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Wei J, Abdurexit A, Jamal R, Abdiryim T, You J, Li Z, Shang J, Cheng Q. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Recycled Polypropylene/Polyolefin Elastomer Composites with High Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:972. [PMID: 38611230 PMCID: PMC11013364 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of waste plastics has gradually become a hot topic in the current scientific community. In response to the needs for high-impact performance R-PP-based composites, carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced polyolefin elastomer (POE)/recycled polypropylene (R-PP) composite (CF/POE/R-PP) was prepared by the mechanical blending method, and its mechanical and thermal properties were systematically studied. It was found that the CF could effectively improve the bending and notch impact strength as well as enhance the thermal stability of POE/R-PP. Furthermore, a stable and dispersed composite interface formed by the combination of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) with the surface of CF and the fusion alkyl chains in R-PP and POE further enhanced the CF's reinforcing effect. As a result, the addition of 9 wt.% CF successfully improved the heat resistance of the composite material, and the residual carbon content increased by 97.84% after sintering. The composite toughening of POE and CF effectively improved the impact strength of the composite material, with a maximum increase of over 1000%. This study ultimately resulted in a high-impact-resistant composite material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (J.S.); (Q.C.)
| | - Abdukeyum Abdurexit
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Chemical Engineering Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (R.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Ruxangul Jamal
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Chemical Engineering Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (R.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Tursun Abdiryim
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (J.S.); (Q.C.)
| | - Jiangan You
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (J.S.); (Q.C.)
| | - Zhiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Chemical Engineering Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (R.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jin Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (J.S.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (J.W.); (J.Y.); (J.S.); (Q.C.)
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Guo W, Li K, Fang Z, Feng T, Shi T. A sustainable recycling process for end-of-life vehicle plastics: A case study on waste bumpers. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 154:187-198. [PMID: 36252448 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
End-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling has considerable potential value and a wide range of applications. Plastics form an increasing percentage of the total weight of automobiles as their lightweight. Recycling plastics from automobiles is important for achieving the overall recycling goal from a sustainability standpoint. In this study, the whole recycling process of automotive plastic parts was explored, using waste bumpers as an example, in which paint removal and recycled polypropylene (RPP) modification were the important links. First, LS-Dyna was used to run simulations to determine the best paint removal process parameters for surface coating treatment, and experiments were then conducted to confirm the paint removal effect. Second, component, morphological, and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analyses were conducted. As per the results, the degradation was primarily caused by surface oxidation of the ELV bumper, and the molecular weight of RPP was lower than that of new PP. Finally, the thermal and mechanical properties of RPP, modified RPP, and the new bumper were compared. The addition of nano-montmorillonite(nano-MMT), virgin PP, and a compatibilizer could improve the thermal and mechanical properties of RPP while satisfying the application requirements of the new bumper. This process provides a valuable idea for the sustainable recycling of used ELV plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technology (Wuhan University of Technology), Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ke Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhigang Fang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technology (Wuhan University of Technology), Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Tao Feng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tianwen Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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3
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Pfaendner R. Restabilization – 30 years of research for quality improvement of recycled plastics review. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Râpă M, Spurcaciu BN, Ion RM, Grigorescu RM, Darie-Niță RN, Iancu L, Nicolae CA, Gabor AR, Matei E, Predescu C. Valorization of Polypropylene Waste in the Production of New Materials with Adequate Mechanical and Thermal Properties for Environmental Protection. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5978. [PMID: 36079359 PMCID: PMC9457047 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Innovative composites based on polypropylene waste impurified cu HDPE (PPW) combined with two thermoplastic block-copolymers, namely styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBSBC) and styrene-isoprene-styrene (SISBC) block-copolymers, and up to 10 wt% nano-clay, were obtained by melt blending. SBSBC and SISBC with almost the same content of polystyrene (30 wt%) were synthesized by anionic sequential polymerization and used as compatibilizers for PPW. Optical microscopy evaluation of the PPW composites showed that the n-clay was encapsulated into the elastomer. Addition of n-clay, together with SBSBC or SISBC, increased the interphase surface of the components in the PPW composites and enhanced the superficial area/volume ratio, which led to a recycled material with improved performance. The data resulting from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical evaluation, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that PPW reinforcement with n-clay and styrene-diene block-copolymers allows the obtaining of composites with favorable mechanical and thermal properties, and excellent impact strength for potential engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Râpă
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Norocel Spurcaciu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry (ICECHIM), 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rodica-Mariana Ion
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry (ICECHIM), 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ramona Marina Grigorescu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry (ICECHIM), 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Nicoleta Darie-Niță
