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Sychla A, Stach CS, Roach SN, Hayward AN, Langlois RA, Smanski MJ. High-throughput investigation of genetic design constraints in domesticated Influenza A Virus for transient gene delivery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.14.580300. [PMID: 38405907 PMCID: PMC10888799 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.14.580300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Replication-incompetent single cycle infectious Influenza A Virus (sciIAV) has demonstrated utility as a research and vaccination platform. Protein-based therapeutics are increasingly attractive due to their high selectivity and potent efficacy but still suffer from low bioavailability and high manufacturing cost. Transient RNA-mediated delivery is a safe alternative that allows for expression of protein-based therapeutics within the target cells or tissues but is limited by delivery efficiency. Here, we develop recombinant sciIAV as a platform for transient gene delivery in vivo and in vitro for therapeutic, research, and manufacturing applications (in vivo antimicrobial production, cell culture contamination clearance, and production of antiviral proteins in vitro). While adapting the system to deliver new protein cargo we discovered expression differences presumably resulting from genetic context effects. We applied a high-throughput screen to map these within the 3'-untranslated and coding regions of the hemagglutinin-encoding segment 4. This screen revealed permissible mutations in the 3'-UTR and depletion of RNA level motifs in the N-terminal coding region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sychla
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Christopher S Stach
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Shanley N Roach
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Amanda N Hayward
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Michael J Smanski
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
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2
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Hu J, Zeng Z, Chen X, Zhang M, Hu Z, Gu M, Wang X, Gao R, Hu S, Chen Y, Liu X, Peng D, Liu X. Phosphorylation of PB2 at serine 181 restricts viral replication and virulence of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in mice. Virol Sin 2024; 39:97-112. [PMID: 38103645 PMCID: PMC10877443 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) continues to pose a pandemic threat to public health, resulting a high mortality rate annually and during pandemic years. Posttranslational modification of viral protein plays a substantial role in regulating IAV infection. Here, based on immunoprecipitation (IP)-based mass spectrometry (MS) and purified virus-coupled MS, a total of 89 phosphorylation sites distributed among 10 encoded viral proteins of IAV were identified, including 60 novel phosphorylation sites. Additionally, for the first time, we provide evidence that PB2 can also be acetylated at site K187. Notably, the PB2 S181 phosphorylation site was consistently identified in both IP-based MS and purified virus-based MS. Both S181 and K187 are exposed on the surface of the PB2 protein and are highly conserved in various IAV strains, suggesting their fundamental importance in the IAV life cycle. Bioinformatic analysis results demonstrated that S181E/A and K187Q/R mimic mutations do not significantly alter the PB2 protein structure. While continuous phosphorylation mimicked by the PB2 S181E mutation substantially decreases viral fitness in mice, PB2 K187Q mimetic acetylation slightly enhances viral virulence in mice. Mechanistically, PB2 S181E substantially impairs viral polymerase activity and viral replication, remarkably dampens protein stability and nuclear accumulation of PB2, and significantly weakens IAV-induced inflammatory responses. Therefore, our study further enriches the database of phosphorylation and acetylation sites of influenza viral proteins, laying a foundation for subsequent mechanistic studies. Meanwhile, the unraveled antiviral effect of PB2 S181E mimetic phosphorylation may provide a new target for the subsequent study of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zixiong Zeng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Manyu Zhang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, 225009, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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3
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Dey S, Mondal A. Unveiling the role of host kinases at different steps of influenza A virus life cycle. J Virol 2024; 98:e0119223. [PMID: 38174932 PMCID: PMC10805039 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01192-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses remain a major public health concern causing contagious respiratory illnesses that result in around 290,000-650,000 global deaths every year. Their ability to constantly evolve through antigenic shifts and drifts leads to the emergence of newer strains and resistance to existing drugs and vaccines. To combat this, there is a critical need for novel antiviral drugs through the introduction of host-targeted therapeutics. Influenza viruses encode only 14 gene products that get extensively modified through phosphorylation by a diverse array of host kinases. Reversible phosphorylation at serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues dynamically regulates the structure, function, and subcellular localization of viral proteins at different stages of their life cycle. In addition, kinases influence a plethora of signaling pathways that also regulate virus propagation by modulating the host cell environment thus establishing a critical virus-host relationship that is indispensable for executing successful infection. This dependence on host kinases opens up exciting possibilities for developing kinase inhibitors as next-generation anti-influenza therapy. To fully capitalize on this potential, extensive mapping of the influenza virus-host kinase interaction network is essential. The key focus of this review is to outline the molecular mechanisms by which host kinases regulate different steps of the influenza A virus life cycle, starting from attachment-entry to assembly-budding. By assessing the contributions of different host kinases and their specific phosphorylation events during the virus life cycle, we aim to develop a holistic overview of the virus-host kinase interaction network that may shed light on potential targets for novel antiviral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Dey
