1
|
Dillon SM, Mickens KL, Thompson TA, Cooper EH, Nesladek S, Christians AJ, Castleman M, Guo K, Wood C, Frank DN, Kechris K, Santiago ML, Wilson CC. Granzyme B + CD4 T cells accumulate in the colon during chronic HIV-1 infection. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2045852. [PMID: 35258402 PMCID: PMC8920224 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2045852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV-1 infection results in the sustained disruption of gut homeostasis culminating in alterations in microbial communities (dysbiosis) and increased microbial translocation. Major questions remain on how interactions between translocating microbes and gut immune cells impact HIV-1-associated gut pathogenesis. We previously reported that in vitro exposure of human gut cells to enteric commensal bacteria upregulated the serine protease and cytotoxic marker Granzyme B (GZB) in CD4 T cells, and GZB expression was further increased in HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells. To determine if these in vitro findings extend in vivo, we evaluated the frequencies of GZB+ CD4 T cells in colon biopsies and peripheral blood of untreated, chronically infected people with HIV-1 (PWH). Colon and blood GZB+ CD4 T cells were found at significantly higher frequencies in PWH. Colon, but not blood, GZB+ CD4 T cell frequencies were associated with gut and systemic T cell activation and Prevotella species abundance. In vitro, commensal bacteria upregulated GZB more readily in gut versus blood or tonsil-derived CD4 T cells, particularly in inflammatory T helper 17 cells. Bacteria-induced GZB expression in gut CD4 T cells required the presence of accessory cells, the IL-2 pathway and in part, MHC Class II. Overall, we demonstrate that GZB+ CD4 T cells are prevalent in the colon during chronic HIV-1 infection and may emerge following interactions with translocated bacteria in an IL-2 and MHC Class II-dependent manner. Associations between GZB+ CD4 T cells, dysbiosis and T cell activation suggest that GZB+ CD4 T cells may contribute to gut HIV-1 pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kaylee L. Mickens
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tezha A. Thompson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emily H. Cooper
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sabrina Nesladek
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Moriah Castleman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cheyret Wood
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA,contact Cara C. Wilson Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Selvanesan BC, Meena K, Beck A, Meheus L, Lara O, Rooman I, Gravekamp C. Nicotinamide combined with gemcitabine is an immunomodulatory therapy that restrains pancreatic cancer in mice. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e001250. [PMID: 33154149 PMCID: PMC7646363 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatments for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma are poorly effective, at least partly due to the tumor's immune-suppressive stromal compartment. New evidence of positive effects on immune responses in the tumor microenvironment (TME), compelled us to test the combination of gemcitabine (GEM), a standard chemotherapeutic for pancreatic cancer, with nicotinamide (NAM), the amide form of niacin (vitamin B3), in mice with pancreatic cancer. METHODS Various mouse tumor models of pancreatic cancer, that is, orthotopic Panc-02 and KPC (KrasG12D, p53R172H, Pdx1-Cre) grafts, were treated alternately with NAM and GEM for 2 weeks, and the effects on efficacy, survival, stromal architecture and tumor-infiltrating immune cells was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry, Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT), T cell depletions in vivo, Nanostring analysis and RNAscope. RESULTS A significant reduction in tumor weight and number of metastases was found, as well as a significant improved survival of the NAM+GEM group compared with all control groups. IHC and flow cytometry showed a significant decrease in tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumors of NAM+GEM-treated mice. This correlated with a significant increase in the number of CD4 and CD8 T cells of NAM+GEM-treated tumors, and CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to tumor-associated antigen survivin, most likely through epitope spreading. In vivo depletions of T cells demonstrated the involvement of CD4 T cells in the eradication of the tumor by NAM+GEM treatment. In addition, remodeling of the tumor stroma was observed with decreased collagen I and lower expression of hyaluronic acid binding protein, reorganization of the immune cells into lymph node like structures and CD31 positive vessels. Expression profiling for a panel of immuno-oncology genes revealed significant changes in genes involved in migration and activation of T cells, attraction of dendritic cells and epitope spreading. CONCLUSION This study highlights the potential of NAM+GEM as immunotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiran Meena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Amanda Beck
- Michael F. Price Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Lydie Meheus
- AntiCancer Fund, Boechoutlaan, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Olaya Lara
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Rooman
