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Murakami T, Ono A. Roles of Virion-Incorporated CD162 (PSGL-1), CD43, and CD44 in HIV-1 Infection of T Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101935. [PMID: 34696365 PMCID: PMC8541244 DOI: 10.3390/v13101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nascent HIV-1 particles incorporate the viral envelope glycoprotein and multiple host transmembrane proteins during assembly at the plasma membrane. At least some of these host transmembrane proteins on the surface of virions are reported as pro-viral factors that enhance virus attachment to target cells or facilitate trans-infection of CD4+ T cells via interactions with non-T cells. In addition to the pro-viral factors, anti-viral transmembrane proteins are incorporated into progeny virions. These virion-incorporated transmembrane proteins inhibit HIV-1 entry at the point of attachment and fusion. In infected polarized CD4+ T cells, HIV-1 Gag localizes to a rear-end protrusion known as the uropod. Regardless of cell polarization, Gag colocalizes with and promotes the virion incorporation of a subset of uropod-directed host transmembrane proteins, including CD162, CD43, and CD44. Until recently, the functions of these virion-incorporated proteins had not been clear. Here, we review the recent findings about the roles played by virion-incorporated CD162, CD43, and CD44 in HIV-1 spread to CD4+ T cells.
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Kuri-Cervantes L, Adeniji OS, Ma T, Dweep H, Battivelli E, Verdin E, Palmer CS, Tateno H, Kossenkov AV, Roan NR, Betts MR, Abdel-Mohsen M. Sialyl-Lewis X Glycoantigen Is Enriched on Cells with Persistent HIV Transcription during Therapy. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107991. [PMID: 32755584 PMCID: PMC7432956 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the phenotype of persistent HIV-infected cells, transcriptionally active and/or transcriptionally inactive, is imperative for developing a cure. The relevance of cell-surface glycosylation to HIV persistence has never been explored. We characterize the relationship between cell-surface glycomic signatures and persistent HIV transcription in vivo. We find that the cell surface of CD4+ T cells actively transcribing HIV, despite suppressive therapy, harbors high levels of fucosylated carbohydrate ligands, including the cell extravasation mediator Sialyl-LewisX (SLeX), compared with HIV-infected transcriptionally inactive cells. These high levels of SLeX are induced by HIV transcription in vitro and are maintained after therapy in vivo. Cells with high-SLeX are enriched with markers associated with HIV susceptibility, signaling pathways that drive HIV transcription, and pathways involved in leukocyte extravasation. We describe a glycomic feature of HIV-infected transcriptionally active cells that not only differentiates them from their transcriptionally inactive counterparts but also may affect their trafficking abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Center for AIDS Research (Penn CFAR), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leila B Giron
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Center for AIDS Research (Penn CFAR), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Center for AIDS Research (Penn CFAR), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Opeyemi S Adeniji
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Center for AIDS Research (Penn CFAR), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tongcui Ma
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Harsh Dweep
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Eric Verdin
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Clovis S Palmer
- The Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Hiroaki Tateno
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | | | - Nadia R Roan
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Center for AIDS Research (Penn CFAR), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Center for AIDS Research (Penn CFAR), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Murakami T, Kim J, Li Y, Green GE, Shikanov A, Ono A. Secondary lymphoid organ fibroblastic reticular cells mediate trans-infection of HIV-1 via CD44-hyaluronan interactions. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2436. [PMID: 29934525 PMCID: PMC6015004 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04846-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are stromal cells in secondary lymphoid organs, the major sites for HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells. Although FRCs regulate T cell survival, proliferation, and migration, whether they play any role in HIV-1 spread has not been studied. Here, we show that FRCs enhance HIV-1 spread via trans-infection in which FRCs capture HIV-1 and facilitate infection of T cells that come into contact with FRCs. FRCs mediate trans-infection in both two- and three-dimensional culture systems and in a manner dependent on the virus producer cells. This producer cell dependence, which was also observed for virus spread in secondary lymphoid tissues ex vivo, is accounted for by CD44 incorporated into virus particles and hyaluronan bound to such CD44 molecules. This virus-associated hyaluronan interacts with CD44 expressed on FRCs, thereby promoting virus capture by FRCs. Overall, our results reveal a novel role for FRCs in promoting HIV-1 spread. Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are important regulators of T cell survival, proliferation, and migration in secondary lymphoid organs, but their role in HIV infection isn’t studied. Here, Murakami et al. show that FRCs enhance HIV spread via CD44- and hyaluronan-mediated trans-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Murakami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Glenn Edward Green