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Arindam Mondal
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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4
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Ren C, Chen T, Zhang S, Gao Q, Zou J, Li P, Wang B, Zhao Y, OuYang A, Suolang S, Zhou H. PLK3 facilitates replication of swine influenza virus by phosphorylating viral NP protein. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2275606. [PMID: 37874309 PMCID: PMC10768867 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2275606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Swine H1N1/2009 influenza is a highly infectious respiratory disease in pigs, which poses a great threat to pig production and human health. In this study, we investigated the global expression profiling of swine-encoded genes in response to swine H1N1/2009 influenza A virus (SIV-H1N1/2009) in newborn pig trachea (NPTr) cells. In total, 166 genes were found to be differentially expressed (DE) according to the gene microarray. After analyzing the DE genes which might affect the SIV-H1N1/2009 replication, we focused on polo-like kinase 3 (PLK3). PLK3 is a member of the PLK family, which is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase in eukaryotes and well known for its role in the regulation of cell cycle and cell division. We validated that the expression of PLK3 was upregulated after SIV-H1N1/2009 infection. Additionally, PLK3 was found to interact with viral nucleoprotein (NP), significantly increased NP phosphorylation and oligomerization, and promoted viral ribonucleoprotein assembly and replication. Furthermore, we identified serine 482 (S482) as the phosphorylated residue on NP by PLK3. The phosphorylation of S482 regulated NP oligomerization, viral polymerase activity and growth. Our findings provide further insights for understanding the replication of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyue Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shishuo Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingxia Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biaoxiong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aotian OuYang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sizhu Suolang
- Department of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Gu M, Jiao J, Liu S, Zhao W, Ge Z, Cai K, Xu L, He D, Zhang X, Qi X, Jiang W, Zhang P, Wang X, Hu S, Liu X. Monoclonal antibody targeting a novel linear epitope on nucleoprotein confers pan-reactivity to influenza A virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2437-2450. [PMID: 36820898 PMCID: PMC9947902 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoprotein (NP) functions crucially in the replicative cycle of influenza A virus (IAV) via forming the ribonucleoprotein complex together with PB2, PB1, and PA proteins. As its high conservation, NP ranks one of the hot targets for design of universal diagnostic reagents and antiviral drugs for IAV. Here, we report an anti-NP murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) 5F10 prepared from traditional lymphocyte hybridoma technique with the immunogen of a clade 2.3.4.4 H5N1 subtype avian influenza virus. The specificity of mAb 5F10 to NP protein was confirmed by immunofluorescence assay and western blotting, and the mAb 5F10 could be used in immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry assays. Importantly, mAb 5F10 possessed broad-spectrum reactivity against H1~H11 subtypes of avian influenza viruses, including various HA clades of H5Nx subtype. In addition, mAb 5F10 also showed good affinity with H1N1 and H3N2 subtype influenza viruses of swine and human origin. Furthermore, the recognized antigenic epitope of mAb 5F10 was identified to consist of the conserved amino acid motif 81EHPSA85 in the second flexible loop region of NP protein through screening the phage display peptide library. Collectively, the mAb 5F10 which recognizes the novel universal NP linear B-cell epitope of IAV with diverse origins and subtypes will be a powerful tool for NP protein-based structural, functional, and mechanistic studies, as well as the development of detection methods and universal vaccines for IAV. KEY POINTS: • A broad-spectrum mAb against various subtypes and sources of IAV was developed • The mAb possessed good reactivity in IFA, western blot, IP, and IHC assays • The mAb targeted a novel conserved linear B-cell epitope involving 81EHPSA85 on NP protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Jun Jiao
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Suhan Liu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Wanchen Zhao
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhichuang Ge
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Kairui Cai
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Lijun Xu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Dongchang He
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xian Qi
- grid.410734.50000 0004 1761 5845Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- grid.414245.20000 0004 6063 681XChina Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032 China
| | - Pinghu Zhang
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
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6