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Lorena Iancu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry (ICECHIM), 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian-Andi Nicolae
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry (ICECHIM), 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Augusta Raluca Gabor
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry (ICECHIM), 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Matei
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Predescu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
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Recycling of Plastic Waste, with Particular Emphasis on Thermal Methods—Review. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15062114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The civilization development requires improvement of technologies and satisfaction of people’s needs on the one side, but on the other one it is directly connected with the increasing production of waste. In this paper, the authors dealt with the second of these aspects, reviewing the recycling of plastic waste, which can be processed without changing its chemical structure (mechanical recycling), and with changing its chemical structure (chemical recycling, of which thermal recycling). Mechanical recycling involves shredding the waste in order to obtain recyclate or regranulate that meets specific quality requirements. Chemical recycling consists of the degradation of the material into low-molecular compounds, and it can take place in the processes of hydrolysis, glycolysis, methanolysis by means of chemical solvents, and during thermal processes of hydrocracking, gasification, pyrolysis, combustion, enabling the recovery of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons foundings in application as a fuel in the energy and cement-lime industry and enabling the recovery of thermal energy contained in plastics. The paper focuses on thermal methods of plastics recycling that become more important due to legal regulations limiting the landfilling of waste. The authors also took up the properties of plastics and their production in European conditions.
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6
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Majder-Łopatka M, Węsierski T, Ankowski A, Ratajczak K, Duralski D, Piechota-Polanczyk A, Polanczyk A. Thermal Analysis of Plastics Used in the Food Industry. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:248. [PMID: 35009394 PMCID: PMC8746179 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fires in landfills, where used plastic packaging waste is discarded, have shown how great a fire hazard these types of materials pose. In this study, the course of thermo-oxidation of samples made of polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) based plastics was determined. Based on an analysis of the dissociation energy of bonds between atoms in a polymer molecule, the mechanisms responsible for the character and course of degradation were observed. It was found that the degradation rate of PP and PS could be a result of the stability of C-H bonds on the tertiary carbon atom. In the case of PS, due to facilitated intramolecular hydrogen transfer, stabilization of hydroperoxide, and formation of a stable tertiary alcohol molecule, the onset of degradation is shifted towards higher temperatures than in the case of PP. Notably, the PP fragmentation occurs to a greater extent due to the easier course of β-scission. In addition, it was found that during a fire, the least amount of heat would be generated by thermo-oxidation of PS-based plastics. This is a result of the formation of a styrene molecule during decomposition that, due to the high stability of bonds in the aromatic ring, escapes from the combustion zone without oxidation. It has been proven that the greatest thermal effect accompanies PET decomposition, during which a phenyl radical is produced, where the C-H bonds break more easily in comparison with the bonds of an intact ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka
- Institute of Safety Engineering, The Main School of Fire Service, 52/54 Slowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland; (T.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Tomasz Węsierski
- Institute of Safety Engineering, The Main School of Fire Service, 52/54 Slowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland; (T.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Artur Ankowski
- Institute of Safety Engineering, The Main School of Fire Service, 52/54 Slowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland; (T.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Kamil Ratajczak
- Faculty of Safety Engineering and Civil Protection, The Main School of Fire Service, 52/54 Slowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland; (K.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Dominik Duralski
- Institute of Internal Security, The Main School of Fire Service, 52/54 Slowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Piechota-Polanczyk
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Gronostajowa 7 Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Polanczyk
- Faculty of Safety Engineering and Civil Protection, The Main School of Fire Service, 52/54 Slowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland; (K.R.); (A.P.)
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7
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Polyolefins and Polyethylene Terephthalate Package Wastes: Recycling and Use in Composites. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14217306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plastics are versatile materials used in a variety of sectors that have seen a rapid increase in their global production. Millions of tonnes of plastic wastes are generated each year, which puts pressure on plastic waste management methods to prevent their accumulation within the environment. Recycling is an attractive disposal method and aids the initiative of a circular plastic economy, but recycling still has challenges to overcome. This review starts with an overview of the current European recycling strategies for solid plastic waste and the challenges faced. Emphasis lies on the recycling of polyolefins (POs) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which are found in plastic packaging, as packaging contributes a signification proportion to solid plastic wastes. Both sections, the recycling of POs and PET, discuss the sources of wastes, chemical and mechanical recycling, effects of recycling on the material properties, strategies to improve the performance of recycled POs and PET, and finally the applications of recycled POs and PET. The review concludes with a discussion of the future potential and opportunities of recycled POs and PET.
