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Yao Y, Jing R, Liu X, Kang L, Liu P. Cepharanthine: A promising natural compound against feline infectious peritonitis virus infection and associated inflammation. Virology 2025; 604:110422. [PMID: 39884162 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2025] [Accepted: 01/21/2025] [Indexed: 02/01/2025]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal disease in cats caused by feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), has limited treatment options and lacks effective vaccines. Cepharanthine (CEP), a natural isoquinoline alkaloid, possesses many medicinal properties, including antiviral activities. However, the role of CEP in management of FIPV infection remains poorly understood. Here, we identified that CEP had a potent ability to inhibit FIPV infection in vitro. CEP significantly inhibited FIPV infection when administered at different times, with co-treatment showing the most significant inhibitory effect. Time-of-addition assays demonstrated that CEP exerted antiviral activity during the post-entry stages of the FIPV infection. We also verified that CEP inhibited FIPV infection not through affecting type I interferon expression, and it could decrease pro-inflammatory factors expression induced by FIPV infection. The combination of CEP and GS-441524 exhibited synergistic antiviral effects against FIPV infection. Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of CEP for treatment of FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rui Jing
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Kang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pinghuang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Guo SY, Feng WH. Host microRNAs as regulators of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Virology 2025; 603:110361. [PMID: 39721195 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Revised: 12/01/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024]
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is a significant pathogen in the swine industry. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNA molecules, have risen to prominence as key regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Their significance in regulating virus-host interactions is now widely acknowledged. So far, more than 30 miRNAs have been found to play a role in PRRSV infection. They can regulate viral genome stability and protein synthesis by targeting PRRSV RNA, and modulate the host immune response, thus affecting PRRSV replication. Understanding the role of miRNAs in PRRSV infection can further elucidate the pathogenesis of PRRSV and pave the way for the development of new antiviral strategies through miRNA-based therapies. This review will focus on how host miRNAs alter PRRSV infection, underscoring their multifaceted involvement in the interplay between virus and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wen-Hai Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Jing H, Song Y, Duan E, Liu J, Ke W, Tao R, Lv Y, Zhao P, Dong W, Li X, Guo Y, Li H. NLRP12 inhibits PRRSV-2 replication by promoting GP2a degradation via MARCH8. Vet Microbiol 2024; 298:110271. [PMID: 39362085 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
NLRP12, a member of the NLR family, has been shown to exert a vital function in orchestrating immune responses. Here, using the immunosuppressive porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) as a model, the role of NLRP12 in virus infection was deciphered. We demonstrated that overexpression of NLRP12 significantly restrained PRRSV replication, while NLRP12 silencing resulted in increased viral titer. Mechanistically, NLRP12 interacts with glycoprotein 2a (GP2a) through its LRR domain and recruits the membrane-associated RING-CH E3 ubiquitin ligase 8 (MARCH8) via the PYD domain. NLRP12 facilitates the lysine-48 (K48)-linked polyubiquitination of GP2a at K128 and induces its lysosome degradation via the MARCH8-NDP52 (nuclear dot protein 52 kDa) pathway. To counteract this, PRRSV Nsp2 effectively prevented the polyubiquitination of GP2a induced by NLRP12 by its deubiquitinating activity. Meanwhile, the overexpression of Nsp4 decreased the mRNA of endogenous NLRP12 and cleaved NLRP12 in a 3C-like protease activity-dependent manner, which collaboratively counteracts the antiviral function of NLRP12. Collectively, this study revealed the mechanisms of the NLRP12-MARCH8-NDP52 axis in the host defense against PRRSV, which might be harnessed for the development of anti-PRRSV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Jing
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yuzhen Song
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Erzhen Duan
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan university of technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenting Ke
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ran Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pandeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongbin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China.
