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Toivonen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Janne Kataja
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi Nuolivirta
- Department of Paediatrics, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Lav Tripathi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Waris
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland.
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Abstract
Emergent coronaviruses such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV can cause significant morbidity and mortality in infected individuals. Lung infection is a common clinical feature and contributes to disease severity as well as viral transmission. Animal models are often required to study viral infections and therapies, especially during an initial outbreak. Histopathology studies allow for identification of lesions and affected cell types to better understand viral pathogenesis and clarify effective therapies. Use of immunostaining allows detection of presumed viral receptors and viral tropism for cells can be evaluated to correlate with lesions. In the lung, lesions and immunostaining can be qualitatively described to define the cell types, microanatomic location, and type of changes seen. These features are important and necessary, but this approach can have limitations when comparing treatment groups. Semiquantitative and quantitative tissue scores are more rigorous as these provide the ability to statistically compare groups and increase the reproducibility and rigor of the study. This review describes principles, approaches, and resources that can be useful to evaluate coronavirus lung infection, focusing on MER-CoV infection as the principal example.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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van Rijn AL, van Boheemen S, Sidorov I, Carbo EC, Pappas N, Mei H, Feltkamp M, Aanerud M, Bakke P, Claas ECJ, Eagan TM, Hiemstra PS, Kroes ACM, de Vries JJC. The respiratory virome and exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223952. [PMID: 31647831 PMCID: PMC6812800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exacerbations are major contributors to morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and respiratory bacterial and viral infections are an important trigger. However, using conventional diagnostic techniques, a causative agent is not always found. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) allows analysis of the complete virome, but has not yet been applied in COPD exacerbations. OBJECTIVES To study the respiratory virome in nasopharyngeal samples during COPD exacerbations using mNGS. STUDY DESIGN 88 nasopharyngeal swabs from 63 patients from the Bergen COPD Exacerbation Study (2006-2010) were analysed by mNGS and in-house qPCR for respiratory viruses. Both DNA and RNA were sequenced simultaneously using an Illumina library preparation protocol with in-house adaptations. RESULTS By mNGS, 24/88 samples tested positive. Sensitivity and specificity, as compared with PCR, were 96% and 98% for diagnostic targets (23/24 and 1093/1120, respectively). Additional viral pathogens detected by mNGS were herpes simplex virus type 1 and coronavirus OC43. A positive correlation was found between Cq value and mNGS viral normalized species reads (log value) (p = 0.002). Patients with viral pathogens had lower percentages of bacteriophages (p<0.001). No correlation was found between viral reads and clinical markers. CONCLUSIONS The mNGS protocol used was highly sensitive and specific for semi-quantitative detection of respiratory viruses. Excellent negative predictive value implicates the power of mNGS to exclude any pathogenic respiratory viral infectious cause in one test, with consequences for clinical decision making. Reduced abundance of bacteriophages in COPD patients with viral pathogens implicates skewing of the virome during infection, with potential consequences for the bacterial populations, during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneloes L. van Rijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander van Boheemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Igor Sidorov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen C. Carbo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nikos Pappas
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Department of Medical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hailiang Mei
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Department of Medical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariet Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne Aanerud
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Bakke
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eric C. J. Claas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tomas M. Eagan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pieter S. Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Aloys C. M. Kroes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jutte J. C. de Vries
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Carvajal JJ, Avellaneda AM, Salazar-Ardiles C, Maya JE, Kalergis AM, Lay MK. Host Components Contributing to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2152. [PMID: 31572372 PMCID: PMC6753334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent viral etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infection. Although RSV affects people of all ages, the disease is more severe in infants and causes significant morbidity and hospitalization in young children and in the elderly. Host factors, including an immature immune system in infants, low lymphocyte levels in patients under 5 years old, and low levels of RSV-specific neutralizing antibodies in the blood of adults over 65 years of age, can explain the high susceptibility to RSV infection in these populations. Other host factors that correlate with severe RSV disease include high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and thymic stromal lymphopoitein (TSLP), which are produced in the respiratory tract of RSV-infected individuals, accompanied by a strong neutrophil response. In addition, data from studies of RSV infections in humans and in animal models revealed that this virus suppresses adaptive immune responses that could eliminate it from the respiratory tract. Here, we examine host factors that contribute to RSV pathogenesis based on an exhaustive review of in vitro infection in humans and in animal models to provide insights into the design of vaccines and therapeutic tools that could prevent diseases caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan J. Carvajal
