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Moyano A, Ndlovu B, Mbele M, Naidoo K, Khan N, Mann JK, Ndung'u T. Differing natural killer cell, T cell and antibody profiles in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 viraemic controllers with and without protective HLA alleles. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286507. [PMID: 37267224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work suggests that HIV controllers with protective human leukocyte antigen class I alleles (VC+) possess a high breadth of Gag-specific CD8+ T cell responses, while controllers without protective alleles (VC-) have a different unknown mechanism of control. We aimed to gain further insight into potential mechanisms of control in VC+ and VC-. We studied 15 VC+, 12 VC- and 4 healthy uninfected individuals (UI). CD8+ T cell responses were measured by ELISpot. Flow cytometry was performed to analyse surface markers for activation, maturation, and exhaustion on natural killer (NK) cell and T cells, as well as cytokine secretion from stimulated NK cells. We measured plasma neutralization activity against a panel of 18 Env-pseudotyped viruses using the TZM-bl neutralization assay. We found no significant differences in the magnitude and breadth of CD8+ T cell responses between VC+ and VC-. However, NK cells from VC- had higher levels of activation markers (HLA-DR and CD38) (p = 0.03), and lower cytokine expression (MIP-1β and TNF-α) (p = 0.05 and p = 0.04, respectively) than NK cells from VC+. T cells from VC- had higher levels of activation (CD38 and HLA-DR co-expression) (p = 0.05), as well as a trend towards higher expression of the terminal differentiation marker CD57 (p = 0.09) when compared to VC+. There was no difference in overall neutralization breadth between VC+ and VC- groups, although there was a trend for higher neutralization potency in the VC- group (p = 0.09). Altogether, these results suggest that VC- have a more activated NK cell profile with lower cytokine expression, and a more terminally differentiated and activated T cell profile than VC+. VC- also showed a trend of more potent neutralizing antibody responses that may enhance viral clearance. Further studies are required to understand how these NK, T cell and antibody profiles may contribute to differing mechanisms of control in VC+ and VC-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moyano
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bongiwe Ndlovu
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Msizi Mbele
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kewreshini Naidoo
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nasreen Khan
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jaclyn K Mann
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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Martin F, Marcelino JM, Palladino C, Bártolo I, Tracana S, Moranguinho I, Gonçalves P, Mateus R, Calado R, Borrego P, Leitner T, Clemente S, Taveira N. Long-Term and Low-Level Envelope C2V3 Stimulation by Highly Diverse Virus Isolates Leads to Frequent Development of Broad and Elite Antibody Neutralization in HIV-1-Infected Individuals. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0163422. [PMID: 36445130 PMCID: PMC9769935 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01634-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A minority of HIV-1-infected patients produce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Identification of viral and host correlates of bNAb production may help develop vaccines. We aimed to characterize the neutralizing response and viral and host-associated factors in Angola, which has one of the oldest, most dynamic, and most diverse HIV-1 epidemics in the world. Three hundred twenty-two HIV-1-infected adults from Angola were included in this retrospective study. Phylogenetic analysis of C2V3C3 env gene sequences was used for virus subtyping. Env-binding antibody reactivity was tested against polypeptides comprising the C2, V3, and C3 regions. Neutralizing-antibody responses were determined against a reference panel of tier 2 Env pseudoviruses in TZM-bl cells; neutralizing epitope specificities were predicted using ClustVis. All subtypes were found, along with untypeable strains and recombinant forms. Notably, 56% of the patients developed cross neutralizing, broadly neutralizing, or elite neutralizing responses. Broad and elite neutralization was associated with longer infection time, subtype C, lower CD4+ T cell counts, higher age, and higher titer of C2V3C3-specific antibodies relative to failure to develop bNAbs. Neutralizing antibodies targeted the V3-glycan supersite in most patients. V3 and C3 regions were significantly less variable in elite neutralizers than in weak neutralizers and nonneutralizers, suggesting an active role of V3C3-directed bNAbs in controlling HIV-1 replication and diversification. In conclusion, prolonged and low-level envelope V3C3 stimulation by highly diverse and ancestral HIV-1 isolates promotes the frequent elicitation of bNAbs. These results provide important clues for the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. IMPORTANCE Studies on neutralization by antibodies and their determinants in HIV-1-infected individuals have mostly been conducted in relatively recent epidemics caused by subtype B and C viruses. Results have suggested that elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is uncommon. The mechanisms underlying the elicitation of bNAbs are still largely unknown. We performed the first characterization of the plasma neutralizing response in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients from Angola. Angola is characterized by an old and dynamic epidemic caused by highly diverse HIV-1 variants. Remarkably, more than half of the patients produced bNAbs, mostly targeting the V3-glycan supersite in HIV-1. This was associated with higher age, longer infection time, lower CD4+ T cell counts, subtype C infection, or higher titer of C2V3C3-specific antibodies relative to patients that did not develop bNAbs. These results may help develop the next generation of vaccine candidates for HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martin
