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Al-Hazmi HE, Hassan GK, Kurniawan TA, Śniatała B, Joseph TM, Majtacz J, Piechota G, Li X, El-Gohary FA, Saeb MR, Mąkinia J. Technological solutions to landfill management: Towards recovery of biomethane and carbon neutrality. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120414. [PMID: 38412730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Inadequate landfill management poses risks to the environment and human health, necessitating action. Poorly designed and operated landfills release harmful gases, contaminate water, and deplete resources. Aligning landfill management with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reveals its crucial role in achieving various targets. Urgent transformation of landfill practices is necessary to address challenges like climate change, carbon neutrality, food security, and resource recovery. The scientific community recognizes landfill management's impact on climate change, evidenced by in over 191 published articles (1998-2023). This article presents emerging solutions for sustainable landfill management, including physico-chemical, oxidation, and biological treatments. Each technology is evaluated for practical applications. The article emphasizes landfill management's global significance in pursuing carbon neutrality, prioritizing resource recovery over end-of-pipe treatments. It is important to note that minimizing water, chemical, and energy inputs in nutrient recovery is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Water reuse, energy recovery, and material selection during manufacturing are vital. The potential of water technologies for recovering macro-nutrients from landfill leachate is explored, considering feasibility factors. Integrated waste management approaches, such as recycling and composting, reduce waste and minimize environmental impact. It is conclusively evident that the water technologies not only facilitate the purification of leachate but also enable the recovery of valuable substances such as ammonium, heavy metals, nutrients, and salts. This recovery process holds economic benefits, while the conversion of CH4 and hydrogen into bioenergy and power generation through microbial fuel cells further enhances its potential. Future research should focus on sustainable and cost-effective treatment technologies for landfill leachate. Improving landfill management can mitigate the adverse environmental and health effects of inadequate waste disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland.
| | - Gamal K Hassan
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St, Giza, Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Egypt.
| | | | - Bogna Śniatała
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Tomy Muringayil Joseph
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Majtacz
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Piechota
- GPCHEM. Laboratory of Biogas Research and Analysis, ul. Legionów 40a/3, Toruń, 87-100, Poland
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Donghua Univerisity, Dept Env. Room 4155, 2999 North Renmin Rd, Songjiang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Fatma A El-Gohary
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St, Giza, Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Mąkinia
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
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Shrestha S, Pandey R, Aryal N, Lohani SP. Recent advances in co-digestion conjugates for anaerobic digestion of food waste. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118785. [PMID: 37611516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a biological process that breaks down organic waste materials, such as food waste (FW) that produces biogas and digestate. The biogas can be utilized as biofuel, and digestate could be applied as fertilizer. However, AD of FW alone has limitations on optimal degradation, digester stability and biogas yield. Co-digestion of FW along with other organic wastes such as animal manure, agricultural residue, sewage sludge and industrial organic waste, has shown substantial improvement in degradation process with increased biogas yield. The inadequacies in FW for optimum AD, like low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio), lack of trace elements and irregular particle sizes, can be nullified by adding appropriate co-digestion conjugates. This review aims to describe the characteristic inadequacies of FW and examines the effect on mesophilic co-digestion of FW with animal manure, waste sludge and agricultural wastes for biogas production optimization. A critical review on the impact of pretreatment and co-digestion to enrich the methane (CH4) content in biogas has been performed. The review also examines the microbial community shift due to co-digestion, which is critical for the stability of an anaerobic digester. Finally, it discusses the prospects and challenges for the widespread application of the co-digestion technique as an effective organic waste management practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujesh Shrestha
- Department of Process, Energy and Environmental Technology, University of South-Eastern Norway, Campus Porsgrunn, Norway; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Nepal
| | - Rajeev Pandey
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University, Nepal
| | - Nabin Aryal
- Department of Process, Energy and Environmental Technology, University of South-Eastern Norway, Campus Porsgrunn, Norway.
| | - Sunil Prasad Lohani
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University, Nepal.
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Zhou H, Zhao Q, Jiang J, Wang Z, Li L, Gao Q, Wang K. Enhancing of pretreatment on high solids enzymatic hydrolysis of food waste: Sugar yield, trimming of substrate structure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 379:128989. [PMID: 37003452 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of high solids enzymatic hydrolysis (HSEH) technology is a promising way to improve the efficiency of bioenergy production from solid waste. Pretreatment methods such as ultrasound (USP), freeze-thaw (FTP), hydrothermal (HTP), and dried (DRD) were carried out to evaluate the effect and mechanism of the pretreatment methods on the HSEH of FW. The reducing sugar of HTP and DRD reached 94.75% and 94.92% of the theoretical value. HTP and DRD could reduce the crystallinity of FW. DRD resulted in lower alignment and the occurrence of fractures of the substrate and exposed the α-1,4 glycosidic bond of starch. The high destructive power of HTP and DRD reduced the obstacles caused by the high solid content. Moreover, DRD consumed only 27.62% of the total energy of HTP. DRD could be a promising pretreatment methods for glucose recovery for its high product yield, significant substrate destruction, and economic feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhou
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environments (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Junqiu Jiang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lili Li
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qingwei Gao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Zhang H, Chen Y, Liu Y, Bowden JA, Tolaymat TM, Townsend TG, Solo-Gabriele HM. Relationships between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and physical-chemical parameters in aqueous landfill samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 329:138541. [PMID: 36996915 PMCID: PMC10680781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Variable chemistries of liquids from landfills can potentially impact levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The objective of the current study was to evaluate relationships between physical-chemical properties (bulk measurements, oxygen demand components, and metals) and PFAS concentrations in different types of aqueous landfill samples. Aqueous landfill samples were collected from 39 landfill facilities in Florida, United States. These samples included leachates from landfills that receive different waste types, such as municipal solid waste incineration ash (MSWA), construction and demolition debris (C&D), and municipal solid waste (MSW). Additional aqueous landfill samples were sourced from treated landfill leachate, gas condensate, stormwater, and groundwater from within and near the landfill boundaries. Results showed significant correlations (p < 0.05) between ∑26PFAS and alkalinity (rs = 0.83), total organic carbon (TOC) (rs = 0.84), and ammonia (rs = 0.79) for all leachate types. Other physical-chemical parameters that were significantly correlated (rs > 0.60, p < 0.05) with PFAS included specific conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and to a lesser extent, total dissolved solids (TDS) and total solids (TS). For gas condensates, PFAS was significantly correlated with TOC. Stormwater and groundwater, within and near the landfill boundaries, had considerably lower levels of PFAS and had a minimal correlation between PFAS and physical-chemical parameters. Although PFAS concentrations and physical-chemical parameters and their correlations varied between different types of aqueous landfill samples, results suggest that physical-chemical properties can be useful indicators of relative PFAS concentrations within a leachate type. More research is needed to validate the mechanisms that relate physical-chemical parameters to PFAS concentrations in landfill leachates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hekai Zhang
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 33146, United States
| | - Yutao Chen
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 33146, United States
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Thabet M Tolaymat
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, United States
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 33146, United States.