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ariella Shikanov
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Akira Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Efficiency of HIV-2 cultures from clinical isolates is enhanced after purification by anti-CD44 microbeads. J Virol Methods 2018; 257:12-15. [PMID: 29588254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In-depth study of HIV often requires large stock of patients-derived viruses obtained through viral cultures. HIV cultures are currently limited by low recovery rates, especially when viral load is below 100,000 copies per mL. This is problematic for HIV-2 as most patients have spontaneously low to undetectable viremia. New approaches have been developed to enhance viral recovery rates but they are complex or costly to implement. We tested the impact of μMACSTM VitalVirus Isolation Kit (Miltenyi), a HIV virions capture method using paramagnetic microbeads directed against CD44, a human glycoprotein present in HIV envelope. This method separates viruses from interfering proteins in 45 min, using a reduced sample volume (200 μL versus 1000 μL for classic culture assays). The impact of this purification method on virus recovery rate was assessed with 23 HIV-1 and 29 HIV-2 plasma samples with a wide range of viral loads, in comparison to a classic culture assay used routinely in our laboratory. For both HIV-1 and HIV-2, the culture identification delay was decreased using viral purification (≤7days in most cases). The recovery rate of cultures was improved for HIV-2 isolates (17/29 versus 8/29; p = 0.03) but not for HIV-1 (7/23 versus 5/23; p = 0.74). Notably, HIV-2 isolates with viral loads over 10,000 copies per mL were frequently recovered in culture (68% versus 32% without purification; p = 0.03). This marked improvement on HIV-2, but not on HIV-1, cultures is puzzling. CD44-microbeads may enable a close and prolonged contact between cells and viruses, and may thus overcome HIV-2 difficulties to infect target cells.
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Warkiani ME, Wu L, Tay AKP, Han J. Large-Volume Microfluidic Cell Sorting for Biomedical Applications. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2015; 17:1-34. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071114-040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602;
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Lidan Wu
- Department of Biological Engineering and
| | - Andy Kah Ping Tay
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602;
| | - Jongyoon Han
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602;
- Department of Biological Engineering and
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Buoyancy-activated cell sorting using targeted biotinylated albumin microbubbles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125036. [PMID: 25993512 PMCID: PMC4439073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell analysis often requires the isolation of certain cell types. Various isolation methods have been applied to cell sorting, including florescence-activated cell sorting and magnetic-activated cell sorting. However, these conventional approaches involve exerting mechanical forces on the cells, thus risking cell damage. In this study we applied a novel isolation method called buoyancy-activated cell sorting, which involves using biotinylated albumin microbubbles (biotin-MBs) conjugated with antibodies (i.e., targeted biotin-MBs). Albumin MBs are widely used as contrast agents in ultrasound imaging due to their good biocompatibility and stability. For conjugating antibodies, biotin is conjugated onto the albumin MB shell via covalent bonds and the biotinylated antibodies are conjugated using an avidin-biotin system. The albumin microbubbles had a mean diameter of 2μm with a polydispersity index of 0.16. For cell separation, the MDA-MB-231 cells are incubated with the targeted biotin-MBs conjugated with anti-CD44 for 10 min, centrifuged at 10g for 1 min, and then allowed 1 hour at 4°C for separation. The results indicate that targeted biotin-MBs conjugated with anti-CD44 antibodies can be used to separate MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells; more than 90% of the cells were collected in the MB layer when the ratio of the MBs to cells was higher than 70:1. Furthermore, we found that the separating efficiency was higher for targeted biotin-MBs than for targeted avidin-incorporated albumin MBs (avidin-MBs), which is the most common way to make targeted albumin MBs. We also demonstrated that the recovery rate of targeted biotin-MBs was up to 88% and the sorting purity was higher than 84% for a a heterogenous cell population containing MDA-MB-231 cells (CD44+) and MDA-MB-453 cells (CD44–), which are classified as basal-like breast cancer cells and luminal breast cancer cells, respectively. Knowing that the CD44+ is a commonly used cancer-stem-cell biomarker, our targeted biotin-MBs could be a potent tool to sort cancer stem cells from dissected tumor tissue for use in preclinical experiments and clinical trials.