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Knupp J, Chen YJ, Wang E, Arvan P, Tsai B. Sigma-1 receptor recruits LC3 mRNA to ER-associated omegasomes to promote localized LC3 translation enabling functional autophagy. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114619. [PMID: 39128005 PMCID: PMC11376464 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagosome formation initiated on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated omegasome requires LC3. Translational regulation of LC3 biosynthesis is unexplored. Here we demonstrate that LC3 mRNA is recruited to omegasomes by directly binding to the ER transmembrane Sigma-1 receptor (S1R). Cell-based and in vitro reconstitution experiments show that S1R interacts with the 3' UTR of LC3 mRNA and ribosomes to promote LC3 translation. Strikingly, the 3' UTR of LC3 is also required for LC3 protein lipidation, thereby linking the mRNA-3' UTR to LC3 function. An autophagy-defective S1R mutant responsible for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cannot bind LC3 mRNA or induce LC3 translation. We propose a model wherein S1R de-represses LC3 mRNA via its 3' UTR at the ER, enabling LC3 biosynthesis and lipidation. Because several other LC3-related proteins use the same mechanism, our data reveal a conserved pathway for localized translation essential for autophagosome biogenesis with insights illuminating the molecular basis of a neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Knupp
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, 1135 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Yu-Jie Chen
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily Wang
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, 1135 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA; Division of Metabolism Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, 1135 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
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Chen X, Yu Z, Li W. Molecular mechanism of autophagy in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1434775. [PMID: 39224702 PMCID: PMC11366741 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1434775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a significant pathogen affecting the swine industry globally, has been shown to manipulate host cell processes, including autophagy, to facilitate its replication and survival within the host. Autophagy, an intracellular degradation process crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, can be hijacked by viruses for their own benefit. During PRRSV infection, autophagy plays a complex role, both as a defense mechanism of the host and as a tool exploited by the virus. This review explores the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy induction under PRRSV infection, its impact on virus replication, and the potential implications for viral pathogenesis and antiviral strategies. By synthesizing the latest research findings, this article aims to enhance our understanding of the intricate relationship between autophagy and PRRSV, paving the way for novel therapeutic approaches against this swine pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Chen
- Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ziding Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, China
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Li F, Yu H, Qi A, Zhang T, Huo Y, Tu Q, Qi C, Wu H, Wang X, Zhou J, Hu L, Ouyang H, Pang D, Xie Z. Regulatory Non-Coding RNAs during Porcine Viral Infections: Potential Targets for Antiviral Therapy. Viruses 2024; 16:118. [PMID: 38257818 PMCID: PMC10818342 DOI: 10.3390/v16010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs play important roles in agriculture and bio-medicine; however, porcine viral infections have caused huge losses to the pig industry and severely affected the animal welfare and social public safety. During viral infections, many non-coding RNAs are induced or repressed by viruses and regulate viral infection. Many viruses have, therefore, developed a number of mechanisms that use ncRNAs to evade the host immune system. Understanding how ncRNAs regulate host immunity during porcine viral infections is critical for the development of antiviral therapies. In this review, we provide a summary of the classification, production and function of ncRNAs involved in regulating porcine viral infections. Additionally, we outline pathways and modes of action by which ncRNAs regulate viral infections and highlight the therapeutic potential of artificial microRNA. Our hope is that this information will aid in the development of antiviral therapies based on ncRNAs for the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Aosi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Yuran Huo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Qiuse Tu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Chunyun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Heyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Lanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zicong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
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Yu H, Xie L, Chen Z, Niu H, Jia X, Du B, Shen Y, Gui L, Xu X, Li J. miR-22a targets p62/SQSTM1 to negatively affect autophagy and disease resistance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109124. [PMID: 37777097 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are integral to many biological functions, including autophagy, a process recently proven to be closely linked to innate immunity. In this study, we present findings on miR-22a, a teleost homolog of mammalian miR-22, illustrating its capacity to target the autophagy adaptor p62, subsequently inducing downregulation at both mRNA and protein levels. Utilizing Western blot analyses, we demonstrated that miR-22a inhibits the autophagy flux of CIK cells, correlated with an elevated presence of LC3 II. Additionally, the overexpression of miR-22a resulted in the suppression of NF-κB signaling, leading to reduced cellar antimicrobial abilities and increased apoptosis. These findings provide novel insights into the role of miR-22a as an autophagy-related miRNA and its immune mechanisms against pathogens via p62 in teleost, enriching our understanding of the interplay between autophagy and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingli Xie
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiqin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuewen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Du
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lang Gui
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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