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Liu K, Lv L, Li W, Ren Z, Wang P, Liu X, Gao W, Sun L, Zhang G. A comprehensive review on food waste anaerobic co-digestion: Research progress and tendencies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163155. [PMID: 37001653 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Food waste (FW) anaerobic digestion systems are prone to imbalance during long-term operation, and the imbalance mechanism is complex. Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) of FW and other substrates can overcome the performance limitations of single digestion, allowing for the mutual use of multiple wastes and resource recovery. Research on the AcoD of FW has been widely conducted and successfully applied to a practical engineering scale. Therefore, this review describes the research progress of AcoD of FW with other substrates. By analyzing the problems and challenges faced by AcoD of FW, the synergistic effects and influencing factors of different biomass wastes are discussed, and improvement strategies to improve the performance of AcoD of FW are summarized from different reaction stages of anaerobic digestion. By combing the research progress of AcoD of FW, it provides a reference for the optimization and improvement of the performance of the co-digestion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Longyi Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China.
| | - Weiguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Zhijun Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Wenfang Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Li Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China.
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Zou L, Wang Y, Wu R, Ji S, Wan Y, Cheng H, Li YY, Liu J. Increasing the organic loading rate of household food waste anaerobic digestion by landfill leachate addition: Performance and mechanism. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 342:118170. [PMID: 37196624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A high amount of easily degradable organics and the absence of trace metals (TMs) in household food waste (HFW) lowered the stability and efficiency of anaerobic digestion (AD) of HFW. Leachate addition to the AD of HFW can provide ammonia nitrogen and TMs to address the accumulation of volatile fatty acids and the lack of TMs. To study the effect of leachate addition on increasing organic loading rate (OLR), both mono-digestion of HFW and AD of HFW with leachate addition were evaluated using two continuously stirred tank reactors. The OLR of the mono-digestion reactor only reached 2.5 g COD/L/d. However, with the addition of ammonia nitrogen and TMs, the OLR of the failed mono-digestion reactor increased by 2 and 3.5 g COD/L/d, respectively. The specific methanogenic activity increased by 94.4% and the hydrolysis efficiency increased by 135%. Finally, the OLR of mono-digestion of HFW reached 8 g COD/L/d, with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8 days and methane production rate of 2.4 L/L/d. In the leachate addition reactor, the OLR reached 15 g COD/L/d, while the HRT and methane production were 7 days and 3.4 L/L/d, respectively. This study demonstrates that leachate addition substantially improves the AD efficiency of HFW. The two main mechanisms of increasing the OLR of an AD reactor are the buffer capacity of ammonia nitrogen and the stimulation of methanogen by TMs from leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianpei Zou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ruixin Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shenghao Ji
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yulan Wan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jianyong Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
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A Recent Progress in the Leachate Pretreatment Methods Coupled with Anaerobic Digestion for Enhanced Biogas Production: Feasibility, Trends, and Techno-Economic Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010763. [PMID: 36614205 PMCID: PMC9820962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Landfill leachate (LFL) treatment is a severe challenge due to its highly viscous nature and various complex pollutants. Leachate comprises various toxic pollutants, including inorganic macro/nano components, xenobiotics, dissolved organic matter, heavy metals, and microorganisms responsible for severe environmental pollution. Various treatment procedures are available to achieve better effluent quality levels; however, most of these treatments are nondestructive, so pollutants are merely transported from one phase to another, resulting in secondary contamination. Anaerobic digestion is a promising bioconversion technology for treating leachate while producing renewable, cleaner energy. Because of its high toxicity and low biodegradability, biological approaches necessitate employing other techniques to complement and support the primary process. In this regard, pretreatment technologies have recently attracted researchers' interest in addressing leachate treatment concerns through anaerobic digestion. This review summarizes various LFL pretreatment methods, such as electrochemical, ultrasonic, alkaline, coagulation, nanofiltration, air stripping, adsorption, and photocatalysis, before the anaerobic digestion of leachate. The pretreatment could assist in converting biogas (carbon dioxide to methane) and residual volatile fatty acids to valuable chemicals and fuels and even straight to power generation. However, the selection of pretreatment is a vital step. The techno-economic analysis also suggested the high economic feasibility of integrated-anaerobic digestion. Therefore, with the incorporation of pretreatment and anaerobic digestion, the process could have high economic viability attributed to bioenergy production and cost savings through sustainable leachate management options.