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrea M. Avellaneda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge E. Maya
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K. Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Warner BM, Baer AN, Lipson EJ, Allen C, Hinrichs C, Rajan A, Pelayo E, Beach M, Gulley JL, Madan RA, Feliciano J, Grisius M, Long L, Powers A, Kleiner DE, Cappelli L, Alevizos I. Sicca Syndrome Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy. Oncologist 2019; 24:1259-1269. [PMID: 30996010 PMCID: PMC6738284 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to characterize the clinicopathologic features of sicca syndrome associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS Consecutive patients with new or worsening xerostomia in the setting of ICI treatment for benign or malignant neoplastic disease were evaluated, including labial salivary gland biopsy (LSGB). RESULTS Twenty patients (14 male; median age 57 years) had metastatic melanoma (n = 10), metastatic carcinoma (n = 6), or recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (n = 4) and were being treated with avelumab (n = 8), nivolumab (n = 5), pembrolizumab (n = 4), nivolumab/ipilimumab (n = 2), and M7824, a biologic targeting programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and transforming growth factor ß (n = 1). Four had pre-existing autoimmune disease. Nineteen had very low whole unstimulated saliva flow; six had new dry eye symptoms. The median interval between ICI initiation and dry mouth onset was 70 days. Rheumatoid factor and anti-Sjögren's Syndrome-related Antigen A (Anti-SSA) were both positive in two subjects. LSGB showed mild-to-severe sialadenitis with diffuse lymphocytic infiltration and architectural distortion. There were lymphocytic aggregates in eight patients, composed mainly of CD3+ T cells with a slight predominance of CD4+ over CD8+ T cells. ICI targets (e.g., programmed cell death 1 and PD-L1) were variably positive. In direct response to the advent of the sicca immune-related adverse event, the ICI was held in 12 patients and corticosteroids were initiated in 10. Subjective improvement in symptoms was achieved in the majority; however, salivary secretion remained very low. CONCLUSION ICI therapy is associated with an autoimmune-induced sicca syndrome distinct from Sjögren's syndrome, often abrupt in onset, usually developing within the first 3 months of treatment, and associated with sialadenitis and glandular injury. Improvement can be achieved with a graded approach depending on severity, including withholding the ICI and initiating corticosteroids. However, profound salivary flow deficits may be long term. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Sicca syndrome has been reported as an immune-related adverse event (irAE) of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICI) for neoplastic diseases. Severe dry mouth (interfering with eating or sleeping) developed abruptly, typically within 90 days, after initiation of ICI therapy. Salivary gland biopsies demonstrated mild-to-severe sialadenitis distinct from Sjögren's syndrome, with diffuse T-cell lymphocytic infiltration and acinar injury. Recognition of the cardinal features of ICI-induced sicca will spur appropriate clinical evaluation and management, including withholding of the ICI and corticosteroid, initiation. This characterization should help oncologists, rheumatologists, and oral medicine specialists better identify patients that develop ICI-induced sicca to initiate appropriate clinical evaluation and therapy to reduce the likelihood of permanent salivary gland dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake M Warner
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- AAV Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan N Baer
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan J Lipson
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Clint Allen
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christian Hinrichs
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arun Rajan
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eileen Pelayo
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret Beach
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Josephine Feliciano
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret Grisius
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren Long
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Astin Powers
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Cappelli
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ilias Alevizos
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sung SI, Chang YS, Choi JH, Ho Y, Kim J, Ahn SY, Park WS. Increased risk of refeeding syndrome-like hypophosphatemia with high initial amino acid intake in small-for-gestational-age, extremely-low-birthweight infants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221042. [PMID: 31442245 PMCID: PMC6707589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent nutrition guidelines for extremely-low-birth-weight infants (ELBWIs) recommend implementation of high initial amino acid (AA) supplementation in parenteral nutrition. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the influence of AA intake on refeeding syndrome-like electrolyte disturbances including hypophosphatemia in ELBWIs. STUDY DESIGN Medical records of 142 ELBWIs were reviewed. Demographic, nutritional, outcome, and electrolyte data were compared between ELBWIs with initial low (1.5 g/kg/day) and high (3 g/kg/day) AA intake. Multivariate analysis was conducted to determine the odds ratio of hypophosphatemia with high AA intake and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) ELBWIs. RESULTS The incidence of hypophosphatemia and severe hypophosphatemia increased from 51% and 8% in period I to 59% and 20% in period II, respectively (p = 0.36 and < 0.01). Specifically, SGA ELBWIs showed higher incidence of hypophosphatemia than appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) ELBWIs in period II, whereas there was no difference in period I. For severe hypophosphatemia, SGA ELBWIs presented a 27% incidence versus a 2% incidence in AGA ELBWIs, even with low initial AA intake. Despite no difference in phosphate intake between infants with and without hypophosphatemia, serum phosphate level reached a nadir at the sixth postnatal day and gradually recovered over the second week in infants with hypophosphatemia. In