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1
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Mohammadi M. Exploring evidence from cells to clinics: is human bocavirus a gastrointestinal pathogen or just a risk factor? Arch Virol 2025; 170:87. [PMID: 40126644 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-025-06265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 03/26/2025]
Abstract
Human bocaviruses (HBoVs), first identified in 2005 and composed of genotypes 1-4, have been increasingly detected worldwide in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis. HBoV-1 has been primarily associated with respiratory symptoms, while HBoV2-4 are mostly found in gastrointestinal (GI) samples. Results from case-control studies are still controversial; however, epidemiological evidence has shown a significant association between HBoV-2 and gastroenteritis. This review will primarily focus on this association, with a brief discussion of evidence related to other HBoV genotypes. Pathological and molecular studies on the pathogenesis of HBoV, particularly in GI cells, are very scarce, possibly due to the difficulties of in vitro HBoV culture. Nonetheless, some relevant findings from colorectal cancer samples have yielded valuable insights regarding the behavior of HBoV in the GI system. In the present review, we provide an updated overview of the epidemiological evidence for an association of HBoV infection with acute gastroenteritis and focus on the cellular and molecular perspectives of HBoV pathogenicity. Finally, we look at the knowledge gaps about how HBoV affects the GI system and explore future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Mohammadi
- Department of Laboratory Technical Sciences Development, Gene Fanavaran Teb Azma Company, Isfahan, Iran.
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Zhang K, De R, Xu Y, Han Z, Zhu R, Sun Y, Jia L, Chen D, Zhou Y, Guo Q, Yao Y, Liu S, Qu D, Qian Y, Zhao L. Diverse Head-to-Tail Sequences in the Circular Genome of Human Bocavirus Genotype 1 among Children with Acute Respiratory Infections Implied the Switch of Template Chain in the Rolling-Circle Replication Model. Pathogens 2024; 13:757. [PMID: 39338948 PMCID: PMC11435335 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13090757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Head-to-tail sequences have been reported in human bocavirus (HBoV) 1-4. To reveal their features and functions, HBoV DNA was screened among respiratory specimens from pediatric patients with an acute respiratory infection (ARI) between April 2020 and December 2022, followed by HBoV genotyping. Head-to-tail sequences were detected using nested PCR, TA cloning, and Sanger sequencing, and these findings were confirmed by mNGS and amplicon sequencing. The secondary structure was predicted using the Mfold web server. The results indicated that head-to-tail sequences were detected in 42 specimens through TA cloning from 351 specimens positive for HBoV1 DNA, yielding 92 sequences into 32 types and 2 categories. Additionally, head-to-tail sequences were detected in 16 specimens by amplicon sequencing, yielding 60 sequences categorized into 23 types. The 374nt type, detected in 13 specimens, contains variants 374a and 374b, which differ in the unpaired loop regions of the palindrome or complementary reverse sequences, implying a switch of template chains during the replication process. The mNGS results in three specimens confirmed the presence of circular genome in copies below 1%. In conclusion, head-to-tail sequences of HBoV1 were common in children with ARI and were highly diverse in length and sequences. The variants may be generated by the switch of the template chain in the rolling-circle replication model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.); (Y.X.); (Z.H.); (R.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.J.); (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.)
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ri De
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.); (Y.X.); (Z.H.); (R.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.J.); (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yanpeng Xu
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.); (Y.X.); (Z.H.); (R.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.J.); (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Zhenzhi Han
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.); (Y.X.); (Z.H.); (R.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.J.); (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Runan Zhu
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.); (Y.X.); (Z.H.); (R.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.J.); (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yu Sun
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.); (Y.X.); (Z.H.); (R.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.J.); (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Liping Jia
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.); (Y.X.); (Z.H.); (R.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.J.); (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.); (Y.X.); (Z.H.); (R.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.J.); (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yutong Zhou
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.); (Y.X.); (Z.H.); (R.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.J.); (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Qi Guo
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.); (Y.X.); (Z.H.); (R.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.J.); (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yao Yao
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.); (Y.X.); (Z.H.); (R.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.J.); (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (S.L.); (D.Q.)
| | - Dong Qu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (S.L.); (D.Q.)
| | - Yuan Qian
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.); (Y.X.); (Z.H.); (R.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.J.); (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Linqing Zhao
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.); (Y.X.); (Z.H.); (R.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.J.); (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.)