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8
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Karaagac E, Koch T, Archodoulaki VM. Choosing an Effective Compatibilizer for a Virgin HDPE Rich-HDPE/PP Model Blend. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3567. [PMID: 34685326 PMCID: PMC8540020 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The most widely used commodity polymers in the rigid packaging industry are polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). For example, blow molding grade of HDPE as a bottle and injection molding grade of PP as a cap are often used to produce detergent bottles. Therefore, the recycled HDPE bottles from post-consumer waste include PP as a contaminant originated from PP bottle caps. To simulate mechanical recycling of bottle waste, the mechanical properties of HDPE-rich-HDPE/PP virgin model blend were studied. For compatibilization, ethylene-based olefin block copolymer, propylene-based olefin block copolymer, ethylene propylene random copolymer, and styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer were chosen as potential compatibilizer candidates. Contact angle measurements, morphological analysis, adhesion tests of compatibilizer candidates to polymer blend components and the tensile as well as tensile impact properties of the ternary blends were studied. It was found that the ethylene-based olefin block copolymer was the most effective compatibilizer resulting in a return of mechanical properties to those of neat vHDPE due to its ability to encapsulate dispersed vPP particles in a vHDPE matrix (core-shell morphology) and the best adhesion to polymer blend components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Karaagac
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (V.-M.A.)
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Abstract
The recycling of plastic waste is undergoing fast growth due to environmental, health and economic issues, and several blends of post-consumer and post-industrial polymeric materials have been characterized in recent years. However, most of these researches have focused on plastic containers and packaging, neglecting hard plastic waste. This study provides the first experimental characterization of different blends of hard plastic waste and virgin polypropylene in terms of melt index, differential scan calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical properties (tensile, impact and Shore hardness) and Vicat softening test. Compared to blends based on packaging plastic waste, significant differences were observed in terms of melt flow index (about 10 points higher for hard plastic waste). Mechanical properties, in particular yield strain, were instead quite similar (between 5 and 9%), despite a higher standard deviation being observed, up to 10%, probably due to incomplete homogenization. Results demonstrate that these worse performances could be mainly attributed to the presence of different additives, as well as to the presence of impurities or traces of other polymers, other than incomplete homogenization. On the other hand, acceptable results were obtained for selected blends; the optimal blending ratio was identified as 78% post-consumer waste and 22% post-industrial waste, meeting the requirement for injection molding and thermoforming.
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10
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Circulatory Management of Polymer Waste: Recycling into Fine Fibers and Their Applications. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164694. [PMID: 34443216 PMCID: PMC8401388 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In modern society, it is impossible to imagine life without polymeric materials. However, managing the waste composed of these materials is one of the most significant environmental issues confronting us in the present day. Recycling polymeric waste is the most important action currently available to reduce environmental impacts worldwide and is one of the most dynamic areas in industry today. Utilizing this waste could not only benefit the environment but also promote sustainable development and circular economy management. In its program statement, the European Union has committed to support the use of sorted polymeric waste. This study reviews recent attempts to recycle this waste and convert it by alternative technologies into fine, nano-, and microscale fibers using electrospinning, blowing, melt, or centrifugal spinning. This review provides information regarding applying reprocessed fine fibers in various areas and a concrete approach to mitigate the threat of pollution caused by polymeric materials.
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Stanic S, Koch T, Schmid K, Knaus S, Archodoulaki VM. Improving Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Various Virgin and Recycled Polypropylenes by Blending with Long-Chain Branched Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1137. [PMID: 33918300 PMCID: PMC8038188 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Blends of two long-chain branched polypropylenes (LCB-PP) and five linear polypropylenes (L-PP) were prepared in a single screw extruder at 240 °C. The two LCB-PPs were self-created via reactive extrusion at 180 °C by using dimyristyl peroxydicarbonate (PODIC C126) and dilauroyl peroxide (LP) as peroxides. For blending two virgin and three recycled PPs like coffee caps, yoghurt cups and buckets with different melt flow rate (MFR) values were used. The influence of using blends was assessed by investigating the rheological (dynamic and extensional rheology) and mechanical properties (tensile test and impact tensile test). The dynamic rheology indicated that the molecular weight as well as the molecular weight distribution could be increased or broadened. Also the melt strength behavior could be improved by using the two peroxide modified LCB-PP blends on the basis of PODIC C126 or PEROXAN LP (dilauroyl peroxide). In addition, the mechanical properties were consistently enhanced or at least kept constant compared to the original material. In particular, the impact tensile strength but also the elongation at break could be increased considerably. This study showed that the blending of LCB-PP can increase the investigated properties and represents a promising option, especially when using recycled PP, which demonstrates a real "up-cycling" process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Stanic
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (V.-M.A.)