multivariate analyses, the odds ratios for severe hypophosphatemia were 3.6 and 6.6 with high AA intake and SGA status, respectively, with the highest being 18.0 with combined high AA intake and SGA status. CONCLUSIONS In summary, high initial AA intake significantly increased the risk of refeeding syndrome-like electrolyte dysregulations including severe hypophosphatemia in ELBWIs. In SGA ELBWIs, the risk of electrolyte disturbance was significantly higher, even with low initial AA intake. Therefore, new tailored parenteral nutrition protocols starting with lower energy intake and a gradual increase over the first week may be warranted for application in high-risk SGA ELBWIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se In Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Sil Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hwa Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yohan Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisook Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Yoon Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Soon Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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45
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Kim EH, Kim SW, Park SJ, Kim S, Yu KM, Kim SG, Lee SH, Seo YK, Cho NH, Kang K, Soung DY, Choi YK. Greater Efficacy of Black Ginseng (CJ EnerG) over Red Ginseng against Lethal Influenza A Virus Infection. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081879. [PMID: 31412594 PMCID: PMC6723933 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Black ginseng (BG, CJ EnerG), prepared via nine repeated cycles of steaming and drying of fresh ginseng, contains more accessible acid polysaccharides and smaller and less polar ginsenosides than red ginseng (RG) processed only once. Because RG exhibits the ability to increase host protection against viral respiratory infections, we investigated the antiviral effects of BG. Mice were orally administered either BG or RG extract at 10 mg/kg bw daily for two weeks. Mice were then infected with a A(H1N1) pdm09 (A/California/04/2009) virus and fed extracts for an additional week. Untreated, infected mice were assigned to either the negative control, without treatments, or the positive control, treated with Tamiflu. Infected mice were monitored for 14 days to determine the survival rate. Lung tissues were evaluated for virus titer and by histological analyses. Cytokine levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Mice treated with BG displayed a 100% survival rate against infection, while mice treated with RG had a 50% survival rate. Further, mice treated with BG had fewer accumulated inflammatory cells in bronchioles following viral infection than did mice treated with RG. BG also enhanced the levels of GM-CSF and IL-10 during the early and late stages of infection, respectively, compared to RG. Thus, BG may be useful as an alternative antiviral adjuvant to modulate immune responses to influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Son-Woo Kim
- The Institutes of Food, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Semi Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | | | - Seung Hun Lee
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yong-Ki Seo
- The Institutes of Food, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, Korea
| | - Nam-Hoon Cho
- The Institutes of Food, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, Korea
| | - Kimoon Kang
- The Institutes of Food, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, Korea
| | - Do Y Soung
- The Institutes of Food, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, Korea.
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
- ID Bio Corporation, Cheongju 28370, Korea.
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46
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Khokar A, Gupta S. Clinical and Immunological Features of 78 Adult Patients with Primary Selective IgG Subclass Deficiencies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2019; 67:325-334. [PMID: 31363786 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-019-00556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to describe both clinical and immunological features in large cohort of adult patients with IgG subclass deficiency, and response to immunoglobulin therapy. This is a retrospective study of data obtained from electronic medical records and paper charts of 78 patients with IgG subclass deficiency seen and followed at our immunology clinics from 2010 to 2016. Both isolated selective IgG subclass deficiency as well as combined (two) subclass deficiencies were observed. IgG3 subclass deficiency, isolated and in combination with other IgG subclass deficiency, is the most frequent of IgG subclass deficiency. A majority of patients presented with upper and lower respiratory tract infections, especially chronic sinusitis. Both allergic and autoimmune manifestations are common; however, there is no subclass preference. The proportions and absolute numbers of CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, and CD3-CD16+CD56+ NK cells were normal in the majority of patients in all IgG subclass deficiencies. Total serum IgG levels did not correlate with IgG subclass levels across all IgG subclass deficiencies. Anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody responses were impaired in 56% of patients. IgG3 subclass deficiency is the most common IgG subclass deficiency, and anti-polysaccharide antibody responses are distributed among IgG subclasses with modest preference in IgG2 subclass. The majority of patients treated with immunoglobulin responded by reduction in frequency of infections and requirement of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Khokar
- Program in Primary Immunodeficiency and Aging, Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Tuft University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudhir Gupta