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7
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Razooky BS, Pai A, Aull K, Rouzine IM, Weinberger LS. A hardwired HIV latency program. Cell 2015; 160:990-1001. [PMID: 25723172 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biological circuits can be controlled by two general schemes: environmental sensing or autonomous programs. For viruses such as HIV, the prevailing hypothesis is that latent infection is controlled by cellular state (i.e., environment), with latency simply an epiphenomenon of infected cells transitioning from an activated to resting state. However, we find that HIV expression persists despite the activated-to-resting cellular transition. Mathematical modeling indicates that HIV's Tat positive-feedback circuitry enables this persistence and strongly controls latency. To overcome the inherent crosstalk between viral circuitry and cellular activation and to directly test this hypothesis, we synthetically decouple viral dependence on cellular environment from viral transcription. These circuits enable control of viral transcription without cellular activation and show that Tat feedback is sufficient to regulate latency independent of cellular activation. Overall, synthetic reconstruction demonstrates that a largely autonomous, viral-encoded program underlies HIV latency—potentially explaining why cell-targeted latency-reversing agents exhibit incomplete penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Razooky
- The Gladstone Institutes (Virology and Immunology), San Francisco, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 94158; Biophysics Graduate Group, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 94158
| | - Anand Pai
- The Gladstone Institutes (Virology and Immunology), San Francisco, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 94158; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 94158
| | - Katherine Aull
- Biophysics Graduate Group, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 94158
| | - Igor M Rouzine
- The Gladstone Institutes (Virology and Immunology), San Francisco, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 94158
| | - Leor S Weinberger
- The Gladstone Institutes (Virology and Immunology), San Francisco, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 94158; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 94158; QB3, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 94158.
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8
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Almeida M, Garc�a-Montero AC, Orfao A. Cell Purification: A New Challenge for Biobanks. Pathobiology 2015; 81:261-275. [DOI: 10.1159/000358306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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9
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Li P, Fujimoto K, Bourguingnon L, Yukl S, Deeks S, Wong JK. Exogenous and endogenous hyaluronic acid reduces HIV infection of CD4(+) T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:770-80. [PMID: 24957217 PMCID: PMC4205896 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Preventing mucosal transmission of HIV is critical to halting the HIV epidemic. Novel approaches to preventing mucosal transmission are needed. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major extracellular component of mucosa and the primary ligand for the cell surface receptor CD44. CD44 enhances HIV infection of CD4(+) T cells, but the role of HA in this process is not clear. To study this, virions were generated with CD44 (HIVCD44) or without CD44 (HIVmock). Exogenous HA reduced HIV infection of unstimulated CD4(+) T cells in a CD44-dependent manner. Conversely, hyaluronidase-mediated reduction of endogenous HA on the cell surface enhanced HIV binding to and infection of unstimulated CD4(+) T cells. Exogenous HA treatment reduced activation of protein kinase C alpha via CD44 on CD4(+) T cells during infection with HIVCD44. These results reveal new roles for HA during the interaction of HIV with CD4(+) T cells that may be relevant to mucosal HIV transmission and could be exploitable as a future strategy to prevent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Li
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katsuya Fujimoto
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lilly Bourguingnon
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven Yukl
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph K Wong
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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10
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Tomlinson MJ, Tomlinson S, Yang XB, Kirkham J. Cell separation: Terminology and practical considerations. J Tissue Eng 2012; 4:2041731412472690. [PMID: 23440031 PMCID: PMC3578272 DOI: 10.1177/2041731412472690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell separation is a powerful tool in biological research. Increasing usage, particularly within the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine communities, means that researchers from a diverse range of backgrounds are utilising cell separation technologies. This review aims to offer potential solutions to cell sorting problems and to clarify common ambiguities in terminology and experimental design. The frequently used cell separation terms of 'purity', 'recovery' and 'viability' are discussed, and attempts are made to reach a consensus view of their sometimes ambiguous meanings. The importance of appropriate experimental design is considered, with aspects such as marker expression, tissue isolation and original cell population analysis discussed. Finally, specific technical issues such as cell clustering, dead cell removal and non-specific antibody binding are considered and potential solutions offered. The solutions offered may provide a starting point to improve the quality of cell separations achieved by both the novice and experienced researcher alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Tomlinson