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Mohammadi M. HBoV-1: virus structure, genomic features, life cycle, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical manifestations. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1198127. [PMID: 37265497 PMCID: PMC10229813 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1198127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The single-stranded DNA virus known as human bocavirus 1 (HBoV-1) is an icosahedral, linear member of the Parvoviridae family. In 2005, it was discovered in nasopharyngeal samples taken from kids who had respiratory tract illnesses. The HBoV genome is 4.7-5.7 kb in total length. The HBoV genome comprises three open-reading frames (ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3) that express structural proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3), viral non-coding RNA, and non-structural proteins (NS1, NS1-70, NS2, NS3, and NP1) (BocaSR). The NS1 and NP1 are crucial for viral DNA replication and are substantially conserved proteins. Replication of the HBoV-1 genome in non-dividing, polarized airway epithelial cells. In vitro, HBoV-1 infects human airway epithelial cells that are strongly differentiated or polarized. Young children who have HBoV-1 are at risk for developing a wide range of respiratory illnesses, such as the common cold, acute otitis media, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis. The most common clinical symptoms are wheezing, coughing, dyspnea, and rhinorrhea. After infection, HBoV-1 DNA can continue to be present in airway secretions for months. The prevalence of coinfections is considerable, and the clinical symptoms can be more severe than those linked to mono-infections. HBoV-1 is frequently detected in combination with other pathogens in various reports. The fecal-oral and respiratory pathways are more likely to be used for HBoV-1 transmission. HBoV-1 is endemic; it tends to peak in the winter and spring. This Review summarizes the knowledge on HBoV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Mohammadi
- Social Security Organization, Isfahan, Iran
- Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Wang Y, Sun J, Guo X, Zhang D, Cui Y, Li W, Liu G, Li Y, Jiang S. TaqMan-based real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for specific detection of bocavirus-1 in domestic cats. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 53:101647. [PMID: 32777447 PMCID: PMC7414301 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Feline bocavirus-1 (FBoV-1) was first discovered in Hong Kong in 2012, and studies have indicated that the virus may cause feline hemorrhagic enteritis. Currently, there is a lack of an effective and quantitative method for FBoV-1 detection. In this study, a TaqMan-based quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for FBoV-1 detection was established. Primers and probes were designed to target the conserved region of the FBoV-1 NS1 gene. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the minimum detection limit was 4.57 × 101 copies/μL. The specificity test revealed no cross-reaction with seven other common feline viruses, including the same species—FBoV-2 and FBoV-3. The sensitivity of this method was 100 times higher than that of conventional PCR (cPCR). The established method showed good repeatability, with the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation of 0.18%–1.00% and 0.27%–0.45%, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of feline feces revealed that the detection rate by qPCR was 7.0% (9/128), whereas that by cPCR was 4.7% (6/128). In conclusion, the established qPCR assay can quantitatively detect FBoV-1 with a high sensitivity, high specificity, and good reproducibility, making it a promising technique for the clinical detection of and basic and epidemiological research on FBoV-1. The study establishes a TaqMan qPCR method for Feline Bocavirus-1 detection. The assay has high sensitivity, specificity and reliability. The study provides a tool that could be beneficial for clinical diagnostics of Feline Bocavirus-1 infection as well as future research on the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Xu Guo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Da Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Yongqiu Cui
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yongdong Li
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Virology, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, PR China.
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China.