- AntiCancer Fund, Boechoutlaan, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiu MX, Liu ZT, Tang J. Screening and identification of key regulatory connections and immune cell infiltration characteristics for lung transplant rejection using mucosal biopsies. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 87:106827. [PMID: 32791489 PMCID: PMC7417178 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore key regulatory connections underlying lung transplant rejection. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between rejection and stable lung transplantation (LTx) samples were screened using R package limma, followed by functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction network construction. Subsequently, a global triple network, including miRNAs, mRNAs, and transcription factors (TFs), was constructed. Furthermore, immune cell infiltration characteristics were analyzed to investigate the molecular immunology of lung transplant rejection. Finally, potential drug-target interactions were generated. In brief, 739 DEGs were found between rejection and stable LTx samples. PTPRC, IL-6, ITGAM, CD86, TLR8, TYROBP, CXCL10, ITGB2, and CCR5 were defined as hub genes. Eight TFs, including STAT1, SPIB, NFKB1, SPI1, STAT5A, RUNX1, VENTX, and BATF, and five miRNAs, including miR-335-5p, miR-26b-5p, miR-124-3p, miR-1-3p, and miR-155-5p, were involved in regulating hub genes. The immune cell infiltration analysis revealed higher proportions of activated memory CD4 T cells, follicular helper T cells, γδ T cells, monocytes, M1 and M2 macrophages, and eosinophils in rejection samples, besides lower proportions of resting memory CD4 T cells, regulatory T cells, activated NK cells, M0 macrophages, and resting mast cells. This study provided a comprehensive perspective of the molecular co-regulatory network underlying lung transplant rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xi Xiu
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Zu-Ting Liu
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Behrens NE, Wertheimer A, Love MB, Klotz SA, Ahmad N. Evaluation of HIV-specific T-cell responses in HIV-infected older patients with controlled viremia on long-term antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236320. [PMID: 32941433 PMCID: PMC7498024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected older individuals may have a diminished immune response because of exhaustion/immune aging of T-cells. Therefore, we have investigated HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in 100 HIV-infected patients (HIV+) who have aged on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) and achieved controlled viremia (mostly undetectable viral load; 92 patients with <20 to <40 HIV RNA copies/mL and 8 <60 to <100) and improved CD4 T-cell counts. We show that the median frequencies of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-γ T-cells were higher in HIV+ than uninfected individuals (HIV-), including increasing levels of IFN-γproduced by CD4+ T-cells and decreasing levels by CD8+ T-cells with increasing CD4 T-cell counts in HIV+. No correlation was found between T-cell responses and varying levels of undetectable viremia. HIV-specific TNF-α made by CD8+ T-cells was higher in HIV+ than HIV-, including decreasing levels with increasing CD4 T-cell counts in HIV+. Furthermore, the CD8+ T-cell mediators, CD107a and Granzyme-B, were higher in HIV+ than HIV-, and decreased with increasing CD4 T-cell counts in HIV+. Remarkably, HIV-specific CD8 T-cells produced decreasing levels of IFN-γwith increasing age of HIV+, including decreased levels of CD107a and Granzyme-B in older HIV+. However, HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells produced increasing levels of TNF-α with increasing age of the HIV+, suggesting continued inflammation. In conclusion, HIV+ with controlled viremia on long-term ART and with higher CD4 T-cell counts showed reduced HIV-specific CD8 T-cell responses as compared to those with lower CD4 T-cell counts, and older HIV+ exhibited decreasing levels of CD8 T-cell responses with increasing age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Behrens
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Anne Wertheimer
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- College of Medicine, and Bio5 Institute, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Maria B. Love
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Klotz
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Nafees Ahmad
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sanchez-Martinez A, Perdomo-Celis F, Acevedo-Saenz L, Rugeles MT, Velilla PA. Cytotoxic CD4 + T-cells during HIV infection: Targets or weapons? J Clin Virol 2019; 119:17-23. [PMID: 31445411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Classically, CD4+ T-cells have been referred as cytokine-producing cells and important players in immune responses by providing soluble factors that potentiate several effector immune functions. However, it is now evident that CD4+ T-cells can also elaborate cytotoxic responses, inducing apoptosis of target cells. Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4+ CTLs), exhibit cytolytic functions that resemble those of CD8+ T-cells; in fact, there is evidence suggesting that they may have a role in the control of viral infections. In this article, we discuss the role of CD4+ CTLs during HIV infection, where CD4+ CTLs have been associated with viral control and slow disease progression. In addition, we address the implication of CD4+ CTLs in the context of antiretroviral therapy and the partial reconstitution of CD8+ T-cells effector function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Liliana Acevedo-Saenz