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (V.-M.A.)
| | - Klaus Schmid
- Pergan GmbH, Schlavenhorst 71, 46395 Bocholt, Germany;
| | - Simone Knaus
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Vasiliki-Maria Archodoulaki
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (V.-M.A.)
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12
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Karaagac E, Koch T, Archodoulaki VM. The effect of PP contamination in recycled high-density polyethylene (rPE-HD) from post-consumer bottle waste and their compatibilization with olefin block copolymer (OBC). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 119:285-294. [PMID: 33125937 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE) are widely used commodity plastics in packaging industry such as detergent bottles. To produce plastic detergent bottles, very often extrusion blown molded PE-HD as a body and injection molded PP as a screw cap are used. Separation of individual polymer type is difficult due to the similar density. Unfortunately, the melt blending of recycled post-consumer detergent bottle waste leads to deterioration of mechanical properties. Additionally, the percentage of rPP contamination in recycled PE-HD (rPE-HD) from post-consumer bottle waste can be varied depending on local waste composition and different sorting quality. This work investigates the effect of various contamination scenarios with different percentage of rPP from bottle caps in rPE-HD from bottle waste as well as their compatibilization with olefin block copolymer (OBC) on mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties. Moreover, the low temperature tensile properties of blends with OBC are also investigated in this study. The results showed that the increasing rPP contamination leads to deteriorating elongation at break and tensile impact strength. Furthermore, the addition of OBC as a compatibilizer into worse-case contamination scenario (15 wt% rPP in rPE-HD) significantly improved elongation at break and tensile impact strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms the improvement in adhesion between rPP and rPE-HD from recycled bottle waste with the addition of OBC as a compatibilizer. Rheological measurements reveal the interfacial interaction among rPP, rPE-HD and OBC. The low temperature tensile test demonstrated that the addition of OBC as a compatibilizer improved low temperature tensile elongation at break.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Karaagac
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria.
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria
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13
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Râpă M, Spurcaciu BN, Coman G, Nicolae CA, Gabor RA, Ghioca PN, Berbecaru AC, Matei E, Predescu C. Effect of Styrene-Diene Block Copolymers and Glass Bubbles on the Post-Consumer Recycled Polypropylene Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13030543. [PMID: 31979228 PMCID: PMC7040787 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The recycled polypropylene (rPP) materials that meet technical requirements such as reducing the dimensions and improving the tensile, elongation, impact strength, thermal stability, as well as melt processing, are required for the manufacturing industry. In this paper, we studied the mechanical and thermal properties of post-consumer rPP by adding both synthesized thermoplastic elastomers, and glass bubbles (GB) by a melt allowing process. Styrene-butadiene (SBS) and styrene-isoprene (SIS) block-copolymers that had a styrene content of 30 wt% were synthesized by anionic sequential polymerization. The obtained post-consumer rPP composites were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical analyses (tensile, density, hardness, VICAT softening temperature (VST), heat deflection temperature (HDT), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), IZOD strength) and thermal analyses (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)). Weight reduction and improvement of the tensile, elongation, impact strength, thermal stability, as well as melt processing of post-consumer recycled polypropylene (rPP) properties compounded with thermoplastic elastomers and glass bubbles, sustain the use of these formulations for engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Râpă
- Center for Research and Eco-Metallurgical Expertise (ECOMET UPB), University Politehnica from Bucharest, 313 Spl. Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.R.); (G.C.); (A.C.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Bogdan Norocel Spurcaciu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry (ICECHIM), 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.A.N.); (R.A.G.); (P.N.G.)