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Boergeling Y, Brunotte L, Ludwig S. Dynamic phospho-modification of viral proteins as a crucial regulatory layer of influenza A virus replication and innate immune responses. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1493-1504. [PMID: 34062629 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are small RNA viruses with a genome of about 13 kb. Because of this limited coding capacity, viral proteins have evolved to fulfil multiple functions in the infected cell. This implies that there must be mechanisms allowing to dynamically direct protein action to a distinct activity in a spatio-temporal manner. Furthermore, viruses exploit many cellular processes, which also have to be dynamically regulated during the viral replication cycle. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins are fundamental for the control of many cellular responses. There is accumulating evidence that this mechanism represents a so far underestimated level of regulation in influenza virus replication. Here, we focus on the current knowledge of dynamics of phospho-modifications in influenza virus replication and show recent examples of findings underlining the crucial role of phosphorylation in viral transport processes as well as activation and counteraction of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149Münster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149Münster, Germany
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7
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Zheng W, Cui L, Li M, Li Y, Fan W, Yang L, Li J, Sun L, Liu W. Nucleoprotein phosphorylation site (Y385) mutation confers temperature sensitivity to influenza A virus due to impaired nucleoprotein oligomerization at a lower temperature. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:633-643. [PMID: 32803713 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in viral proteins can lead to the cold adaption of influenza A virus and the cold-adapted virus is an important vaccination instrument. Here, we identify a novel strain of influenza A virus with cold sensitivity conferred by a mutation at a phosphorylation site within the nucleoprotein (NP). The highly conserved tyrosine 385 residue (Y385) of NP was identified as a phosphorylation site by mass spectrometry. The constructive NP phosphorylation mimicked by Y385E mutation was fatal for virus replication, while the continuous Y385 dephosphorylation mimicked by Y385F mutation had little impact on virus replication in vitro. Notably, the Y385F virus showed much lower replicative capacity in turbinates of mice compared with the wild type virus. Moreover, the replication of Y385F virus was significantly reduced in both A549 and MDCK cells grown at 33°C, when compared to that at 37°C. These results indicated that the Y385F mutation led to cold sensitivity of virus. We further found that the cold sensitivity of Y385F virus could be attributed to diminished NP oligomerization rather than any changes in intracellular localization. Taken together, these findings suggest that the phosphorylation of NP may be a critical factor that regulates the temperature sensitivity of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Liang Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Minghui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Limin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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8
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Zhang J, Peng Q, Zhao W, Sun W, Yang J, Liu N. Proteomics in Influenza Research: The Emerging Role of Posttranslational Modifications. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:110-121. [PMID: 33348980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses continue evolving and have the ability to cause a global pandemic, so it is very important to elucidate its pathogenesis and find new treatment methods. In recent years, proteomics has made important contributions to describing the dynamic interaction between influenza viruses and their hosts, especially in posttranslational regulation of a variety of key biological processes. Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) increase the diversity of functionality of the organismal proteome and affect almost all aspects of pathogen biology, primarily by regulating the structure, function, and localization of the modified proteins. Considerable technical achievements in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have been made in a large number of proteome-wide surveys of PTMs in many different organisms. Herein we specifically focus on the proteomic studies regarding a variety of PTMs that occur in both the influenza viruses, mainly influenza A viruses (IAVs), and their hosts, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modification, glycosylation, methylation, acetylation, and some types of acylation. Integration of these data sets provides a unique scenery of the global regulation and interplay of different PTMs during the interaction between IAVs and their hosts. Various techniques used to globally profiling these PTMs, mostly MS-based approaches, are discussed regarding their increasing roles in mechanical regulation of interaction between influenza viruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Qisheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Weizheng Zhao
- Clinical Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Wanchun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Jingbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
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9
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The Nucleoprotein of H7N9 Influenza Virus Positively Regulates TRAF3-Mediated Innate Signaling and Attenuates Viral Virulence in Mice. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01640-20. [PMID: 33028715 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01640-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