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Pasalari H, Ghasemian M, Esrafili A, Gholami M, Farzadkia M. Upgrading the biogas production from raw landfill leachate using O 3/H 2O 2 pretreatment process: Modeling, optimization and anaerobic digestion performance. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114222. [PMID: 36323151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Here, a combined pretreatment oxidation process (O3/H2O2) was investigated to enhance the biodegradability of raw landfill leachate (RLL) and biomethane potential (BMP) in anaerobic reactors. The central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to optimize the operational parameters influencing on RLL bioavailability in O3/H2O2 process: pH, Oxygen Flow rate, Reaction Time, and H2O2 concentration. The findings revealed that the O3/H2O2 increased biodegradability index (BOD5/COD) of RLL from 0.41 to 0.68 under optimized condition (pH=8, Oxygen flow= 0.25 L.min-1, Reaction Time= 25 min, H2O2 concentration= 2.5 g.L-1). Furthermore, the effects of O3/H2O2 process on BMP of RLL were surveyed under mesophilic anaerobic reactors (Temperature: 37 ± 1 °C) in viewpoints of operational performance and methane yield in a batch mode for incubation period of 24 days. The results showed that O3/H2O2 process simultaneously improve the BMP by 2.99 times higher in a shorter lag-phase period (5 days) compared with control. The pretreatment O3/H2O2 and mesophilic anaerobic digestion process revealed a feasible and efficient method for enhance BMP of RLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Pasalari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghasemian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Esrafili
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Gholami
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Liu Y, Lv Y, Cheng H, Zou L, Li YY, Liu J. High-efficiency anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and mature leachate using expanded granular sludge blanket reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127847. [PMID: 36031119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion of food waste receives more and more attention for waste-to-energy conversion, while easy acidification and limited efficiency hinder its wide application. To improve anaerobic digestion of food waste, its anaerobic co-digestion with mature leachate was performed using an expanded granular sludge blanket reactor. With the chemical oxidation demand (COD) removal of around 80%, the methane production and organic loading rate of the reactor reached 5.87 ± 0.45 L/L/d and 23.6 g COD/L/d, respectively. The rate of COD converted to methane was ranging from 74% to 87%. The addition of mature leachate provided ammonium to avoid acidification and trace metals for microbial growth, and the efficiencies of four stages of anaerobic digestion were all enhanced. The predominant methanogenic genera were shifted to adapt the changing condition, thus stabilizing the system. These findings support high-efficiency bioenergy recovery from food waste and leachate in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxu Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lianpei Zou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jianyong Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
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10
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Zeng F, Liao X, Lu J, Pan D, Qiu Q, Ding K, Luo M. Effect of iron nitrate modification on elimination of organic matter from landfill leachate by sludge-based activated carbon. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2022; 40:331-338. [PMID: 33829934 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x211009966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sludge-based activated carbons (SACs) prepared from sewage sludge and corn straw, were modified by ferric nitrate, and the unmodified SAC and modified SAC were used as the adsorbing agent to treat the landfill leachate, the elimination capacity for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and organic matter in leachate were studied. Based on this, the physicochemical properties of SACs and the components changes in leachate were analyzed and characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that under optimal experimental conditions, the elimination capacities of SAC372 for COD, biological oxygen demand over 5 days, and NH4+-N in the leachate were 81.58%, 54.73%, and 69.08%, respectively; while the adsorption capacities of modified SAC for these three substances were 86.25%, 63.51%, and 79.15%, respectively. The ferric nitrate modification improved the ability of SAC to eliminate COD and organic matter from leachate slightly, and made the adsorption occurred easily. The adsorption process of unmodified SAC was dominated by multi-layer adsorption, while the adsorption process of modified SAC was dominated by monolayer adsorption. The mass fraction of Fe (2p) in modified SAC remarkably increased, from 0.70% to 26.01%, organic functional groups certain phase of Fe oxides with different valence states were generated in SAC, which provided a substrate for iron-carbon micro electrolysis. After adsorbed by unmodified SAC and modified SAC adsorption, the total fluorescence intensity of in the leachate increased by 17.01% and 116.84%, respectively. Both two SACs could decompose the humic acid-like substances into aromatic protein organic compounds, and modified SAC could further decompose the soluble microbial byproduct-like substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zeng
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Institute of Soil and Solid Waste Pollution Control, School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Liao
- School of Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Lu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Yuancun, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Danping Pan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Qili Qiu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Keqiang Ding
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Institute of Soil and Solid Waste Pollution Control, School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Minghan Luo