- Correspondence: (B.N.S.); (E.M.); Tel.: +40-773-912-101 (B.N.S.); +40-724-543-926 (E.M.)
| | - George Coman
- Center for Research and Eco-Metallurgical Expertise (ECOMET UPB), University Politehnica from Bucharest, 313 Spl. Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.R.); (G.C.); (A.C.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristian Andi Nicolae
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry (ICECHIM), 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.A.N.); (R.A.G.); (P.N.G.)
| | - Raluca Augusta Gabor
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry (ICECHIM), 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.A.N.); (R.A.G.); (P.N.G.)
| | - Paul Niculae Ghioca
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry (ICECHIM), 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.A.N.); (R.A.G.); (P.N.G.)
| | - Andrei Constantin Berbecaru
- Center for Research and Eco-Metallurgical Expertise (ECOMET UPB), University Politehnica from Bucharest, 313 Spl. Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.R.); (G.C.); (A.C.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Ecaterina Matei
- Center for Research and Eco-Metallurgical Expertise (ECOMET UPB), University Politehnica from Bucharest, 313 Spl. Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.R.); (G.C.); (A.C.B.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.N.S.); (E.M.); Tel.: +40-773-912-101 (B.N.S.); +40-724-543-926 (E.M.)
| | - Cristian Predescu
- Center for Research and Eco-Metallurgical Expertise (ECOMET UPB), University Politehnica from Bucharest, 313 Spl. Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.R.); (G.C.); (A.C.B.); (C.P.)
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14
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Hahladakis JN, Iacovidou E. An overview of the challenges and trade-offs in closing the loop of post-consumer plastic waste (PCPW): Focus on recycling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120887. [PMID: 31330387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recycling of post-consumer plastic waste (PCPW) is increasingly promoted as the means to achieving circular economy (CE). It converts plastic waste into a secondary material that can be fed back into the system, for use in the same or new components and products, with similar or lower functionality; hence "closing the loop". Up until today, research on examining the environmental impacts, economic implications and technicalities of plastic waste recycling deals with one particular aspect, or stage on the plastic value chain, lacking coherence and structure. To move this research forward, understanding the challenges and trade-offs in scaling up plastic waste recycling is necessary. Here, we bring together existing literature on the multi-faceted aspects of closing the plastic loop, critically debating on the multi-stakeholder endeavours of promoting circularity in the plastics value chain. We present an overview of how the design, production, collection and sorting of PCPW present challenges for plastic waste recycling, which in turn result to a number of trade-offs. We explain that the evaluation of the multi-dimensional implications of trade-offs arising from the PCPW recycling, is essential in measuring the long-term sustainability of resource recovery from waste systems. This work scrutinises the sustainability of closing the plastic waste loops and sets a future research agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Hahladakis
- College of Arts and Sciences, Center for Sustainable Development, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Eleni Iacovidou
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
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15
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Analysis of Thermomechanical Properties of Selected Class of Recycled Thermoplastic Materials Based on Their Applications. RECYCLING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling4030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polypropylene and polystyrene are petroleum-based thermoplastics which are commonly used and disposed of in the environment after their service life, leading to environmental degradation. There is a need to recycle polypropylene and polystyrene, but the effect of recycling on thermo-mechanical properties is not well understood. This study aims to determine thermo-mechanical properties of the recycled polypropylene and recycled polystyrene and compare them with corresponding virgin polypropylene and newly produced polystyrene (general purpose polystyrene 1540 and high impact polystyrene 7240). The study was carried out by preparing bar-shaped samples of recycled polypropylene, recycled polystyrene, general purpose polystyrene 1540, and high impact polystyrene 7240 by compression molding using a hot press and thermally characterizing them to determine glass transition temperature and melting temperature using differential scanning calorimetry. The changes in Young’s modulus, tensile strength, hardness, and toughness due to recycling activities were determined at room temperature (24 °C), 40 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C. The thermo-mechanical properties of recycled polystyrene (PS) were found to be comparable to those of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) 7240. The study revealed that the hardness and toughness for the recycled polymers were higher than those of corresponding virgin polymers. On the other hand, tensile strength and Young’s modulus for the recycled polymers were lower than those of the virgin polymers. Understanding the thermo-mechanical properties of the recycled polymers will contribute to more industrial applications hence increase the rate of recycling, resulting in a reduction in environmental pollution.