- Department of Oral Biology, Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Razooky B, Gutierrez E, Terry VH, Spina CA, Groisman A, Weinberger L. Microwell devices with finger-like channels for long-term imaging of HIV-1 expression kinetics in primary human lymphocytes. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4305-12. [PMID: 22976503 PMCID: PMC3589574 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40170c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a sub-population of latently infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes. The cellular and viral mechanisms regulating HIV-1 latency are not completely understood, and a promising technique for probing the regulation of HIV-1 latency is single-cell time-lapse microscopy. Unfortunately, CD4(+) T lymphocytes rapidly migrate on substrates and spontaneously detach, making them exceedingly difficult to track, hampering single-cell level studies. To overcome these problems, we built microdevices with a three-level architecture. The devices contain arrays of finger-like microchannels to "corral" T-lymphocyte migration, round wells that are accessible to pipetting, and microwells connecting the microchannels with the round wells. T lymphocytes that are loaded into a well first settle into the microwells and then to microchannels by gravity. Within the microchannels, T lymphocytes are in favorable culture conditions because they are in physical contact with each other, under no mechanical stress, and fed from a large reservoir of fresh medium. Most importantly, T lymphocytes in the microchannels are not exposed to any flow and their random migration is restricted to a nearly one-dimensional region, greatly facilitating long-term tracking of multiple cells in time-lapse microscopy. The devices have up to nine separate round wells, making it possible to test up to nine different cell lines or medium conditions in a single experiment. Activated primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes, resting primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes, and THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells loaded into the devices maintained viability over multiple days. The devices were used to track the fluorescence level of individual primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) for up to 60 hours (h) and to quantify single-cell gene-expression kinetics of four different HIV-1 variants. The kinetics of GFP expression from the lentiviruses in the primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes agree with previous measurements of these lentiviral vectors in the immortalized Jurkat T lymphocyte cell line. The proposed devices offer a simple, robust approach to long-term single-cell studies of environmentally sensitive primary lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Razooky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego, CA 92161
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | | | - Valeri H. Terry
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Celsa A. Spina
- Department of Pathology, San Diego, CA 92161
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | | | - Leor Weinberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego, CA 92161
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
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Abstract
The interferon-inducible antiviral factor BST-2 prevents several enveloped viruses, including HIV, from escaping infected cells. The HIV protein Vpu antagonizes this host defense. Little is known about the expression of BST-2 during HIV infection in vivo and whether it can be modulated to the host's advantage. We studied the expression of BST-2 on blood cells from HIV-infected patients during the acute and chronic phases of disease as well as after antiretroviral treatment (ART). The expression of BST-2 was increased on mononuclear leukocytes, including CD4-positive T lymphocytes from HIV-positive patients, compared to that on cells of uninfected controls. The expression of BST-2 was highest during acute infection and decreased to levels similar to those of uninfected individuals after ART. Treatment of primary blood mononuclear cells in vitro with alpha interferon or with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists increased the expression of BST-2 to levels similar to those found during infection in vivo. The interferon-induced levels were sufficient to overcome the Vpu protein in vitro, reducing the release of wild-type HIV. These data show that BST-2 is upregulated during HIV infection, consistent with its role as an interferon-stimulated gene. The data further suggest that this upregulation is sufficient to saturate the activity of Vpu and inhibit wild-type HIV.