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación Enfermería-CES, Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad CES, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Paula A Velilla
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
de Oliveira Boldrini V, Dos Santos Farias A, Degasperi GR. Deciphering targets of Th17 cells fate: From metabolism to nuclear receptors. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12793. [PMID: 31141182 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that reprogramming of metabolism is critically important for the differentiation of CD4 + T lymphocytes, and the manipulation of metabolic pathways in these cells may shape their fate and function. Distinct subgroups from T lymphocytes, such as Th17, adopt specific metabolic programmes to support their needs. Some important metabolic reactions, such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, are considered important for the differentiation of these lymphocytes. Since their discovery nearly a decade ago, Th17 lymphocytes have received significant attention because of their role in the pathology of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In this review, it will be discussed as the involvement of T cell metabolism and as metabolic reprogramming in activated T cells dictates fate decisions to Th17. The involvement of nuclear receptors such as RORyt e PPARs in the induction of Th17 cells was also discussed. Understanding the metabolic pathways involved in the differentiation of the distinct subgroups of T lymphocytes helps in the design of promising therapeutic proposals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius de Oliveira Boldrini
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Dos Santos Farias
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Veazey RS. Intestinal CD4 Depletion in HIV / SIV Infection. CURRENT IMMUNOLOGY REVIEWS 2019; 15:76-91. [PMID: 31431807 PMCID: PMC6701936 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605083448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Among the most significant findings in the pathogenesis of HIV infection was the discovery that almost total depletion of intestinal CD4+ T cells occurs rapidly after SIV or HIV infection, regardless of the route of exposure, and long before CD4+ T cell losses occur in blood or lymph nodes. Since these seminal discoveries, we have learned much about mucosal and systemic CD4+ T cells, and found several key differences between the circulating and intestinal CD4+ T cell subsets, both in phenotype, relative proportions, and functional capabilities. Further, specific subsets of CD4+ T cells are selectively targeted and eliminated first, especially cells critically important for initiating primary immune responses, and for maintenance of mucosal integrity (Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells). This simultaneously results in loss of innate immune responses, and loss of mucosal integrity, resulting in mucosal, and systemic immune activation that drives proliferation and activation of new target cells throughout the course of infection. The propensity for the SIV/HIV to infect and efficiently replicate in specific cells also permits viral persistence, as the mucosal and systemic activation that ensues continues to damage mucosal barriers, resulting in continued influx of target cells to maintain viral replication. Finally, infection and elimination of recently activated and proliferating CD4+ T cells, and infection and dysregulation of Tfh and other key CD4+ T cell results in hyperactive, yet non-protective immune responses that support active viral replication and evolution, and thus persistence in host tissue reservoirs, all of which continue to challenge our efforts to design effective vaccine or cure strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Serroukh Y, Gu-Trantien C, Hooshiar Kashani B, Defrance M, Vu Manh TP, Azouz A, Detavernier A, Hoyois A, Das J, Bizet M, Pollet E, Tabbuso T, Calonne E, van Gisbergen K, Dalod M, Fuks F, Goriely S, Marchant A. The transcription factors Runx3 and ThPOK cross-regulate acquisition of cytotoxic function by human Th1 lymphocytes. eLife 2018; 7:30496. [PMID: 29488879 PMCID: PMC5844691 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD4 (CD4CTX) T cells are emerging as an important component of antiviral and antitumor immunity, but the molecular basis of their development remains poorly understood. In the context of human cytomegalovirus infection, a significant proportion of CD4 T cells displays cytotoxic functions. We observed that the transcriptional program of these cells was enriched in CD8 T cell lineage genes despite the absence of ThPOK downregulation. We further show that establishment of CD4CTX-specific transcriptional and epigenetic programs occurred in a stepwise fashion along the Th1-differentiation pathway. In vitro, prolonged activation of naive CD4 T cells in presence of Th1 polarizing cytokines led to the acquisition of perforin-dependent cytotoxic activity. This process was dependent on the Th1 transcription factor Runx3 and was limited by the sustained expression of ThPOK. This work elucidates the molecular program of human CD4CTX T cells and identifies potential targets for immunotherapy against viral infections and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Serroukh