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16
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Li Y, Jia S, Du S, Wang Y, Lv L, Zhang J. Improved properties of recycled polypropylene by introducing the long chain branched structure through reactive extrusion. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 76:172-179. [PMID: 29606532 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An approach originated from preparing long chain branched polypropylene (PP) was applied to modify the properties of recycled PP that involved reactive extrusion to introduce a branched chain structure onto recycled PP under the assistance of chemical reaction between maleic anhydride (MAH) monomer and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) grafts. The results from Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated the reaction took place during melt mixing, and the intensity of ester increased with increasing amount of MAH. Several rheological plots including complex viscosity, storage modulus, loss modulus, loss tangent and Cole-Cole plot were used to investigate the rheological properties of recycled PP and modified PP with MAH, which indicated an additional longer relaxation time that was not shown in recycled PP. The effects of branched structure on melting and crystallization behaviors were also investigated, demonstrating the branched chains acted as nucleating agent. Moreover, the branched structure of modified samples gave rise to enhance mechanical properties, especially, the higher impact strength compared with recycled PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North university of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Shuai Jia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Shuanli Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North university of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Lida Lv
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North university of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North university of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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17
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Brouwer MT, Thoden van Velzen EU, Augustinus A, Soethoudt H, De Meester S, Ragaert K. Predictive model for the Dutch post-consumer plastic packaging recycling system and implications for the circular economy. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 71:62-85. [PMID: 29107509 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Dutch post-consumer plastic packaging recycling network has been described in detail (both on the level of packaging types and of materials) from the household potential to the polymeric composition of the recycled milled goods. The compositional analyses of 173 different samples of post-consumer plastic packaging from different locations in the network were combined to indicatively describe the complete network with material flow analysis, data reconciliation techniques and process technological parameters. The derived potential of post-consumer plastic packages in the Netherlands in 2014 amounted to 341 Gg net (or 20.2 kg net.cap-1.a-1). The complete recycling network produced 75.2 Gg milled goods, 28.1 Gg side products and 16.7 Gg process waste. Hence the net recycling chain yield for post-consumer plastic packages equalled 30%. The end-of-life fates for 35 different plastic packaging types were resolved. Additionally, the polymeric compositions of the milled goods and the recovered masses were derived with this model. These compositions were compared with experimentally determined polymeric compositions of recycled milled goods, which confirmed that the model predicts these compositions reasonably well. Also the modelled recovered masses corresponded reasonably well with those measured experimentally. The model clarified the origin of polymeric contaminants in recycled plastics, either sorting faults or packaging components, which gives directions for future improvement measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke T Brouwer
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Post-box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Eggo U Thoden van Velzen
- Top Institute Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Antje Augustinus
- Top Institute Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Soethoudt
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven De Meester
- Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Kim Ragaert
- Centre for Polymer & Material Technologies, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Belgium
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18
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Reuse of Tires Textile Fibers in Plastic Compounds: Is this Scenario Environmentally Sustainable? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2017.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Investigation on microstructures, melting and crystallization behaviors, mechanical and processing properties of β-isotactic polypropylene /CaCO3 toughening masterbatch composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Kamleitner F, Duscher B, Koch T, Knaus S, Archodoulaki VM. Long chain branching as an innovative up-cycling process of polypropylene post-consumer waste - Possibilities and limitations. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 68:32-37. [PMID: 28736048 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Long chain branching (LCB) was used the first time as an innovative tool for value adding to PP from household post-consumer waste. Due to the highly improved melt properties, the possible application profile is extended and not only a "re-cycling" process, even a real "up-cycling" is presented. The used PP was collected from commingled household polyolefin waste, which contained different types of PP and macromolecular impurities such as 10% of polyethylene with high density (PE-HD). In addition, a single PP waste fraction from cleaned beverage and yoghurt cups was manually sorted. The up-cycled PP from single polymer waste, as well as the post-consumer blend, showed pronounced strain hardening and increased melt strength, which was comparable to LCB-PP prepared from virgin PP. However, the up-cycled post-consumer blend showed weaker mechanical performance especially low elongation at break due to PE-HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kamleitner
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernadette Duscher
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Knaus
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Composite Fibers from Recycled Plastics Using Melt Centrifugal Spinning. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10091044. [PMID: 28878187 PMCID: PMC5615699 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
New methods are being developed to enable the production of value-added materials from high-volume, low-cost feedstocks arising from domestic recycling streams. In this work, recycled bottle-grade polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, and polypropylene were spun into fibers from the melt using a centrifugal spinning technique. Mono-component fibers and 50/50 blends of each polymer and a 33/33/33 blend of all three polymers were evaluated. Fiber morphology, chemistry, thermal, and mechanical properties were probed. Fiber diameters ranged from ca. 1 to over 12 µm, with polypropylene fibers having the smallest fiber diameters. Mono-component fibers were generally defect-free, while composite fibers containing polypropylene were beady. Fibers made from polyethylene terephthalate had the highest tensile strength, and the addition of polyethylene terephthalate to the other polymers improved the mechanical properties of the blends. Nano- and micro-fibers from both pure and mixed waste streams are expected to have applications in myriad areas such as ultra/micro-filtration, composites, and insulation.