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Zhao L, Wang T, Qian Y, Song J, Zhu R, Liu L, Jia L, Dong H. Keeping all secondary structures of the non-coding region in the circular genome of human bocavirus 2 is important for DNA replication and virus assembly, as revealed by three hetero-recombinant genomic clones. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1563-1573. [PMID: 31672101 PMCID: PMC6832345 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1682949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The episomal structures of all human bocavirus (HBoV) genotypes have been deciphered,
including the circular genome of HBoV2 (HBoV2-C1). To discern the role of the circular
HBoV2 genome, three distinct linearized HBoV2-C1 genomes were cloned into pBlueScript
SKII(+) to obtain pBlueScript HBoV2 5043–5042 (retaining all secondary structures),
pBlueScript-HBoV2 5075–5074 (retaining hairpin number 2 and the 5′ terminal structure),
and pBlueScript-HBoV2 5220–5219 (retaining only the 5′ terminal structure at the 5′
-genome end). The recombinant plasmids were separately transfected HEK293 cells, revealing
that more HBoV2 DNA had accumulated in the pBlueScript HBoV2 5043–5042-transfected HEK293
cells at 72 h post-transfection, as determined by real-time PCR. However, more mRNA was
transcribed by pBlueScript-HBoV2 5075–5074 than by the other constructs, as determined by
dot-blot hybridization and RNAscope. No significant differences in NS1-70 protein
expression were observed among the three HBoV2 genomic clones. However, electron
microscopy showed that HBoV2 virus particles were only present in the pBlueScript HBoV2
5043–5042-transfected HEK293 cells. By using three hetero-recombinant HBoV2 genomic clones
in HEK293 transfected cells, only the genome with intact secondary structures produced
virus particles, suggesting that retaining these structures in a circular genome is
important for HBoV2 DNA replication and virus assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqing Zhao
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Qian
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingdong Song
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Runan Zhu
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Liu
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Jia
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijin Dong
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Mohammadi M, Yavarian J, Karbasizade V, Moghim S, Esfahani BN, Hosseini NS. Phylogenetic analysis of human bocavirus in children with acute respiratory infections in Iran. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2019; 66:485-497. [PMID: 31146533 DOI: 10.1556/030.66.2019.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) was first characterized in nasopharyngeal aspirates from young children with acute respiratory infections. It is prevalent among children with acute wheezing. This study was carried out in order to analyze the infection frequency and coinfection rates of HBoV with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and to perform phylogenetic analysis of HBoV in samples of children with acute respiratory infection in Isfahan, Iran. During the time period 2016-2017, altogether 75 respiratory samples from children hospitalized with acute respiratory infection were collected. The samples were first screened for RSV by direct immunofluorescence method and then subjected to detect HBoV DNA by PCR. Genotyping of HBoV-positive samples was conducted by direct sequencing of PCR products using NP and VP1/VP2 genes. Out of 75 respiratory samples, 20 (26.7%) and 10 (13.3%) were positive for RSV and HBoV, respectively. The coinfection rate was 40% (p = 0.048). Considering the seasonal distribution, winter has the highest extent outbreak (p = 0.036). Sequence analysis of positive samples exhibits that all of the isolated HBoV were related to genotype 1 (HBoV-1) with minimal sequence variations. Increasing frequency of HBoV suggests that the virus is related to acute respiratory infection in children. A single genetic lineage of HBoV1 seems to be the major genotype in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Mohammadi
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- 2 Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vajihe Karbasizade
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sharareh Moghim
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahram Nasr Esfahani
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Costa BCL, Dábilla NAS, Almeida TN, Fiaccadori FS, de Souza TT, das Dores de Paula Cardoso D, de Moraes Arantes A, Souza M. Human bocavirus detection and quantification in fecal and serum specimens from recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A longitudinal study. J Med Virol 2019; 94:594-600. [PMID: 30982975 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of human bocavirus (HBoV) and to determine viral loads in samples of patients admitted for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). METHODS Fecal and serum samples were collected from 19 patients, during a 24-month period. Samples were screened by quantitative polymerase chain reaction TaqMan assay, with specific probe and primers targeting the NP1 gene of all HBoVs genotypes (HBoV-1 to - 4), and viral loads were determined using serial dilutions of a recombinant plasmid. RESULTS HBoV DNA was detected in 42.1% (8 of 19) of the patients in at least one type of sample (feces and/or serum) during the study period, with 75% (6 of 8) of the patients being positive in both types of sample. Viral shedding in feces had a median of 26 days (range, 5 to 121) and viremia was detected in 87.5% (7 of 8) of the patients. The HBoV loads in fecal samples were higher than in sera and, in most cases, HBoV was detected earlier in fecal than in sera samples. In six HBoV-positive patients (6 of 8) diarrhea was observed concomitantly to viral detection in fecal samples. CONCLUSIONS A high frequency and loads of HBoV in allo-HSCT recipients was observed, especially in fecal samples. Positivity in fecal samples was an early predictor of HBoV presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunno Câmara Lopes Costa