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Khan MFS, Akbar M, Wu J, Xu Z. A review on fluorescence spectroscopic analysis of water and wastewater. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2021; 10. [PMID: 34823232 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac3d79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the application of fluorescence spectroscopy has been widely recognized in water environment studies. The sensitiveness, simplicity, and efficiency of fluorescence spectroscopy are proved to be a promising tool for effective monitoring of water and wastewater. The fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEMs) and synchronous fluorescence spectra have been widely used analysis techniques of fluorescence measurement. The presence of organic matter in water and wastewater defines the degree and type of pollution in water. The application of fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) has made the water quality assessment simple and easy. With the recent advances in this technology, components of DOM are identified by employing parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), a mathematical trilinear data modeling with EEMs. The majority of wastewater studies indicated that the fluorescence peak of EX/EM at 275 nm/340 nm is referred to tryptophan region (Peak T1). However, some researchers identified another fluorescence peak in the region of EX/EM at 225-237 nm/340-381 nm, which described the tryptophan region and labeled it as Peak T2. Generally, peak T is a protein-like component in the water sample, where T1 and T2 signals were derived from the <0.20μm fraction of pollution. Therefore, a more advanced approach, such as an online fluorescence spectrofluorometer, can be used for the online monitoring of water. The results of various waters studied by fluorescence spectroscopy indicate that changes in peak T intensity could be used for real-time wastewater quality assessment and process control of wastewater treatment works. Finally, due to its effective use in water quality assessment, the fluorescence technique is proved to be a surrogate online monitoring tool and early warning equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq Saleem Khan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,International Faculty of Applied Technology, Yibin City 644000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua University, Suzhou 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mona Akbar
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,International Faculty of Applied Technology, Yibin City 644000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua University, Suzhou 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Xu
- International Faculty of Applied Technology, Yibin City 644000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Szaja A, Montusiewicz A, Lebiocka M, Bis M. A combined anaerobic digestion system for energetic brewery spent grain application in co-digestion with a sewage sludge. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 135:448-456. [PMID: 34624743 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a combined technology for energetic brewery spent grain (BSG) use in co-digestion with sewage sludge (SS) was presented. A holistic approach that includes the impact of co-substrates and their carriers on the anaerobic digestion (AD) process, and the energetic aspects, was involved. Prior to AD, BSG was pretreated involving the hydrodynamic cavitation (HC); two different carriers were applied: MPW (municipal pre-settled wastewater) and mature landfill leachate (MLL). An orifice plate with a conical concentric hole of 3/10 mm (inlet/outlet diameter) was applied as cavitation device. The initial pressure was 7 bar and the number of recirculation passes through the cavitation zone was 30. The AD experiments were performed in semi-flow reactors, under mesophilic conditions at HRT of 20 and 21 d. In both co-digestion series, the constant co-substrate dose of 6% v/v was adopted. In the presence of cavitated BSG and MPW, a significant increase in biogas/methane production was provided as compared to SS mono-digestion, with the related improvement in kinetic constant by 3.5%. The average biogas yield was 0.48 ± 0.03 m3 kg-1 VS added, while in the control run 0.41 ± 0.03 m3 kg-1 VS added. Using cavitated BSG and MLL, such a beneficial effect was not observed. In both co-digestion series, slightly lower VS removal (as for the control) and stable process performance occurred. Moreover, the improved energy balance was provided. Due to the technological aspects, only co-digestion of cavitated BSG and MPW with SS is recommended for implementation into a full-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szaja
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Nadbystrzycka 40 B, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Montusiewicz
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Nadbystrzycka 40 B, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lebiocka
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Nadbystrzycka 40 B, Poland
| | - Marta Bis
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Nadbystrzycka 40 B, Poland
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13
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T A S J, Mamindlapelli NK, Begum S, Arelli V, Juntupally S, Ahuja S, Dugyala SK, Anupoju GR. Anaerobic mono and co-digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste and landfill leachate at industrial scale: Impact of volatile organic loading rate on reaction kinetics, biogas yield and microbial diversity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:142462. [PMID: 33113680 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to demonstrate a semi-commercial biomethanation plant based on anaerobic gas lift reactor (AGR) for the mono and co-digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and landfill leachate (LL) for 47 weeks. The reactors were commissioned at a volatile organic loading rate (VOLR) starting from 0.4 to 6.2 kg VS/(m3·day) to investigate the impact of VOLR on the organic matter removal rates, substrate utilization rate using Stover-Kincannon reaction kinetics, biogas yield and microbial diversity. 16s-metagenomic sequencing of the species present in the inoculum that was acclimatized with OFMSW, LL separately and in combination was also performed to identify the dominant microbial species in the mixed microbial consortia. Results revealed that the VS reduction in AGR 1, AGR 2 and AGR 3 at full load was 46%, 42% and 47% respectively with a corresponding biogas generation of 73.8 m3/day, 42 m3/day and 60.8 m3/day. The biodegradability in AGR 1 was between 73% and 81% whereas in AGR 2 and AGR 3, it was between 57% and 78% and 64% and 86% respectively. The operational strategy of digestate recirculation facilitated in the reduced usage of buffering chemicals which impacted on overall financials of the plant. The techno-economic analysis suggests that these kinds of biomethanation plants are remunerative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth T A S
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Group, DEEE, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Mamindlapelli
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Group, DEEE, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Sameena Begum
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Group, DEEE, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Arelli
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Group, DEEE, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Sudharshan Juntupally
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Group, DEEE, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Shruthi Ahuja
- M/s Ahuja Engineering Services Private Limited (AESPL), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Gangagni Rao Anupoju
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Group, DEEE, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India.