H7N9 influenza A virus (IAV) is an emerged contagious pathogen that may cause severe human infections, even death. Understanding the precise cross talk between virus and host is vital for the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics. In the present study, we identified the nucleoprotein (NP) of H7N9 IAV as a positive regulator of RIG-I like receptor (RLR)-mediated signaling. Based on a loss-of-function strategy, we replaced H1N1 (mouse-adapted PR8 strain) NP with H7N9 NP, by using reverse genetics, and found that the replication and pathogenicity of recombinant PR8-H7N9NP (rPR8-H7N9NP) were significantly attenuated in cells and mice. Biochemical and cellular analyses revealed that H7N9 NP specifically interacts with tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) after viral infection. Subsequently, we identified a PXXQXS motif in the H7N9 NP that may be a determinant for the NP and TRAF3 interaction. Furthermore, H7N9 NP stabilized TRAF3 expression via competitively binding to TRAF3 with cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (cIAP2), leading to the inhibition of the Lys48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of TRAF3. Taken together, these data uncover a novel mechanism by which the NP of H7N9 IAV positively regulates TRAF3-mediated type I interferon signaling. Our findings provide insights into virus and host survival strategies that involve a specific viral protein that modulates an appropriate immune response in hosts.IMPORTANCE The NS1, PB2, PA-X, and PB1-F2 proteins of influenza A virus (IAV) are known to employ various strategies to counteract and evade host defenses. However, the viral components responsible for the activation of innate immune signaling remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the NP of H7N9 IAV specifically associates with and stabilizes the important adaptor molecule TRAF3, which potentiates RLR-mediated type I interferon induction. Moreover, we reveal that this H7N9 NP protein prevents the interaction between TRAF3 and cIAP2 that mediates Lys48-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3 for degradation. The current study revealed a novel mechanism by which H7N9 NP upregulates TRAF3-mediated type I interferon production, leading to attenuation of viral replication and pathogenicity in cells and mice. Our finding provides a possible explanation for virus and host commensalism via viral manipulation of the host immune system.
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10
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Hu J, Zhang L, Liu X. Role of Post-translational Modifications in Influenza A Virus Life Cycle and Host Innate Immune Response. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:517461. [PMID: 33013775 PMCID: PMC7498822 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.517461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout various stages of its life cycle, influenza A virus relies heavily on host cellular machinery, including the post-translational modifications (PTMs) system. During infection, influenza virus interacts extensively with the cellular PTMs system to aid in its successful infection and dissemination. The complex interplay between viruses and the PTMs system induces global changes in PTMs of the host proteome as well as modifications of specific host or viral proteins. The most common PTMs include phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation, methylation, NEDDylation, and glycosylation. Many PTMs directly support influenza virus infection, whereas others contribute to modulating antiviral responses. In this review, we describe current knowledge regarding the role of PTMs in different stages of the influenza virus replication cycle. We also discuss the concerted role of PTMs in antagonizing host antiviral responses, with an emphasis on their impact on viral pathogenicity and host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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11
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Development of an RNA Strand-Specific Hybridization Assay To Differentiate Replicating versus Nonreplicating Influenza A Viruses. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00252-20. [PMID: 32245834 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00252-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication of influenza A virus (IAV) from negative-sense viral RNA (vRNA) requires the generation of positive-sense RNA (+RNA). Most molecular assays, such as conventional real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR), detect total RNA in a sample without differentiating vRNA from +RNA. These assays are not designed to distinguish IAV infection versus exposure of an individual to an environment enriched with IAVs but wherein no viral replication occurs. We therefore developed a strand-specific hybridization (SSH) assay that differentiates between vRNA and +RNA and quantifies relative levels of each RNA species. The SSH assay exhibited a linearity of 7 logs with a lower limit of detection of 6.0 × 102 copies of molecules per reaction. No signal was detected in samples with a high load of nontarget template or influenza B virus, demonstrating assay specificity. IAV +RNA was detected 2 to 4 h postinoculation of MDCK cells, whereas synthesis of cold-adapted IAV +RNA was significantly impaired at 37°C. The SSH assay was then used to test IAV rRT-PCR positive nasopharyngeal specimens collected from individuals exposed to IAV at swine exhibitions (n = 7) or while working at live bird markets (n = 2). The SSH assay was able to differentiate vRNA and +RNA in samples collected from infected, symptomatic individuals versus individuals who were exposed to IAV in the environment but had no active viral replication. Data generated with this technique, especially when coupled with clinical data and assessment of seroconversion, will facilitate differentiation of actual IAV infection with replicating virus versus individuals exposed to high levels of environmental contamination but without virus infection.