- Laboratory of Virology and Cell Culture, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Nathânia Alves Silva Dábilla
- Laboratory of Virology and Cell Culture, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Tâmera Nunes Almeida
- Laboratory of Virology and Cell Culture, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Souza Fiaccadori
- Laboratory of Virology and Cell Culture, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Teresinha Teixeira de Souza
- Laboratory of Virology and Cell Culture, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Divina das Dores de Paula Cardoso
- Laboratory of Virology and Cell Culture, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Menira Souza
- Laboratory of Virology and Cell Culture, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Abstract
Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) have been detected in human gastrointestinal infections worldwide. In 2005, HBoV was also discovered in infants and children with infections of the lower respiratory tract. Recently, several genotypes of this parvovirus, including HBoV genotype 2 (HBoV2), genotype 3 (HBoV3) and genotype 4 (HBoV4), were discovered and found to be closely related to HBoV. HBoV2 was first detected in stool samples from children in Pakistan, followed by detection in other countries. HBoV3 was detected in Australia and HBoV4 was identified in stool samples from Nigeria, Tunisia and the USA. Recently, HBoV infection has been on the rise throughout the world, particularly in countries neighbouring South Korea; however, there have been very few studies on Korean strains. In this study, we characterised the whole genome and determined the phylogenetic position of CUK-BC20, a new clinical HBoV strain isolated in South Korea. The CUK-BC20 genome of 5184 nucleotides (nt) contains three open-reading frames (ORFs). The genotype of CUK-BC20 is HBoV2, and 98.77% of its nt sequence is identical with those of other HBoVs, namely Rus-Nsc10-N386. Especially, the ORF3 amino acid sequences from positions 212-213 and 454 corresponding to a variable region (VR)1 and VR5, respectively, showed genotype-specific substitutions that distinguished the four HBoV genotypes. As the first whole-genome sequence analysis of HBoV in South Korea, this information will provide a valuable reference for the detection of recombination, tracking of epidemics and development of diagnosis methods for HBoV.
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Liu C, Liu F, Li Z, Qu L, Liu D. First report of feline bocavirus associated with severe enteritis of cat in Northeast China, 2015. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:731-735. [PMID: 29459503 PMCID: PMC5938208 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline bocavirus (FBoV) is a newly identified bocavirus of cats in the family
Parvoviridae. A novel FBoV HRB2015-LDF was first identified from the cat
with severe enteritis in Northeast China, with an overall positive rate of 2.78% (1/36).
Phylogenetic and homologous analysis of the complete genome showed that FBoV HRB2015-LDF
was clustered into the FBoV branch and closely related to other FBoVs, with 68.7–97.5%
identities. And the genes of VP1, NPA and NS1 shared 70.7–97.6, 72.4–98.6 and 67.2–98.0%
nucleotide identities with other FBoVs, respectively. The results suggested that the FBoVs
could be divided into two distinct lineages, and the difference of nucleotide identities
was >20–30% between the lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguo Liu
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Shanghai Hile Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Wendengying Veterinary Station, Weihai, Shandong 264413, China
| | - Liandong Qu
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Dafei Liu
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China.,College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
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Liu P, Chen S, Wang M, Cheng A. The role of nuclear localization signal in parvovirus life cycle. Virol J 2017; 14:80. [PMID: 28410597 PMCID: PMC5391597 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses with an approximately 5.0 kb, single-stranded DNA genome. Usually, the parvovirus capsid gene contains one or more nuclear localization signals (NLSs), which are required for guiding the virus particle into the nucleus through the nuclear pore. However, several classical NLSs (cNLSs) and non-classical NLSs (ncNLSs) have been identified in non-structural genes, and the ncNLSs can also target non-structural proteins into the nucleus. In this review, we have summarized recent research findings on parvovirus NLSs. The capsid protein of the adeno-associated virus has four potential nuclear localization sequences, named basic region 1 (BR), BR2, BR3 and BR4. BR3 was identified as an NLS by fusing it with green fluorescent protein. Moreover, BR3 and BR4 are required for infectivity and virion assembly. In Protoparvovirus, the canine parvovirus has a common cNLS located in the VP1 unique region, similar to parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM) and porcine parvovirus. Moreover, an ncNLS is found in the C-terminal region of MVM VP1/2. Parvovirus B19 also contains an ncNLS in the C-terminal region of VP1/2, which is essential for the nuclear transport of VP1/VP2. Approximately 1 or 2 cNLSs and 1 ncNLS have been reported in the non-structural protein of bocaviruses. Understanding the role of the NLS in the process of parvovirus infection and its mechanism of nuclear transport will contribute to the development of therapeutic vaccines and novel antiviral medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China. .,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China. .,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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Parvovirus Expresses a Small Noncoding RNA That Plays an Essential Role in Virus Replication. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02375-16. [PMID: 28122984 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02375-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) belongs to the species Primate bocaparvovirus of the genus Bocaparvovirus of the Parvoviridae family. HBoV1 causes acute respiratory tract infections in young children and has a selective tropism for the apical surface of well-differentiated human airway epithelia (HAE). In this study, we identified an additional HBoV1 gene, bocavirus-transcribed small noncoding RNA (BocaSR), within the 3' noncoding region (nucleotides [nt] 5199 to 5338) of the viral genome of positive sense. BocaSR is transcribed by RNA polymerase III (Pol III) from an intragenic promoter at levels similar to that of the capsid protein-coding mRNA and is essential for replication of the viral DNA in both transfected HEK293 and infected HAE cells. Mechanistically, we showed that BocaSR regulates the expression of HBoV1-encoded nonstructural proteins NS1, NS2, NS3, and NP1 but not NS4. BocaSR is similar to the adenovirus-associated type I (VAI) RNA in terms of both nucleotide sequence and secondary structure but differs from it in that its regulation of viral protein expression is independent of RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) regulation. Notably, BocaSR accumulates in the viral DNA replication centers within the nucleus and likely plays a direct role in replication of the viral DNA. Our findings reveal BocaSR to be a novel viral noncoding RNA that coordinates the expression of viral proteins and regulates replication of viral DNA within the nucleus. Thus, BocaSR may be a target for antiviral therapies for HBoV and may also have utility in the production of recombinant HBoV vectors.IMPORTANCE Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is pathogenic to humans, causing acute respiratory tract infections in young children. In this study, we identified a novel HBoV1 gene that lies in the 3' noncoding region of the viral positive-sense genome and is transcribed by RNA polymerase III into a noncoding RNA of 140 nt. This bocavirus-transcribed small RNA (BocaSR) diverges from both adenovirus-associated (VA) RNAs and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) with respect to RNA sequence, representing a third species of this kind of Pol III-dependent viral noncoding RNA and the first noncoding RNA identified in autonomous parvoviruses. Unlike the VA RNAs, BocaSR localizes to the viral DNA replication centers of the nucleus and is essential for expression of viral nonstructural proteins independent of RNA-activated protein kinase R and replication of HBoV1 genomes. The identification of BocaSR and its role in virus DNA replication reveals potential avenues for developing antiviral therapies.
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Alternative Polyadenylation of Human Bocavirus at Its 3' End Is Regulated by Multiple Elements and Affects Capsid Expression. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02026-16. [PMID: 27881651 PMCID: PMC5244319 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02026-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative processing of human bocavirus (HBoV) P5 promoter-transcribed RNA is critical for generating the structural and nonstructural protein-encoding mRNA transcripts. The regulatory mechanism by which HBoV RNA transcripts are polyadenylated at proximal [(pA)p] or distal [(pA)d] polyadenylation sites is still unclear. We constructed a recombinant HBoV infectious clone to study the alternative polyadenylation regulation of HBoV. Surprisingly, in addition to the reported distal polyadenylation site, (pA)d, a novel distal polyadenylation site, (pA)d2, which is located in the right-end hairpin (REH), was identified during infectious clone transfection or recombinant virus infection. (pA)d2 does not contain typical hexanucleotide polyadenylation signal, upstream elements (USE), or downstream elements (DSE) according to sequence analysis. Further study showed that HBoV nonstructural protein NS1, REH, and cis elements of (pA)d were necessary and sufficient for efficient polyadenylation at (pA)d2. The distance and sequences between (pA)d and (pA)d2 also played a key role in the regulation of polyadenylation at (pA)d2. Finally, we demonstrated that efficient polyadenylation at (pA)d2 resulted in increased HBoV capsid mRNA transcripts and protein translation. Thus, our study revealed that all the bocaviruses have distal poly(A) signals on the right-end palindromic terminus, and alternative polyadenylation at the HBoV 3′ end regulates its capsid expression. IMPORTANCE The distal polyadenylation site, (pA)d, of HBoV is located about 400 nucleotides (nt) from the right-end palindromic terminus, which is different from those of bovine parvovirus (BPV) and canine minute virus (MVC) in the same genus whose distal polyadenylation is located in the right-end stem-loop structure. A novel polyadenylation site, (pA)d2, was identified in the right-end hairpin of HBoV during infectious clone transfection or recombinant virus infection. Sequence analysis showed that (pA)d2 does not contain typical polyadenylation signals, and the last 42 nt form a stem-loop structure which is almost identical to that of MVC. Further study showed that NS1, REH, and cis elements of (pA)d are required for efficient polyadenylation at (pA)d2. Polyadenylation at (pA)d2 enhances capsid expression. Our study demonstrates alternative polyadenylation at the 3′ end of HBoV and suggests an additional mechanism by which capsid expression is regulated.