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de Castro TM, Torres DGB, Arantes EJ, de Carvalho KQ, Passig FH, Christ D, Gotardo JT, Gomes SD. Anaerobic co-digestion of industrial landfill leachate and glycerin: methanogenic potential, organic matter removal and process optimization. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:2583-2593. [PMID: 30691349 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1575915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the anaerobic co-digestion of different concentrations of industrial landfill leachate associated with crude residual glycerin, in relation to the methanogenic potential, COD removal, accumulated methane production, the effects of the factors (food/microorganism ratio and percentage of glycerin added to the leachate) and their interactions on kinetic parameters of methane production (CH4) using the modified Gompertz model. Co-digestion tests were carried out in bench scale (400 mL of useful volume) under batch mode at 30 ± 1°C during 30-day incubation of anaerobic sewage sludge as inoculum. The parameters glycerin addition to the leachate (v/v) (0%, 1.5%, 5%, 8.5% and 10%) and F/M ratio (0.3, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 1.7) were investigated using Central Composite Rotational Design method (CCRD). The results indicated significant effect to the response variables: methanogenic potential, COD removal, accumulated production of CH4 and maximum estimated production of CH4, considering a confidence interval of 95% (p < .05). The ideal mixture of 95.13% of leachate with 4.87% of raw glycerin was obtained by desirability test to F/M of 1.61 gCOD of substrate per gVSS (volatile suspended solids) of sludge. Methanogenic potential was 0.19 LNCH4 gTVSrem -1, and the average removal of COD was 92%, resulting in accumulated production and maximum estimated production of CH4 of 74 and 80 mL, respectively. It was noted that the process of co-digestion of the industrial landfill leachate with the crude residual glycerin is promising, due to is potential of complementing and balancing organic materials, nutrients and other components that influence the biological process. Abbreviations: AN: ammoniacal nitrogen; BMP: biochemical methane potential; CCRD: central composite rotational design; COD: chemical oxygen demand; F/M ratio: food/microorganism ratio; FSS: fixed suspended solids; NTP: normal temperature and pressure; TSS: total suspended solids; TA: total alkalinity; TFS: total fixed solids; TKN: total Kjeldahl nitrogen; TP: total phosphorus; TS: total solids; TVA: total volatile acids; TVS: total volatile solids; VSS: volatile suspended solids; WWTP: wastewater treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Morais de Castro
- Environmental Academic Department, Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Eudes José Arantes
- Environmental Academic Department, Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Karina Querne de Carvalho
- Civil Construction Academic Department, Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernando Hermes Passig
- Chemistry and Biology Academic Department, Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Divair Christ
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering (UNIOESTE/CASCAVEL/CCET/PGEAGRI), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Brazil
| | - Jackeline Tatiane Gotardo
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering (UNIOESTE/CASCAVEL/CCET/PGEAGRI), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Brazil
| | - Simone Damasceno Gomes
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering (UNIOESTE/CASCAVEL/CCET/PGEAGRI), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Brazil
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Impact of C/N ratios and organic loading rates of paper, cardboard and tissue wastes in batch and CSTR anaerobic digestion with food waste on their biogas production and digester stability. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03232-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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16
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Aftab B, Cho J, Shin HS, Hur J. Using EEM-PARAFAC to probe NF membrane fouling potential of stabilized landfill leachate pretreated by various options. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 102:260-269. [PMID: 31693970 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment processes substantially modify the organic composition of landfill leachate, which affect the fouling behavior in the post-treatment of membrane filtration. In this study, the changes in the chemical composition of stabilized landfill leachate upon various pretreatments, which encompassed coagulation/flocculation (C/F), ion exchange resins (MIEX), granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, and their combinations, were tracked via excitation emission matrix - parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), and the membrane fouling potentials were assessed in the subsequent processes of nanofiltration (NF). Fluorescence components, fulvic-like (C1), protein-like (C2), and humic-like (C3), were identified and validated using EEM-PARAFAC. MIEX and C/F pretreatments were not effective to remove C1 and C2, which were associated with relatively small sized and hydrophilic molecules. GAC adsorption did not show any preference with the removal towards different components. These differences in the chemical heterogeneity among the variously pretreated leachates led to the discrepancies in membrane fluxes at a similar leachate concentration. The result also signified the importance of probing the chemical composition of pretreated leachate for the optimization of the post membrane filtration. The sum of C2 and C3 in the pretreated leachate showed a good correlation with reversible membrane fouling resistance (r = 0.93; p < 0.05), while C1 was highly correlated with irreversible membrane resistance (r = 0.872; P < 0.05). These findings provided a new insight into the applicability of fluorescence spectroscopy for tracking the changes in the membrane fouling potential of stabilized landfill leachate after various pretreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Aftab
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cho
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea.