- Program in Primary Immunodeficiency and Aging, Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Medical Sciences I, C-240, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Trzcinska A, Zhang W, Gitman M, Westra WH. The Prevalence, Anatomic Distribution and Significance of HPV Genotypes in Head and Neck Squamous Papillomas as Detected by Real-Time PCR and Sanger Sequencing. Head Neck Pathol 2019; 14:428-434. [PMID: 31352627 PMCID: PMC7235102 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-019-01057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Squamous papillomas (SPs) of the head and neck are generally regarded as a human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven process, but reported rates of HPV detection vary dramatically. Moreover, they are generally considered a benign condition, but the detection of high risk HPV types is commonly reported. This latter finding is particularly disturbing to clinicians and their patients given the alarming rise of HPV-associated head and neck cancer. The capriciousness of HPV detection reflects in large part differences in methodologies. The purpose of this study was to review an institutional experience using a state of the art detection method to determine the presence, type and anatomic distribution of HPV in head and neck SPs. The surgical pathology files of the Mount Sinai Hospital were reviewed for all SPs that had undergone HPV testing between 2012 and 2018. HPV screening was performed on tissue blocks with real-time PCR using primers designed to target the L1 region of low and high-risk HPV types. Genotyping was performed on HPV positive cases. HPV detection was repeated for cases that were originally reported to be positive for high risk HPV. 134 cases had undergone HPV analysis. Of the 131 with sufficient cellular material, 2 were excluded because the HPV testing yielded inconclusive results. The remaining 129 cases were the basis of this study. Thirty-eight cases (29%) were HPV positive and 91 (71%) were negative. The most common genotype was HPV 6 (n = 27, 71%), followed by HPV 11 (n = 10, 26%). One case (1%) was HPV positive but the genotype could not be determined. Of the HPV negative cases, 3 were originally reported as HPV 16 positive but found to be HPV negative on re-review and repeat testing. SPs arising in the larynx were more likely to harbor HPV than those arising in the oral cavity and oropharynx (64% vs. 10%, p < 0.00001). Similarly, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) were much more likely to be HPV positive than solitary SPs (71% vs. 10%, p < 0.00001). Almost a third of head and neck SPs harbor HPV, but incidence is highly dependent on anatomic site. Those arising in the larynx are more prone to be HPV-driven than those arising in the oral cavity and oropharynx, particularly when occurring in the setting of RRP. High risk HPV could not be confirmed in any of the cases. Routine HPV testing as a strategy to unmask potentially malignant lesions harboring high risk HPV is not likely to be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trzcinska
- Department of Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, Annenberg Bldg. 15-54, 1468 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, Annenberg Bldg. 15-54, 1468 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - M Gitman
- Department of Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, Annenberg Bldg. 15-54, 1468 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - W H Westra
- Department of Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, Annenberg Bldg. 15-54, 1468 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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49
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Bhardwaj SD, Potdar VA, Yadav PD, Chaudhary ML, Chadha MS, Mourya D. A case report of the enterovirus-D68 associated severe acute respiratory illness in a pediatric case from India. J Infect Public Health 2019; 12:900-903. [PMID: 31085132 PMCID: PMC7102825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since, early 2000s, there have been several clusters of enterovirus-D68 (EV D68) associated respiratory illness reported from various countries. Recent largest and most wide-spread outbreak of EV-D68 associated severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) occurred in North America. Present report describes a case of EV-D68 associated severe acute respiratory illness from India with a whole genome sequence. The case was identified through retrospective analysis of Influenza SARI surveillance sample collected during September 2017 using Next Generation sequencing. EV D68 positive child aged two years and presented with asthma like symptoms for which he was admitted to ICU. The child tested negative for Influenza, RSV, Rhinovirus, PIV, hMPV and adenovirus, on real time RT-PCR. And on NGS full EV D68 genome was retrieved belonging to sub-clade B3. In ICU, child received anti-bacterial and anti-viral therapy. The child recovered with-out any sequelae and was discharged one week later. Present report highlights the importance of studying this emergent virus EV-D68 through prospective studies to understand the burden and epidemiological pattern in the country and its implications.
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Abstract
Lower respiratory infections remain one of the top global causes of death and the emergence of new diseases continues to be a concern. In the first two decades of the 21st century, we have born witness to the emergence of newly recognized coronaviruses that have rapidly spread around the globe, including severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome virus (MERS). We have also experienced the emergence of a novel H1N1 pandemic influenza strain in 2009 that caused substantial morbidity and mortality around the world and has transitioned into a seasonal strain. Although we perhaps most frequently think of viruses when discussing emerging respiratory infections, bacteria have not been left out of the mix, as we have witnessed an increase in the number of infections from Legionella spp. since the organisms' initial discovery in 1976. Here, we explore the basic epidemiology, clinical presentation, histopathology, and clinical laboratory diagnosis of these four pathogens and emphasize themes in humans' evolving relationship with our natural environment that have contributed to the infectious burden. Histology alone is rarely diagnostic for these infections, but has been crucial to bettering our understanding of these diseases. Together, we rely on the diagnostic acumen of pathologists to identify the clinicopathologic features that raise the suspicion of these diseases and lead to the early control of the spread in our populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Bradley
- University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Box 357110, 1959 NE Pacific Street, NW120, Seattle, WA 98195-7110, United States
| | - Andrew Bryan
- University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Box 357110, 1959 NE Pacific Street, NW120, Seattle, WA 98195-7110, United States.
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