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Xia P, Dubrovska A. CD98 heavy chain as a prognostic biomarker and target for cancer treatment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1251100. [PMID: 37823053 PMCID: PMC10562705 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1251100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The SLC3A2 gene encodes for a cell-surface transmembrane protein CD98hc (4F2). CD98hc serves as a chaperone for LAT1 (SLC7A5), LAT2 (SLC7A8), y+LAT1 (SLC7A7), y+LAT2 (SLC7A6), xCT (SLC7A11) and Asc1 (SLC7A10) providing their recruitment to the plasma membrane. Together with the light subunits, it constitutes heterodimeric transmembrane amino acid transporters. CD98hc interacts with other surface molecules, such as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer CD147 (EMMPRIN) and adhesion receptors integrins, and regulates glucose uptake. In this way, CD98hc connects the signaling pathways sustaining cell proliferation and migration, biosynthesis and antioxidant defense, energy production, and stem cell properties. This multifaceted role makes CD98hc one of the critical regulators of tumor growth, therapy resistance, and metastases. Indeed, the high expression levels of CD98hc were confirmed in various tumor tissues, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, glioblastoma, colon adenocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and others. A high expression of CD98hc has been linked to clinical prognosis and response to chemo- and radiotherapy in several types of cancer. In this mini-review, we discuss the physiological functions of CD98hc, its role in regulating tumor stemness, metastases, and therapy resistance, and the clinical significance of CD98hc as a tumor marker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Xia
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
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Bhar S, Zhao G, Bartel JD, Sterchele H, Del Mazo A, Emerson LE, Edelmann MJ, Jones MK. Bacterial extracellular vesicles control murine norovirus infection through modulation of antiviral immune responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:909949. [PMID: 35990695 PMCID: PMC9386532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.909949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is the primary cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis globally and is the second leading cause of diarrheal deaths in children in developing countries. However, effective therapeutics which prevent or clear norovirus infection are not yet available due to a lack of understanding regarding norovirus pathogenesis. Evidence shows that noroviruses can bind to the surface of commensal bacteria, and the presence of these bacteria alters both acute and persistent murine norovirus infection through the modulation of host immune responses. Interestingly, norovirus-bacterial interactions also affect the bacteria by inducing bacterial stress responses and increasing the production of bacterial extracellular vesicles. Given the established ability of these vesicles to easily cross the intestinal barriers, enter the lamina propria, and modulate host responses, we hypothesized that bacterial extracellular vesicles influence murine norovirus infection through modulation of the antiviral immune response. In this study, we show that murine norovirus can attach to purified bacterial vesicles, facilitating co-inoculation of target cells with both virus and vesicle. Furthermore, we have found that when murine noroviruses and vesicles are used to co-inoculate macrophages, viral infection is reduced compared to virus infection alone. Specifically, co-inoculation with bacterial vesicles results in higher production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to viral infection. Ultimately, given that murine norovirus infection increases bacterial vesicle production in vivo, these data indicate that bacterial vesicles may serve as a mechanism by which murine norovirus infection is ultimately controlled and limited to a short-term disease.