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17
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Zeng F, Liao X, Pan D, Shi H. Adsorption of dissolved organic matter from landfill leachate using activated carbon prepared from sewage sludge and cabbage by ZnCl 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:4891-4904. [PMID: 31845268 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge and cabbage (Brassica oleracea) were used to prepare activated carbon by high-temperature inert carbonization with the activator ZnCl2. The physicochemical characteristics of the sludge-based activated carbon (SAC) were analyzed, and the effects on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from the landfill leachate by the adsorbent dosage, adsorption time, and the solution pH were investigated in different adsorbents. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to analyze the organic compounds in the leachate before and after adsorption. The results demonstrated that the average iodine content of the SAC was 535.01 mg/g. The average specific surface area was 917.72 m2/g, and the dominant pore size was in the mesoporous range. The optimum parameters for adsorption were a dosage of 3%, adsorption time of 60 min, and pH = 8, and the COD removal rate reached 85.61%. The adsorption of COD on the SAC was best fitted by the Freundlich model. Additionally, the SAC was found to have a high removal efficiency for refractory organic matter and short-chain alkanes, such as humic acid-like substances, in the leachate but was not effective for long-chain alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zeng
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nan Jing Institute of Technology, No. 1 Hongjing Avenue Jiangning Science Park, Nanjing, 211167, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaofeng Liao
- School of Environment, China University of Geosciences, No. 388 Lumo Road, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Danping Pan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nan Jing Institute of Technology, No. 1 Hongjing Avenue Jiangning Science Park, Nanjing, 211167, People's Republic of China
| | - Huangang Shi
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nan Jing Institute of Technology, No. 1 Hongjing Avenue Jiangning Science Park, Nanjing, 211167, People's Republic of China
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18
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Wang Z, Liu Z, Noor RS, Cheng Q, Chu X, Qu B, Zhen F, Sun Y. Furfural wastewater pretreatment of corn stalk for whole slurry anaerobic co-digestion to improve methane production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 674:49-57. [PMID: 31003087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that excellent anaerobic digestion performance could be achieved using acid pretreatment, whereas the development of acid pretreatment was limited by high cost of acid consumption and severe operation. The aim of this study consisted in expanding the possibilities of low-cost acid pretreatment method for anaerobic digestion. For this, the feasibility of substituting conventional acid pretreatment with furfural wastewater was verified, and the whole slurry anaerobic digestion was performed to improve the production of methane. The furfural wastewater was used to pretreat crop stalk at different ambient temperatures (20, 35, 50°C) for different time periods (0, 3, 6, 9days). Subsequently, all treated and untreated crop stalk were digested at 35°C for 25days. According to experimental data showed that the dissimilar degradability of compositions for crop stalk was due to furfural wastewater pretreatment, and the reducing sugar content, volatile fatty acid content, pH during pretreatment phase, and their initial maximum & minimum values in anaerobic digestion phase were changed, which made a significant difference in methane production. The highest total methane production of anaerobic digestion (196.68mL/g VS) was achieved by the treatment at 35°C for 6days, which was 59.28% higher than untreated crop stalk (123.48mL/g VS). On the whole, the results showed that furfural wastewater pretreatment followed by the whole slurry anaerobic co-digestion was feasible and could contribute to application value for anaerobic digestion industry while providing an effective way for the treatment of furfural wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Renewable Resources Utilization Technology and Equipment in Cold Areas of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Renewable Resources Utilization Technology and Equipment in Cold Areas of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Rana Shahzad Noor
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Renewable Resources Utilization Technology and Equipment in Cold Areas of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Qiushuang Cheng
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Renewable Resources Utilization Technology and Equipment in Cold Areas of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Chu
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Renewable Resources Utilization Technology and Equipment in Cold Areas of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Bin Qu
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Renewable Resources Utilization Technology and Equipment in Cold Areas of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Feng Zhen
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yong Sun
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Renewable Resources Utilization Technology and Equipment in Cold Areas of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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19
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A New Adjustment Strategy to Relieve Inhibition during Anaerobic Codigestion of Food Waste and Cow Manure. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new adjustment strategy (controlling temperature, pH, inoculum dose, and liquid supernatant replacement in different digestion stages) was used to relieve volatile fatty acid (VFA) inhibition during anaerobic codigestion of FW and CM. Three digestion stages and groups were designed: initial stage (on days 1–5 the temperature was 45 °C), the second stage (on days 6–10 the temperature was 35 °C and inoculum was supplied), and the third stage (on days 11–50 the temperature was 35 °C and liquid supernatant was replaced). Groups A, B, and C had initial inoculums of 0, 100, and 200 mL and were supplied inoculums of 200, 100, and 0 mL, respectively. Results showed that in the initial stage, Group A had the highest VFA concentration (876.54 mg/L) and the lowest pH (3.6). In the second and third stages, pH (~5.5 and ~7.5) and VFA concentrations showed no significant differences in all groups. The highest VFA concentration (3248 mg/L), volatile solid (VS) removal rate (49.72%), and total methane production (TMP) (10,959 mL), the shortest λ (19.92 d), and the T90% (39.25 d) were obtained in Group B (pH 8.5). Group C had the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate (96.91%). Group A obtained the maximal TBP of 25,626 mL (pH 8.0).
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Moujannı AE, Qarraey I, Ouatmane A. Anaerobic codigestion of urban solid waste fresh leachate and domestic wastewaters: Biogas production potential and kinetic. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH 2018; 24:38-44. [DOI: 10.4491/eer.2018.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Weijin G, Binbin L, Qingyu W, Zuohua H, Liang Z. Supercritical water gasification of landfill leachate for hydrogen production in the presence and absence of alkali catalyst. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 73:439-446. [PMID: 29269283 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gasification of landfill leachate in supercritical water using batch-type reactor is investigated. Alkali such as NaOH, KOH, K2CO3, Na2CO3 is used as catalyst. The effect of temperature (380-500 °C), retention time (5-25 min), landfill leachate concentration (1595 mg L-1-15,225 mg L-1), catalyst adding amount (1-10 wt%) on hydrogen mole fraction, hydrogen yield, carbon gasification rate, COD, TOC, TN removal efficiency are investigated. The results showed that gaseous products mainly contained hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide without addition of catalyst. However, the main gaseous products are hydrogen and methane with addition of NaOH, KOH, K2CO3, Na2CO3. In the absence of alkali catalyst, the effect of temperature on landfill leachate gasification is positive. Hydrogen mole fraction, hydrogen yield, carbon gasification ratio increase with temperature, which maximum value being 55.6%, 107.15 mol kg-1, 71.96% is obtained at 500 °C, respectively. Higher raw landfill leachate concentration leads to lower hydrogen production and carbon gasification rate. The suitable retention time is suggested to be 15 min for higher hydrogen production and carbon gasification rate. COD, TOC and TN removal efficiency also increase with increase of temperature, decrease of landfill leachate concentration. In the presence of catalyst, the hydrogen production is obviously promoted by addition of alkali catalyst. the effect of catalysts on hydrogen production is in the following order: NaOH > KOH > Na2CO3 > K2CO3. The maximum hydrogen mole fraction and hydrogen yield being 74.40%, 70.05 mol kg-1 is obtained with adding amount of 5 wt% NaOH at 450 °C, 28 MPa, 15 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Weijin
- School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China.