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12
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Hervás M, Navajas R, Chagoyen M, García JA, Martínez-Turiño S. Phosphorylation-Related Crosstalk Between Distant Regions of the Core Region of the Coat Protein Contributes to Virion Assembly of Plum Pox Virus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:653-667. [PMID: 31859600 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-19-0305-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic proteins are often targets of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Capsid protein (CP) of plum pox virus (PPV), a member of genus Potyvirus, has been reported to be prone to phosphorylation in four serines at the N-terminal region. CP phosphorylation has been proposed to influence PPV infection by regulating CP accumulation in coordination with a second PTM, O-GlcNAcylation. In this study, a further proteomic characterization of PPV CP phosphorylation revealed additional phospho-targets, thus evidencing even greater complexity of the network of PTMs affecting this protein. In particular, two new phosphorylation targets, T254 and T313, at protein distal core, appear to be highly relevant for infection. Although abolishing phosphorylation at these positions does not have a severe effect on infectivity or viral accumulation, phospho-mimicking at either of these targets disrupts cell-to-cell movement. Strand-specific reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis and fractionation by centrifugation in a continuous sucrose gradient enabled us to conclude that such a deleterious effect is not related to failures in replication but is a consequence of inaccurate virion assembly. The analysis of spontaneous compensatory mutations at the CP core identified in a multiple phospho-mimicking mutant disclosed a functional dialogue between distant phospho-targets, which was further supported by an in silico PPV virion model, built on the watermelon mosaic virus atomic structure. Therefore, whereas joint and opposite action of O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation at the N-terminal disordered protrusion of CP appears to regulate protein stability, we propose that phosphorylations at the core region control assembly and disassembly of viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Hervás
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Rosana Navajas
- Proteomics Unit, CNB-CSIC, ProteoRed ISCIII, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Mónica Chagoyen
- Computational Systems Biology Group, CNB-CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio García
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Sandra Martínez-Turiño
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
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13
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Hervás M, Ciordia S, Navajas R, García JA, Martínez-Turiño S. Common and Strain-Specific Post-Translational Modifications of the Potyvirus Plum pox virus Coat Protein in Different Hosts. Viruses 2020; 12:E308. [PMID: 32178365 PMCID: PMC7150786 DOI: 10.3390/v12030308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation are widespread post-translational modifications (PTMs), often sharing protein targets. Numerous studies have reported the phosphorylation of plant viral proteins. In plants, research on O-GlcNAcylation lags behind that of other eukaryotes, and information about O-GlcNAcylated plant viral proteins is extremely scarce. The potyvirus Plum pox virus (PPV) causes sharka disease in Prunus trees and also infects a wide range of experimental hosts. Capsid protein (CP) from virions of PPV-R isolate purified from herbaceous plants can be extensively modified by O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation. In this study, a combination of proteomics and biochemical approaches was employed to broaden knowledge of PPV CP PTMs. CP proved to be modified regardless of whether or not it was assembled into mature particles. PTMs of CP occurred in the natural host Prunus persica, similarly to what happens in herbaceous plants. Additionally, we observed that O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation were general features of different PPV strains, suggesting that these modifications contribute to general strategies deployed during plant-virus interactions. Interestingly, phosphorylation at a casein kinase II motif conserved among potyviral CPs exhibited strain specificity in PPV; however, it did not display the critical role attributed to the same modification in the CP of another potyvirus, Potato virus A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Hervás
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), ProteoRed ISCIII, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (R.N.)