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Chunyan Gu-Trantien
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | | | - Matthieu Defrance
- Laboratoire d'Epigénétique du Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Thien-Phong Vu Manh
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy 13288, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
| | - Abdulkader Azouz
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Detavernier
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Alice Hoyois
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Jishnu Das
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Martin Bizet
- Laboratoire d'Epigénétique du Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Emeline Pollet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy 13288, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
| | - Tressy Tabbuso
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Emilie Calonne
- Laboratoire d'Epigénétique du Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Klaas van Gisbergen
- Department of Haematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marc Dalod
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy 13288, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
| | - François Fuks
- Laboratoire d'Epigénétique du Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Galleu A, Riffo-Vasquez Y, Trento C, Lomas C, Dolcetti L, Cheung TS, von Bonin M, Barbieri L, Halai K, Ward S, Weng L, Chakraverty R, Lombardi G, Watt FM, Orchard K, Marks DI, Apperley J, Bornhauser M, Walczak H, Bennett C, Dazzi F. Apoptosis in mesenchymal stromal cells induces in vivo recipient-mediated immunomodulation. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaam7828. [PMID: 29141887 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam7828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive activity of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is well documented. However, the therapeutic benefit is completely unpredictable, thus raising concerns about MSC efficacy. One of the affecting factors is the unresolved conundrum that, despite being immunosuppressive, MSCs are undetectable after administration. Therefore, understanding the fate of infused MSCs could help predict clinical responses. Using a murine model of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), we demonstrate that MSCs are actively induced to undergo perforin-dependent apoptosis by recipient cytotoxic cells and that this process is essential to initiate MSC-induced immunosuppression. When examining patients with GvHD who received MSCs, we found a striking parallel, whereby only those with high cytotoxic activity against MSCs responded to MSC infusion, whereas those with low activity did not. The need for recipient cytotoxic cell activity could be replaced by the infusion of apoptotic MSCs generated ex vivo. After infusion, recipient phagocytes engulf apoptotic MSCs and produce indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which is ultimately necessary for effecting immunosuppression. Therefore, we propose the innovative concept that patients should be stratified for MSC treatment according to their ability to kill MSCs or that all patients could be treated with ex vivo apoptotic MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Galleu
- Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies and Cancer Research UK King's Health Partners, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | | | - Cristina Trento
- Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies and Cancer Research UK King's Health Partners, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Cara Lomas
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Luigi Dolcetti
- Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies and Cancer Research UK King's Health Partners, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Tik Shing Cheung
- Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies and Cancer Research UK King's Health Partners, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Malte von Bonin
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Laura Barbieri
- Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies and Cancer Research UK King's Health Partners, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Krishma Halai
- Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies and Cancer Research UK King's Health Partners, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Sophie Ward
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ling Weng
- Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies and Cancer Research UK King's Health Partners, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Ronjon Chakraverty
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Kim Orchard
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - David I Marks
- Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK
| | - Jane Apperley
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Martin Bornhauser
- Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies and Cancer Research UK King's Health Partners, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Henning Walczak
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Clare Bennett
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Francesco Dazzi
- Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies and Cancer Research UK King's Health Partners, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK.