| | - Li Binbin
- School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Wang Qingyu
- School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Huang Zuohua
- Institute of Chemistry Limited Company, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhao Liang
- Institute of Chemistry Limited Company, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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22
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Wang T, Huang Z, Ruan W, Zhao M, Shao Y, Miao H. Insights into sludge granulation during anaerobic treatment of high-strength leachate via a full-scale IC reactor with external circulation system. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 64:227-234. [PMID: 29478643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a full-scale internal circulation (IC) reactor coupled with an external circulation system was developed to treat high-strength leachate from a municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plant, in which anaerobic sludge granulation was intensively investigated. Results showed that the IC reactor achieved excellent treatment performance under high organic loading rates (OLR) of 21.06-25.16kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/(m3∙day). The COD removal efficiency and biogas yield respectively reached 89.4%-93.4% and 0.42-0.50m3/kgCOD. The formation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was closely associated with sludge granulation. Protein was the dominant component in sludge EPS, and its content was remarkably increased from 21.6 to 99.7mg/g Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS) during the reactor operation. The sludge Zeta potential and hydrophobicity positively correlated with the protein/polysaccharide ratio in EPS, and they were respectively increased from -26.2mV and 30.35% to -10.6mV and 78.67%, which was beneficial to microbial aggregation. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis further indicated the importance of protein-like EPS substances in the sludge granulation. Moreover, it was also found that the secondary structures of EPS proteins varied during the reactor operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Zhenxing Huang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Wenquan Ruan
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Mingxing Zhao
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Youlian Shao
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hengfeng Miao
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China.
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Guven H, Akca MS, Iren E, Keles F, Ozturk I, Altinbas M. Co-digestion performance of organic fraction of municipal solid waste with leachate: Preliminary studies. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 71:775-784. [PMID: 28479085 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the study was to evaluate the co-digestion performance of OFMSW with different wastes. Leachate, reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate collected from a leachate treatment facility and dewatered sewage sludge taken from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were used for co-digestion in this paper. An extra effort was made to observe the effect of leachate inclusion in the co-digestion. In the study, the mono-digestion of OFMSW, leachate, RO concentrate and sewage sludge as well as digestion of 7 different waste mixtures were carried out for this objective. The experiments were carried out for approximately 50days under mesophilic conditions. The highest methane yield was 785L CH4/kg VSadded in the reactor, which had only OFMSW. While the methane yield derived from OFMSW was found higher than previous studies, methane yield of leachate was found to be 110L CH4/kg VSadded, which was lower than findings in the literature. The mono-substrate of OFMSW was followed by the reactor of having waste mixture of leachate+sewage sludge+OFMSW+water (C7) with 391L CH4/kg VSadded, which was the only combination included water. In order to understand the effect of leachate and water inclusions on co-digestion, two separate waste combinations; leachate+sewage sludge+OFMSW+water (C7) and leachate+sewage sludge+OFMSW (C1) were prepared that had different amounts of leachate but same amounts of other wastes. The methane yield of leachate+sewage sludge+OFMSW+water (C7) indicated that addition of some water instead of leachate could stimulate biogas production. Methane yield of this reactor was found to be 71% higher than the waste combination of leachate+sewage sludge+OFMSW (C1). It could be thought that the high amount of non-biodegradable matters in leachate could be responsible for lower methane yield in leachate+sewage sludge+OFMSW (C1) reactor. Methane yields of the reactors showed that co-digestion of OFMSW and leachate could be a solution not only for treatment of leachate and but also increasing the biogas potential of leachate. Leachate addition could also adjust optimum total solids (TS) content in anaerobic digestion. It was also understood that RO concentrate did not affect the methane yield in a negative way. The similar characterization of leachate and RO concentrate in this study could offer the utilization of RO concentrate instead of leachate. The findings showed that volatile solids (VS) removals were changed from 32% to 61% in the reactors. While the reactor of leachate+RO concentrate+OFMSW (C6) had the highest VS removal, the reactor of the sole substrate leachate had the lowest VS removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Guven
- Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 34669 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Sadik Akca
- Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 34669 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erol Iren
- Samsun Avdan Energy Production and Trade Inc., Süleyman Seba Caddesi, BJK Plaza A Blok, No: 77-78, 34357 Beşiktaş, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Keles
- Samsun Avdan Energy Production and Trade Inc., Süleyman Seba Caddesi, BJK Plaza A Blok, No: 77-78, 34357 Beşiktaş, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Izzet Ozturk
- Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 34669 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Altinbas
- Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 34669 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Capson-Tojo G, Rouez M, Crest M, Trably E, Steyer JP, Bernet N, Delgenès JP, Escudié R. Kinetic study of dry anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and cardboard for methane production. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 69:470-479. [PMID: 28888806 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dry anaerobic digestion is a promising option for food waste treatment and valorization. However, accumulation of ammonia and volatile fatty acids often occurs, leading to inefficient processes and digestion failure. Co-digestion with cardboard may be a solution to overcome this problem. The effect of the initial substrate to inoculum ratio (0.25 to 1gVS·gVS-1) and the initial total solids contents (20-30%) on the kinetics and performance of dry food waste mono-digestion and co-digestion with cardboard was investigated in batch tests. All the conditions produced methane efficiently (71-93% of the biochemical methane potential). However, due to lack of methanogenic activity, volatile fatty acids accumulated at the beginning of the digestion and lag phases in the methane production were observed. At increasing substrate to inoculum ratios, the initial acid accumulation was more pronounced and lower cumulative methane yields were obtained. Higher amounts of soluble organic matter remained undegraded at higher substrate loads. Although causing slightly longer lag phases, high initial total solids contents did not jeopardize the methane yields. Cardboard addition reduced acid accumulation and the decline in the yields at increasing substrate loads. However, cardboard addition also caused higher concentrations of propionic acid, which appeared as the most last acid to be degraded. Nevertheless, dry co-digestion of food waste and cardboard in urban areas is demonstrated asan interesting feasible valorization option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Capson-Tojo
- LBE, INRA, Univ. Montpellier, 102 avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France; Suez, CIRSEE, 38 rue du Président Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq, France
| | - Maxime Rouez
- Suez, CIRSEE, 38 rue du Président Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq, France
| | - Marion Crest
- Suez, CIRSEE, 38 rue du Président Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq, France
| | - Eric Trably
- LBE, INRA, Univ. Montpellier, 102 avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France
| | | | - Nicolas Bernet
- LBE, INRA, Univ. Montpellier, 102 avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France
| | | | - Renaud Escudié
- LBE, INRA, Univ. Montpellier, 102 avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France.