| | - Rosana Navajas
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), ProteoRed ISCIII, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (R.N.)
| | - Juan Antonio García
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sandra Martínez-Turiño
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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14
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Ma J, Wu R, Xu G, Cheng Y, Wang Z, Wang H, Yan Y, Li J, Sun J. Acetylation at K108 of the NS1 protein is important for the replication and virulence of influenza virus. Vet Res 2020; 51:20. [PMID: 32093780 PMCID: PMC7038556 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza virus is a multifunctional protein that plays an important role in virus replication and virulence. In this study, an acetylation modification was identified at the K108 residue of the NS1 protein of H1N1 influenza virus. To further explore the function of the K108 acetylation modification of the NS1 protein, a deacetylation-mimic mutation (K108R) and a constant acetylation-mimic mutation (K108Q) were introduced into the NS1 protein in the background of A/WSN/1933 H1N1 (WSN), resulting in two mutant viruses (WSN-NS1-108R and WSN-NS1-108Q). In vitro and mouse studies showed that the deacetylation-mimic mutation K108R in the NS1 protein attenuated the replication and virulence of WSN-NS1-108R, while the constant acetylation-mimic mutant virus WSN-NS1-108Q showed similar replication and pathogenicity as the wild-type WSN virus (WSN-wt). The results indicated that acetylation at K108 of the NS1 protein has an important role in the replication and virulence of influenza virus. To further explore the potential mechanism, the type I interferon (IFN-I) antagonistic activity of the three NS1 proteins (NS1-108Q, NS1-108R, and NS1-wt) was compared in cells, which showed that the K108R mutation significantly attenuated the IFN-β antagonistic activity of the NS1 protein compared with NS1-wt and NS1-108Q. Both NS1-wt and NS1-108Q inhibited the IFN-β response activated by RIG-I CARD domain, MAVS, TBK1, and IRF3 more efficiently than the NS1-108R protein in cells. Taken together, the results indicated that acetylation at NS1 K108 is important for the IFN antagonistic activity of the NS1 protein and virulence of the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Rujuan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Guanlong Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Heng'an Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinxiang Li
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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15
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Amino Acid Mutations A286V and T437M in the Nucleoprotein Attenuate H7N9 Viruses in Mice. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01530-19. [PMID: 31666373 PMCID: PMC6955278 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01530-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The H7N9 influenza viruses that emerged in China in 2013 have caused over 1,500 human infections, with a mortality rate of nearly 40%. The viruses were initially low pathogenic but became highly pathogenic in chickens at the beginning of 2017 and caused severe disease outbreaks in poultry. Several studies suggested that the highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses have increased virulence in mammals; however, the genetic basis of the virulence of H7N9 viruses in mammals is not fully understood. Here, we found that two amino acids, 286A and 437T, in NP are prerequisites for the virulence of H7N9 viruses in mice and the mutations A286V and T437M collectively eliminate the virulence of H7N9 viruses in mice. Our study further demonstrated that the virulence of influenza viruses is a polygenic trait, and the newly identified virulence-related residues in NP may provide new targets for attenuated influenza vaccine and antiviral drug development. The low-pathogenic H7N9 influenza viruses that emerged in 2013 acquired an insertion of four amino acids in their hemagglutinin cleavage site and thereby became highly pathogenic to chickens in 2017. Previous studies indicated that these highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses are virulent in chickens but have distinct pathotypes in mice. A/chicken/Guangdong/SD098/2017 (CK/SD098) is avirulent, with a 50% mouse lethal dose (MLD50) of >7.5 log10 50% egg infectious dose (EID50), whereas A/chicken/Hunan/S1220/2017 (CK/S1220) is virulent in mice, with an MLD50 of 3.2 log10 EID50. In this study, we explored the genetic determinants that contribute to the difference in virulence between these two H7N9 viruses by generating a