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Vection S, O'Callaghan D, Keriel A. CD98hc in host-pathogen interactions: roles of the multifunctional host protein during infections. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6590039. [PMID: 35595511 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic protein CD98hc (also known as 4F2, FRP-1 or SLC3A2) is a membrane glycoprotein and one of the heavy chains of the family of heterodimeric amino acids transporters. It can associate with any of 6 different light chains to form distinct amino acid transporters. CD98hc is also involved in mediation of intracellular integrin signaling. Besides its physiological roles in the development of the placenta and the immune system, CD98hc is important during pathological processes such as tumorigenesis and host-pathogen interaction. Since its first identification as Fusion Regulatory Protein 1 regulating cell fusion in cells infected by the Newcastle disease virus, CD98hc has been reported to be mediating many viral, apicomplexan, and bacterial infectious processes. In this review we describe the role of CD98hc and its associated light chains in bacterial, apicomplexan, and viral pathogenesis. We also discuss the consequences of infection on the expression and localization of these proteins. The identification of the cellular processes in which CD98hc is involved during pathogenesis highlights the key role of this host protein in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Vection
- VBIC, U1047 INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Nîmes, France.,Centre National de Référence des Brucella, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, CHU de Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - David O'Callaghan
- VBIC, U1047 INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Nîmes, France.,Centre National de Référence des Brucella, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, CHU de Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Anne Keriel
- VBIC, U1047 INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Nîmes, France.,Centre National de Référence des Brucella, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, CHU de Nîmes, Nîmes, France
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Current and Future Antiviral Strategies to Tackle Gastrointestinal Viral Infections. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081599. [PMID: 34442677 PMCID: PMC8399003 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis caused by virus has a major impact on public health worldwide in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. The main culprits are rotaviruses, noroviruses, sapoviruses, astroviruses, and enteric adenoviruses. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs available for the prevention or treatment of viral gastroenteritis. Here, we describe the antivirals that were identified as having in vitro and/or in vivo activity against these viruses, originating from in silico design or library screening, natural sources or being repurposed drugs. We also highlight recent advances in model systems available for this (hard to cultivate) group of viruses, such as organoid technologies, and that will facilitate antiviral studies as well as fill some of current knowledge gaps that hamper the development of highly efficient therapies against gastroenteric viruses.
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Furlong K, Biering SB, Choi J, Wilen CB, Orchard RC, Wobus CE, Nelson CA, Fremont DH, Baldridge MT, Randall G, Hwang S. CD300LF Polymorphisms of Inbred Mouse Strains Confer Resistance to Murine Norovirus Infection in a Cell Type-Dependent Manner. J Virol 2020; 94:e00837-20. [PMID: 32581099 PMCID: PMC7431780 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00837-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, yet basic questions about its life cycle remain unanswered due to an historical lack of robust experimental systems. Recent studies on the closely related murine norovirus (MNV) have identified CD300LF as an indispensable entry factor for MNV. We compared the MNV susceptibilities of cells from different mouse strains and identified polymorphisms in murine CD300LF which are critical for its function as an MNV receptor. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from I/LnJ mice were resistant to infection from multiple MNV strains which readily infect BMDMs from C57BL/6J mice. The resistance of I/LnJ BMDMs was specific to MNV, since the cells supported infection of other viruses comparably to C57BL/6J BMDMs. Transduction of I/LnJ BMDMs with C57BL/6J CD300LF made the cells permissible to MNV infection, suggesting that the cause of resistance lies in the entry step of MNV infection. In fact, we mapped this phenotype to a 4-amino-acid difference at the CC' loop of CD300LF; swapping of these amino acids between C57BL/6J and I/LnJ CD300LF proteins made the mutant C57BL/6J CD300LF functionally impaired and the corresponding mutant of I/LnJ CD300LF functional as an MNV entry factor. Surprisingly, expression of the I/LnJ CD300LF in other cell types made the cells infectible by MNV, even though the I/LnJ allele did not function as an MNV receptor in macrophage-like cells. Correspondingly, I/LnJ CD300LF bound MNV virions in permissive cells but not in nonpermissive cells. Collectively, our data suggest the existence of a cell type-specific modifier of MNV entry.IMPORTANCE MNV is a prevalent model system for studying human norovirus, which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide and thus a sizeable public health burden. Elucidating mechanisms underlying susceptibility of host cells to MNV infection can lead to insights on the roles that specific cell types play during norovirus pathogenesis. Here, we show that different alleles of the proteinaceous receptor for MNV, CD300LF, function in a cell type-dependent manner. In contrast to the C57BL/6J allele, which functions as an MNV entry factor in all tested cell types, including human cells, I/LnJ CD300LF does not function as an MNV entry factor in macrophage-like cells but does allow MNV entry in other cell types. Together, these observations indicate the existence of cell type-specific modifiers of CD300LF-dependent MNV entry.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Caliciviridae Infections/virology