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Vongvichiankul C, Deebao J, Khongnakorn W. Relationship between pH, Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) and Biogas Production in Mesophilic Screw Anaerobic Digester. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Baccot C, Pallier V, Feuillade-Cathalifaud G. Biochemical methane potential of fractions of organic matter extracted from a municipal solid waste leachate: Impact of their hydrophobic character. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 63:257-266. [PMID: 27931936 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many data on anaerobic digestion (AD) and co-digestion of municipal solid waste leachate (MSWL) are already available in literature. They mainly deal with its performances to decrease the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of MSWL and no information is given on the impact of the specific characteristics of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in leachate on these performances. DOM in leachate evolves towards more aromatic and hydrophobic compounds during landfilling with increasing specific ultra-violet absorbance index (SUVA) and hydrophobic character. However, according to the humification stages, this DOM would not present the same aptitude for AD. This research thus focused on (i) optimizing a biochemical methane potential (BMP) test applied to MSWL by using the Taguchi method and (ii) evaluating the impact of the hydrophobic character of the DOM in leachate on the BMP of MSWL to finally define the humification degree more suitable for AD. Hydrophobic-like (HPO∗) and transphilic-like (TPH∗) compounds extracted from leachate by a fractionation protocol were tested because of their high content in MSWL during acetogenesis and methanogenesis steps. After 275days of AD, the content in hydrophobic compounds and the SUVA indexes increased in the digestates. Moreover, even if the biogas and methane productions were not significantly different during the whole tests (4072±350mLgDOC-1 and 2370±95mLgDOC-1 respectively), the volume of biogas produced directly correlated with the TPH∗ fraction content in the initial digestates. On the contrary, the methane percentage in biogas was anti-correlated with the hydrophilic-like compounds content. The hydrophobic-like molecules seem thus not to be directly involved in the methanogenic step, however they promote the increase of the methane percent in the biogas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Baccot
- Research Group on Water Soil and Environment (GRESE), University of Limoges, ENSIL, ESTER Technopole, 16 rue Atlantis, 87068 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Virginie Pallier
- Research Group on Water Soil and Environment (GRESE), University of Limoges, ENSIL, ESTER Technopole, 16 rue Atlantis, 87068 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Geneviève Feuillade-Cathalifaud
- Research Group on Water Soil and Environment (GRESE), University of Limoges, ENSIL, ESTER Technopole, 16 rue Atlantis, 87068 Limoges Cedex, France.
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27
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Yang Z, Wang W, Zhang S, Ma Z, Anwar N, Liu G, Zhang R. Comparison of the methane production potential and biodegradability of kitchen waste from different sources under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 75:1607-1616. [PMID: 28402301 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The methane production potential of kitchen waste (KW) obtained from different sources was compared through mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion. The methane yields (MYs) obtained with the same KW sample under different temperatures were similar, whereas the MYs obtained with different samples differed significantly. The highest MY obtained in S7 was 54%-60% higher than the lowest MY in S3. The modified Gompertz model was utilized to simulate the methane production process. The maximum production rate of methane under thermophilic conditions was 2%-86% higher than that under mesophilic conditions. The characteristics of different KW samples were studied. In the distribution of total chemical oxygen demand, the diversity of organic compounds of KW was the most dominant factor that affected the potential MYs of KW. The effect of the C/N and C/P ratios or the concentration of metal ions was insignificant. Two typical methods to calculate the theoretical MY (TMY) were compared, the organic composition method can simulate methane production more precisely than the elemental analysis method. Significant linear correlations were found between TMYorg and MYs under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The organic composition method can thus be utilized as a fast technique to predict the methane production potential of KW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Yang
- Biomass Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China E-mail:
| | - Wen Wang
- Biomass Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China E-mail:
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- School of Banking and Finance, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zonghu Ma
- China Huadian Engineering Company Limited, Beijing 100160, China
| | - Naveed Anwar
- Biomass Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China E-mail:
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Biomass Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China E-mail:
| | - Ruihong Zhang
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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