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Guido M, Tumolo MR, Verri T, Romano A, Serio F, De Giorgi M, De Donno A, Bagordo F, Zizza A. Human bocavirus: Current knowledge and future challenges. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8684-8697. [PMID: 27818586 PMCID: PMC5075545 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i39.8684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus isolated about a decade ago and found worldwide in both respiratory samples, mainly from early life and children of 6-24 mo of age with acute respiratory infection, and in stool samples, from patients with gastroenteritis. Since then, other viruses related to the first HBoV isolate (HBoV1), namely HBoV2, HBoV3 and HBoV4, have been detected principally in human faeces. HBoVs are small non-enveloped single-stranded DNA viruses of about 5300 nucleotides, consisting of three open reading frames encoding the first two the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and nuclear phosphoprotein (NP1) and the third the viral capsid proteins 1 and 2 (VP1 and VP2). HBoV pathogenicity remains to be fully clarified mainly due to the lack of animal models for the difficulties in replicating the virus in in vitro cell cultures, and the fact that HBoV infection is frequently accompanied by at least another viral and/or bacterial respiratory and/or gastroenteric pathogen infection. Current diagnostic methods to support HBoV detection include polymerase chain reaction, real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme immunoassay using recombinant VP2 or virus-like particle capsid proteins, although sequence-independent amplification techniques combined with next-generation sequencing platforms promise rapid and simultaneous detection of the pathogens in the future. This review presents the current knowledge on HBoV genotypes with emphasis on taxonomy, phylogenetic relationship and genomic analysis, biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic methods. The emerging discussion on HBoVs as true pathogen or innocent bystander is also emphasized.
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Human bocavirus in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in Russia from 2010 to 2012. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 37:143-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Brožová K, Hrazdilová K, Slaninková E, Modrý D, Černý J, Celer V. Genetic and phylogenetic characterization of novel bocaparvovirus infecting chimpanzee. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 37:231-6. [PMID: 26616676 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Primate bocaparvoviruses were first described in 2005, since then further human and gorilla bocaparvoviruses have been identified. To uncover diversity of non-human primates' bocaparvoviruses, their phylogenetic relationship and potential to cross the host species barrier, we tested 153 fecal samples from 17 captive primate species. The only one captive female of central chimpanzee (coded CPZh2) has been identified as bocaparvovirus positive. Based on the full genome phylogenetic analyses, CPZh2 strain shows close relationship to HBoV3 and GBoV. Further recombination analysis confirmed expected mosaic origin of CPZh2 strain. According the phylogenetic position, following the ICTV recommendations, we propose a novel genotype within the Primate bocaparvovirus 1 species infecting chimpanzee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Brožová
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Hrazdilová
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Science Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Slaninková
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Science Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Černý
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Celer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Science Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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Tu M, Liu F, Chen S, Wang M, Cheng A. Role of capsid proteins in parvoviruses infection. Virol J 2015; 12:114. [PMID: 26239432 PMCID: PMC4524367 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The parvoviruses are widely spread in many species and are among the smallest DNA animal viruses. The parvovirus is composed of a single strand molecule of DNA wrapped into an icosahedral capsid. In a viral infection, the massy capsid participates in the entire viral infection process, which is summarized in this review. The capsid protein VP1 is primarily responsible for the infectivity of the virus, and the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of the VP1 serves as a guide to assist the viral genome in locating the nucleus. The dominant protein VP2 provides an “anti-receptor”, which interacts with the cellular receptor and leads to the further internalization of virus, and, the N-terminal of VP2 also cooperates with the VP1 to prompt the process of nucleus translocation. Additionally, a cleavage protein VP3 is a part of the capsid, which exists only in several members of the parvovirus family; however, the function of this cleavage protein remains to be fully determined. Parvoviruses can suffer from the extreme environmental conditions such as low pH, or even escape from the recognition of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), due to the protection of the stable capsid, which is thought to be an immune escape mechanism. The applications of the capsid proteins to the screening and the treatment of diseases are also discussed. The processes of viral infection should be noted, because understanding the virus-host interactions will contribute to the development of therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Tu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, 611130, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, 611130, China.
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, 611130, China. .,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, 611130, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, 611130, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, 611130, China. .,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, 611130, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, 611130, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, 611130, China. .,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, 611130, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, 611130, China.
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