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22
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Lu QC, Dou Q. Investigation of the microstructures, properties, and toughening mechanism of polypropylene/calcium carbonate toughening masterbatch composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Cheng Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Qiang Dou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
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23
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Kamleitner F, Duscher B, Koch T, Knaus S, Archodoulaki VM. Upcycling of polypropylene-the influence of polyethylene impurities. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Kamleitner
- Institute of Material Science and Technology, TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060 Austria
| | - B. Duscher
- Institute of Material Science and Technology, TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060 Austria
| | - T. Koch
- Institute of Material Science and Technology, TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060 Austria
| | - S. Knaus
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060 Austria
| | - V. M. Archodoulaki
- Institute of Material Science and Technology, TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060 Austria
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24
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Abstract
The use of recycled polypropylene (RPP) as raw material for various industries has been known. However, the mechanical and thermal properties of recycled products are lower than those of raw material. The objective of this study was to obtain and investigate the modified recycled polypropylene (RPP) with commercial elastomers for possible applications. The compounded RPP-based thermoplastic elastomers were investigated in order to determine their thermal properties (melt flow index (MFI), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), VICAT softening temperature (VST), and heat deflection temperature (HDT)), structural characteristics (optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD)), and mechanical properties (tensile properties, density, and IZOD impact). The RPP compounded with 10% elastomer recorded higher tensile properties than the unmodified RPP. Also, IZOD impact strength increased from4.3±0.2 kJ/m2(registered for RPP) to21.7±2.5 kJ/m2for the PPR/SIS30 compound, while the degree of crystallinity decreased for all compounds. The obtained results recommend the RPP/elastomers compounds both for environmental remediation from postconsumer PP wastes and to realize new goods with high performance for various applications.
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25
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Rheological behavior of polyolefins during UV irradiation at high temperature as a coupled degradative process. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Yin S, Tuladhar R, Shi F, Shanks RA, Combe M, Collister T. Mechanical reprocessing of polyolefin waste: A review. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yin
- College of Science, Technology & Engineering; James Cook University; Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Rabin Tuladhar
- College of Science, Technology & Engineering; James Cook University; Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Beijing 100000 China
| | - Robert A. Shanks
- School of Applied Sciences; RMIT University; Melbourne Victoria 3001 Australia
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27
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Kazemi Y, Ramezani Kakroodi A, Rodrigue D. Compatibilization efficiency in post-consumer recycled polyethylene/polypropylene blends: Effect of contamination. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Kazemi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Université Laval; Quebec City Canada G1V 0A6
| | | | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Université Laval; Quebec City Canada G1V 0A6
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28
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Gu F, Hall P, Miles NJ, Ding Q, Wu T. Improvement of mechanical properties of recycled plastic blends via optimizing processing parameters using the Taguchi method and principal component analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Mohamad N, Latiff AA, Maulod HEA, Azam MA, Manaf MEA. A Sustainable Polymer Composite from Recycled Polypropylene Filled with Shrimp Shell Waste. POLYMER-PLASTICS TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING 2014; 53:167-172. [DOI: 10.1080/03602559.2013.843704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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30
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Stenvall E, Tostar S, Boldizar A, Foreman MRSJ. The Influence of Extrusion Conditions on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Virgin and Recycled PP, HIPS, ABS and Their Ternary Blends. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A recyclable plastics waste stream of electrical and electronic equipment has previously been found to contain acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS, ∼40 wt%), high impact polystyrene (HIPS, ∼40 wt%), polypropylene (PP, ∼10 wt%) and a rest fraction consisting mainly of other styrene-based thermoplastics. In this work, one virgin and one recycled ternary blend consisting of these three components were melt-blended in an extruder to study the influence of processing conditions on the mechanical and thermal properties. The aim of the work has been to understand the inherent compatibility between ABS, HIPS and PP without added compatibilisers, in order to investigate the recycling potential of a real recyclable WEEE plastics fraction. Favourable processing conditions with respect to tensile properties of the virgin blend were found at intermediate screw rotations (40 to 80 min−1) and relatively low barrel temperatures (170 to 220°C), which can be understood from the low onset of thermo-oxidative degradation at 200°C. The recycled blend and recycled ABS, HIPS and PP showed higher stiffness and yield stress, but lower elongation at break than the corresponding virgin materials. The stiffness and yield stress of the blends were found mainly to follow the rule of mixtures of their components while the elongation at break exhibited adverse characteristics indicating incompatibility between ABS, HIPS and PP. The significant variations in the elongation at break of the blends appeared to be due to the ABS component. Differential scanning calorimetry showed an additional melt peak for the recycled blend compared to the virgin blend, otherwise the transitions were similar. The additional peak could be assigned to polyethylene in the PP component. The onset of the thermo-oxidative degradation was found to be at almost 190°C in the case of the recycled blend, which was high considering that it was close to that of the virgin blend and higher than expected from the rule of mixtures of the recycled components.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Stenvall
- Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - S. Tostar
- Department of Industrial Materials Recycling, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - A. Boldizar
- Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M. R. St. J. Foreman
- Department of Industrial Materials Recycling, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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31
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What is the technical and environmental interest in reusing a recycled polypropylene–hemp fibre composite? Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Poletto M, Dettenborn J, Zeni M, Zattera AJ. Characterization of composites based on expanded polystyrene wastes and wood flour. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 31:779-784. [PMID: 21172732 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to evaluate the potential for the use of recycled expanded polystyrene and wood flour as materials for the development of wood plastic composites. The effects of wood flour loading and coupling agent addition on the mechanical properties and morphology of wood thermoplastic composites were examined. In addition, a methodology for the thermo-mechanical recycling of expanded polystyrene waste was developed. The results show that the mechanical properties decreased as the wood flour loading increased. On the other hand, the use of poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride), SMA, as a coupling agent improved the compatibility between the wood flour and polystyrene matrix and the mechanical properties subsequently improved. A morphological study revealed the positive effect of the coupling agent on the interfacial bonding. The density values obtained for the composites were compared with the theoretical values and showed agreement with the rule of mixtures. Based on the findings of this work, it appears that both recycled materials can be used to manufacture composites with high mechanical properties and low density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Poletto
- Laboratory of Polymers (LPOL), Center of Exact Sciences and Technology (CCET), Caxias do Sul University (UCS), CEP 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
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33
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Elloumi A, Pimbert S, Bourmaud A, Bradai C. Thermomechanical properties of virgin and recycled polypropylene impact copolymer/CaCO3 nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Al-Salem SM, Lettieri P, Baeyens J. Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW): a review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 29:2625-43. [PMID: 19577459 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastic solid waste (PSW) presents challenges and opportunities to societies regardless of their sustainability awareness and technological advances. In this paper, recent progress in the recycling and recovery of PSW is reviewed. A special emphasis is paid on waste generated from polyolefinic sources, which makes up a great percentage of our daily single-life cycle plastic products. The four routes of PSW treatment are detailed and discussed covering primary (re-extrusion), secondary (mechanical), tertiary (chemical) and quaternary (energy recovery) schemes and technologies. Primary recycling, which involves the re-introduction of clean scrap of single polymer to the extrusion cycle in order to produce products of the similar material, is commonly applied in the processing line itself but rarely applied among recyclers, as recycling materials rarely possess the required quality. The various waste products, consisting of either end-of-life or production (scrap) waste, are the feedstock of secondary techniques, thereby generally reduced in size to a more desirable shape and form, such as pellets, flakes or powders, depending on the source, shape and usability. Tertiary treatment schemes have contributed greatly to the recycling status of PSW in recent years. Advanced thermo-chemical treatment methods cover a wide range of technologies and produce either fuels or petrochemical feedstock. Nowadays, non-catalytic thermal cracking (thermolysis) is receiving renewed attention, due to the fact of added value on a crude oil barrel and its very valuable yielded products. But a fact remains that advanced thermo-chemical recycling of PSW (namely polyolefins) still lacks the proper design and kinetic background to target certain desired products and/or chemicals. Energy recovery was found to be an attainable solution to PSW in general and municipal solid waste (MSW) in particular. The amount of energy produced in kilns and reactors applied in this route is sufficiently investigated up to the point of operation, but not in terms of integration with either petrochemical or converting plants. Although primary and secondary recycling schemes are well established and widely applied, it is concluded that many of the PSW tertiary and quaternary treatment schemes appear to be robust and worthy of additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Al-Salem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Process Engineering, University College London, Centre for CO2 Technology, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
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