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Juno JA, van Bockel D, Kent SJ, Kelleher AD, Zaunders JJ, Munier CML. Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells-Friend or Foe during Viral Infection? Front Immunol 2017; 8:19. [PMID: 28167943 PMCID: PMC5253382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells with cytotoxic function were once thought to be an artifact due to long-term in vitro cultures but have in more recent years become accepted and reported in the literature in response to a number of viral infections. In this review, we focus on cytotoxic CD4 T cells in the context of human viral infections and in some infections that affect mice and non-human primates. We examine the effector mechanisms used by cytotoxic CD4 cells, the phenotypes that describe this population, and the transcription factors and pathways that lead to their induction following infection. We further consider the cells that are the predominant targets of this effector subset and describe the viral infections in which CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been shown to play a protective or pathologic role. Cytotoxic CD4 T cells are detected in the circulation at much higher levels than previously realized and are now recognized to have an important role in the immune response to viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - David van Bockel
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John J Zaunders
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C Mee Ling Munier
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peterson CW, Haworth KG, Burke BP, Polacino P, Norman KK, Adair JE, Hu SL, Bartlett JS, Symonds GP, Kiem HP. Multilineage polyclonal engraftment of Cal-1 gene-modified cells and in vivo selection after SHIV infection in a nonhuman primate model of AIDS. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 3:16007. [PMID: 26958575 PMCID: PMC4765711 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have focused on gene therapy approaches to induce functional cure/remission of HIV-1 infection. Here, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of the clinical grade anti-HIV lentiviral vector, Cal-1, in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Cal-1 animals exhibit robust levels of gene marking in myeloid and lymphoid lineages without measurable adverse events, suggesting that Cal-1 transduction and autologous transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells are safe, and lead to long-term, multilineage engraftment following myeloablative conditioning. Ex vivo, CD4+ cells from transplanted animals undergo positive selection in the presence of simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). In vivo, Cal-1 gene-marked cells are evident in the peripheral blood and in HIV-relevant tissue sites such as the gastrointestinal tract. Positive selection for gene-marked cells is observed in blood and tissues following SHIV challenge, leading to maintenance of peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell counts in a normal range. Analysis of Cal-1 lentivirus integration sites confirms polyclonal engraftment of gene-marked cells. Following infection, a polyclonal, SHIV-resistant clonal repertoire is established. These findings offer strong preclinical evidence for safety and efficacy of Cal-1, present a new method for tracking protected cells over the course of virus-mediated selective pressure in vivo, and reveal previously unobserved dynamics of virus-dependent T-cell selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Peterson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin G Haworth
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Patricia Polacino
- Washington National Primate Research Center , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Krystin K Norman
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer E Adair
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin L, Couturier J, Yu X, Medina MA, Kozinetz CA, Lewis DE. Granzyme B secretion by human memory CD4 T cells is less strictly regulated compared to memory CD8 T cells. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:36. [PMID: 25245659 PMCID: PMC4195902 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-014-0036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Granzyme B (GrzB) is a serine proteinase expressed by memory T cells and NK cells. Methods to measure GrzB protein usually involve intracellular (flow cytometry) and extracellular (ELISA and ELISpot) assays. CD8 T cells are the main source of GrzB during immunological reactions, but activated CD4 T cells deploy GrzB as well. Because GrzB is an important mediator of cell death, tissue pathology and disease, clarification of differences of GrzB expression and secretion between CD4 and CD8 T cells is important for understanding effector functions of these cells. Results Memory CD4 and memory CD8 T cells were purified from human peripheral blood of healthy donors, and production of GrzB was directly compared between memory CD4 and memory CD8 T cells from the same donors using parallel measurements of flow cytometry (intracellular GrzB), ELISpot (single cell secretion of GrzB), and ELISA (bulk extracellular GrzB). Memory CD8 T cells constitutively stored significantly more GrzB protein (~25%) compared to memory CD4 T cells as determined by flow cytometry (~3%), and this difference remained stable after 24 hrs of activation. However, measurement of extracellular GrzB by ELISA revealed that activated memory CD4 T cells secrete similar amounts of GrzB (~1,000 pg/ml by 1x105 cells/200 μl medium) compared to memory CD8 T cells (~600 pg/ml). Measurement of individual GrzB-secreting cells by ELISpot also indicated that similar numbers of activated memory CD4 (~170/1x105) and memory CD8 (~200/1x105) T cells secreted GrzB. Expression of CD107a further indicated that Grzb is secreted similarly by activated CD4 and CD8 T cells, consistent with the ELISA and ELISpot results. However, memory CD8 T cells expressed and secreted more perforin compared to memory CD4 T cells, suggesting that perforin may be less associated with GrzB function for memory CD4 T cells. Conclusions Although measurement of intracellular GrzB by flow cytometry suggests that a larger proportion of CD8 T cells have higher capacity for GrzB production compared to CD4 T cells, ELISpot and ELISA show that similar numbers of activated CD4 and CD8 T cells secrete similar amounts of GrzB. Secretion of GrzB by activated CD8 T cells may be more tightly controlled compared to CD4 T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dorothy E Lewis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St,, MSB 2,112, Houston 77030, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|