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Lopez CA, Vazquez M, Hill MD, Del C. Colon M, Porrata-Doria T, Johnston ICD, Lorenzo E. Characterization of HIV-1 RNA forms in the plasma of patients undergoing successful HAART. Arch Virol 2010; 155:895-903. [PMID: 20414690 PMCID: PMC2880236 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An assay to characterize plasma human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) sequences for patients with low viral loads was developed by combining the selective binding of anti-CD44 MicroBeads with a nested RT-PCR targeting the env C2V4 region. Sequences were obtained from 10 of 20 HIV+ patients who had viral loads below 48 copies/ml. Sequences derived from plasma were compared to those from CD14+ CD16 +monocytes and CD4+ T cells. The plasma sequences were most closely related to those amplified from monocytes, suggesting that during successful antiretroviral therapy, the predominant plasma virus originates from myeloid cells. By characterizing HIV-1 RNA sequences from 8 ml of plasma while avoiding multiple steps, which can lead to contamination and deterioration, this method can help elucidate the viral forms in patients with therapeutically suppressed HIV-1. Understanding the source of residual viremia is crucial in developing approaches for viral eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Lopez
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR 00732 USA
| | - Manuel Vazquez
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR 00732 USA
| | - Martin D. Hill
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR 00732 USA
| | - Maria Del C. Colon
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR 00732 USA
| | - Tirtsa Porrata-Doria
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR 00732 USA
| | - Ian C. D. Johnston
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Eric Lorenzo
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR 00732 USA
- Present Address: Scientific Review Program, AIDS Research Review Branch, NIAID, Division of Extramural Activities (DEA), 6700B Rockledge Dr., Room 3134, Bethesda, MD 20892-7616 USA
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Dharmasiri U, Witek MA, Adams AA, Soper SA. Microsystems for the capture of low-abundance cells. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2010; 3:409-31. [PMID: 20636049 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient selection and enumeration of low-abundance biological cells are highly important in a variety of applications. For example, the clinical utility of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood is recognized as a viable biomarker for the management of various cancers, in which the clinically relevant number of CTCs per 7.5 ml of blood is two to five. Although there are several methods for isolating rare cells from a variety of heterogeneous samples, such as immunomagnetic-assisted cell sorting and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, they are fraught with challenges. Microsystem-based technologies are providing new opportunities for selecting and isolating rare cells from complex, heterogeneous samples. Such approaches involve reductions in target-cell loss, process automation, and minimization of contamination issues. In this review, we introduce different application areas requiring rare cell analysis, conventional techniques for their selection, and finally microsystem approaches for low-abundance-cell isolation and enumeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udara Dharmasiri
- Departments of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, USA.
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15
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Beck Z, Brown BK, Wieczorek L, Peachman KK, Matyas GR, Polonis VR, Rao M, Alving CR. Human erythrocytes selectively bind and enrich infectious HIV-1 virions. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8297. [PMID: 20011536 PMCID: PMC2788743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although CD4(+) cells represent the major target for HIV infection in blood, claims of complement-independent binding of HIV-1 to erythrocytes and the possible role of Duffy blood group antigen, have generated controversy. To examine the question of binding to erythrocytes, HIV-1 was incubated in vitro with erythrocytes from 30 healthy leukapheresis donors, and binding was determined by p24 analysis and adsorption of HIV-1 with reduction of infectivity for CD4(+) target cells. All of the cells, regardless of blood group type, bound HIV-1 p24. A typical preparation of erythrocytes bound <2.4% of the added p24, but erythrocytes selectively removed essentially all of the viral infectivity as determined by decreased infection of CD4(+) target cells; however, cell-associated HIV-1 was approximately 100-fold more efficient, via trans infection, than unadsorbed virus for infection of CD4(+) cells. All of the bound HIV-1 p24 was released by treatment of the cells with EDTA, and binding was optimized by adding Ca2+ and Mg2+ during the washing of erythrocytes containing bound HIV-1. Although the small number of contaminating leukocytes in the erythrocyte preparation also bound HIV-1 p24, there was no significant binding to CD4, and it thus appears that the binding occurred on leukocytes at non-CD4 sites. Furthermore, binding occurred to erythrocyte ghosts from which contaminating leukocytes had been previously removed. The results demonstrate that erythrocytes incubated in vitro with HIV-1 differentially adsorb all of the infectious HIV-1 virions (as opposed to non-infectious or degraded virions) in the absence of complement and independent of blood group, and binding is dependent on divalent cations. By analogy with HIV-1 bound to DC-SIGN on dendritic cells, erythrocyte-bound HIV-1 might comprise an important surface reservoir for trans infection of permissive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Beck
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bruce K. Brown
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Wieczorek
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristina K. Peachman
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victoria R. Polonis
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mangala Rao
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carl R. Alving
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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