- Disease Resistance/genetics
- Gastroenteritis/virology
- Macrophages/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Models, Molecular
- Norovirus
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Virus Internalization
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Furlong
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Scott B Biering
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jayoung Choi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robert C Orchard
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Song C, Takai-Todaka R, Miki M, Haga K, Fujimoto A, Ishiyama R, Oikawa K, Yokoyama M, Miyazaki N, Iwasaki K, Murakami K, Katayama K, Murata K. Dynamic rotation of the protruding domain enhances the infectivity of norovirus. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008619. [PMID: 32614892 PMCID: PMC7331980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the major cause of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Lack of structural information on infection and replication mechanisms hampers the development of effective vaccines and remedies. Here, using cryo-electron microscopy, we show that the capsid structure of murine noroviruses changes in response to aqueous conditions. By twisting the flexible hinge connecting two domains, the protruding (P) domain reversibly rises off the shell (S) domain in solutions of higher pH, but rests on the S domain in solutions of lower pH. Metal ions help to stabilize the resting conformation in this process. Furthermore, in the resting conformation, the cellular receptor CD300lf is readily accessible, and thus infection efficiency is significantly enhanced. Two similar P domain conformations were also found simultaneously in the human norovirus GII.3 capsid, although the mechanism of the conformational change is not yet clear. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of non-enveloped norovirus transmission that invades host cells, replicates, and sometimes escapes the hosts immune system, through dramatic environmental changes in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihong Song
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Reiko Takai-Todaka
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kei Haga
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoka Ishiyama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Oikawa
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoyuki Miyazaki
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Iwasaki
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (KK); (KM)
| | - Kazuyoshi Murata
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- * E-mail: (KK); (KM)
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Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis around the world. An individual living in the United States is estimated to develop norovirus infection five times in his or her lifetime. Despite this, there is currently no antiviral or vaccine to combat the infection, in large part because of the historical lack of cell culture and small animal models. However, the last few years of norovirus research were marked by a number of ground-breaking advances that have overcome technical barriers and uncovered novel aspects of norovirus biology. Foremost among them was the development of two different
in vitro culture systems for human noroviruses. Underappreciated was the notion that noroviruses infect cells of the immune system as well as epithelial cells within the gastrointestinal tract and that human norovirus infection of enterocytes requires or is promoted by the presence of bile acids. Furthermore, two proteinaceous receptors are now recognized for murine norovirus, marking the first discovery of a functional receptor for any norovirus. Recent work further points to a role for certain bacteria, including those found in the gut microbiome, as potential modulators of norovirus infection in the host, emphasizing the importance of interactions with organisms from other kingdoms of life for viral pathogenesis. Lastly, we will highlight the adaptation of drop-based microfluidics to norovirus research, as this technology has the potential to reveal novel insights into virus evolution. This review aims to summarize these new findings while also including possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bartnicki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Juliana Bragazzi Cunha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Abimbola O Kolawole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Functional receptor molecules CD300lf and CD300ld within the CD300 family enable murine noroviruses to infect cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6248-E6255. [PMID: 27681626 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605575113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Since the discovery of human norovirus (HuNoV), an efficient and reproducible norovirus replication system has not been established in cultured cells. Although limited amounts of virus particles can be produced when the HuNoV genome is directly transfected into cells, the HuNoV cycle of infection has not been successfully reproduced in any currently available cell-culture system. Those results imply that the identification of a functional cell-surface receptor for norovirus might be the key to establishing a norovirus culture system. Using a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 guide RNA library, we identified murine CD300lf and CD300ld as functional receptors for murine norovirus (MNV). The treatment of susceptible cells with polyclonal antibody against CD300lf significantly reduced the production of viral progeny. Additionally, ectopic CD300lf expression in nonsusceptible cell lines derived from other animal species enabled MNV infection and progeny production, suggesting that CD300lf has potential for dictating MNV host tropism. Furthermore, CD300ld, which has an amino acid sequence in the N-terminal region of its extracellular domain that is highly homologous to that of CD300lf, also functions as a receptor for MNV. Our results indicate that direct interaction of MNV with two cell-surface molecules, CD300lf and CD300ld, dictates permissive noroviral infection.
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