- Research Institute for Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Maria Marcelino
- Research Institute for Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Claudia Palladino
- Research Institute for Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Bártolo
- Research Institute for Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Tracana
- Research Institute for Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Moranguinho
- Research Institute for Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paloma Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Mateus
- Research Institute for Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Calado
- Research Institute for Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Borrego
- Research Institute for Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Thomas Leitner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Nuno Taveira
- Research Institute for Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal
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Wang L, Liang S, Huang J, Ding Y, He L, Hao Y, Ren L, Zhu M, Feng Y, Rashid A, Liu Y, Jiang S, Hong K, Ma L. Neutralization Sensitivity of HIV-1 CRF07_BC From an Untreated Patient With a Focus on Evolution Over Time. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:862754. [PMID: 35372102 PMCID: PMC8968086 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.862754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins affects the potency and breadth of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), a promising alternative to antiretroviral drugs for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection. To facilitate immunogen design and development of therapeutic neutralizing antibodies, we characterized viral evolution and monitored the changes in neutralizing activity/sensitivity of a long-term non-progressor patient with HIV-1 CRF07_BC infection. Fifty-nine full-length Env gene fragments were derived from four plasma samples sequentially harvested from the patient between 2016 and 2020. Sequencing of patient-derived Env genes revealed that potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) in V1 and V5 significantly increased over time. Further, 24 functional Env-pseudotyped viruses were generated based on Env gene sequences. While all 24 Env-pseudotyped viruses remained sensitive to concurrent and subsequent autologous plasma, as well as bNAbs, including 10E8, VRC01, and 12A21, Env-pseudotyped viruses corresponding to later sampling time were increasingly more resistant to autologous plasma and bNAbs. All 24 Env-pseudotyped viruses were resistant to bNAbs 2G12, PGT121, and PGT135. The neutralization breadth of plasma from all four sequential samples was 100% against the global HIV-1 reference panel. Immune escape mutants resulted in increased resistance to bNAb targeting of different epitopes. Our study identified known mutations F277W in gp41 and previously uncharacterized mutation S465T in V5 which may be associated with increased viral resistance to bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shujia Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Control and Achievement Transformation, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Hengzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Hengzhou, China
| | - Yibo Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lin He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Abdur Rashid
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/ National Health Council/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunxue Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liying Ma, ; Kunxue Hong,
| | - Liying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liying Ma, ; Kunxue Hong,
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Abstract
The vaccine field is pursuing diverse approaches to translate the molecular insights from analyses of effective antibodies and their targeted epitopes into immunogens capable of eliciting protective immune responses. Here we review current antibody-guided strategies including conformation-based, epitope-based, and lineage-based vaccine approaches, which are yielding promising vaccine candidates now being evaluated in clinical trials. We summarize directions being employed by the field, including the use of sequencing technologies to monitor and track developing immune responses for understanding and improving antibody-based immunity. We review opportunities and challenges to transform powerful new discoveries into safe and effective vaccines, which are encapsulated by vaccine efforts against a variety of pathogens including HIV-1, influenza A virus, malaria parasites, respiratory syncytial virus, and SARS-CoV-2. Overall, this review summarizes the extensive progress that has been made to realize antibody-guided structure-based vaccines, the considerable challenges faced, and the opportunities afforded by recently developed molecular approaches to vaccine development.
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