series of reassortants and mutants in the CK/S1220 virus background and testing their virulence in mice. We found that the reassortant CK/1220-SD098-NP, carrying the nucleoprotein (NP) of CK/SD098, was avirulent in mice, with an MLD50 of >107.5 EID50. The NPs of these two viruses differ by two amino acids, at positions 286 and 437. We further demonstrated that the amino acid mutations A286V and T437M of NP independently slowed the process of NP import to and export from the nucleus and thus jointly impaired the viral life cycle and attenuated the virulence of these H7N9 viruses in mice. Our study identified new virulence determinants in NP and provided novel targets for the development of live attenuated vaccines and antiviral drugs against influenza viruses. IMPORTANCE The H7N9 influenza viruses that emerged in China in 2013 have caused over 1,500 human infections, with a mortality rate of nearly 40%. The viruses were initially low pathogenic but became highly pathogenic in chickens at the beginning of 2017 and caused severe disease outbreaks in poultry. Several studies suggested that the highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses have increased virulence in mammals; however, the genetic basis of the virulence of H7N9 viruses in mammals is not fully understood. Here, we found that two amino acids, 286A and 437T, in NP are prerequisites for the virulence of H7N9 viruses in mice and the mutations A286V and T437M collectively eliminate the virulence of H7N9 viruses in mice. Our study further demonstrated that the virulence of influenza viruses is a polygenic trait, and the newly identified virulence-related residues in NP may provide new targets for attenuated influenza vaccine and antiviral drug development.
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16
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Cui L, Zheng W, Li M, Bai X, Yang W, Li J, Fan W, Gao GF, Sun L, Liu W. Phosphorylation Status of Tyrosine 78 Residue Regulates the Nuclear Export and Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1816. [PMID: 31440228 PMCID: PMC6692485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of nucleoprotein (NP) play significant roles in the life cycle of influenza A virus (IAV), and the biological functions of each phosphorylation site on NP are not exactly the same in controlling viral replication. Here, we identified tyrosine 78 residue (Y78) of NP as a novel phosphorylation site by mass spectrometry. Y78 is highly conserved, and the constant NP phosphorylation mimicked by Y78E delayed NP nuclear export through reducing the binding of NP to the cellular export receptor CRM1, and impaired virus growth. Furthermore, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors Dasatinib and AG490 reduced Y78 phosphorylation and accelerated NP nuclear export, suggesting that the Janus and Src kinases-catalyzed Y78 phosphorylation regulated NP nuclear export during viral replication. More importantly, we found that the NP phosphorylation could suppress NP ubiquitination via weakening the interaction between NP and E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM22, which demonstrated a cross-talk between the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of NP. This study suggests that the phosphorylation status of Y78 regulates IAV replication by inhibiting the nuclear export and ubiquitination of NP. Overall, these findings shed new light on the biological roles of NP phosphorylation, especially its negative role in NP ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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CDC25B promotes influenza A virus replication by regulating the phosphorylation of nucleoprotein. Virology 2018; 525:40-47. [PMID: 30240957 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell division cycle 25 B (CDC25B) is a member of the CDC25 phosphatase family. It can dephosphorylate cyclin-dependent kinases and regulate the cell division cycle. Moreover, siRNA knockdown of CDC25B impairs influenza A virus (IAV) replication. Here, to further understand the regulatory mechanism of CDC25B for IAV replication, a CDC25B-knockout (KO) 293T cell line was constructed using CRISPR/Cas9. The present data indicated that the replication of IAV was decreased in CDC25B-KO cells. Additionally, CDC25B deficiency damaged viral polymerase activity, nucleoprotein (NP) self-oligomerization, and NP nuclear export. Most importantly, we found that the NP phosphorylation levels were significantly increased in CDC25B-KO cells. These findings indicate that CDC25B facilitates the dephosphorylation of NP, which is vital for regulating NP functions and the life cycle of IAV.
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